DSP Lectures

Prof. A.H.M. Asadul Huq, Ph.D.

http://asadul.drivehq.com/students.htm
asadul.huq@ulab.edu.bd
1/22/2014 6:13 PM A.H. 1
ULAB ETE 315
The Z-Transform [Ifeachor P. 174]
INTRODUCTION

The Z-Transform provides a method for analysis of discrete-
time (D-T) signal and systems in the frequency domain.
The frequency domain analysis is more efficient than time
domain analysis in some cases.
The frequency response of a D-T system can be evaluated
using the transform.
1/22/2014 6:13 PM
A.H. 2
Definition of z-Transform [P.174]
Z{x(n)}
x(n) X(z)
Direct Z-Transform Equation

In the above equation x(n) is the D-T sequence and X(z) is the transform.
Here, z is a continuous complex variable, i.e., z = Re(z) + jIm(z). In the polar
form, z = re
j
.
Actually z is a point in the complex z-plane as shown the fig in the
following slide.
Since the z-transform is a power series, it (the transform) exists only for
those values of z for which the X(z) series is not infinite.

1/22/2014 6:13 PM A.H. 3

=
n
n
eqn z n x z X 6 . 4 . ) ( ) (
The Geometrical interpretation of the Z-
Transform
z is a complex variable that takes on continuous values.
z=Re(z) + j Im(z) = re
j
; where, r=|z|, and is the angle of z.

The contour |z|=1 is a circle in the z-plane of unity radius. The circle
is called the Unit Circle (UC).
Fo , r=1 (|z|=1), the z-transform X(z) of x(n) reduces to its Fourier
Transform F(e
jw
).

1/22/2014 6:13 PM
A.H. 4
The Geometrical interpretation of
the Z-Transform-2
At z=1+j0, X(z) = X(e
j0
), i.e., the value of X(e
j
) (i.e., the
Fourier Transform) at =0;
At z=0+j1, X(z) = X(e
j/2
), i.e., the value of X(e
j
) at =/2;
If we evaluate X(z) on the UC counter clock wise at all values
of beginning at z=1+j0 and terminating back at the same
point, effectively we have computed X(e
j
) in the frequency
range 0<2
Thus by traversing the UC counter clock wise (or clockwise),
we can evaluate the Fourier Transform X(e
j
) at all frequency.

1/22/2014 6:13 PM
A.H. 5
Region of Convergence (ROC) of
the Z-Transform
The z-transform is a power series with an infinite number of
terms and so many not converge for ALL values of z.
The region (in the z-plane) constituted by the set R of values
of z for which its ZT converges (finite) is called the ROC.
Convergence of X(z) depends only on |z|, since the condition
is-
1/22/2014 6:13 PM A.H. 6
<

n
n
z n x ) (
Region of Convergence (ROC) of
the Z-Transform-2
If some value of z, say, z=z1, is in the ROC, then all values of z
on the circle defined by |z|=|z1| will also be in the ROC.
For above reason, the ROC will consist of a RING in the z-plane
centered about the origin.
The ring can extend outward to infinity or its inner boundary
can extend toward the center.
The area excluding the ROC corresponds to a region where
the transform does not exist (diverging or infinite).

1/22/2014 6:13 PM A.H. 7
Region of Convergence (ROC) of
the Z-Transform-2
In general, the ROC of a ZT is an annular region of the z-plane:
R
1
<|z|<R
2
., where, 0R
1
<R
2
<.
More than one sequence can have the same ZT-hence, it is
important to specify the ROC with the ZT.
1/22/2014 6:13 PM A.H. 8
Computing z-Transforms
1. z-Transform of a finite duration causal (starts from zero) signal


1/22/2014 6:13 PM A.H. 9
5 3 2 2
5 4 3 2 2 0
5
0
1 7 5 2 1
1 0 7 5 2 1
} 01 , 7 , 5 , 2 , 1 {
) ( ) ( ,


=

+ + + + =
+ + + + + =
=
=

z z z z
z z z z z z
z
z n x z X know We
n
n
n
n
} 1 , 0 , 7 , 5 , 2 , 1 { ) (
|
= n x
ROC: ROC is everywhere except at z=0, because X(z) is
infinite for z=0.
Computing z-transforms
2. z-transform of a finite duration signal


1/22/2014 6:13 PM A.H. 10
3 1 1 2
3 2 1 0 1 2
3
2
3
2
5 4 3 2
5 0 4 3 2 1
} 5 , 0 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 {
) ( ) ( ,

+ +
=

+ + + + =
+ + + + + =
=
=

z z z z
z z z z z z
z
z n x z X know We
n
n
n
n
} 5 , 0 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { ) (
|
= n x
Here, X(z) is infinite if z=0 or if z=infinity. Thus ROC is
everywhere except at z=0 and z= infinity
Computing z-transform
3. z-transform of an infinite series






)
`

<
>
= =
0 0
0
) ( ) (
n
n a
n u n x
n
n
o

=

= = =
n n n
n n n n
z z z n x z X
0 0
1
) ( ) ( ) ( o o
=
1
1oz
1
=
z
z o
. , , , 1
1
converges series power the a z or az If > <

1/22/2014 6:13 PM 11 A.H.

The Comparison of Transforms
X() X(z) X(k)
FT of D-T Signal Z-Transform DFT
Transformer
x(n) Time domain
X( ) Frequency domain
1/22/2014 6:13 PM A.H. 12
X(w) and X(z) both apply to -
Infinite length sequences
Functions of continuous variables
These two transforms are troublesome for numerical
computations because of infiniteness and continuous nature.
DFT is on the other hand numerically computable.
POLES AND ZEROS OF THE Z-TRANSFORM
The rational z-transform will have the following structure:


The two polynomials, P(z) and Q(z), allow us to find the poles
and zeros of the Z-Transform.
Definition of zeros
The value(s) for z where P(z)=0. [The complex frequencies that
make the overall gain of the filter transfer function zero.]
Definition of poles
The value(s) for z where Q(z)=0. [The complex frequencies
that make the overall gain of the filter transfer function
infinite].
1/22/2014 6:13 PM 13 A.H.
Example of Zeros and Poles
A simple transfer function with the poles and
zeros shown below


The zeros are: {-1}
The poles are:
1/22/2014 6:13 PM 14 A.H.
The Z-Plane
Once the poles and zeros have been found for a
given Z-Transform, they can be plotted onto the
Z-Plane.
The Z-plane is a complex plane with an imaginary
and a real axis.
The position on the complex plane is given by and
the angle from the positive, real axis around the
plane is denoted by re
j
.
On the z-plane, poles are denoted by an "x" and
zeros by an "o".
1/22/2014 6:13 PM 15 A.H.
Pole Zero Plot
The figure shows the Z-Plane, and examples of
plotting zeros and poles.

1/22/2014 6:13 PM 16 A.H.
Example: Simple Pole/Zero Plot
The zeros are: {0}. The poles are :

1/22/2014 6:13 PM 17 A.H.
DSP Lecture
z-Transform
1/22/2014 6:13 PM A.H. 18
THE END

THANK YOU

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