Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Automorphisms of Some 𝒑 − Groups of Order 𝒑𝟒

1 2 3
Muniya , Harsha Arora , Mahender Singh
1
Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University Jhunjhunu(Rajsthan)
2
Govt College Hansi(Haryana)
3
Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University Jhunjhunu(Rajsthan)

Abstract:- There are fifteen groups of order 𝒑𝟒 , Out of
which five are abelian and the rest are non-abelian. In
this paper, we compute the automorphisms of some
non-abelian groups of order 𝒑𝟒 , where 𝒑 is an odd
prime and the verification of number of automorphisms
has been made through GAP (Group Algorithm
Programming) software.
II. CLASSIFICATION OF 𝒑-GROUPS OF ORDER 𝒑𝟒
As per the classification provided by the W. Burnside
[2], if 𝑝 is an odd prime number, then there are 15 groups of
order 𝑝4 . Five of which are abelian and rest are non-abelian
which are listed below:

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 20D45, 20D60

Keywords:- 𝑝 -Groups, Automorphism, Semi-direct

product.

I. INTRODUCTION

Out of available research papers related to

automorphisms of 𝑝-group for instance [1], [5], [4] etc. We
take 𝐺 be a 𝑝 -group of order 𝑝4 , 𝑝 - odd prime and
𝐴𝑢𝑡(𝐺) be the group of all automorphisms of a group 𝐺. In
[1], the automorphisms of groups of order 𝑝3 are computed
along with the automorphisms of abelian groups of order 𝑝4 .
This paper will serve as an extension of the research work in
[1].There are 10 non-abelian groups of order 𝑝4 , In this
paper, we shall compute the automorphisms of two groups of
order 𝑝4 . W. Burnside [2] classified all groups of order 𝑝4 .
Burnside’s [2] classification will be used to compute the
automorphisms of groups of order 𝑝4 . Two sections will
constitute this paper . The first section is devoted to the
classification of 𝑝 -groups of order 𝑝4 and the second
section will investigate the number of automorphisms of
some non-abelian groups of order 𝑝4 .

A. Abelian Groups:
𝑝4
𝐺1 =< 𝑤1 : 𝑤1 = 1 > ≅ 𝑍𝑝4
𝑝3 𝑝
𝐺2 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 1, 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 > ≅ 𝑍𝑝3 × 𝑍𝑝
𝑝2 𝑝2
𝐺3 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 1, 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 > ≅ 𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝2
𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝
𝐺4 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 1, 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤2 , 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 > ≅ 𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 × 𝑍𝑝
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝐺5 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 , 𝑤4 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 𝑤4 = 1, 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 , 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 , 𝑤1 𝑤4 = 𝑤4 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤2 , 𝑤2 𝑤4
= 𝑤4 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 𝑤4 = 𝑤4 𝑤3 > ≅ 𝑍𝑝 × 𝑍𝑝 × 𝑍𝑝 × 𝑍𝑝

B. Non-Abelian Groups:
𝑝3 𝑝 1+𝑝2
𝐺6 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 1, 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 >≅ 𝑍𝑝3 ⋊𝜙 𝑍𝑝 , 𝜙(𝑦) ↔ (1 + 𝑝2 )𝑦
𝑝2 𝑝2 1+𝑝
𝐺7 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 1, 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 >≅ 𝑍𝑝2 ⋊𝜙 𝑍𝑝2 , 𝜙(𝑦) ↔ (1 + 𝑝)𝑦
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝2
𝐺8 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 1, 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 > ≅ (𝑍𝑝 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝2
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝐺9 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 , 𝑤4 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 𝑤4 = 1, 𝑤4 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤4 , 𝑤2 𝑤4 = 𝑤4 𝑤2 , 𝑤1 𝑤4 = 𝑤4 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤2 , 𝑤2 𝑤1 𝑤3
= 𝑤3 𝑤1 , 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 > ≅ ((𝑍𝑝 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) × 𝑍𝑝
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
For 𝑝 > 3, 𝐺10 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 , 𝑤4 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 𝑤4 = 1, 𝑤4 𝑤3 = 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤4 , 𝑤4 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤4 , 𝑤1 𝑤4 = 𝑤4 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 𝑤3 =
𝑤3 𝑤2 , 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 , 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 >≅ (𝑍𝑝 × 𝑍𝑝 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝 −𝑝
if 𝑝 = 3, then < 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 1, 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 , 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 𝑤2 >
𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝 1+𝑝
𝐺11 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 1, 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤2 > ≅ (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) × 𝑍𝑝
𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝐺12 =< 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 1, 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 , 𝑤3 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 > ≅ (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝
𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝 1+𝑝
𝐺13 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2
= 𝑤3
= 1, 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 , 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤2 > ≅ (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 , 𝜙1 (𝑧)
𝑧
↔ (1,1,0)
𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝 1+𝑝 1+𝑝 𝑝
For 𝑝 > 3, 𝐺14 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 1, 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 , 𝑤3 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 >≅ (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊
𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙2 𝑍𝑝 , 𝜙2 (𝑧) ↔ (1,1,1)𝑧
𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 1+𝑝
if 𝑝 = 3, then < 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 1, 𝑤3 = 𝑤1 , 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 , 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 𝑤2−1 , 𝑤3 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤3 >
𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝 1+𝑝 1+𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
For 𝑝 > 3, 𝐺15 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 : 𝑤1
= = 𝑤2
= 1, 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 , 𝑤3 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 >≅ (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊
𝑧
𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙3 𝑍𝑝 , 𝜙3 (𝑧) ↔ (1,1, 𝑑) where 𝑑 ≡ 0,1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝),
𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝 −𝑝 1+𝑝
For 𝑝 = 3, < 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 ; 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 1, 𝑤3 = 𝑤1 , 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 , 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 𝑤2−1 , 𝑤3 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤3 >

III. NUMBER OF AUTOMORPHISMS OF SOME NON-ABELIAN GROUPS OF ORDER 𝒑𝟒

The automorphisms of five abelian groups namely 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , 𝐺3 , 𝐺4 and𝐺5 of order 𝑝4 are already computed in the paper [1]. In
this paper, we compute the automorphisms of some non-abelian 𝑝 − 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 of order 𝑝4 particularly 𝐺12 and𝐺13 denoted above.

A. First we are going to compute automorphisms of 𝐺12 .

𝑝2 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝐺12 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 ; 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3 = 1, 𝑤3 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 , 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 >= (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝
From this it is straight forward to find the formula for following expressions:
𝑗 𝑖𝑗𝑝 𝑗
𝑤3𝑖 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑖
𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑝
(𝑤2 𝑤3 )𝑛 = 𝑤1 2
𝑤2𝑛 𝑤3𝑛
𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑗 𝑖𝑗𝑝 𝑛𝑗
(𝑤2𝑖 𝑤3 )𝑛 = 𝑤1 2
𝑤2𝑛𝑖 𝑤3

With these we begin our study of automorphism group of (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 .

Let 𝜙 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 be defined as
𝑗
𝑤1 → 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 , 𝑖 ∈ 𝑍𝑝2 , 𝑗, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 .
𝜙: {𝑤2 → 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 , 𝑙 ∈ 𝑍𝑝2 , 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 .
𝑞
𝑤3 → 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 , 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍𝑝2 , 𝑟, 𝑠 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 .

If order of 𝑤1 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 is 𝑝2 , then the order of 𝜙(𝑤1 ) is also 𝑝2 , So

𝑗
(𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 )𝑝 ≠ 1
𝑝𝑖
⇒ 𝑤1 ≠ 1
⇒𝑝∤𝑖

Also, order of 𝑤2 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 is 𝑝, so order of 𝜙(𝑤2 ) is also 𝑝,

(𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 )𝑝 = 1

𝑙𝑝
⇒ 𝑤1 = 1
⇒ 𝑝/𝑙
⇒ 𝑙 = 𝑝𝑡; forsome 𝑡 ∈ 𝑍𝑝

And order of 𝑤3 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 is p, therefore order of 𝜙(𝑤3 ) is 𝑝

𝑞
⇒ (𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 )𝑝 = 1
𝑞𝑝
⇒ 𝑤1 = 1
⇒ 𝑝/𝑞
⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑝𝑢; for some 𝑢 ∈ 𝑍𝑝
𝑝
Since this is a non-abelian group, we also must have that if 𝑤3 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 then

𝜙(𝑤3 )𝜙(𝑤2 ) = 𝜙(𝑤1 )𝑝 𝜙(𝑤2 )𝜙(𝑤3 )

𝑞 𝑟 𝑠 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 𝑗 𝑞
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = (𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 )𝑝 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠

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𝑞 𝑝𝑖 𝑞
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 = 𝑤1 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠
𝑞+𝑙 𝑠𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑖+𝑙+𝑞 𝑚 𝑛𝑟𝑝 𝑟 𝑛 𝑠
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑠 𝑤3𝑛 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤3
𝑞+𝑙 𝑠𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑖+𝑙+𝑞 𝑛𝑟𝑝 𝑚 𝑟 𝑛+𝑠
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑠+𝑛 = 𝑤1 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤2 𝑤3
𝑞+𝑙+𝑠𝑚𝑝 𝑟+𝑚 𝑠+𝑛 𝑝𝑖+𝑙+𝑞+𝑛𝑟𝑝 𝑚+𝑟 𝑛+𝑠
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3
𝑠𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑖+𝑛𝑟𝑝
⇒ 𝑤1 = 𝑤1
⇒ 𝑠𝑚𝑝 ≡ 𝑝𝑖 + 𝑛𝑟𝑝(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 )
⇒ 𝑠𝑚 ≡ 𝑖 + 𝑛𝑟(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝)
⇒ 𝑖 ≡ 𝑠𝑚 − 𝑛𝑟(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝)

From abelian relation,𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑤2 𝑤1 , we get

𝜙(𝑤1 )𝜙(𝑤2 ) = 𝜙(𝑤2 )𝜙(𝑤1 )

𝑗 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 = 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘
𝑗 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 = 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘
𝑗 𝑘𝑚𝑝 𝑛𝑗𝑝 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1𝑖+𝑙 𝑤2 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑘 𝑤3𝑛 = 𝑤1𝑙+𝑖 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑛 𝑤3𝑘
𝑘𝑚𝑝 𝑗 𝑛𝑗𝑝 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1𝑖+𝑙 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑘+𝑛 = 𝑤1𝑙+𝑖 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑛+𝑘
𝑖+𝑙+𝑘𝑚𝑝 𝑗+𝑚 𝑘+𝑛 𝑙+𝑖+𝑛𝑗𝑝 𝑚+𝑗 𝑛+𝑘
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3
𝑘𝑚𝑝 𝑛𝑗𝑝
⇒ 𝑤1 = 𝑤1
⇒ 𝑘𝑚𝑝 ≡ 𝑛𝑗𝑝(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 )
⇒ 𝑘𝑚 ≡ 𝑛𝑗(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝)

⇒ 𝑘𝑚 − 𝑛𝑗 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝) (1)

Also, 𝑤1 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤1 , then
𝜙(𝑤1 )𝜙(𝑤3 ) = 𝜙(𝑤3 )𝜙(𝑤1 )
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑞 𝑟 𝑠 𝑞 𝑗
𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘
𝑞 𝑗 𝑞 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 = 𝑤1 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘
𝑖+𝑞 𝑗 𝑘𝑟𝑝 𝑟 𝑘 𝑠 𝑞+𝑖 𝑟 𝑠𝑗𝑝 𝑗 𝑠 𝑘
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤3 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤3
𝑖+𝑞 𝑘𝑟𝑝 𝑗 𝑞+𝑖 𝑠𝑗𝑝 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑘+𝑠 = 𝑤1 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑠+𝑘
𝑞+𝑖+𝑘𝑟𝑝 𝑗+𝑟 𝑘+𝑠 𝑞+𝑖+𝑠𝑗𝑝 𝑟+𝑗 𝑘+𝑠
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3
𝑘𝑟𝑝 𝑠𝑗𝑝
⇒ 𝑤1 = 𝑤1
2
⇒ 𝑘𝑟𝑝 ≡ 𝑠𝑗𝑝(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝 )
⇒ 𝑘𝑟 ≡ 𝑠𝑗(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝)

⇒ 𝑘𝑟 − 𝑠𝑗 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝) (2)
(1) and (2) are two homogeneous equations with 𝑠𝑚 − 𝑛𝑟 ≠ 0 determinant. So they have only trivial solution.
⇒ 𝑗 = 𝑘 = 0.
Therefore we have that 𝑗 = 𝑘 = 0 , 𝑖 = 𝑠𝑚 − 𝑛𝑟 ≠ 0 , 𝑝/𝑙 and 𝑝/𝑞 are the only constraints. we must place on the
homomorphism to satisfy the relations of the group . Now, we only have to see when it is bijective. Since we are talking about finite
𝑦
group, so, it is enough to show that it is injective and so we can show that the kernel is trivial. Let 𝑎 𝑥 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑧 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 and
is mapped to identity of group.
𝑦
i.e. 𝜙(𝑤1𝑥 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑧 ) = 1
⇒ 𝜙(𝑤1 )𝑥 𝜙(𝑤2 )𝑦 𝜙(𝑤3 ) 𝑧 = 1
𝑞
⇒ (𝑤1𝑖 )𝑥 (𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 )𝑦 (𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 )𝑧 = 1
𝑦(𝑦−1) 𝑧(𝑧−1)
𝑙𝑦+ 𝑚𝑛𝑝 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑞𝑧+ 𝑟𝑠𝑝
⇒ 𝑤1𝑖𝑥 𝑤1 2
𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤1 2
𝑤2𝑟𝑧 𝑤3𝑠𝑧 = 1
𝑦(𝑦−1) 𝑧(𝑧−1)
𝑖𝑥+𝑙𝑦+ 𝑚𝑛𝑝 𝑞𝑧+ 𝑟𝑠𝑝 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑦
⇒ 𝑤1 2
𝑤1 2
𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤2𝑟𝑧 𝑤3𝑠𝑧 = 1
𝑦(𝑦−1) 𝑧(𝑧−1)
𝑖𝑥+𝑙𝑦+ 𝑚𝑛𝑝 𝑞𝑧+ 𝑟𝑠𝑝 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑦𝑟𝑧𝑝 𝑛𝑦
⇒ 𝑤1 2
𝑤1 2
𝑤2 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟𝑧 𝑤3 𝑤3𝑠𝑧 = 1
𝑦(𝑦−1) 𝑧(𝑧−1)
𝑖𝑥+𝑙𝑦+ 𝑚𝑛𝑝+𝑞𝑧+ 𝑟𝑠𝑝 𝑛𝑟𝑦𝑧𝑝 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑦+𝑠𝑧
⇒ 𝑤1 2 2
𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤2𝑟𝑧 𝑤3 =1
𝑦(𝑦−1) 𝑧(𝑧−1)
𝑖𝑥+𝑙𝑦+ 𝑚𝑛𝑝+𝑞𝑧+ 𝑟𝑠𝑝+𝑛𝑟𝑦𝑧𝑝 𝑚𝑦+𝑟𝑧 𝑛𝑦+𝑠𝑧
2 2
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 =1

𝑦(𝑦−1) 𝑧(𝑧−1)
⇒ 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑙𝑦 + 2
𝑚𝑛𝑝 + 𝑞𝑧 + 2
𝑟𝑠𝑝 + 𝑛𝑟𝑦𝑧𝑝 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 ), (3)

𝑚𝑦 + 𝑟𝑧 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4)

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𝑛𝑦 + 𝑠𝑧 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝) (5)

(4) and (5) are two homogeneous equations with 𝑠𝑚 − 𝑛𝑟 ≠ 0 determinant. Hence these equations have only trivial solution.
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0.
by using the values of 𝑦 and 𝑧 in (3), we get
𝑖𝑥 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 )
But 𝑖 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝) ⇒ 𝑖 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝 ). So 𝑥 = 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑝2 )
2

So, if 𝑔 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 and 𝜙(𝑔) = 1 it must be that 𝑔 = 1. Hence the kernel is trivial and 𝜙 is an automorphism with
the constraints we have already deduced. Now, we can calculate the order of automorphism group. There are 𝑝 choices for both 𝑙,
𝑞 and 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑟, 𝑠 will in some sense be equivalent to a matrix in 𝐺𝐿2 (𝐹𝑝 ), so that will give as (𝑝2 − 1)(𝑝2 − 𝑝) choices for those
elements. Hence 𝜙 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 is really defined as:

𝑤1 → 𝑤1𝑠𝑚−𝑛𝑟 , 𝑠𝑚 − 𝑛𝑟 ≠ 0,
𝑝𝑡 𝑚 𝑛
𝜙: {𝑤2 → 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 , 𝑡 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 ,
𝑝𝑢
𝑤3 → 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 , 𝑢 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 .

and
|𝐴𝑢𝑡 ((𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 )| = 𝑝3 (𝑝 − 1)(𝑝2 − 1).

B. Now we are going to compute automorphisms of 𝐺13

𝑝2 𝑝 1+𝑝
𝐺13 =< 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 : 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤3𝑃 = 1, 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 , 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤3 𝑤2 >= (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 , 𝜙1 (𝑧)
↔ (1,1,0)𝑧
By using structure description of group 𝐺13 and elementary calculations, we can find some useful relations as:
𝑗 𝑗+𝑖𝑗𝑝 𝑖
𝑤2𝑖 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2
𝑖𝑗(𝑗−1)
𝑗 𝑗+ 𝑝 𝑖𝑗
𝑤3𝑖 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 2
𝑤2 𝑤3𝑖
𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑗 𝑛𝑖+ 𝑖𝑗𝑝 𝑛𝑗
(𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 )𝑛 = 𝑤1 2
𝑤2
𝑝𝑖𝑛(𝑛−1) (𝑖−1)𝑗 (𝑛−2)𝑖𝑗 𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑗 𝑛𝑖+ ( + ) 𝑖𝑗 𝑛𝑗
(𝑤1𝑖 𝑤3 )𝑛 = 𝑤1 2 2 3
𝑤2 2
𝑤3
𝑝𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑖 (𝑖−1)𝑘 (𝑛−2)𝑖𝑘 𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑗 𝑛𝑖+ ( +𝑗+ ) 𝑛𝑗+ 𝑖𝑘
(𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 )𝑛 = 𝑤1 2 2
𝑤2 3 2
𝑤3𝑛𝑘
With these we begin our study of automorphism group of (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 .
Let 𝜙 ∈ 𝐴𝑢𝑡((𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 ) be defined as

𝑗
𝑤1 → 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 , 𝑖 ∈ 𝑍𝑝2 , 𝑗, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 .
𝜙: {𝑤2 → 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 , 𝑙 ∈ 𝑍𝑝2 , 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 .
𝑞
𝑤3 → 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 , 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍𝑝2 , 𝑟, 𝑠 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 .

As order of 𝑤1 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 is 𝑝2 , therefore the order of 𝜙(𝑤1 ) is also 𝑝2 , So

𝑗
(𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 )𝑝 ≠ 1
𝑝𝑖
⇒ 𝑤1 ≠ 1
⇒𝑝∤𝑖

Also, order of 𝑤2 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 is 𝑝, so order of 𝜙(𝑤2 ) is also 𝑝, hence

(𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 )𝑝 = 1

𝑙𝑝
⇒ 𝑤1 = 1
⇒ 𝑝/𝑙
⇒ 𝑙 = 𝑝𝑑; for some 𝑑 ∈ 𝑍𝑝
And ,order of 𝑤3 ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 is 𝑝, hence order of 𝜙(𝑤3 ) is 𝑝
𝑞
⇒ (𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 )𝑝 = 1
𝑞𝑝
⇒ 𝑤1 = 1
⇒ 𝑝/𝑞
⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑝𝑓; for some 𝑓 ∈ 𝑍𝑝

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As the group 𝐺13 is a non-abelian group, we also must have that if 𝑤3 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 then

𝜙(𝑤3 )𝜙(𝑤1 ) = 𝜙(𝑤1 )𝜙(𝑤2 )𝜙(𝑤3 )

𝑞 𝑗 𝑗 𝑞
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 = 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠
𝑝𝑓 𝑟 𝑠 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑗 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑓
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠
𝑠𝑖(𝑖−1)
𝑝𝑓 𝑖+ 𝑝 𝑗 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑓 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤1 2
𝑤2𝑠𝑖 𝑤3𝑠 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 = 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤1 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠
𝑠𝑖(𝑖−1)
𝑝𝑓 𝑝 𝑗 𝑖+𝑝𝑑+𝑝𝑓 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤1 2
𝑤2𝑟 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2𝑠𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑠 𝑤3𝑘 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑘 𝑤3𝑛 𝑤3𝑠
𝑠𝑖(𝑖−1)
𝑝𝑓+ 𝑝 𝑖+𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑖+𝑗 𝑖+𝑝𝑑+𝑝𝑓 𝑗+𝑚+𝑟
⇒ 𝑤1 2
𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑠+𝑘 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘+𝑛+𝑠
𝑠𝑖(𝑖−1)
𝑝𝑓+ 𝑝+𝑖+𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑟+𝑠𝑖+𝑗 𝑖+𝑝𝑑+𝑝𝑓 𝑗+𝑚+𝑟
⇒ 𝑤1 2
𝑤2 𝑤3𝑠+𝑘 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘+𝑛+𝑠
𝑠𝑖(𝑖−1)
𝑝+𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑝𝑑
⇒ 𝑤1 2
𝑤2𝑠𝑖 = 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛
𝑠𝑖(𝑖−1)
⇒ 2
𝑝 + 𝑟𝑖𝑝 ≡ 𝑝𝑑(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 ) or

𝑠𝑖(𝑖−1)
⇒ 2
+ 𝑟𝑖 ≡ 𝑑(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝), (6)

And 𝑠𝑖 ≡ 𝑚(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝), (7)

and 𝑛 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝) (8)

1+𝑝
Also 𝑤2 𝑤1 = 𝑤1 𝑤2
⇒ 𝜙(𝑤2 )𝜙(𝑤1 ) = 𝜙(𝑤1 )1+𝑝 𝜙(𝑤2 )
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = (𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 )1+𝑝 𝑤1𝑙 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤3𝑛
𝑝𝑑 𝑚 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑗 𝑝𝑑
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = (𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 )1+𝑝 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚
𝑝𝑑 𝑖+𝑖𝑚𝑝 𝑚 𝑗 𝑘 𝑗 𝑗 𝑝𝑑
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 (𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 )𝑝 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚
𝑝𝑑+𝑖+𝑖𝑚𝑝 𝑚+𝑗 𝑘 𝑗 𝑝𝑖 𝑝𝑑
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 𝑤1 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚
𝑝𝑑+𝑖+𝑖𝑚𝑝 𝑚+𝑗 𝑘 𝑝𝑖 𝑝𝑑 𝑗
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤1 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑚 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘
𝑝𝑑+𝑖+𝑖𝑚𝑝 𝑚+𝑗 𝑘 𝑖+𝑝𝑖+𝑝𝑑 𝑚+𝑗 𝑘
⇒ 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 = 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3
𝑖𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑖
⇒ 𝑤1 = 𝑤1
2
⇒ 𝑖𝑚𝑝 ≡ 𝑝𝑖(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝 )
⇒ 𝑖𝑚 ≡ 𝑖(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝)
But 𝑝∤𝑖

⇒ 𝑚 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝) (9)

Abelian relations gives unnecessary information.

Use (7) in (9), we get
𝑠𝑖 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝)
From (6),
𝑖−1
𝑟𝑖 ≡ 𝑑 − (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝)
2
𝑖−1
⇒ 𝑝/𝑟𝑖 − 𝑑 +
2
𝑖−1
⇒ 𝑟𝑖 − 𝑑 + = 𝑝𝑥 for some 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍𝑝
2
𝑖−1
⇒ 𝑟𝑖 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑑 −
2
𝑖−1
⇒ 𝑟 = (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑑 − )/𝑖
2

We must place on the homomorphism to satisfy the relations of group. Now we only have to see when it is bijective. Since we
𝑦
are talking about finite group, it is sufficient to show that it is injective or to show that kernel is trivial. Let 𝑤1𝑥 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑧 be any element
of (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 such that it is mapped to identity element of group.

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𝑦
𝜙(𝑤1𝑥 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑧 ) = 1
⇒ 𝜙(𝑤1 )𝑥 𝜙(𝑤2 )𝑦 𝜙(𝑤3 ) 𝑧 = 1
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑥 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑓
⇒ (𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 ) (𝑤1 𝑤2 )𝑦 (𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 )𝑧 = 1
𝑝𝑥(𝑥−1)𝑖 (𝑖−1)𝑘 (𝑥−2)𝑖𝑘 𝑥(𝑥−1)
𝑥𝑖+ ( +𝑗+ ) 𝑥𝑗+ 𝑖𝑘 𝑝𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑝𝑓𝑧
⇒ 𝑤1 2 2 3
𝑤2 2
𝑤3𝑥𝑘 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟𝑧 𝑤3𝑠𝑧 =1
𝑝𝑥(𝑥−1)𝑖 (𝑖−1)𝑘 (𝑥−2)𝑖𝑘 𝑥(𝑥−1)
𝑥𝑖+ ( +𝑗+ ) 𝑝𝑑𝑦 𝑝𝑓𝑧 𝑥𝑗+ 𝑖𝑘 𝑦
⇒ 𝑤1 2 2 3
𝑤1 𝑤1 𝑤2 2
𝑤2 𝑤2𝑟𝑧 𝑤3𝑥𝑘 𝑤3𝑠𝑧 =1
𝑝𝑥(𝑥−1)𝑖 (𝑖−1)𝑘 (𝑥−2)𝑖𝑘 𝑥(𝑥−1)
𝑥𝑖+ ( +𝑗+ )+𝑝𝑑𝑦+𝑝𝑓𝑧 𝑥𝑗+ 𝑖𝑘+𝑦+𝑟𝑧
⇒ 𝑤1 2 2 3
𝑤2 2
𝑤3𝑥𝑘+𝑠𝑧 = 1

𝑝𝑥(𝑥−1)𝑖 (𝑖−1)𝑘 (𝑥−2)𝑖𝑘

⇒ 𝑥𝑖 + ( +𝑗+ ) + 𝑝𝑑𝑦 + 𝑝𝑓𝑧 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 ), (10)
2 2 3

𝑥(𝑥−1)
𝑥𝑗 + 2
𝑖𝑘 + 𝑦 + 𝑟𝑧 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝), (11)

𝑥𝑘 + 𝑠𝑧 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝) (12)

From (10),
𝑝𝑥(𝑥 − 1)𝑖 (𝑖 − 1)𝑘 (𝑥 − 2)𝑖𝑘
𝑝2 /𝑥𝑖 + ( +𝑗+ ) + 𝑝𝑑𝑦 + 𝑝𝑓𝑧
2 2 3
𝑝𝑥(𝑥 − 1)𝑖 (𝑖 − 1)𝑘 (𝑥 − 2)𝑖𝑘
⇒ 𝑝/𝑝2 /𝑥𝑖 + ( +𝑗+ ) + 𝑝𝑑𝑦 + 𝑝𝑓𝑧
2 2 3
𝑝𝑥(𝑥 − 1)𝑖 (𝑖 − 1)𝑘 (𝑥 − 2)𝑖𝑘
⇒ 𝑝/𝑥𝑖 + ( +𝑗+ ) + 𝑝𝑑𝑦 + 𝑝𝑓𝑧
2 2 3
⇒ 𝑝/𝑥𝑖
But 𝑝 ∤ 𝑖
⇒ 𝑝/𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = 0.
Using this in (12), we get
𝑠𝑧 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝)
But 𝑝 ∤ 𝑠
⇒ 𝑧 = 0.
Using these in (11), we get
𝑦 = 0.
So if ℎ ∈ (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 and 𝜙(ℎ) = 1 it must be that ℎ = 1, hence the kernel is trivial and 𝜙 is an automorphism with
the constraints we have already deduced. Now we can calculate the order of an automorphism group. there are 𝑝2 − 𝑝 choices for
𝑖 and 𝑝 choices for all 𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙, 𝑞. Therefore

𝑗
𝑤1 → 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 , 𝑝 ∤ 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 ,
𝑝𝑑
𝜙: {𝑤2 → 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑑 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 ,
𝑝𝑓
𝑤3 → 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 , 𝑓 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 , 𝑝 ∤ 𝑠.
And
|𝐴𝑢𝑡(𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 | = 𝑝5 (𝑝 − 1).

IV. CONCLUSION

In this research, we calculate the automorphism group of two groups (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 and (𝑍𝑝2 ⋊
𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 , 𝜙1 (𝑧) ↔ (1,1,0)𝑧 . The automorphism group for (𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 be

𝑤1 → 𝑤1𝑠𝑚−𝑛𝑟 , 𝑠𝑚 − 𝑛𝑟 ≠ 0,
𝑝𝑡 𝑚 𝑛
𝜙: {𝑤2 → 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 , 𝑡 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 ,
𝑝𝑢
𝑤3 → 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 , 𝑢 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 .

and
|𝐴𝑢𝑡 ((𝑍𝑝2 × 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 )| = 𝑝3 (𝑝 − 1)(𝑝2 − 1).

And also for(𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 , 𝜙1 (𝑧) ↔ (1,1,0)𝑧 , the automorphism group is

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𝑗
𝑤1 → 𝑤1𝑖 𝑤2 𝑤3𝑘 , 𝑝 ∤ 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 ,
𝑝𝑑
𝜙: {𝑤2 → 𝑤1 𝑤2 , 𝑑 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 ,
𝑝𝑓
𝑤3 → 𝑤1 𝑤2𝑟 𝑤3𝑠 , 𝑓 ∈ 𝑍𝑝 , 𝑝 ∤ 𝑠.
And
|𝐴𝑢𝑡(𝑍𝑝2 ⋊ 𝑍𝑝 ) ⋊𝜙1 𝑍𝑝 | = 𝑝5 (𝑝 − 1).

REFERENCES

[1.] H. Arora and R. Karan: What is the probability an

automorphism fixes a group element?, Communications
in Algebra, 45(3), 1141–1150 (2017).
[2.] William Burnside: Theory of groups of finite order,
Cambridge University Press, first edition,1897.
Reprinted 2010 through Nabu Press.
[3.] The GAP Group Groups, Algorithms, and
Programming, Version 4.4.2006. URL http:
//www.gap.system.org.
[4.] Geir T. Helleloid Automorphism Groups of Finite
p-Groups: Structure and Applications ,
arxiv,0711.2816 (2007).
[5.] Hans Liebeck: The Automorphism Group of finite
𝑝-groups, Journal of Algebra, 4, 426–432 (1966).

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