CONTENTS :

Whats mean by satellite ? History of Satellites : Layer Of Atmosphere : Generalized communication system : What are the components of a satellite? How Satellites Work ? How do satellite stay in orbit ? Why satellite are launched 36,000 Km from centre of earth ? Types of bands : Types of orbits : Global position system : Advantages And Disadvantages Of satellite : Uses of satellite : References :

whats mean by sateLLIte ?

A Satellite is a solid object which revolves around some body due to the effect of gravitational forces

OR

a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour. Passive Satellites I. Natural satellites II. artificial satellites. A passive satellite only reflects received signals back to earth. Ex.moon is a natural Active satellites Active satellites are complicated structures having a processing equipment called Transponder . An active satellite acts as a REPEATER

History of Satellites :
The world's first artificial satellite is the Sputnik 1 was launched in 1957
First satellite that was used for communication purpose in INDIA was -

ARYABHATTA (19 April 1975)

The first geostationary communication satellite

SYNCOM 3(19 Aug 1963). Father of geostationary

communication satellite is

-HAROLD ROSEN (Aircraft engineer)

Layer Of Atmosphere :

TROPOSPHERE :

STRATOSPHERE : MESOSPHERE :

THERMOSPHERE :
EXOSPHERE :

Generalized communication system :

INFORMA TION SOURCE

TRANN SMITT ER

Channel
NOISE OCCUR

Receiv er

Uses of informa tion

1= Message signal.
2 = tranmitted signal.

3 = received signal.
4 = message signal.

What are the components of a satellite?

Many satellites are powered by rechargeable batteries. Small thrusters provide attitude i.e. stabilize the satellite's position in space.

How Satellites Work :

I. A Earth Station sends message in GHz range (Uplink). II. Satellite Receive and retransmit signals back. (Downlink) III. Difference between Downlink and Uplink frequency is

2 GHz.

Why geostationary satellite are launched 36,000 km from thecenter offorce= the 1.Gravitational attraction between any two earth?
objects, given by
2.Centrifugal force=an outward-directed force that normally balances the inwardThere are two relevant directed centripital force forces involved in this problem

Equate that 2 eqn= i.e.

Eqating that 2 eqn=

We know: G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2 me = 5.97 x 1024 kg we = 7.29 x 10-5 rad s-1 Hence, substituting the above constants into

As we know The tangential velocity of the satellite (vs) is related to its orbital period, T so, gives: Then T=? and sqaring

R = 35,786 km for center of earth Near about 36,000 km.

How do satellites stay in orbit?

Satellites never fall into the Earth this because Earth is round and curves.

Satellites stay in orbit due to the balance of two factors:

i. Velocity and ii. Gravitational pull between the Earth and the satellite.

Satellite Frequency Bands :

Different kinds of satellites There is a inverse relationshi use different frequency bands. between frequency and

LBand: 1 to 2 GHz, S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz X-Band: 8 to 13 GHz Ku-Band: 13 to 18 GHz K-Band: 18 to 28 GHz Ka-Band: 28 to 40 GHz

wavelength.

As wavelength increases (and frequency decreases), larger antennas (satellite dishes) are necessary to gather the signal.

C-band : is the most C-band

common frequency spectrums used by todays satellite. C-band satellite transmissions occupy the 4 to 8 GHz frequency range. C-band antenna is approximately 2-3 meters in diameter

Ku-band :
Ku-band satellite transmissions occupy the 13 to 18 GHz frequency range. Ku-band antennas can be as small as 18 inches in diameter These very high frequency transmissions mean very small wavelengths and very small diameter receiving antennas.

TYPES OF ORBITS
Low-Earth-Orbit (LEOs)

Medium-Earth-Orbit (MEOs)
Geostationary (GEOs)

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO)
Altitude (600-1000 KM) satellite gives it a better signal strength Advantages: Reduces transmission delay Disadvantages: Smaller coverage area. Shorter life span (5-8 yrs.)

Little LEOs Applications

0.8 GHz range Small, low-cost

Used for short communications.

Middle-Earth-Orbiting (MEO)
MEOs orbits between the altitudes of 8,000 - 20,000 km above the earth.

MEO satellites have a larger coverage.

These orbits are primarily reserved for communications satellites that cover the North and South Pole.

MEOs are placed in an elliptical (oval-shaped) orbit.

Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit (GEO)

From the ground level the satellite appears fixed.

GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.

Coverage to 40% of area Of planet by this satellite

The Global Positioning System :

EQUATORIAL ORBIT :
POLAR CIRCULAR ORBIT :

EACH SATELLITE COVER 40% AREA

SATELLITE MAKES AN ANGLE OF 120 WITH EACH OTHER.

INCLINED ORBIT :

ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE:
DISADVANTAGES : ADVANTAGES : Make repeated observations over a given area .
At a time satellites observe a larger coverage

Poor spatial resolution in the polar regions.

Launching satellites into

Minimum Satellite lifetime is about 10-15 years.

orbit is costly.

Uses of satellite:
IT IS USED FOR LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION. IT IS SPEEDY AND RELIABLE. IT IS USED FOR WEATHER FORECASTING. (study of atmosphere ,rain ,sunshine at any place at perticular time)

IT IS USED FOR TRANSMIT T.V. SIGNAL OVER LARGE DISTANCE

COMMUNICATION.

POLAR SATELLITE IS USED FOR REMOTE SENSING.

REFERENCES :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronou s_satellie Geostationary Satellite(Author- Louis E.Frenzel) (Edition- Third) (Publication- Tata McGraw-Hill) http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/rosen.html

-- >>BY SWAPNIL G. THAWARE