SATELLITE

Satellite

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Satellite

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What exactly is a satellite?

The word satellite originated from the Latin word Satellit- meaning an attendant, one who is constantly covering around & attending to a master or big man. For our own purposes however a satellite is simply any body that moves around another (usually much larger) one in a mathematically predictable path called an orbit.
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Launch Of

Satellite

USSR Launched the first artificial earth satellite, sputnik in 1957 The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path.

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Types of Satellite

Weather Satellites Communication Satellites Navigation Satellite Observing Satellite

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WEATHER SATELLITE

A weather satellite called the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite observes atmospheric conditions over a large area to help scientists study and forecast the weather

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COMMUNICATION SATLLITE

A communications satellite, such as the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) shown here, relays radio, television, and other signals between different points in space and on Earth

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NAVIGATION SATELLITE

A navigation satellite, like this Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite, sends signals that operators of aircraft, ships, and land vehicles and people on foot can use to determine their location

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OBSERVING SATELLITE

An Earth observing satellite surveys our planet's resources. This satellite, Aqua, helps scientists study ocean evaporation and other aspects of the movement and distribution of Earth's water

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How do Satellites Work?

Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means. The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication. * One Earth Station transmits the signals to the satellite. Up link frequency is the frequency at which Ground Station is communicating with Satellite. * The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth station. This frequency is called a Downlink.

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Transponders

The transponder is the brains of the satellite - provides the connection between the satellites receive and transmit antennas. Satellites can have 12 to 96 transponders plus spares, depending on the size of the satellite. A transponder bandwidth can frequently be 36 MHz, 54 MHz, or 72 MHz or it can be even wider. A transponders function is to

Receive the signal, (Signal is one trillion times weaker then when transmitted) Filter out noise, Shift the frequency to a down link frequency (to avoid interference w/uplink) Amplify for retransmission to ground

How Satellites Work

1.

2.

3.

A Earth Station sends message in GHz range. (Uplink) Satellite Receive and retransmit signals back. (Downlink) Other Earth Stations receive message in useful strength area. (Footprint)

Launching the satellite

Space shuttles carry some satellites into space, but most satellites are launched by rockets that fall into the ocean after their fuel is spent. Many satellites require minor adjustments of their orbit before they begin to perform their function. Built-in rockets called thrusters make these adjustments. Once a satellite is placed into a stable orbit, it can remain there for a long time without further adjustment.

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How does a satellite stay in its orbit?

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Satellite frequency band

Band L S C Ku Ka
Satellite

Downlink, GHz
1.5 1.9 4 11 20

Uplink, GHz
1.6 2.2 6 14 30
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Bandwidth, MHz
15 70 500 500 3500
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Satellite Frequency Bands and Antennas (Dishes)

The size of Satellite Dishes (antennas) are related to the transmission frequency.
There is a inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength. As wavelength increases (and frequency decreases), larger antennas (satellite dishes) are necessary to gather the signal.

Satellite Frequency Bands and Antennas (Dishes)

C-Band

Ku-Band

Most commonly used bands: C-band (4 to 8 GHz) , Kuband (11 to 17 GHz) , and Ka-band (20 to 30 GHz ).

Satellite orbits
Classification of orbits:

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Classification of orbits:
* Circular orbits are simplest * Inclined orbits are useful for coverage of equatorial regions * Elliptical orbits can be used to give stationary behavior viewed from earth using 3 or 4 satellites * Orbit changes can be used to extend the life of satellites

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Categories of satellites Satellite orbits are also classified based on their heights above the earth:

LEO(Low earth orbit satellite) MEO(Medium earth orbit satellite) GEO(Geostationary orbit)

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Satellite orbit Altitudes

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GEO (Inmarsat) HEO LEO (Globalstar, Irdium) earth MEO (ICO) inner and outer Van Allen belts

Van-Allen-Belts: ionized particles 2000 - 6000 km and 15000 - 30000 km above earth surface

1000
10000

35768 km

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO)

Altitude (375-1000 miles) Revolution time: 90 min - 3 hours. Advantages: Reduces transmission delay Eliminates need for bulky receiving equipment. Disadvantages: Smaller coverage area. Shorter life span (5-8 yrs.) than GEOs (10 yrs). Subdivisions: Little, Big, and Mega (Super) LEOs.

Low Earth Orbits Satellite Arrays

Satellite arrays

Launching a set of satellites into low earth orbits Each point in ground has at least one satellite overhead

Satellites in an array communicate with one another

In LEO polar orbits are used Altitude:500 to 2000 km Period:90 to 120 min Speed:20,000 to 25,000 kmph

Footprint:8000km diameter

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Little LEOs Applications

0.8 GHz range Small, low-cost

Vehicle tracking, environmental monitoring and two-way data communication. Used for short, narrowband communications.

2 GHz or above range

Big LEOs Applications

Can offer global services, which can be subject to regulatory requirements.

Used for technology devices such as high-speed, high-bandwidth data communications, and video conferencing. They carry voice and high-speed data services. The main uses are data communications and real-time voice delivery to hand-held devices.

Mega (Super) LEOs Applications

20-30 GHz range Mainly handles broadband data. These systems are optimized for packetswitched data rather than voice. They share the same advantages and drawbacks of other LEOs and are intended to operate with inter-satellite links to minimize transmission times and avoid dropped signals.

Example of LEO: Iridium sytem:A project started by Motorola in the year 1990 with the objective of providing worldwide Voice and Data communication

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Middle-Earth-Orbiting (MEO)
MEOs orbits between altitudes of 5,600 9,500 miles. the and

These orbits are primarily reserved for communications satellites that cover the North and South Pole. Unlike the circular orbit of the geostationary satellites, MEOs are placed in an elliptical (oval-shaped) orbit.

Approximately a dozen medium Earth orbiting satellites are necessary to provide continuous global coverage 24 hours a day.

Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit (GEO)

Orbit is sychroneous with the earths rotation. From the ground the satellite appears fixed. Altitude is about 23,000 miles. Coverage to 40% of planet per satellite.

Basics of GEOs

Geostationary satellites are commonly used for communications and weather-observation. The typical service life expectancy of a geostationary satellite is 10-15 years. Because geostationary satellites circle the earth at the equator, they are not able to provide coverage at the Northernmost and Southernmost latitudes.

GEOs and Weather

The altitude is chosen so that it takes the satellite 24 hours to orbit the Earth once, which is also the rotation rate of the Earth. This produces the cloud animations you see on TV.

Can take images approximately every minute.

Facts about GEOs

Instruments on GEOs are designed to last 3-9 years.

Measurements that are taken are in the form of electrical voltages that are digitized, and then transmitted to receiving stations on the ground. Instruments usually have:
Small telescope or antenna. A scanning mechanism.

One or more detectors that detect either visible, infrared, or microwave radiation.

GEOs

Satellites are positioned every 4-8 degrees. Aproximately 300 GEO satellites are in orbit.

Apogee & Perigee

Apogee is the point at which a satellite in an elliptical orbit is furthest from the Earth. At its apogee, the satellite travels slower than at any other point in its orbit. Perigee is the point at which a satellite in an elliptical orbit is closest to the Earth. At its perigee, the satellite travels faster than at any other point in its orbit.
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Definition of terms for earthorbiting satellite

Apogee The point farthest from earth. Apogee height is shown as ha in Fig Perigee The point of closest approach to earth. The perigee height is shown as hp Line of apsides The line joining the perigee and apogee through the center of the earth. Ascending node The point where the orbit crosses the equatorial plane going from south to north. Descending node The point where the orbit crosses the equatorial plane going from north to south. Line of nodes The line joining the ascending and descending nodes through the center of the earth. Inclination The angle between the orbital plane and the earths equatorial plane. It is measured at the ascending node from the equator to the orbit, going from east to north. The inclination is shown as i in Fig. Mean anomaly M gives an average value of the angular position of the satellite with reference to the perigee. True anomaly is the angle from perigee to the satellite position, measured at the earths center. This gives the true angular position of the satellite in the orbit as a function of time.

Definition of terms for earth-orbiting satellite

Prograde orbit An orbit in which the satellite moves in the same direction as the earths rotation. The inclination of a prograde orbit always lies between 0 and 90. Retrograde orbit An orbit in which the satellite moves in a direction counter to the earths rotation. The inclination of a retrograde orbit always lies between 90 and 180. Argument of perigee The angle from ascending node to perigee, measured in the orbital plane at the earths center, in the direction of satellite motion.

Components of a satellite

There are 3 major components in a satellite, they are : Transponder and antenna systemPower PackageControl and information system & rocket thruster system

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Basics: Advantages of Satellites

The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are:

The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system. Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of the coverage area. Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise. Higher Bandwidths are available for use.

Disadvantage

The disadvantages of satellite communication:

Launching satellites into orbit is costly. Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up. There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial communication. Security can be an issue

THE END

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