[G.R. No. 12191. October 14, 1918. ] JOSE CANGCO, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MANILA RAILROAD CO., SYLLA !S 1.

MASTER AND SERVANT; CONTRACT; NEGLIGENCE. Failure to perform a o!tra t a!!ot "e e# u$e% upo! t&e 'rou!% t&at t&e "rea & (a$ %ue to t&e !e'li'e! e of a $er)a!t of t&e o"li'or* a!% t&at t&e latter e#er i$e% %ue %ili'e! e i! t&e $ele tio! a!% o!trol of t&e $er)a!t. +. CONTRACTS; NEGLIGENCE,; C-L.A A/-ILIANA; C-L.A CONTRACT-AL. T&e %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! !e'li'e! e a$ t&e $our e of a! o"li'atio! 0 ulpa a1uilia!a2 a!% !e'li'e! e i! t&e performa! e of a o!tra t 0 ulpa o!tra tual2 poi!te% out. 3. CARRIERS; .ASSENGERS; NEGLIGENCE; ALIG4TING FROM MOVING TRAIN. It i$ !ot !e'li'e! e per $e for a tra)eler to ali'&t from a $lo(l5 mo)i!' trai!. At t&e time of t&e o urre! e (&i & 'a)e ri$e to t&i$ liti'atio! t&e plai!tiff* 6o$e Ca!' o* (a$ i! t&e emplo5me!t of t&e

Ma!ila Railroa% Compa!5 i! t&e apa it5 of ler7* (it& a mo!t&l5 (a'e of .+8. 4e li)e% i! t&e pue"lo of Sa! Mateo* i! t&e pro)i! e of Ri9al* (&i & i$ lo ate% upo! t&e li!e of t&e %efe!%a!t railroa% ompa!5; a!% i! omi!' %ail5 "5 trai! to t&e ompa!5:$ offi e i! t&e it5 of Ma!ila (&ere &e (or7e%* &e u$e% a pa$$* $upplie% "5 t&e ompa!5* (&i & e!title% &im to ri%e upo! t&e ompa!5:$ trai!$ free of &ar'e. -po! t&e o aro$e from &i$ $eat i! t&e $e o!% po$itio! upo! t&e $tep$ of t&e a$io! i! 1ue$tio!* 6a!uar5 +;* 1<18* t&e plai!tiff (a$ retur!i!' &ome "5 rail from &i$ %ail5 la"or$; a!% a$ t&e trai! %re( up to t&e $tatio! i! Sa! Mateo t&e plai!tiff la$$= ar (&ere &e (a$ ri%i!' a!%* ma7i!' &i$ e#it t&rou'& t&e %oor* too7 &i$ oa &* $ei9i!' t&e upri'&t 'uar%rail (it& &i$ ri'&t &a!% for $upport.

O! t&e $i%e of t&e trai! (&ere pa$$e!'er$ ali'&t at t&e Sa! Mateo $tatio! t&ere i$ a eme!t platform (&i & "e'i!$ to ri$e (it& a mo%erate 'ra%ie!t $ome %i$ta! e a(a5 from t&e ompa!5:$ offi e a!% e#te!%$ alo!' i! fro!t of $ai% offi e for a %i$ta! e $uffi ie!t to o)er t&e le!'t& of $e)eral oa &e$. A$ t&e trai! $lo(e% %o(! a!ot&er pa$$e!'er* !ame% Emilio >u!i'a* al$o a! emplo5ee of t&e railroa% ompa!5* 'ot off t&e $ame ar* ali'&ti!' $afel5 at t&e poi!t (&ere t&e platform "e'i!$ to ri$e from t&e le)el of t&e 'rou!%. ?&e! t&e trai! &a% pro ee%e% a little fart&er t&e plai!tiff 6o$e Ca!' o $teppe% off al$o* "ut o!e or "ot& of &i$ feet ame i! o!ta t (it& a $a 7 of (atermelo!$ (it& t&e re$ult t&at &i$ feet $lippe% from u!%er &im a!% &e fell )iole!tl5 o! t&e platform. 4i$ "o%5 at o! e rolle% from t&e platform a!% (a$ %ra(! u!%er t&e mo)i!' ar* (&ere &i$ ri'&t arm (a$ "a%l5 ru$&e% a!% la erate%. It appear$ t&at after t&e ame to a full $top. plai!tiff ali'&te% from t&e trai! t&e T&e a i%e!t o ar mo)e% for(ar% po$$i"l5 $i# meter$ "efore it

urre% "et(ee! @ a!% A o: lo 7 o! a %ar7 !i'&t* a!% a$ t&e railroa% $tatio! (a$ li'&te% %iml5 "5 a i%e!t o urre% (ere %iffi ult to %i$ er!*

$i!'le li'&t lo ate% $ome %i$ta! e a(a5* o"Be t$ o! t&e platform (&ere t&e a e$pe iall5 to a per$o! emer'i!' from a li'&te% ar.

T&e e#pla!atio! of t&e pre$e! e of a $a 7 of melo!$ o! t&e platform (&ere t&e plai!tiff ali'&te% i$ fou!% i! t&e fa t t&at it (a$ t&e u$tomar5 $ea$o! for &ar)e$ti!' t&e$e melo!$ a!% a lar'e lot &a% "ee! "rou'&t to t&e $tatio! for $&ipme!t to t&e mar7et. T&e5 (ere o!tai!e% i! !umerou$ to( $a 7$ (&i & &a% "ee! pile% o! t&e platform i! a ro( o!e upo! a!ot&er. T&e te$timo!5 $&o($ t&at t&i$ ro( of $a 7$ (a$ $o pla e% t&at t&ere (a$ a $pa e of o!l5 a"out t(o feet "et(ee! t&e $a 7$ of melo!$ a!% t&e e%'e of t&e platform; a!% it i$ lear t&at t&e fall of t&e plai!tiff (a$ %ue to t&e fa t t&at &i$ foot ali'&te% upo! o!e of t&e$e melo!$ at t&e mome!t &e $teppe% upo! t&e platform. 4i$ $tateme!t t&at &e faile% to $ee t&e$e o"Be t$ i! t&e %ar7!e$$ i$ rea%il5 to "e re%ite%. T&e plai!tiff (a$ %ra(! from u!%er t&e ar i! a! u! o!$ iou$ o!%itio!* a!% it appeare% t&at t&e i!Burie$ (&i & &e &a%

re ei)e% (ere )er5 $eriou$. 4e (a$ t&erefore "rou'&t at o! e to a

ertai! &o$pital i! t&e

it5 of Ma!ila (&ere a!

e#ami!atio! (a$ ma%e a!% &i$ arm (a$ amputate%. T&e re$ult of t&i$ operatio! (a$ u!$ati$fa tor5* a!% t&e plai!tiff (a$ t&e! arrie% to a!ot&er &o$pital (&ere a $e o!% operatio! (a$ performe% a!% t&e mem"er (a$ a'ai! amputate% &i'&er up !ear t&e $&oul%er. It appear$ i! e)i%e! e t&at t&e plai!tiff e#pe!%e% t&e $um of .@<;.+8 i! t&e form of me%i al a!% $ur'i al fee$ a!% for ot&er e#pe!$e$ i! o!!e tio! (it& t&e pro e$$ of &i$ uratio!.

-po! Au'u$t 31* 1<18* &e i!$titute% t&i$ pro ee%i!' i! t&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e of t&e

it5 of Ma!ila to re o)er

%ama'e$ of t&e %efe!%a!t ompa!5* fou!%i!' &i$ a tio! upo! t&e !e'li'e! e of t&e $er)a!t$ a!% emplo5ee$ of t&e %efe!%a!t i! pla i!' t&e $a 7$ of melo!$ upo! t&e platform a!% i! lea)i!' t&em $o pla e% a$ to "e a me!a e to t&e $e urit5 of pa$$e!'er ali'&ti!' from t&e ompa!5:$ trai!$. At t&e &eari!' i! t&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e* &i$ 4o!or* t&e trial Bu%'e* fou!% t&e fa t$ $u"$ta!tiall5 a$ a"o)e $tate%* a!% %re( t&erefrom &i$ a$ to o"$tru t pa$$e!'er$ pa$$i!' to a!% from t&e o! lu$io! to t&e effe t t&at* alt&ou'& !e'li'e! e (a$ attri"uta"le to t&e %efe!%a!t "5 rea$o! of t&e fa t t&at t&e $a 7$ of melo!$ (ere $o pla e% ar$* !e)ert&ele$$* t&e plai!tiff &im$elf &a% faile% to u$e %ue or%i!'l5 e!tere% autio! i! ali'&ti!' from t&e oa & a!% (a$ t&erefore pre lu%e% from re o)eri!'. 6u%'me!t (a$ a i! fa)or of t&e %efe!%a!t ompa!5* a!% t&e plai!tiff appeale%. It a!!ot "e %ou"te% t&at t&e emplo5ee$ of t&e railroa% ompa!5 (ere 'uilt5 of !e'li'e! e i! pili!' t&e$e $a 7$ o! t&e platform i! t&e ma!!er a"o)e $tate%; t&at t&eir pre$e! e au$e% t&e plai!tiff to fall a$ &e ali'&te% from t&e trai!; a!% t&at t&e5 t&erefore plai!tiff:$ o(! o!$titute% a! effe ti)e le'al au$e of t&e i!Burie$ $u$tai!e% "5 t&e plai!tiff. It !e e$$aril5 a$io!e% u!le$$ re o)er5 i$ "arre% "5 t&e o! eptio!$ of follo( $ t&at t&e %efe!%a!t ompa!5 i$ lia"le for t&e %ama'e t&ere"5 o

o!tri"utor5 !e'li'e! e. I! re$ol)i!' t&i$ pro"lem it i$ !e e$$ar5 t&at ea & of t&e$e

lia"ilit5* to=(it* t&e primar5 re$po!$i"ilit5 of t&e %efe!%a!t ompa!5 a!% t&e o!tri"utor5 !e'li'e! e of t&e plai!tiff $&oul% "e $eparatel5 e#ami!e%. It i$ importa!t to !ote t&at t&e fou!%atio! of t&e le'al lia"ilit5 of t&e %efe!%a!t i$ t&e o!tra t of arria'e* a!% t&at t&e o"li'atio! to re$po!% for t&e %ama'e (&i & plai!tiff &a$ $uffere% ari$e$* if at all* from t&e "rea & of t&at o!tra t "5 rea$o! of t&e failure of %efe!%a!t to e#er i$e %ue are i! it$ performa! e. T&at i$ to $a5* it$ lia"ilit5 i$ %ire t a!% imme%iate* %ifferi!' e$$e!tiall5* i! t&e le'al )ie(poi!t from t&at pre$umpti)e re$po!$i"ilit5 for t&e !e'li'e! e of it$ $er)a!t$* impo$e% "5 arti le 1<;3 of t&e Ci)il Co%e* (&i & a! "e re"utte% "5 proof of t&e e#er i$e of %ue are i! t&eir $ele tio! a!% $uper)i$io!. Arti le 1<;3 of t&e Ci)il Co%e i$ !ot appli a"le to o"li'atio!$ ari$i!' e# o!tra tu* "ut o!l5 to e#tra= o!tra tual o"li'atio!$ or to u$e t&e te &!i al form of e#pre$$io!* t&at arti le relate$ o!l5 to a1uilia!a a!% !ot to ulpa o!tra tual. Ma!re$a 0)ol. A* p. C@2 i! &i$ omme!tarie$ upo! arti le$ 11;3 a!% 11;D of t&e Ci)il Co%e* learl5 poi!t$ out t&i$ ulpa

%i$ti! tio!* (&i & (a$ al$o re o'!i9e% "5 t&i$ Court i! it$ %e i$io! i! t&e a$e of Ra7e$ ). Atla!ti * Gulf a!% .a ifi C . 0@ .&il. Rep.* 38<2. I! omme!ti!' upo! arti le 1;<3 0)ol. A* p. 3;2 Ma!re$a learl5 poi!t$ out t&e %iffere! e "et(ee! E ulpa* $u"$ta!ti)e a!% i!%epe!%e!t* (&i & of it$elf e#i$ti!' . . o!$titute$ t&e $our e of a! o"li'atio! "et(ee! per$o!$ !ot i%e!t i! t&e performa! e of a! o"li'atio! alrea%5 .E
rala( )irtua1a( li"rar5

formerl5 o!!e te% "5 a!5 le'al tieE a!% ulpa o!$i%ere% a$ a! Ea .

I! t&e Ra7e$ a$e 0$upra2 t&e %e i$io! of t&i$ ourt (a$ ma%e to re$t $1uarel5 upo! t&e propo$itio! t&at arti le 1<;3 of t&e Ci)il Co%e i$ !ot appli a"le -po! t&i$ poi!t t&e Court $ai%, ET&e a t$ to (&i & t&e$e arti le$ F1<;+ a!% 1<;3 of t&e Ci)il Co%eG are appli a"le are u!%er$too% to "e t&o$e !ot 'ro(i!' out of pre=e#i$ti!' %utie$ of t&e partie$ to o!e a!ot&er Hut (&ere relatio!$ alrea%5 forme% 'i)e ri$e to %utie$* to a t$ of !e'li'e! e (&i & o!$titute t&e "rea & of a o!tra t.

(&et&er $pri!'i!' from o!tra t or 1ua$i= o!tra t* t&e! "rea &e$ of t&o$e %utie$ are $u"Be t to arti le$ 11;1* 11;3 a!% 11;D of t&e $ame o%e.E 0Ra7e$ ). Atla!ti * Gulf a!% .a ifi Co.* @ .&il. Rep.* 38< at p. 3C8.2 T&i$ %i$ti! tio! i$ of t&e utmo$t importa! e. T&e lia"ilit5* (&i &* u!%er t&e Spa!i$& la(* i$* i! ertai! a$e$ impo$e% upo! emplo5er$ (it& re$pe t to %ama'e$ o a$io!e% "5 t&e !e'li'e! e of t&eir emplo5ee$ to per$o!$ to (&om t&e5 are !ot "ou!% "5 o!tra t* i$ !ot "a$e%* a$ i! t&e E!'li$& Commo! La(* upo! t&e pri! iple of re$po!%e!t $uperior if it (ere* t&e ma$ter (oul% "e lia"le i! e)er5 a$e a!% u! o!%itio!all5 "ut upo! t&e pri! iple a!!ou! e% i! arti le 1<;+ of t&e Ci)il Co%e* (&i & impo$e$ upo! all per$o!$ (&o "5 t&eir fault or !e'li'e! e* %o i!Bur5 to a!ot&er* t&e o"li'atio! of ma7i!' 'oo% t&e %ama'e au$e%. O!e (&o pla e$ a po(erful automo"ile i! t&e &a!%$ of a $er)a!t (&om &e 7!o($ to "e i'!ora!t of t&e met&o% of ma!a'i!' $u & a )e&i le* i$ &im$elf 'uilt5 of a! a t of !e'li'e! e (&i & ma7e$ &im lia"le for all t&e o!$e1ue! e$ of &i$ impru%e! e. T&e o"li'atio! to ma7e 'oo% t&e %ama'e ari$e$ at t&e )er5 i!$ta!t t&at t&e u!$7illful $er)a!t* (&ile a ti!' (it&i! t&e $ ope of &i$ emplo5me!t* au$e$ t&e i!Bur5. T&e lia"ilit5 of t&e ma$ter i$ per$o!al a!% %ire t. Hut* if t&e ma$ter &a$ !ot "ee! 'uilt5 of a!5 !e'li'e! e (&ate)er i! t&e $ele tio! a!% %ire tio! of t&e $er)a!t* &e i$ !ot lia"le for t&e a t$ of t&e latter* (&et&er %o!e (it&i! t&e $ ope of &i$ emplo5me!t or !ot* if t&e %ama'e %o!e "5 t&e $er)a!t %oe$ !ot amou!t to a "rea & of t&e ma$ter a!% t&e per$o! i!Bure%. It i$ !ot a urate to $a5 t&at proof of %ili'e! e a!% are i! t&e $ele tio! a!% o!trol of t&e $er)a!t relie)e$ t&e ma$ter o!trar5* t&at proof $&o($ t&at t&e re$po!$i"ilit5 &a$ !e)er e#i$te%. A$ o!tra t "et(ee! t&e

from lia"ilit5 for t&e latter:$ a t$ o! t&e

Ma!re$a $a5$ 0)ol. A* p. CA2 t&e lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from e#tra= o!tra tual ulpa i$ al(a5$ "a$e% upo! a )olu!tar5 a t or omi$$io! (&i &* (it&out (illful i!te!t* "ut "5 mere !e'li'e! e or i!atte!tio!* &a$ au$e% %ama'e to a!ot&er. A ma$ter (&o e#er i$e$ all po$$i"le are i! t&e $ele tio! of &i$ $er)a!t* ta7i!' i!to o!$i%eratio! t&e 1ualifi atio!$ t&e5 $&oul% po$$e$$ for t&e %i$ &ar'e of t&e %utie$ (&i & it i$ &i$ purpo$e to o!fi%e to t&em* a!% %ire t$ t&em (it& e1ual %ili'e! e* t&ere"5 perform$ &i$ %ut5 to t&ir% per$o!$ to (&om &e i$ "ou!% "5 !o o!tra tual tie$* a!% &e i! ur$ !o lia"ilit5 (&ate)er if* "5 rea$o! of t&e !e'li'e! e of &i$ $er)a!t$* e)e! (it&i! t&e $ ope of t&eir emplo5me!t* $u & t&ir% per$o!$ $uffer %ama'e. True it i$ t&at u!%er arti le 1<;3 of t&e Ci)il Co%e t&e la( reate$ a pre$umptio! t&at &e &a$ "ee! !e'li'e!t i! t&e $ele tio! or %ire tio! of &i$ $er)a!t* "ut t&e pre$umptio! i$ re"utta"le a!% 5iel%$ to proof of %ue are a!% %ili'e! e i! t&i$ re$pe t. T&e $upreme ourt of .orto Ri o* i! i!terpreti!' i%e!ti al pro)i$io!$* a$ fou!% i! t&e .orto Ri a! Ci)il Co%e* &a$ &el% t&at t&e$e arti le$ are appli a"le to a$e$ of e#tra= o!tra tual ulpa e# lu$i)el5. 0Carmo!a ). Cue$ta* +; .orto Ri o Report$* +18.2

T&i$ %i$ti! tio! (a$ a'ai! ma%e pate!t "5 t&i$ Court i! it$ %e i$io! i! t&e a$e of Ha&ia ). Lito!Bua a!% Le5!e$* 03; .&il. Rep.* C+D2* (&i & (a$ a! a tio! "rou'&t upo! t&e t&eor5 of t&e e#tra= o!tra tual lia"ilit5 of t&e %efe!%a!t to re$po!% for t&e %ama'e au$e% "5 t&e arele$$!e$$ of &i$ emplo5ee (&ile a ti!' (it&i! t&e $ ope of &i$ emplo5me!t T&e Court* after iti!' t&e la$t para'rap& of arti le 1<;3 of t&e Ci)il Co%e* $ai%, EFrom t&i$ arti le t(o t&i!'$ are appare!t, 012 T&at (&e! a! i!Bur5 i$ au$e% "5 t&e !e'li'e! e of a $er)a!t or

emplo5ee t&ere i!$ta!tl5 ari$e$ a pre$umptio! of la( t&at t&ere (a$ !e'li'e! e o! t&e part of t&e ma$ter or emplo5er eit&er i! t&e $ele tio! of t&e $er)a!t or emplo5ee* or i! $uper)i$io! o)er &im after t&e $ele tio!* or "ot&; a!% 0+2 t&at pre$umptio! i$ Buri$ ta!tum a!% !ot Buri$ et %e Bure* a!% o!$e1ue!tl5* ma5 "e re"utte%. It follo($ !e e$$aril5 t&at if t&e emplo5er $&o($ to t&e $ati$fa tio! of t&e ourt t&at i! $ele tio! a!% $uper)i$io! &e &a$ e#er i$e% t&e are a!% %ili'e! e of a 'oo% fat&er of a famil5* t&e pre$umptio! i$ o)er ome a!% &e i$ relie)e% from lia"ilit5. ET&i$ t&eor5 "a$e$ t&e re$po!$i"ilit5 of t&e ma$ter ultimatel5 o! &i$ o(! !e'li'e! e a!% !ot o! t&at of &i$ $er)a!t. T&i$ i$ t&e !ota"le pe uliarit5 of t&e Spa!i$& la( of !e'li'e! e. It i$* of our$e* i! $tri7i!' o!tra$t to t&e Ameri a!

%o tri!e t&at* i! relatio!$ (it& $tra!'er$* t&e !e'li'e! e of t&e $er)a!t i$ o! lu$i)el5 t&e !e'li'e! e of t&e ma$ter.E
li"rar5

rala( )irtua1a(

T&e opi!io! t&ere e#pre$$e% "5 t&i$ Court* to t&e effe t t&at i! a$e of e#tra= o!tra tual ulpa "a$e% upo! !e'li'e! e* it i$ !e e$$ar5 t&at t&ere $&all &a)e "ee! $ome fault attri"uta"le to t&e %efe!%a!t per$o!all5* a!% t&at t&e la$t para'rap& of arti le 1<;3 merel5 e$ta"li$&e$ a re"utta"le pre$umptio!* i$ i! omplete a or% (it& t&e aut&oritati)e alle% opi!io! of Ma!re$a* (&o $a5$ 0)ol. 1+* p. C112 t&at t&e lia"ilit5 reate% "5 arti le 1<;3 i$ impo$e% "5 rea$o! of t&e "rea & of t&e %utie$ i!&ere!t i! t&e $pe ial relatio!$ of aut&orit5 or $uperiorit5 e#i$ti!' "et(ee! t&e per$o! upo! to repair t&e %ama'e a!% t&e o!e (&o* "5 &i$ a t or omi$$io!* (a$ t&e au$e of it. O! t&e ot&er &a!%* t&e lia"ilit5 of ma$ter$ a!% emplo5er$ for t&e !e'li'e!t a t$ or omi$$io!$ of t&eir $er)a!t$ or a'e!t$* (&e! $u & a t$ or omi$$io!$ au$e %ama'e$ (&i & amou!t to t&e "rea & of a o!tra t* i$ !ot "a$e% upo! a mere pre$umptio! of t&e ma$ter:$ !e'li'e! e i! t&eir $ele tio! or %ili'e! e a!% o!trol* a!% proof of e#er i$e of t&e utmo$t o!tra t. are i! t&i$ re'ar% %oe$ !ot relie)e t&e ma$ter of &i$ lia"ilit5 for t&e "rea & of &i$

E)er5 le'al o"li'atio! mu$t of !e e$$it5 "e e#tra= o!tra tual or o!tra tual. E#tra= o!tra tual o"li'atio! &a$ it$ $our e i! t&e "rea & or omi$$io! of t&o$e mutual %utie$ (&i & from t&e$e relatio!$* ot&er t&a! o!tra tual* of i)ili9e% $o iet5 impo$e$ upo! it$ mem"er$* or (&i & ari$e o!$titute t&e mea$ure of t&e orre$po!%i!' le'al ertai! mem"er$ of $o iet5 to ot&er$* 'e!erall5 em"ra e% i! t&e

o! ept of $tatu$. T&e le'al ri'&t$ of ea & mem"er of $o iet5

%utie$* mai!l5 !e'ati)e i! &ara ter* (&i & t&e e#i$te! e of t&o$e ri'&t$ impo$e$ upo! all ot&er mem"er$ of $o iet5. T&e "rea & of t&e$e 'e!eral %utie$ (&et&er %ue to (illful i!te!t or to mere i!atte!tio!* if pro%u ti)e of i!Bur5* 'i)e$ ri$e to a! o"li'atio! to i!%em!if5 t&e i!Bure% part5. T&e fu!%ame!tal %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! o"li'atio!$ of t&i$ &ara ter a!% t&o$e (&i & ari$e from o!tra t* re$t$ upo! t&e fa t t&at i! a$e$ of !o!= o!tra tual o"li'atio! it i$ t&e (ro!'ful or !e'li'e!t a t or omi$$io! it$elf (&i & relatio!. ?it& re$pe t to e#tra= o!tra tual o"li'atio! ari$i!' from !e'li'e! e* (&et&er of a t or omi$$io!* it i$ ompete!t for t&e le'i$lature to ele t a!% our Le'i$lature &a$ $o ele te% to limit $u & lia"ilit5 to a$e$ i! (&i & t&e per$o! upo! (&om $u & a! o"li'atio! i$ impo$e% i$ morall5 ulpa"le or* o! t&e o!trar5* for rea$o!$ of pu"li poli 5* to e#te!% t&at lia"ilit5* (it&out re'ar% to t&e la 7 of moral a"$olute or limite% ulpa"ilit5* $o a$ to i! lu%e re$po!$i"ilit5 for t&e !e'li'e! e of t&o$e per$o!$ (&o$e a t$ or omi$$io!$ are imputa"le* "5 a le'al fi tio!* to ot&er$ (&o are i! a po$itio! to e#er i$e a! o!trol o)er t&em. T&e le'i$lature (&i & a%opte% our Ci)il Co%e &a$ ele te% to limit e#tra ertai! (ell=%efi!e% e# eptio!$ to a$e$ i! (&i & moral ulpa"ilit5 a! "e %ire tl5 o!tra tual lia"ilit5 (it& reate$ t&e )i! ulum Buri$* (&erea$ i! o!tra tual relatio!$ t&e )i! ulum e#i$t$ i!%epe!%e!tl5 of t&e "rea & of t&e )olu!tar5 %ut5 a$$ume% "5 t&e partie$ (&e! e!teri!' i!to t&e o!tra tual

impute% to t&e per$o!$ to "e &ar'e%. T&i$ moral re$po!$i"ilit5 ma5 o!$i$t i! &a)i!' faile% to e#er i$e %ue are i! o!e:$ o(! a t$* or i! &a)i!' faile% to e#er i$e %ue are i! t&e $ele tio! a!% o!trol of o!e:$ a'e!t$ or $er)a!t$* or i! t&e o!trol of per$o!$ (&o* "5 rea$o! of t&eir $tatu$* o up5 a po$itio! of %epe!%e! 5 (it& re$pe t to t&e per$o! ma%e lia"le for t&eir o!%u t. T&e po$itio! of a !atural or Buri%i al per$o! (&o &a$ u!%erta7e! "5 o!tra t to re!%er $er)i e to a!ot&er* i$ (&oll5 %iffere!t from t&at to (&i & arti le 1<;3 relate$. ?&e! t&e $our e of t&e o"li'atio! upo! (&i & plai!tiff:$ au$e of a tio! %epe!%$ i$ a !e'li'e!t a t or omi$$io!* t&e "ur%e! of proof re$t$ upo! plai!tiff to pro)e t&e !e'li'e! e if &e %oe$ !ot &i$ a tio! fail$. Hut (&e! t&e fa t$ a)erre% $&o( a o!tra tual u!%erta7i!' "5 %efe!%a!t for t&e "e!efit of plai!tiff* a!% it i$ alle'e% t&at plai!tiff &a$ faile% or refu$e% to perform t&e o!tra t* it i$ !ot !e e$$ar5 for plai!tiff to $pe if5 i! &i$ plea%i!'$ (&et&er t&e "rea & of t&e o!tra t i$ %ue to (illful fault or to !e'li'e! e o! t&e part of t&e %efe!%a!t* or of &i$ $er)a!t$ or a'e!t$. .roof of t&e o!tra t a!% of it$ !o!performa! e i$ $uffi ie!t prima fa ie to (arra!t a re o)er5.

EA$ a 'e!eral rule . . . it i$ lo'i al t&at i! a$e of e#tra= o!tra tual ulpa* a $ui!' re%itor $&oul% a$$ume t&e "ur%e! of proof of it$ e#i$te! e* a$ t&e o!l5 fa t upo! (&i & &i$ a tio! i$ "a$e%; (&ile o! t&e o!trar5* i! a a$e of !e'li'e! e (&i & pre$uppo$e$ t&e e#i$te! e of a o!tra tual o"li'atio!* if t&e re%itor $&o($ t&at it e#i$t$ a!% t&at it &a$ "ee! "ro7e!* it i$ !ot !e e$$ar5 for &im to pro)e t&e !e'li'e! e.E 0Ma!re$a* )ol. A* p. @1 F1<;@ e%.* p. @CG.2 A$ it i$ !ot !e e$$ar5 for t&e plai!tiff i! a! a tio! for t&e "rea & of a o!tra t to $&o( t&at t&e "rea & (a$ %ue to t&e !e'li'e!t o!%u t of %efe!%a!t or of &i$ $er)a!t$* e)e! t&ou'& $u & "e i! fa t t&e a tual au$e of t&e "rea &* it i$ o")iou$ t&at proof o! t&e part of %efe!%a!t t&at t&e !e'li'e! e or omi$$io! of &i$ $er)a!t$ or a'e!t$ i!)o7e% a$ a mea!$ of %i$ &ar'i!' t&e lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from au$e% t&e "rea & of t&e o!tra t (oul% !ot o!$titute a %efe!$e to t&e a tio!. If t&e !e'li'e! e of $er)a!t$ or a'e!t$ oul% "e o!tra t* t&e a!omalou$ re$ult (oul% "e t&at per$o!$ o!tra t$ to repair it* a!% t&e a ti!' t&rou'& t&e me%ium of a'e!t$ or $er)a!t$ i! t&e performa! e of t&eir o!tra t$* (oul% "e i! a "etter po$itio! t&a! t&o$e a ti!' i! per$o!. If o!e %eli)er$ a )alua"le (at & to a (at &ma7er (&o "ailee* "5 a per$o!al !e'li'e!t a t au$e$ it$ %e$tru tio!* &e i$ u!1ue$tio!a"l5 lia"le. ?oul% it "e lo'i al to free &im from &i$ lia"ilit5 for t&e "rea & of &i$ o!tra t* (&i & i!)ol)e$ t&e %ut5 to e#er i$e %ue are i! t&e pre$er)atio! of t&e (at &* if &e $&o($ t&at it (a$ &i$ $er)a!t (&o$e !e'li'e! e au$e% t&e i!Bur5I If $u & a t&eor5 oul% "e a au$e% "5 !e'li'e!t a t$ of omi$$io! or ommi$$io! o! t&e part of t&eir $er)a!t$* a$ $u & Buri%i al per$o!$ epte%* a! of Buri%i al per$o!$ (oul% e!Bo5 pra ti all5 omplete immu!it5 from %ama'e$ ari$i!' from t&e "rea & of t&eir o!tra t$ if !e e$$it5 o!l5 a t t&rou'& a'e!t$ or $er)a!t$* a!% it (oul% !o %ou"t "e true i! mo$t i!$ta! e$ t&at rea$o!a"le are &a% "ee! ta7e! i! t&e $ele tio! a!% %ire tio! of $u & $er)a!t$. If o!e %eli)er$ $e uritie$ to a "a!7i!' orporatio! a$ ollateral* a!% t&e5 are lo$t "5 rea$o! of t&e !e'li'e! e of $ome ler7 emplo5e% "5 t&e "a!7* (oul% it "e Bu$t a!% rea$o!a"le to permit t&e "a!7 to relie)e it$elf of lia"ilit5 for t&e "rea & of it$ o!tra t to retur! t&e ollateral upo! t&e pa5me!t of t&e %e"t "5 pro)i!' t&at %ue are &a% "ee! e#er i$e% i! t&e $ele tio! a!% %ire tio! of t&e ler7I

T&i$ %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! ulpa a1uilia!a* a$ t&e $our e of a! o"li'atio!* a!% ulpa o!tra tual a$ a mere i! i%e!t to t&e performa! e of a o!tra t &a$ fre1ue!tl5 "ee! re o'!i9e% "5 t&e $upreme ourt of Spai!. 0Se!te! ia$ of 6u!e +@* 1A<D; No)em"er +;* 1A<C; a!% De em"er 13 1A<C.2 I! t&e %e i$io! of No)em"er +;* 1A<C* it appeare% t&at plai!tiff $ a tio! aro$e e# o!tra tu* "ut t&at %efe!%a!t $ou'&t to a)ail &im$elf of t&e pro)i$io!$ of arti le 1<;+ of t&e Ci)il Co%e a$ a %efe!$e. T&e Spa!i$& Supreme Court reBe te% %efe!%a!t:$ o!te!tio!* $a5i!', ET&e$e are !ot a$e$ of i!Bur5 au$e%* (it&out a!5 pre=e#i$ti!' o"li'atio!* "5 fault or !e'li'e! e* $u & a$ t&o$e to au$e% "5 t&e %efe!%a!t:$ failure to arr5 out t&e

(&i & arti le 1<;+ of t&e Ci)il Co%e relate$* "ut of %ama'e$ u!%erta7i!'$ impo$e% "5 t&e o!tra t$ . . . .E
rala

)irtua1a(

li"rar5

A "rief re)ie( of t&e earlier %e i$io! of t&i$ ourt i!)ol)i!' t&e lia"ilit5 of emplo5er$ for %ama'e %o!e "5 t&e !e'li'e!t a t$ of t&eir $er)a!t$ (ill $&o( t&at i! !o $er)a!t$ F&a$G "ee! &el% to o!$titute a$e &a$ t&e a %efe!$e ourt e)er %e i%e% t&at t&e !e'li'e! e of t&e %efe!%a!t:$ to a! a tio! for %ama'e$ for "rea & of o!tra t.

I! t&e a$e of 6o&!$o! ). Da)i% 08 .&il. Rep.* CC32* t&e ourt &el% t&at t&e o(!er of a arria'e (a$ !ot lia"le for t&e %ama'e$ au$e% "5 t&e !e'li'e! e of &i$ %ri)er. I! t&at a$e t&e ourt omme!te% o! t&e fa t t&at !o e)i%e! e &a% "ee! a%%u e% i! t&e trial ourt t&at t&e %efe!%a!t &a% "ee! !e'li'e!t i! t&e emplo5me!t of t&e %ri)er* or t&at &e &a% a!5 7!o(le%'e of &i$ la 7 of $7ill or areful!e$$. I! t&e a$e of Haer Se!ior J Co.:$ Su e$$or$ ). CompaKia Maritima 0C .&il. Rep.* +182* t&e plai!tiff $ue% t&e

%efe!%a!t for %ama'e$

au$e% "5 t&e lo$$ of a "ar'e "elo!'i!' to plai!tiff (&i & (a$ allo(e% to 'et a%rift "5 t&e

!e'li'e! e of %efe!%a!t:$ $er)a!t$ i! t&e our$e of t&e performa! e of a o!tra t of to(a'e. T&e ourt &el%* iti!' Ma!re$a 0)ol. A* pp. +<* C<2 t&at if t&e Eo"li'atio! of t&e %efe!%a!t 're( out of a o!tra t ma%e "et(ee! it a!% t&e plai!tiff . . . (e %o !ot t&i!7 t&at t&e pro)i$io!$ of arti le$ 1<;+ a!% 1<;3 are appli a"le to t&e a$e.E
rala( )irtua1a( li"rar5

I! t&e

a$e of C&apma! ). -!%er(oo% 0+@ .&il. Rep.* 3@D2* plai!tiff $ue% t&e %efe!%a!t to re o)er %ama'e$ for au$e% "5 t&e !e'li'e! e of %efe!%a!t:$ &auffeur (&ile %ri)i!' %efe!%a!t:$ automo"ile i! (&i &

per$o!al i!Burie$

%efe!%a!t (a$ ri%i!' at t&e time. T&e ourt fou!% t&at t&e %ama'e$ (ere au$e% "5 t&e !e'li'e! e of t&e %ri)er of t&e automo"ile* "ut &el% t&at t&e ma$ter (a$ !ot lia"le* alt&ou'& &e (a$ pre$e!t at t&e time* $a5i!', E. . . u!le$$ t&e !e'li'e!t a t$ of t&e %ri)er are o!ti!ue% for $u & a le!'t& of time a$ to 'i)e t&e o(!er a rea$o!a"le opportu!it5 to o"$er)e t&em a!% to %ire t t&e %ri)er to %e$i$t t&erefrom. . . . T&e a t %ri)er:$ a t$ &i$ o(!.E I! t&e a$e of Lama%a ). Ma!ila Railroa% Co. a!% Ra &ra & Gara'e J Ta#i a" Co. 033 .&il. Rep.* A2* it i$ true t&at t&e ourt re$te% it$ o! lu$io! a$ to t&e lia"ilit5 of t&e %efe!%a!t upo! arti le 1<;3* alt&ou'& t&e fa t$ %i$ lo$e% t&at t&e i!Bur5 omplai!e% of "5 plai!tiff o!$titute% a "rea & of t&e %ut5 to &im ari$i!' out of t&e o!tra t of tra!$portatio!. T&e e#pre$$ 'rou!% of t&e %e i$io! i! t&i$ a$e (a$ t&at arti le 1<;3* i! %eali!' (it& t&e lia"ilit5 of a ma$ter for t&e !e'li'e!t a t$ of &i$ $er)a!t$ Ema7e$ t&e %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! pri)ate i!%i)i%ual$ a!% pu"li e!terpri$e;E t&at a$ to t&e latter t&e la( reate$ a re"utta"le pre$umptio! of !e'li'e! e i! t&e $ele tio! or %ire tio! of t&e $er)a!t$; a!% t&at i! t&e parti ular a$e t&e pre$umptio! of !e'li'e! e &a% !ot "ee! o)er ome. It i$ e)i%e!t* t&erefore* t&at i! it$ %e i$io! i! t&e Lama%a a$e* t&e ourt treate% plai!tiff:$ a tio! a$ t&ou'& fou!%e% i! tort rat&er t&a! a$ "a$e% upo! t&e "rea & of t&e o!tra t of arria'e* a!% a! e#ami!atio! of t&e plea%i!'$ a!% of t&e "rief$ $&o($ t&at t&e 1ue$tio!$ of la( (ere i! fa t %i$ u$$e% upo! t&i$ t&eor5. Vie(e% from t&e $ta!%poi!t of t&e %efe!%a!t t&e pra ti al re$ult mu$t &a)e "ee! t&e $ame i! a!5 e)e!t. T&e proof %i$ lo$e% "e5o!% %ou"t t&at t&e %efe!%a!t:$ $er)a!t (a$ 'ro$$l5 !e'li'e!t a!% t&at &i$ !e'li'e! e (a$ t&e pro#imate au$e of plai!tiff:$ i!Bur5. It al$o affirmati)el5 appeare% t&at %efe!%a!t &a% "ee! 'uilt5 of !e'li'e! e i! it$ failure to e#er i$e proper %i$ retio! i! t&e %ire tio! of t&e $er)a!t. Defe!%a!t (a$ t&erefore* lia"le for t&e i!Bur5 $uffere% "5 plai!tiff* (&et&er t&e "rea & of t&e %ut5 (ere to "e re'ar%e% a$ o!$tituti!' ulpa a1uili!a or ulpa o!tra tual. A$ Ma!re$a poi!t$ out 0)ol. A* pp. +< a!% C<2 (&et&er !e'li'e! e o ur$ a$ a! i! i%e!t i! t&e our$e of t&e performa! e of a o!tra tual u!%erta7i!' or i$ it$elf &ara teri$ti $ are i%e!ti al. T&ere i$ al(a5$ a! a t or t&e $our e of a! e#tra= o!tra tual o"li'atio!* it$ e$$e!tial omplai!e% of mu$t "e o!ti!ue% i! t&e pre$e! e of t&e o(!er for $u & a le!'t& of time t&at t&e o(!er "5 &i$ a 1uie$ e! e* ma7e$ t&e

omi$$io! pro%u ti)e of %ama'e %ue to arele$$!e$$ or i!atte!tio! o! t&e part of t&e %efe!%a!t. Co!$e1ue!tl5* (&e! t&e ourt &ol%$ t&at a %efe!%a!t i$ lia"le i! %ama'e$ for &a)i!' faile% to e#er i$e %ue are* eit&er %ire tl5* or i! faili!' to e#er i$e proper are i! t&e $ele tio! a!% %ire tio! of &i$ $er)a!t$* t&e pra ti al re$ult i$ i%e!ti al i! eit&er ea$e. T&erefore* it follo($ t&at it i$ !ot to "e i!ferre%* "e au$e t&e ourt &el% i! t&e Lama%a ea$e t&at t&e %efe!%a!t (a$ lia"le for t&e %ama'e$ !e'li'e!tl5 au$e% "5 it$ $er)a!t to a per$o! to (&om it (a$ "ou!% "5 o!tra t* a!% ma%e refere! e to t&e fa t t&at t&e %efe!%a!t (a$ !e'li'e!t i! t&e $ele tio! a!% o!trol of it$ $er)a!t$* t&at i! $u & a a$e t&e ourt (oul% &a)e &el% t&at it (oul% &a)e "ee! a 'oo% %efe!$e to t&e a tio!* if pre$e!te% $1uarel5 upo! t&e t&eor5 of t&e "rea & of t&e o!tra t* for %efe!%a!t to &a)e pro)e% t&at it %i% i! fa t e#er i$e are i! t&e $ele tio! a!% o!trol of t&e $er)a!t. T&e true e#pla!atio! of $u & a$e$ i$ to "e fou!% "5 %ire ti!' t&e atte!tio! to t&e relati)e $p&ere$ of o!tra tual a!% e#tra= o!tra tual o"li'atio!$. T&e fiel% of !o!= o!tra tual o"li'atio! i$ mu & more "roa%er t&a! t&at of o"li'atio!* o!tra tual ompri$i!'* a$ it %oe$* t&e (&ole e#te!t of Buri%i al &uma! relatio!$. T&e$e t(o fiel%$* fi'urati)el5 o!tra tual relatio! e#i$t$ t&e o"li'or ma5 "rea7 t&e

$pea7i!'* o! e!tri ; t&at i$ to $a5* t&e mere fa t t&at a per$o! i$ "ou!% to a!ot&er "5 o!tra t %oe$ !ot relie)e &im from e#tra= o!tra tual lia"ilit5 to $u & per$o!. ?&e! $u & a o!tra t u!%er $u & o!%itio!$ t&at t&e $ame a t (&i & o!$titute$ a "rea & of t&e o!tra t (oul% &a)e o!$titute% t&e $our e of a! e#tra= o!tra tual o"li'atio! &a% !o o!tra t e#i$te% "et(ee! t&e partie$.

T&e o!tra t of %efe!%a!t to tra!$port plai!tiff arrie% (it& it* "5 impli atio!* t&e %ut5 to arr5 &im i! $afet5 a!% to pro)i%e $afe mea!$ of e!teri!' a!% lea)i!' it$ trai!$ 0Ci)il Co%e* arti le 1+8A2. T&at %ut5* "ei!' %efe!%a!t:$ o!tra tual* (a$ $er)a!t$. %ire t a!% imme%iate* a!% it$ !o!=performa! e oul% !ot "e e# u$e% "5 proof t&at t&e fault (a$ morall5 imputa"le to

T&e railroa% ompa!5:$ %efe!$e i!)ol)e$ t&e a$$umptio! t&at e)e! 'ra!ti!' t&at t&e !e'li'e!t o!%u t of it$ $er)a!t$ i! pla i!' a! o"$tru tio! upo! t&e platform (a$ a "rea & of it$ approa &i!' a!% lea)i!' it$ trai!$* t&e %ire t a!% pro#imate o!tri"utor5 !e'li'e! e i! faili!' to (ait u!til t&e trai! &a% o!tra tual o"li'atio! to mai!tai! $afe mea!$ of omplete $top "efore ali'&ti!'. -!%er t&e i%e!t (a$ au$e% "5 plai!tiff:$ o(! au$e of t&e i!Bur5 $uffere% "5 plai!tiff (a$ &i$ o(! ome to a

%o tri!e of omparati)e !e'li'e! e a!!ou! e% i! t&e Ra7e$ a$e 0$upra2* if t&e a !e'li'e! e* !o lia"ilit5 i$ impo$e% upo! %efe!%a!t* (&erea$ if t&e a to a$ ertai! if %efe!%a!t (a$ i! fa t 'uilt5 of !e'li'e! e. It ma5 "e a%mitte% t&at &a% plai!tiff (aite% u!til t&e trai! &a% i!Bur5 $uffere% "5 &im oul% !ot &a)e o urre%. Defe!%a!t

i%e!t (a$ au$e% "5 %efe!%a!t:$ !e'li'e! e a!%

plai!tiff:$ !e'li'e! e merel5 o!tri"ute% to &i$ i!Bur5* t&e %ama'e$ $&oul% "e apportio!e%. It i$* t&erefore* importa!t

ome to a full $top "efore ali'&ti!'* t&e parti ular ite$ ma!5 aut&oritie$ i! $upport of t&e

o!te!%$* a!%

o!te!tio!* t&at it i$ !e'li'e! e per $e for a pa$$e!'er to ali'&t from a mo)i!' trai!. ?e are !ot %i$po$e% to $u"$ ri"e to t&i$ %o tri!e ! it$ a"$olute form. ?e are of t&e opi!io! t&at t&i$ propo$itio! i$ too "roa%l5 $tate% a!% i$ at )aria! e (it& t&e e#perie! e of e)er5=%a5 life. I! t&i$ parti ular i!$ta! e* tat t&e trai! (a$ "arel5 mo)i!' (&e! plai!tiff ali'&te% i$ $&o(! o! lu$i)el5 "5 t&e fa t t&at it ame to $top (it&i! $i# meter$ from t&e pla e (&ere &e $teppe% from it. T&ou$a!%$ of per$o!$ ali'&t from trai!$ u!%er t&e$e o!%itio!$ e)er5 %a5 of t&e 5ear* a!% $u$tai! !o i!Bur5 (&ere t&e ompa!5 &a$ 7ept it$ platform free from %a!'erou$ o"$tru tio!$. T&ere i$ !o rea$o! to "elie)e t&at plai!tiff (oul% &a)e $uffere% a!5 i!Bur5 (&ate)er i! ali'&ti!' a$ &e %i% &a% it !ot "ee! for %efe!%a!t:$ !e'li'e!t failure to perform it$ %ut5 to pro)i%e a $afe ali'&ti!' pla e. ?e are of t&e opi!io! t&at t&e orre t %o tri!e relati!' to t&i$ $u"Be t i$ t&at e#pre$$e% i! T&omp$o!:$ (or7 o!
B' , &a!ro"le $. om.p&

Ne'li'e! e 0)ol. 3* $e . 3;1;2 a$ follo($,

ET&e te$t "5 (&i & to %etermi!e (&et&er t&e pa$$e!'er &a$ "ee! 'uilt5 of !e'li'e! e i! attempti!' to ali'&t from a mo)i!' rail(a5 trai!* i$ t&at of or%i!ar5 or rea$o!a"le per$o!* of t&e a'e* $e# a!% are. It i$ to "e o!$i%ere% (&et&er a! or%i!aril5 pru%e!t o!%itio! of t&e pa$$e!'er* (oul% &a)e a te% a$ t&e pa$$e!'er a te% u!%er t&e

ir um$ta! e$ %i$ lo$e% "5 t&e e)i%e! e. T&i$ are &a$ "ee! %efi!e% to "e* !ot t&e are (&i & ma5 or $&oul% "e u$e% "5 t&e pru%e!t ma! 'e!erall5* "ut t&e are (&i & a ma! of or%i!ar5 pru%e! e (oul% u$e u!%er $imilar ir um$ta! e$* to a)oi% i!Bur5.E 0T&omp$o!* Comme!tarie$ o! Ne'li'e! e* )ol. 3* $e . 3;1;.2 Or* if (e prefer to a%opt t&e mo%e of e#po$itio! u$e% "5 t&i$ ourt i! .i art ). S!it& 03@ .&il. Rep.* A;<2* (e ma5 $a5 t&at t&e te$t i$ t&i$; ?a$ t&ere a!5t&i!' i! t&e ir um$ta! e$ $urrou!%i!' t&e plai!tiff at t&e time &e ali'&te% from t&e trai! (&i & (oul% &a)e a%mo!i$&e% a per$o! of a)era'e pru%e! e t&at to 'et off t&e trai! u!%er t&e o!%itio!$ t&e! e#i$ti!' (a$ %a!'erou$I If $o* t&e plai!tiff $&oul% &a)e %e$i$te% from ali'&ti!'; a!% &i$ failure $o to %e$i$t (a$ o!tri"utor5 !e'li'e! e. A$ t&e a$e !o( "efore u$ pre$e!t$ it$elf* t&e o!l5 fa t from (&i & a o! lu$io! a! "e %ra(! to t&e effe t t&at t&e plai!tiff (a$ 'uilt5 of o!tri"utor5 !e'li'e! e i$ t&at &e $teppe% off t&e ar (it&out "ei!' a"le to %i$ er! learl5 t&e o!%itio! of t&e platform a!% (&ile t&e trai! (a$ 5et $lo(l5 mo)i!'. I! o!$i%eri!' t&e $ituatio! t&u$ pre$e!te%* it $&oul% !ot "e o)erloo7e% t&at t&e plai!tiff (a$* a$ (e fi!%* i'!ora!t of t&e fa t t&at t&e o"$tru tio! (&i & (a$ au$e% "5 t&e $a 7$ of melo!$ pile% o! t&e platform e#i$te%; a!% a$ t&e %efe!%a!t (a$ "ou!% "5 rea$o! of it$ %ut5 a$ a pu"li arrier to affor% to it$ pa$$e!'er$ fa ilitie$ for $afe e're$$ from it$ trai!$* t&e plai!tiff &a% a ri'&t to a$$ume* i!

t&e a"$e! e of $ome ir um$ta! e to (ar! &im to t&e o!trar5* t&at t&e platform (a$ lear. T&e pla e* a$ (e &a)e alrea%5 $tate%* (a$ %ar7* or %iml5 li'&te%* a!% t&i$ al$o i$ proof of a failure upo! t&e part of t&e %efe!%a!t i! t&e performa! e of a %ut5 o(i!' "5 it to t&e plai!tiff; for if it (ere "5 a!5 po$$i"ilit5 o! e%e% t&at it &a% a ri'&t to pile t&e$e $a 7$ i! t&e pat& of ali'&ti!' pa$$e!'er$* t&e pla i!' of t&em i! t&at po$itio! 'a)e ri$e to t&e %ut5 to li'&t t&e premi$e$ a%e1uatel5 $o t&at t&eir pre$e! e (oul% "e re)eale%. A$ perti!e!t to t&e 1ue$tio! of o!tri"utor5 !e'li'e! e o! t&e part of t&e plai!tiff i! t&i$ a$e t&e follo(i!'

ir um$ta! e$ are to "e !ote%, T&e ompa!5:$ platform (a$ o!$tru te% upo! a le)el &i'&er t&a! t&at of t&e roa%"e% a!% t&e $urrou!%i!' 'rou!%. T&e %i$ta! e from t&e $tep$ of t&e ar to t&e $pot (&ere t&e ali'&ti!' pa$$e!'er (oul% pla e &i$ feet o! t&e platform (a$ t&u$ re%u e%* t&ere"5 %e rea$i!' t&e ri$7 i! i%e!t to $teppi!' off. T&e !ature of t&e platform* o!$tru te% a$ it (a$ of eme!t material* al$o a$$ure% to t&e pa$$e!'er a $ta"le a!% e)e! $urfa e o! (&i & to ali'&t. Furt&ermore* t&e plai!tiff (a$ po$$e$$e% of t&e )i'or a!% a'ilit5 of 5ou!' ma!&oo%* a!% it (a$ "5 !o mea!$ $o ri$75 for &im to 'et off (&ile t&e trai! (a$ 5et mo)i!' a$ t&e $ame a t (oul% &a)e "ee! i! a! a'e% or fee"le per$o!. I! %etermi!i!' t&e 1ue$tio! of o!tri"utor5 !e'li'e! e i! performi!' $u & a t t&at i$ to $a5* (&et&er t&e pa$$e!'er a te% pru%e!tl5 or re 7le$$l5 t&e a'e* $e#* a!% p&5$i al o!%itio! of t&e pa$$e!'er are ir um$ta! e$ !e e$$aril5 affe ti!' t&e $afet5 of t&e pa$$e!'er* a!% $&oul% "e o!$i%ere%. ?ome!* it &a$ "ee! o"$er)e%* a$ a 'e!eral rule* are le$$ apa"le t&a! me! of ali'&ti!' (it& $afet5 u!%er $u & o!%itio!$* a$ t&e !ature of t&eir (eari!' apparel o"$tru t$ t&e free mo)eme!t of t&e lim"$. A'ai!* it ma5 "e !ote% t&at t&e pla e (a$ perfe tl5 familiar to t&e plai!tiff* a$ it (a$ &i$ %ail5 u$tom to 'et o! a!% off t&e trai! at t&i$ $tatio!. T&ere oul%* t&erefore* "e !o u! ertai!t5 i! &i$ mi!% (it& re'ar% eit&er to t&e le!'t& of t&e $tep (&i & &e (a$ re1uire% to ta7e or t&e &ara ter of t&e platform (&ere &e (a$ ali'&ti!'. Our o! lu$io! i$ t&at t&e o!%u t of t&e plai!tiff i! u!%erta7i!' to ali'&t (&ile t&e trai! (a$ 5et $li'&tl5 u!%er (a5 (a$ !ot !e'li'e! e. T&e e)i%e! e $&o($ t&at t&e plai!tiff* at t&e time of t&e a $&o(! t&at a!5 ot&er 'ai!ful o i%e!t* (a$ ear!i!' .+8 a mo!t& a$ a op5i$t ler7* a!% or%i!' to t&e $ta!%ar% mortalit5 &ara teri9e% "5 impru%e! e a!% t&at t&erefore &e (a$ !ot 'uilt5 of o!tri"utor5

t&at t&e i!Burie$ &e &a$ $uffere% &a)e perma!e!tl5 %i$a"le% &im from o!ti!ui!' t&at emplo5me!t. Defe!%a!t &a$ !ot upatio! i$ ope! to plai!tiff. 4i$ e#pe ta! 5 of life* a ta"le$* i$ appro#imatel5 t&irt5=t&ree 5ear$. ?e are of t&e opi!io! t&at a fair ompe!$atio! for t&e %ama'e $uffere% "5 &im for &i$ perma!e!t %i$a"ilit5 i$ t&e $um of .+*8;;* a!% t&at &e i$ al$o e!title% to re o)er of %efe!%a!t t&e a%%itio!al $um of .@<;.+8 for me%i al atte!tio!* &o$pital $er)i e$* a!% ot&er i! i%e!tal e#pe!%iture$ o!!e te% (it& t&e treatme!t of &i$ i!Burie$. T&e %e i$io! of t&e lo(er ourt i$ re)er$e%* a!% Bu%'me!t i$ &ere"5 re!%ere% plai!tiff for t&e $um of .3*+<;.+8* a!% for t&e o$t$ of "ot& i!$ta! e$. So or%ere%.

[G.R. No. L"248#$. M%& 2', 19((.] )EDRO ELCANO %*+ )A,RICIA ELCANO, -* t.e-r c%/%c-t& %0 A0ce*+%*t0 o1 A2%/-to E3c%*o, +ece%0e+, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. REGINALD 4ILL, 5-*or, %*+ MAR6IN 4ILL, %0 1%t.er %*+ N%t7r%3 G7%r+-%* o1 0%-+ 5-*or, Defendants-Appellees. Appeal from t&e or%er of t&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e of /ue9o! Cit5 %ate% 6a!uar5 +<* 1<C8 i! Ci)il Ca$e No. /=A1;+* .e%ro El a!o Et. Al. ). Re'i!al% 4ill Et. Al. %i$mi$$i!'* upo! motio! to %i$mi$$ of %efe!%a!t$* t&e omplai!t of plai!tiff$ for re o)er5 of %ama'e$ from %efe!%a!t Re'i!al% 4ill* a mi!or* marrie% at t&e time of t&e o t&e $o! of t&e plai!tiff$* !ame% A'apito El a!o* of (&i &* (&e! rimi!all5 pro$e ute%* t&e $ai% a urre! e* a!% &i$ fat&er* t&e %efe!%a!t Mar)i! 4ill* (it& (&om &e (a$ li)i!' a!% 'etti!' $u"$i$te! e* for t&e 7illi!' "5 Re'i!al% of u$e% (a$ a 1uitte%
rala( )irtua1a( li"rar5

o! t&e 'rou!% t&at &i$ a t (a$ !ot rimi!al* "e au$e of Ela 7 of i!te!t to 7ill* ouple% (it& mi$ta7e.E A tuall5* t&e motio! to %i$mi$$ "a$e% o! t&e follo(i!' 'rou!%$,

B' , &a!ro"le $. om.p&

E1. T&e pre$e!t a tio! i$ !ot o!l5 a'ai!$t "ut a )iolatio! of $e tio! 1* Rule 1;@* (&i & i$ !o( Rule III* of t&e Re)i$e% Rule$ of Court; E+. T&e a tio! i$ "arre% "5 a prior Bu%'me!t (&i & i$ !o( fi!al a!% or i! re$=a%Bu%i ata; E3. T&e omplai!t &a% !o au$e of a tio! a'ai!$t %efe!%a!t Mar)i! 4ill* "e au$e &e (a$ relie)e% a$ 'uar%ia! of t&e ot&er %efe!%a!t t&rou'& ema! ipatio! "5 marria'e.E 0.. +3* Re or% Fp. D* Re or% o! Appeal.G2 (a$ fir$t %e!ie% "5 t&e trial ourt. It (a$ o!l5 upo! motio! for re o!$i%eratio! of t&e %efe!%a!t$ of $u & %e!ial* reiterati!' t&e a"o)e 'rou!%$ t&at t&e follo(i!' or%er (a$ i$$ue%,
B' , &a!ro"le $. om.p&

ECo!$i%eri!' t&e motio! for re o!$i%eratio! file% "5 t&e %efe!%a!t$ o! 6a!uar5 1D* 1<C8 a!% after t&orou'&l5 e#ami!i!' t&e ar'ume!t$ t&erei! o!tai!e%* t&e Court fi!%$ t&e $ame to "e meritoriou$ a!% (ell=fou!%e%. ?4EREFORE* t&e Or%er of t&i$ Court o! De em"er A* 1<CD i$ &ere"5 re o!$i%ere% "5 or%eri!' t&e %i$mi$$al of t&e a"o)e e!title% a$e. ESO ORDERED. E/ue9o! Cit5* .&ilippi!e$* 6a!uar5 +<* 1<C8.E 0p. D;* Re or% Fp. +1* Re or% o! Appeal.2 4e! e* t&i$ appeal (&ere plai!tiff$=appella!t$* t&e $pou$e$ El a!o* are pre$e!ti!' for Our re$olutio! t&e follo(i!' a$$i'!me!t of error$,

ET4E LO?ER CO-RT ERRED IN DISMISSING T4E CASE HL -.4OLDING T4E CLAIM OF DEFENDANTS T4AT I ET4E .RESENT ACTION IS NOT ONLL AGAINST H-T ALSO A VIOLATION OF SECTION 1* R-LE 1;@* NO? R-LE 111* OF T4E REVISED R-LES OF CO-RT* AND T4AT SECTION 30 2 OF R-LE 111* R-LES OF CO-RT IS INA..LICAHLE; II ET4E ACTION IS HARRED HL A .RIOR 6-DGMENT ?4IC4 IS NO? FINAL OR RES=AD6-DICATA;

III ET4E .RINCI.LES OF /-ASI=DELICTS* ARTICLES +1@C TO +1<D OF T4E CIVIL CODE* ARE INA..LICAHLE IN T4E INSTANT CASE; a!% IV ET4AT T4E COM.LAINT STATES NO CA-SE OF ACTION AGAINST DEFENDANT MARVIN 4ILL HECA-SE 4E ?AS RELIEVED AS G-ARDIAN OF T4E OT4ER DEFENDANT T4RO-G4 EMANCI.ATION HL MARRIAGE.E 0pa'e D* Re or%.2 It appear$ t&at for t&e 7illi!' of t&e $o!* A'apito* of plai!tiff$=appella!t$* %efe!%a!t=appellee Re'i!al% 4ill (a$ pro$e ute% rimi!all5 i! Crimi!al Ca$e No. 81;+ of t&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e of /ue9o! Cit5. After %ue trial* &e (a$ a 1uitte% o! t&e 'rou!% t&at &i$ a t (a$ !ot rimi!al "e au$e of Ela 7 of i!te!t to 7ill* ouple% (it& mi$ta7e.E .are!t&eti all5* !o!e of t&e partie$ &a$ fa)ore% -$ (it& a op5 of t&e %e i$io! of a 1uittal* pre$uma"l5 "e au$e appella!t$ %o !ot %i$pute t&at $u & i!%ee% (a$ t&e "a$i$ $tate% i! t&e ourt:$ %e i$io!. A!% $o* (&e! appella!t$ file% t&eir omplai!t a'ai!$t appellee$ Re'i!al% a!% &i$ fat&er* Att5. Mar)i! 4ill* o! a appellee$ file% t&e motio! to %i$mi$$ a"o)e=referre% to. A$ ?e )ie( t&e fore'oi!' "a 7'rou!% of t&i$ a$e* t&e t(o %e i$i)e i$$ue$ pre$e!te% for Our re$olutio! are, ou!t of t&e %eat& of t&eir $o!* t&e

&a!ro"1e $ )irtual 1a( li"rar5

1. I$ t&e pre$e!t i)il a tio! for %ama'e$ "arre% "5 t&e a 1uittal of Re'i!al% i! t&e rimi!al a$e (&erei! t&e a tio! for i)il lia"ilit5 (a$ !ot re)er$e%I +. Ma5 Arti le +1A; 0+!% a!% la$t para'rap&$2 of t&e Ci)il Co%e "e applie% a'ai!$t Att5. 4ill* !ot(it&$ta!%i!' t&e u!%i$pute% fa t t&at at t&e time of t&e o urre! e omplai!e% of* Re'i!al%* t&ou'& a mi!or* li)i!' (it& a!% 'etti!' $u"$i$te! e from &i$ fat&er* (a$ alrea%5 le'all5 marrie%I T&e fir$t i$$ue pre$e!t$ !o more pro"lem t&a! t&e !ee% for a reiteratio! a!% furt&er larifi atio! of t&e %ual &ara ter* rimi!al a!% i)il* of fault or !e'li'e! e a$ a $our e of o"li'atio! (&i & (a$ firml5 e$ta"li$&e% i! t&i$ Buri$%i tio! i! Harre%o ). Gar ia* @3 .&il. C;@. I! t&at a$e* t&i$ Court po$tulate%* o! t&e "a$i$ of a $ &olarl5 %i$$ertatio! "5 6u$ti e Ho o"o o! t&e !ature of ulpa a1uilia!a i! relatio! to ulpa rimi!al or %elito a!% mere ulpa or fault* (it& perti!e!t itatio! of %e i$io!$ of t&e Supreme Court of Spai!* t&e (or7$ of re o'!i9e% i)ilia!$* a!% earlier Buri$pru%e! e of our o(!* t&at t&e $ame 'i)e! a t a! re$ult i! i)il lia"ilit5 !ot o!l5 u!%er t&e .e!al Co%e "ut al$o u!%er t&e Ci)il Co%e. T&u$* t&e opi!io! &ol%$,
B' , &a!ro"le$. om .p&

ET&e a"o)e a$e i$ perti!e!t "e au$e it $&o($ t&at t&e $ame a t ma5 ome u!%er "ot& t&e .e!al Co%e a!% t&e Ci)il Co%e. I! t&at a$e* t&e a tio! of t&e a'e!t (a$ u!Bu$tifie% a!% frau%ule!t a!% t&erefore oul% &a)e "ee! t&e $u"Be t of a rimi!al a tio!. A!% 5et* it (a$ &el% to "e al$o a proper $u"Be t of a i)il a tio! u!%er arti le 1<;+ of t&e Ci)il Co%e. It i$ al$o to "e !ote% t&at it (a$ t&e emplo5er a!% !ot t&e emplo5ee (&o (a$ "ei!' $ue%.E 0pp. C18=C1C* @3 .&il.2 1 EIt (ill "e !oti e% t&at t&e %efe!%a!t i! t&e a"o)e a$e oul% &a)e "ee! pro$e ute% i! a rimi!al a$e "e au$e &i$ !e'li'e! e au$i!' t&e %eat& of t&e &il% (a$ pu!i$&a"le "5 t&e .e!al Co%e. 4ere i$ t&erefore a lear i!$ta! e of t&e $ame a t of !e'li'e! e "ei!' a proper $u"Be t matter eit&er of a rimi!al a tio! (it& it$ o!$e1ue!t i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from a rime or of a! e!tirel5 $eparate a!% i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio! for fault or !e'li'e! e u!%er arti le 1<;+ of t&e Ci)il Co%e. T&u$* i! t&i$ Buri$%i tio!* t&e $eparate i!%i)i%ualit5 of a ua$i=%elito or ulpa a1uilia!a u!%er t&e Ci)il Co%e &a$ "ee! full5 a!% learl5 re o'!i9e%* e)e! (it& re'ar% to a !e'li'e!t a t for (&i & t&e (ro!'%oer oul% &a)e "ee! pro$e ute% a!% o!)i te% i! a rimi!al a$e a!% for (&i &* after $u & a o!)i tio!* &e oul% &a)e "ee! $ue% for

t&i$ i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from &i$ rime.E 0p. C1@* @3 .&il.2 + EIt i$ mo$t $i'!ifi a!t t&at i! t&e a$e Bu$t ite%* t&i$ Court $pe ifi all5 applie% arti le 1<;+ of t&e Ci)il Co%e. It i$ t&u$ t&at alt&ou'& 6. V. 4ou$e oul% &a)e "ee! rimi!all5 pro$e ute% for re 7le$$ or $imple !e'li'e! e a!% !ot o!l5 pu!i$&e% "ut al$o ma%e i)ill5 lia"le "e au$e of &i$ rimi!al !e'li'e! e* !e)ert&ele$$ t&i$ Court a(ar%e% %ama'e$ i! a! i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio! for fault or !e'li'e! e u!%er arti le 1<;+ of t&e Ci)il Co%e.E 0p. C1A* @3 .&il.2 3 ET&e le'al pro)i$io!$* aut&or$* a!% a$e$ alrea%5 i!)o7e% $&oul% or%i!aril5 "e $uffi ie!t to %i$po$e of t&i$ a$e. Hut i!a$mu & a$ (e are a!!ou! i!' %o tri!e$ t&at &a)e "ee! little u!%er$too%* i! t&e pa$t* it mi'&t !ot "e i!appropriate to i!%i ate t&eir fou!%atio!$. EFir$tl5* t&e Re)i$e% .e!al Co%e i! arti le$ 3C8 pu!i$&e$ !ot o!l5 re 7le$$ "ut al$o $imple !e'li'e! e. If (e (ere to &ol% t&at arti le$ 1<;+ to 1<1; of t&e Ci)il Co%e refer o!l5 to fault or !e'li'e! e !ot pu!i$&e% "5 la(* a or%i!'l5 to t&e literal import of arti le 1;<3 of t&e Ci)il Co%e* t&e le'al i!$titutio! of ulpa a1uili!a (oul% &a)e )er5 little $ ope a!% appli atio! i! a tual life. Deat& or i!Bur5 to per$o!$ a!% %ama'e to propert5 t&rou'& a!5 %e'ree of !e'li'e! e e)e! t&e $li'&te$t (oul% &a)e to "e i!%em!ifie% o!l5 t&rou'& t&e pri! iple of i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from a rime. I! $u & a $tate of affair$* (&at $p&ere (oul% remai! for ua$i=%elito or ulpa a1uilia!aI ?e are loat& to impute to t&e la(ma7er a!5 i!te!tio! to "ri!' a"out a $ituatio! to a"$ur% a!% a!omalou$. Nor are (e* i! t&e i!terpretatio! of t&e la($* %i$po$e% to up&ol% t&e letter t&at 7illet& rat&er t&a! t&e $pirit t&at 'i)et& life. ?e (ill !ot u$e t&e literal mea!i!' of t&e la( to $mot&er a!% re!%er almo$t lifele$$ a pri! iple of $u & a! ie!t ori'i! a!% $u & full='ro(! %e)elopme!t a$ ulpa a1uilia!a or ua$i=%elito* (&i & i$ o!$er)e% a!% ma%e e!%uri!' i! arti le$ 1<;+ to 1<1; of t&e Spa!i$& Ci)il Co%e. ESe o!%l5* to fi!% t&e a u$e% 'uilt5 i! a rimi!al a$e* proof of 'uilt "e5o!% rea$o!a"le %ou"t i$ re1uire%* (&ile i! a

i)il a$e* prepo!%era! e of e)i%e! e i$ $uffi ie!t to ma7e t&e %efe!%a!t pa5 i! %ama'e$. T&ere are !umerou$ a$e$ of rimi!al !e'li'e! e (&i & a! !ot "e $&o(! "e5o!% rea$o!a"le %ou"t* "ut a! "e pro)e% "5 a prepo!%era! e of e)i%e! e. I! $u & a$e$* t&e %efe!%a!t a! a!% $&oul% "e ma%e re$po!$i"le i! a i)il a tio! u!%er arti le$ 1<;+ to 1<1; of t&e Ci)il Co%e. Ot&er(i$e* t&ere (oul% "e ma!5 i!$ta! e$ of u!)i!%i ate% i)il (ro!'$. -"i Bu$ i"i reme%ium.E 0p. C+;* @3 .&il.2 EFourt&l5* "e au$e of t&e "roa% $(eep of t&e pro)i$io!$ of "ot& t&e .e!al Co%e a!% t&e Ci)il Co%e o! t&i$ $u"Be t* (&i & &a$ 'i)e! ri$e to t&e o)erlappi!' or o! urre! e of $p&ere$ alrea%5 %i$ u$$e%* a!% for la 7 of u!%er$ta!%i!' of t&e &ara ter a!% effi a 5 of t&e a tio! for ulpa a1uilia!a* t&ere &a$ 'ro(! up a ommo! pra ti e to $ee7 %ama'e$ o!l5 "5 )irtue of t&e i)il re$po!$i"ilit5 ari$i!' from a rime* for'etti!' t&at t&ere i$ a!ot&er reme%5* (&i & i$ "5 i!)o7i!' arti le$ 1<;+=1<1; of t&e Ci)il Co%e. Alt&ou'& t&i$ &a"itual met&o% i$ allo(e% "5 our la($* it &a$ !e)ert&ele$$ re!%ere% pra ti all5 u$ele$$ a!% !u'ator5 t&e more e#pe%itiou$ a!% effe ti)e reme%5 "a$e% o! ulpa a1uilia!a or ulpa e#tra= o!tra tual. I! t&e pre$e!t a$e* (e are a$7e% to &elp perpetuate t&i$ u$ual our$e. Hut (e "elie)e it i$ &i'& time (e poi!te% out to t&e &arm$ %o!e "5 $u & pra ti e a!% to re$tore t&e pri! iple of re$po!$i"ilit5 for fault or !e'li'e! e u!%er arti le$ 1<;+ et $e1. of t&e Ci)il Co%e to it$ full ri'or. It i$ &i'& time (e au$e% t&e $tream of 1ua$i=%eli t or ulpa a1uilia!a to flo( o! it$ o(! !atural &a!!el* $o t&at it$ (ater$ ma5 !o lo!'er "e %i)erte% i!to t&at of a rime u!%er t&e .e!al Co%e. T&i$ (ill* it i$ "elie)e%* ma7e for t&e "etter $afe'uar%i!' or pri)ate ri'&t$ "e au$e it re=e$ta"li$&e$ a! a! ie!t a!% a%%itio!al reme%5* a!% for t&e furt&er rea$o! t&at a! i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio!* !ot %epe!%i!' o! t&e i$$ue$* limitatio!$ a!% re$ult$ of a rimi!al pro$e utio!* a!% e!tirel5 %ire te% "5 t&e part5 (ro!'e% or &i$ ou!$el* i$ more li7el5 to $e ure a%e1uate a!% effi a iou$ re%re$$.E 0p. C+1* @3 .&il.2 Co!trar5 to a! imme%iate impre$$io! o!e mi'&t 'et upo! a rea%i!' of t&e fore'oi!' e# erpt$ from t&e opi!io! i! Gar ia = t&at t&e o! urre! e of t&e .e!al Co%e a!% t&e Ci)il Co%e t&erei! referre% to o!template o!l5 a t$ of

!e'li'e! e a!% !ot i!te!tio!al )olu!tar5 a t$ %eeper refle tio! (oul% re)eal t&at t&e t&ru$t of t&e pro!ou! eme!t$ t&erei! i$ !ot $o limite%* "ut t&at i! fa t it a tuall5 e#te!%$ to fault or ulpa. T&i$ a! "e $ee! i! t&e refere! e ma%e t&erei! to t&e Se!te! e of t&e Supreme Court of Spai! of Fe"ruar5 1D* 1<1<* $upra* (&i & i!)ol)e% a a$e of frau% or e$tafa* !ot a !e'li'e!t a t. I!%ee%* Arti le 1;<3 of t&e Ci)il Co%e of Spai!* i! for e &ere at t&e time of Gar ia* pro)i%e% te#tuall5 t&at o"li'atio!$ E(&i & are %eri)e% from a t$ or omi$$io!$ i! (&i & fault or !e'li'e! e* !ot pu!i$&a"le "5 la(* i!ter)e!e $&all "e t&e $u"Be t of C&apter II* Title MV of t&i$ "oo7 0(&i & refer$ to 1ua$i=%eli t$.2E A!% it i$ pre i$el5 t&e u!%erli!e 1ualifi atio!* E!ot pu!i$&a"le "5 la(E* t&at 6u$ti e Ho o"o emp&a$i9e% oul% lea% to a! u!%e$ira"le o!$tru tio! or i!terpretatio! of t&e letter of t&e la( t&at E7illet&* rat&er t&a! t&e $pirit t&at 'i)et& lifeE &e! e* t&e ruli!' t&atE 0?2e (ill !ot u$e t&e literal mea!i!' of t&e la( to $mot&er a!% re!%er almo$t lifele$$ a pri! iple of $u & a! ie!t ori'i! a!% $u & full='ro(! %e)elopme!t a$ ulpa a1uilia!a or ua$i=%elito* (&i & i$ o!$er)e% a!% ma%e e!%uri!' i! arti le$ 1<;+ to 1<1; of t&e Spa!i$& Ci)il Co%e.E A!% $o* "e au$e 6u$ti e Ha o"o (a$ C&airma! of t&e Co%e Commi$$io! t&at %rafte% t&e ori'i!al te#t of t&e !e( Ci)il Co%e* it i$ to "e !ote% t&at t&e $ai% Co%e* (&i & (a$ e!a te% after t&e Gar ia %o tri!e* !o lo!'er u$e$ t&e term* E!ot pu!i$&a"le "5 la(*E t&ere"5 ma7i!' it lear t&at t&e o! ept of ulpa a1uilia!a i! lu%e$ a t$ (&i & are rimi!al i! &ara ter or i! )iolatio! of t&e pe!al la(* (&et&er )olu!tar5 or !e'li'e!t. T&u$* t&e orre$po!%i!' pro)i$io!$ to $ai% Arti le 1;<3 i! t&e !e( o%e* (&i & i$ Arti le 11C+* $impl5 $a5$* EO"li'atio!$ %eri)e% from 1ua$i=%eli t$ $&all "e 'o)er!e% "5 t&e pro)i$io!$ of C&apter +* Title MVII of t&i$ Hoo7* 0o! 1ua$i=%eli t$2 a!% "5 $pe ial la($.E More pre i$el5* a !e( pro)i$io!* Arti le +1@@ of t&e !e( o%e pro)i%e$, EART. +1@@. Re$po!$i"ilit5 for fault or !e'li'e! e u!%er t&e pre e%i!' arti le i$ e!tirel5 $eparate a!% %i$ti! t from t&e i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from !e'li'e! e u!%er t&e .e!al Co%e. Hut t&e plai!tiff a!!ot re o)er %ama'e$ t(i e for t&e $ame a t or omi$$io! of t&e %efe!%a!t.E A
rala( )irtua1a( li"rar5

or%i!' to t&e Co%e Commi$$io!, ET&e fore'oi!' pro)i$io! 0Arti le +1@@2 t&rou'& at fir$t $i'&t $tartli!'* i$ !ot $o

!o)el or e#traor%i!ar5 (&e! (e o!$i%er t&e e#a t !ature of rimi!al a!% i)il !e'li'e! e. T&e former i$ a )iolatio! of t&e rimi!al la(* (&ile t&e latter i$ a : ulpa a1uilia!: or 1ua$i=%eli t* of a! ie!t ori'i!* &a)i!' al(a5$ &a% it$ o(! fou!%atio! a!% i!%i)i%ualit5* $eparate from rimi!al !e'li'e! e. Su & %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! rimi!al !e'li'e! e a!% : ulpa e#tra= o!tra tual: or : ua$i=%elito: &a$ "ee! $u$tai!e% "5 %e i$io! of t&e Supreme Court of Spai! a!% mai!tai!e% a$ lear* $ou!% a!% perfe tl5 te!a"le "5 Maura* a! out$ta!%i!' Spa!i$& Buri$t. T&erefore* u!%er t&e propo$e% Arti le +1@@* a 1uittal from a! a u$atio! of rimi!al !e'li'e! e* (&et&er o! rea$o!a"le %ou"t or !ot* $&all !ot "e a "ar to a $u"$e1ue!t i)il a tio!* !ot for i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from rimi!al !e'li'e! e* "ut for %ama'e$ %ue to a 1ua$i=%eli t or : ulpa a1uilia!a:. Hut $ai% arti le fore$tall$ a %ou"le re o)er5.E 0Report of t&e Co%e2 Commi$$io!* p. 1C+.2 Alt&ou'&* a'ai!* t&i$ Arti le +1@@ %oe$ $eem to literall5 refer to o!l5 a t$ of !e'li'e! e* t&e $ame ar'ume!t of 6u$ti e Ha o"o a"out o!$tru tio! t&at up&ol%$ Et&e $pirit t&at 'i)et& lifeE rat&er t&a! t&at (&i & i$ literal t&at 7illet& t&e i!te!t of t&e la(ma7er $&oul% "e o"$er)e% i! appl5i!' t&e $ame. A!% o!$i%eri!' t&at t&e prelimi!ar5 &apter o! &uma! relatio!$ of t&e !e( Ci)il Co%e %efi!itel5 e$ta"li$&e$ t&e $epara"ilit5 a!% i!%epe!%e! e of lia"ilit5 i! a i)il a tio! for a t$ rimi!al i! &ara ter 0u!%er Arti le$ +< to 3+2 from t&e i)il re$po!$i"ilit5 ari$i!' from rime fi#e% "5 Arti le 1;; of t&e Re)i$e% .e!al Co%e* a!%* i! a $e!$e* t&e Rule$ of Court* u!%er Se tio!$ + a!% 3 0 2* Rule 111* o!template al$o t&e $ame $epara"ilit5* it i$ Emore o!'rue!t (it& t&e $pirit of la(* e1uit5 a!% Bu$ti e* a!% more i! &armo!5 (it& mo%er! pro're$$E* to "orro( t&e feli itou$ rele)a!t la!'ua'e i! Ra7e$ ). Atla!ti . Gulf a!% .a ifi Co.* @ .&il. 38<* to &ol%* a$ ?e %o &ol%* t&at Arti le +1@C* (&ere it refer$ to Efault or !e'li'e! e*E o)er$ !ot o!l5 a t$ E!ot pu!i$&a"le "5 la(E "ut al$o a t$ rimi!al i! &ara ter* (&et&er i!te!tio!al a!% )olu!tar5 or !e'li'e!t. Co!$e1ue!tl5* a $eparate i)il a tio! lie$ a'ai!$t t&e offe!%er i! a rimi!al a t* (&et&er or !ot &e i$ rimi!all5 pro$e ute% a!% fou!% 'uilt5 or a 1uitte%* pro)i%e% t&at t&e offe!%e% part5 i$ !ot allo(e%* if &e i$ a tuall5 &ar'e% al$o rimi!all5* to re o)er %ama'e$ o! "ot& $ ore$* a!% (oul% "e e!title% i! $u & e)e!tualit5 o!l5 to t&e "i''er a(ar% of t&e t(o* a$$umi!' t&e a(ar%$ ma%e i! t&e t(o a$e$ )ar5. I! ot&er (or%$* t&e e#ti! tio! of i)il lia"ilit5 referre% to i! .ar. 0e2 of Se tio! 3*

Rule 111* refer$ e# lu$i)el5 to i)il lia"ilit5 fou!%e% o! Arti le 1;; of t&e Re)i$e% .e!al Co%e* (&erea$ t&e i)il lia"ilit5 for t&e $ame a t o!$i%ere% a$ a 1ua$i=%eli t o!l5 a!% !ot a$ a rime i$ !ot e$ti!'ui$&e% e)e! "5 a %e laratio! i! t&e rimi!al a$e t&at t&e rimi!al a t &ar'e% &a$ !ot &appe!e% or &a$ !ot "ee! ommitte% "5 t&e a pu!i$&a"le "5 la(. It re$ult$* t&erefore* t&at t&e a 1uittal of Re'i!al 4ill i! t&e rimi!al a$e &a$ !ot e#ti!'ui$&e% &i$ lia"ilit5 for 1ua$i= %eli t* &e! e t&at a 1uittal i$ !ot a "ar to t&e i!$ta!t a tio! a'ai!$t &im. Comi!' !o( to t&e $e o!% i$$ue a"out t&e effe t of Re'i!al%:$ ema! ipatio! "5 marria'e o! t&e po$$i"le i)il lia"ilit5 of Att5. 4ill* &i$ fat&er* it i$ al$o Our o!$i%ere% opi!io! t&at t&e o! lu$io! of appellee$ t&at Att5. 4ill i$ alrea%5 free from re$po!$i"ilit5 a!!ot "e up&el%. ?&ile it i$ true t&at pare!tal aut&orit5 i$ termi!ate% upo! ema! ipatio! of t&e &il% 0Arti le 3+@* Ci)il Co%e2* a!% u!%er Arti le 3<@* ema! ipatio! ta7e$ pla e E"5 t&e marria'e of t&e mi!or 0 &il%2E* it i$* &o(e)er* al$o lear t&at pur$ua!t to Arti le 3<<* ema! ipatio! "5 marria'e of t&e mi!or i$ !ot reall5 full or a"$olute. T&u$E 0E2ma! ipatio! "5 marria'e or "5 )olu!tar5 o! e$$io! $&all termi!ate pare!tal aut&orit5 o)er t&e &il%:$ per$o!. It $&all e!a"le t&e mi!or to a%mi!i$ter &i$ propert5 a$ t&ou'& &e (ere of a'e* "ut &e a!!ot "orro( mo!e5 or alie!ate or e! um"er real propert5 (it&out t&e o!$e!t of &i$ fat&er or mot&er* or 'uar%ia!. 4e a! $ue a!% "e $ue% i! ourt o!l5 (it& t&e a$$i$ta! e of &i$ fat&er* mot&er or 'uar%ia!.E
rala( )irtua1a( li"rar5

u$e%. Hriefl5

$tate%* ?e &ere &ol%* i! reiteratio! of Gar ia* t&at ulpa a1uilia!a i! lu%e$ )olu!tar5 a!% !e'li'e!t a t$ (&i & ma5 "e

No( u!%er Arti le +1A;*E 0T2&e o"li'atio! impo$e% "5 arti le +1@C i$ %ema!%a"le !ot o!l5 for o!e:$ o(! a t$ or omi$$io!$* "ut al$o for t&o$e of per$o!$ for (&om o!e i$ re$po!$i"le. T&e fat&er a!%* i! a$e of &i$ %eat& or i! apa it5* t&e mot&er* are re$po!$i"le. T&e fat&er a!%* i! a$e of &i$ %eat& or i! apa it5* t&e mot&er* are re$po!$i"le for t&e %ama'e$ au$e% "5 t&e mi!or &il%re! (&o li)e i! t&eir ompa!5.E I! t&e i!$ta!t a$e* it i$ !ot o!tro)erte% t&at Re'i!al%* alt&ou'& marrie%* (a$ li)i!' (it& &i$ fat&er a!% 'etti!' $u"$i$te! e from &im at t&e time of t&e o urre! e i! 1ue$tio!. Fa tuall5* t&erefore* Re'i!al% (a$ $till $u"$er)ie!t to a!% %epe!%e!t o! &i$ fat&er* a $ituatio! (&i & i$ !ot u!u$ual. It mu$t "e "or!e i! mi!% t&at* a or%i!' to Ma!re$a* t&e rea$o! "e&i!% t&e Boi!t a!% $oli%ar5 lia"ilit5 of pare!t$ (it&

t&eir offe!%i!' &il% u!%er Arti le +1A; i$ t&at i$ t&e o"li'atio! of t&e pare!t to $uper)i$e t&eir mi!or &il%re! i! or%er to pre)e!t t&em from au$i!' %ama'e to t&ir% per$o!$. 8 O! t&e ot&er &a!%* t&e lear impli atio! of Arti le 3<<* i! pro)i%i!' t&at a mi!or ema! ipate% "5 marria'e ma5 !ot* !e)ert&ele$$* $ue or "e $ue% (it&out t&e a$$i$ta! e of t&e pare!t$* i$ t&at $u & ema! ipatio! %oe$ !ot arr5 (it& it free%om to e!ter i!to tra!$a tio!$ or %o a!5 a t t&at a! 'i)e ri$e to Bu%i ial liti'atio!. 0See Ma!re$a* i%.* Vol. II* pp. @CC=@C@* @@C.2 A!% $urel5* 7illi!' $omeo!e el$e i!)ite$ Bu%i ial a tio!. Ot&er(i$e $tate%* t&e marria'e of a mi!or &il% %oe$ !ot relie)e t&e pare!t$ of t&e %ut5 to $ee to it t&at t&e &il%* (&ile $till a mi!or* %oe$ !ot 'i)e a!$(era"le for t&e "orro(i!'$ of mo!e5 a!% alie!atio! or e! um"eri!' of real propert5 (&i & a!!ot "e %o!e "5 t&eir mi!or marrie% &il% (it&out t&eir o!$e!t. 0Art. 3<<; Ma!re$a* $upra.2 A or%i!'l5* i! Our o!$i%ere% )ie(* Arti le +1A; applie$ to Att5. 4ill !ot(it&$ta!%i!' t&e ema! ipatio! "5 marria'e of

Re'i!al%. 4o(e)er* i!a$mu & a$ it i$ e)i%e!t t&at Re'i!al% i$ !o( of a'e* a$ a matter of e1uit5* t&e lia"ilit5 of Att5. 4ill &a$ "e ome merel5 $u"$i%iar5 to t&at of &i$ $o!. ?4EREFORE* t&e or%er appeale% from i$ re)er$e% a!% t&e trial ourt i$ or%ere% to pro ee% i! a fore'oi!' opi!io!. Co$t$ a'ai!$t appellee$. or%a! e (it& t&e

Cangco v. Manila Railroad 30 Phil 768 Torts and Damages Distinction of Lia ilit! of "m#lo!ers $nder %rticle &'80 and Their Lia ilit! for (reach of Contract On January 20, 1915, Cangco was riding the train of Manila Railroad Co (MRC) !e was an e"#loyee of the latter and he was gi$en a #ass so that he could ride the train for free %hen he was nearing his destination at a&out '#", he arose fro" his seat e$en though the train was not at full sto# %hen he was a&out to alight fro" the train (which was still slightly "o$ing) he accidentally ste##ed on a sac( of water"elons which he failed to notice due to the fact that it was di" )his caused hi" to lose his &alance at the door and he fell and his ar" was crushed &y the train and he suffered other serious in*uries !e was dragged a few "eters "ore as the train slowed down +t was esta&lished that the e"#loyees of MRC were negligent in #iling the sac(s of water"elons MRC raised as a defense the fact that Cangco was also negligent as he failed to e,ercise diligence in alighting fro" the train as he did not wait for it to sto# ISSUE: %hether or not Manila Railroad Co is lia&le for da"ages HELD: -es .lighting fro" a "o$ing train while it is slowing down is a co""on #ractice and a lot of #eo#le are doing so e$ery day without suffering in*ury Cangco has the $igor and agility of young "anhood, and it was &y no "eans so ris(y for hi" to get off while the train was yet "o$ing as the sa"e act would ha$e &een in an aged or fee&le #erson !e was also ignorant of the fact that sac(s of water"elons were there as there were no a##ro#riate warnings and the #lace was di"ly lit )he Court also elucidated on the distinction &etween the lia&ility of e"#loyers under .rticle 21/0 and their lia&ility for &reach of contract 0of carriage12

NOTES: 3ut, if the "aster has not &een guilty of any negligence whate$er in the selection and direction of the ser$ant, he is not lia&le for the acts of the latter, whate$er done within the sco#e of his e"#loy"ent or not, if the da"age done &y the ser$ant does not a"ount to a &reach of the contract &etween the "aster and the #erson in*ured )he lia&ility arising fro" e,tra4contractual cul#a is always &ased u#on a $oluntary act or o"ission which, without willful intent, &ut &y "ere negligence or inattention, has caused da"age to another )hese two fields, figurati$ely s#ea(ing, concentric5 that is to say, the "ere fact that a #erson is &ound to another &y contract does not relie$e hi" fro" e,tra4contractual lia&ility to such #erson %hen such a contractual relation e,ists the o&ligor "ay &rea( the contract under such conditions that the sa"e act which constitutes the source of an e,tra4 contractual o&ligation had no contract e,isted &etween the #arties Manresa: %hether negligence occurs an incident in the course of the #erfor"ance of a contractual underta(ing or in itself the source of an e,tra4contractual underta(ing o&ligation, its essential characteristics are identical Vinculum Juris: (def) +t "eans 6an o&ligation of law7, or the right of the o&ligee to enforce a ci$il "atter in a court of law

[G.R. No. (4('1. Nove5ber ', 199#.] NA,I6IDAD 6. ANDAMO %*+ EMMAN!EL R. ANDAMO, Petitioners, v. IN,ERMEDIA,E A))ELLA,E CO!R,

89-r0t C-v-3 C%0e0 D-v-0-o*: %*+ MISSIONARIES O9 O!R LADY O9 LA SALE,,E, INC., Respondents. SYLLA !S 1. REMEDIAL LA?; ACTIONS; NAT-RE AND .-R.OSE T4EREOF DETERMINED HL T4E ALLEGATIONS IN T4E COM.LAINT. It i$ a#iomati t&at t&e !ature of a! a tio! file% i! ourt i$ %etermi!e% "5 t&e fa t$ alle'e% i! t&e omplai!t a$ o!$tituti!' t&e au$e of a tio!. T&e purpo$e of a! a tio! or $uit a!% t&e la( to 'o)er! it* i! lu%i!' t&e perio% of pre$ riptio!* i$ to "e %etermi!e% !ot "5 t&e laim of t&e part5 fili!' t&e a tio!* ma%e i! &i$ ar'ume!t or "rief* "ut rat&er "5 t&e omplai!t it$elf* it$ alle'atio!$ a!% pra5er for relief. 0De Ta)era ). .&ilippi!e Tu"er ulo$i$ So iet5* I! .* G.R. No. L=DA<+A* Fe"ruar5 +8* 1<A+* 11+ SCRA +D3.2 T&e !ature of a! a tio! i$ !ot !e e$$aril5 %etermi!e% or o!trolle% "5 it$ title or &ea%i!' "ut "5 t&e "o%5 of t&e plea%i!' or omplai!t it$elf. To a)oi% po$$i"le %e!ial of $u"$ta!tial Bu$ti e %ue to le'al te &!i alitie$* plea%i!'$ a$ (ell a$ reme%ial la($ $&oul% "e li"erall5 o!$true% $o t&at t&e liti'a!t$ ma5 &a)e ample opportu!it5 to pro)e t&eir re$pe ti)e laim$. 0Domi!'ue9 ). Lee* G.R. No. @D<C;=C1* No)em"er +@* 1<A@* 188 SCRA @;32 +. CIVIL LA?; /-ASI=DELICTS; ELEMENTS T4EREOF. A areful e#ami!atio! of t&e afore1uote% omplai!t $&o($ t&at t&e i)il a tio! i$ o!e u!%er Arti le$ +1@C a!% +1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e o! 1ua$i=%eli t$. All t&e eleme!t$ of a 1ua$i= %eli t are pre$e!t* to (it, 0a2 %ama'e$ $uffere% "5 t&e plai!tiff; 0"2 fault or !e'li'e! e of t&e %efe!%a!t* or $ome ot&er per$o! for (&o$e a t$ &e mu$t re$po!%; a!% 0 2 t&e o!!e tio! of au$e a!% effe t "et(ee! t&e fault or !e'li'e! e of t&e %efe!%a!t a!% t&e %ama'e$ i! urre% "5 t&e plai!tiff. 0Ta5lor ). Ma!ila Ele tri Compa!5* 1C .&il. A; Ver'ara ). Court of Appeal$* G.R. No. @@C@<* Septem"er 3;* 1<A@* 18D SCRA 8CD2 3. ID; ID; EFA-LT OR NEGLIGENCE*E CONSTR-ED. Arti le +1@C of t&e Ci)il Co%e impo$e$ a i)il lia"ilit5 o! a per$o! for %ama'e au$e% "5 &i$ a t or omi$$io! o!$tituti!' fault or !e'li'e! e* a!% (&e!e)er Arti le +1@C refer$ to Efault or !e'li'e! eE* it o)er$ !ot o!l5 a t$ E!ot pu!i$&a"le "5 la(E "ut al$o a t$ rimi!al i! &ara ter* (&et&er i!te!tio!al a!% )olu!tar5 or !e'li'e!t. Co!$e1ue!tl5* a $eparate i)il a tio! lie$ a'ai!$t t&e offe!%er i! a rimi!al a t* (&et&er or !ot &e i$ rimi!all5 pro$e ute% a!% fou!% 'uilt5 or a 1uitte%* pro)i%e% t&at t&e offe!%e% part5 i$ !ot allo(e%* 0if t&e tortfea$or i$ a tuall5 &ar'e% al$o rimi!all52* to re o)er %ama'e$ o! "ot& $ ore$* a!% (oul% "e e!title% i! $u & e)e!tualit5 o!l5 to t&e "i''er a(ar% of t&e t(o* a$$umi!' t&e a(ar%$ ma%e i! t&e t(o a$e$ )ar5. 0Virata ). O &oa* G.R. No. L=DC1@<* 6a!uar5 31* 1<@A* A1 SCRA D@+2 D. ID; ID; DISTING-IS4ED FROM CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE. A or%i!' to t&e Report of t&e Co%e Commi$$io!* Arti le

+1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e t&ou'& at fir$t $i'&t $tartli!'* i$ !ot $o !o)el or e#traor%i!ar5 (&e! (e o!$i%er t&e e#a t !ature of rimi!al a!% i)il !e'li'e! e. T&e former i$ a )iolatio! of t&e rimi!al la(* (&ile t&e latter i$ a %i$ti! t a!% i!%epe!%e!t !e'li'e! e* (&i & i$ a E ulpa a1uilia!aE or 1ua$i=%eli t* of a! ie!t ori'i!* &a)i!' al(a5$ &a% it$ o(! fou!%atio! a!% i!%i)i%ualit5* $eparate from rimi!al !e'li'e! e. Su & %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! rimi!al !e'li'e! e a!% E ulpa e#tra= o!tra tualE or E ua$i=%elitoE &a$ "ee! $u$tai!e% "5 %e i$io!$ of t&e Supreme Court of Spai! . . . 8. ID; ID; CIVIL ACTION* ENTIRELL INDE.ENDENT OF T4E CRIMINAL CASE. I! A9u e!a ). .ote! ia!o* 08 SCRA DCA* D@;=D@12* t&e Court %e lare% t&at i! 1ua$i=%eli t$*E 0t2&e i)il a tio! i$ e!tirel5 i!%epe!%e!t of t&e rimi!al a$e a or%i!' to Arti le$ 33 a!% +1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e. T&ere a! "e !o lo'i al o! lu$io! t&a! t&i$* for to $u"or%i!ate t&e i)il a tio! o!template% i! t&e $ai% arti le$ to t&e re$ult of t&e rimi!al pro$e utio! (&et&er it "e o!)i tio! or a 1uittal (oul% re!%er mea!i!'le$$ t&e i!%epe!%e!t &ara ter of t&e i)il a tio! a!% t&e lear i!Bu! tio! i! Arti le 31* t&at &i$ a tio! ma5 pro ee% i!%epe!%e!tl5 of t&e rimi!al pro ee%i!'$ a!% re'ar%le$$ of t&e re$ult of t&e latter.E
li"rar5 rala( )irtua1a(

C. ID; ID; EFFECT OF AC/-ITTAL OR CONVICTION IN T4E CRIMINAL CASE. I! t&e a$e of Ca$tillo ). Court of

Appeal$ 01@C SCRA 8<12* t&i$ Court &el% t&at a 1ua$i=%eli t or ulpa a1uilia!a i$ a $eparate le'al i!$titutio! u!%er t&e Ci)il Co%e (it& a $u"$ta!ti)it5 all it$ o(!* a!% i!%i)i%ualit5 t&at i$ e!tirel5 apart a!% i!%epe!%e!t from a %eli t or rime a %i$ti! tio! e#i$t$ "et(ee! t&e i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from a rime a!% t&e re$po!$i"ilit5 for 1ua$i=%eli t$ or ulpa e#tra= o!tra tual. T&e $ame !e'li'e! e au$i!' %ama'e$ ma5 pro%u e i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from a rime u!%er t&e .e!al Co%e* or reate a! a tio! for 1ua$i=%eli t$ or ulpa e#tra= o!tra tual u!%er t&e Ci)il Co%e. T&erefore* t&e a 1uittal or o!)i tio! i! t&e rimi!al a$e i$ e!tirel5 irrele)a!t i! t&e i)il a$e* u!le$$* of our$e* i! t&e e)e!t of a! a 1uittal (&ere t&e ourt &a$ %e lare% t&at t&e fa t from (&i & t&e i)il a tio! aro$e %i% !ot e#i$t* i! (&i & a$e t&e e#ti! tio! of t&e rimi!al lia"ilit5 (oul% arr5 (it& it t&e e#ti! tio! of t&e i)il lia"ilit5. @. ID; .RO.ERTL; -SE T4EREOF* NOT ?IT4O-T LIMITATIONS; RECI.ROCAL D-TIES OF AD6OINING LANDO?NERS. It mu$t "e $tre$$e% t&at t&e u$e of o!e:$ propert5 i$ !ot (it&out limitatio!$. Arti le D31 of t&e Ci)il Co%e pro)i%e$ t&at Et&e o(!er of a t&i!' a!!ot ma7e u$e t&ereof i! $u & a ma!!er a$ to i!Bure t&e ri'&t$ of a t&ir% per$o!.E SIC -TERE T-O -T ALIEN-M NON LAEDAS. Moreo)er* a%Boi!i!' la!%o(!er$ &a)e mutual a!% re ipro al %utie$ (&i & re1uire t&at ea & mu$t u$e &i$ o(! la!% i! a rea$o!a"le ma!!er $o a$ !ot to i!fri!'e upo! t&e ri'&t$ a!% i!tere$t$ of ot&er$. Alt&ou'& (e re o'!i9e t&e ri'&t of a! o(!er to "uil% $tru ture$ o! &i$ la!%* $u & $tru ture$ mu$t "e $o o!$tru te% a!% mai!tai!e% u$i!' all rea$o!a"le are $o t&at t&e5 a!!ot "e %a!'erou$ to a%Boi!i!' la!%o(!er$ a!% a! (it&$ta!% t&e u$ual a!% e#pe te% for e$ of !ature. If t&e $tru ture$ au$e i!Bur5 or %ama'e to a! a%Boi!i!' la!%o(!er or a t&ir% per$o!* t&e latter a! laim i!%em!ifi atio! for t&e i!Bur5 or %ama'e $uffere%. T&e pi)otal i$$ue i! t&i$ petitio! for certiorari* pro&i"itio! a!% ma!%amu$ i$ (&et&er a orporatio!* (&i & &a$ "uilt t&rou'& it$ a'e!t$* (aterpat&$* (ater o!%u tor$ a!% o!tri)a! e$ (it&i! it$ la!%* t&ere"5 au$i!' i!u!%atio! a!% %ama'e to a! a%Ba e!t la!%* a! "e &el% i)ill5 lia"le for %ama'e$ u!%er Arti le$ +1@C a!% +1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e o! 1ua$i=%eli t$ $u & t&at t&e re$ulti!' i)il a$e a! pro ee% i!%epe!%e!tl5 of t&e rimi!al a$e. T&e a!te e%e!t fa t$ are a$ follo($,

&a!ro"1e$ )irtual 1a( li"rar5

.etitio!er $pou$e$ Emma!uel a!% Nati)i%a% A!%amo are t&e o(!er$ of a par el of la!% $ituate% i! Hi'a 0Hilu$o2 Sila!'* Ca)ite (&i & i$ a%Ba e!t to t&at of pri)ate re$po!%e!t* Mi$$io!arie$ of Our La%5 of La Salette* I! .* a reli'iou$ orporatio!.
rala(!a%

?it&i! t&e la!% of re$po!%e!t orporatio!* (aterpat&$ a!% o!tri)a! e$* i! lu%i!' a! artifi ial la7e* (ere o!$tru te%* (&i & alle'e%l5 i!u!%ate% a!% ero%e% petitio!er$: la!%* au$e% a 5ou!' ma! to %ro(!* %ama'e% petitio!er$: rop$ a!% pla!t$* (a$&e% a(a5 o$tl5 fe! e$* e!%a!'ere% t&e li)e$ of petitio!er$ a!% t&eir la"orer$ %uri!' rai!5 a!% $torm5 $ea$o!$* a!% e#po$e% pla!t$ a!% ot&er impro)eme!t$ to %e$tru tio!. I! 6ul5 1<A+* petitio!er$ i!$titute% a rimi!al a tio!* %o 7ete% a$ Crimi!al Ca$e No. TG <;@=A+* "efore t&e Re'io!al Trial Court of Ca)ite* Hra! & D 0Ta'a5ta5 Cit52* a'ai!$t Efre! Mu$!'i* Orla!%o Sapua5 a!% Rutillo Mallilli!* offi er$ a!% %ire tor$ of &erei! re$po!%e!t orporatio!* for %e$tru tio! "5 mea!$ of i!Bu! tio! u!%er Arti le 3+D of t&e Re)i$e% .e!al Co%e. Su"$e1ue!tl5* o! Fe"ruar5 ++* 1<A3* petitio!er$ file% a!ot&er a tio! a'ai!$t re$po!%e!t orporatio!* t&i$ time a i)il a$e* %o 7ete% a$ Ci)il Ca$e No. TG=@DA* for %ama'e$ (it& pra5er for t&e i$$ua! e of a (rit of prelimi!ar5 i!Bu! tio! "efore t&e $ame ourt. 1 O! Mar & 11* 1<A3* re$po!%e!t orporatio! file% it$ a!$(er to t&e omplai!t a!% oppo$itio! to t&e i$$ua! e of a (rit of prelimi!ar5 i!Bu! tio!. 4eari!'$ (ere o!%u te% i! lu%i!' o ular i!$pe tio!$ o! t&e la!%. 4o(e)er* o! April +C* 1<AD* t&e trial ourt* a ti!' o! re$po!%e!t orporatio!:$ motio! to %i$mi$$ or $u$pe!% t&e i)il a tio!* i$$ue% a! or%er

$u$pe!%i!' furt&er &eari!'$ i! Ci)il Ca$e No. TG=@DA u!til after Bu%'me!t i! t&e relate% Crimi!al Ca$e No. TG=<;@=A+. Re$ol)i!' re$po!%e!t orporatio!:$ motio! to %i$mi$$ file% o! 6u!e ++* 1<AD* t&e trial ourt i$$ue% o! Au'u$t +@*1<AD t&e %i$pute% or%er %i$mi$$i!' Ci)il Ca$e No. TG=@DA for la 7 of Buri$%i tio!* a$ t&e rimi!al a$e (&i & (a$ i!$titute% a&ea% of t&e i)il a$e (a$ $till u!re$ol)e%. Sai% or%er (a$ a! &ore% o! t&e pro)i$io! of Se tio! 3 0a2* Rule III of t&e Rule$ of Court (&i & pro)i%e$ t&at E rimi!al a!% i)il a tio!$ ari$i!' from t&e $ame offe!$e ma5 "e i!$titute% $eparatel5* "ut after t&e rimi!al a tio! &a$ "ee! omme! e% t&e i)il a tio! a!!ot "e i!$titute% u!til fi!al Bu%'me!t &a$ "ee! re!%ere% i! t&e rimi!al a tio!.E + .etitio!er$ appeale% from t&at or%er to t&e I!terme%iate Appellate Court.3 O! Fe"ruar5 1@* 1<AC* re$po!%e!t Appellate Court* Fir$t Ci)il Ca$e$ Di)i$io!* promul'ate% a %e i$io!* D affirmi!' t&e 1ue$tio!e% or%er of t&e trial ourt. 8 A motio! for re o!$i%eratio! file% "5 petitio!er$ (a$ %e!ie% "5 t&e Appellate Court i! it$ re$olutio! %ate% Ma5 1<* 1<AC. C Dire tl5 at i$$ue i$ t&e propriet5 of t&e %i$mi$$al of Ci)il Ca$e, No. TG=@DA i! a or%a! e (it& Se tio! 3 0a2 of Rule

111 of t&e .ule$ of Court. .etitio!er$ o!te!% t&at t&e trial ourt a!% t&e Appellate Court erre% i! %i$mi$$i!' Ci)il Ca$e No. TG=@DA $i! e it i$ pre%i ate% o! a 1ua$i=%eli t. .etitio!er$ &a)e rai$e% a )ali% poi!t. It i$ a#iomati t&at t&e !ature of a! a tio! file% i! ourt i$ %etermi!e% "5 t&e fa t$ alle'e% i! t&e omplai!t a$ o!$tituti!' t&e au$e of a tio!. @ T&e purpo$e of a! a tio! or $uit a!% t&e la( to 'o)er! it* i! lu%i!' t&e perio% of pre$ riptio!* i$ to "e %etermi!e% !ot "5 t&e laim of t&e part5 fili!' t&e a tio!* ma%e i! &i$ ar'ume!t or "rief* "ut rat&er "5 t&e omplai!t it$elf* it$ alle'atio!$ a!% pra5er for relief. A T&e !ature of a! a tio! i$ !ot !e e$$aril5 %etermi!e% or o!trolle% "5 it$ title or &ea%i!' "ut "5 t&e "o%5 of t&e plea%i!' or omplai!t it$elf. To a)oi% po$$i"le %e!ial of $u"$ta!tial Bu$ti e %ue to le'al te &!i alitie$* plea%i!'$ a$ (ell a$ reme%ial la($ $&oul% "e li"erall5 o!$true% $o t&at t&e liti'a!t$ ma5 &a)e ample opportu!it5 to pro)e t&eir re$pe ti)e laim$. < /uote% &ereu!%er are t&e perti!e!t portio!$ of petitio!er$: omplai!t i! Ci)il Ca$e No. TG=@DA,

&a!ro"le $. om, rala(,re%

D2 T&at (it&i! %efe!%a!t:$ la!%* li7e(i$e lo ate% at Hi'a 0Hilu$o2* Sila!'* Ca)ite* a%Ba e!t o! t&e ri'&t $i%e of t&e afore$ai% la!% of plai!tiff$* %efe!%a!t o!$tru te% (aterpat&$ $tarti!' from t&e mi%%le=ri'&t portio! t&ereof lea%i!' to a "i' &ole or ope!i!'* al$o o!$tru te% "5 %efe!%a!t* t&ru t&e lo(er portio! of it$ o! rete &ollo(="lo 7$ fe! e $ituate% o! t&e ri'&t $i%e of it$ eme!te% 'ate fro!ti!' t&e pro)i! ial &i'&(a5* a!% o!!e te% "5 %efe!%a!t to a ma!= &ei'&t i!ter= o!!e te% eme!t ul)ert$ (&i & (ere al$o o!$tru te% a!% lai! "5 %efe!%a!t ro$$=(i$e "e!eat& t&e tip of t&e $ai% eme!te% 'ate* t&e left=e!% of t&e $ai% i!ter= o!!e te% ul)ert$ a'ai! o!!e te% "5 %efe!%a!t to a "i' &ole or ope!i!' t&ru t&e lo(er portio! of t&e $ame o! rete &ollo(="lo 7$ fe! e o! t&e left $i%e of t&e $ai% eme!te% 'ate* (&i & &ole or ope!i!' i$ li7e(i$e o!!e te% "5 %efe!%a!t to t&e eme!te% mout& of a "i' a!al* al$o o!$tru te% "5 %efe!%a!t* (&i & ru!$ !ort&(ar% to(ar%$ a "i' &ole or ope!i!' (&i & (a$ al$o "uilt "5 %efe!%a!t t&ru t&e lo(er portio! of it$ o! rete &ollo(="lo 7$ fe! e (&i & $eparate$ t&e la!% of plai!tiff$ from t&at of %efe!%a!t 0a!% (&i & $er)e$ a$ t&e e#it=poi!t of t&e floo%(ater omi!' from t&e la!% of %efe!%a!t* a!% at t&e $ame time* t&e e!tra! e=poi!t of t&e $ame floo%(ater to t&e la!% of plai!tiff$* 5ear after 5ear* %uri!' rai!5 or $torm5 $ea$o!$. E82 T&at moreo)er* o! t&e mi%%le=left portio! of it$ la!% Bu$t "e$i%e t&e la!% of plai!tiff$* %efe!%a!t al$o o!$tru te% a! artifi ial la7e* t&e "a$e of (&i & i$ $oil* (&i & utili9e$ t&e (ater "ei!' &a!!ele% t&ereto from it$ (ater $5$tem t&ru i!ter= o!!e te% 'al)a!i9e% iro! pipe$ 0No. +2 a!% omplime!te% "5 rai! (ater %uri!' rai!5 or $torm5 $ea$o!$* $o mu & $o t&at t&e (ater "elo( it $eep$ i!to* a!% t&e e# e$$ (ater a"o)e it i!u!%ate$* portio!$ of t&e a%Boi!i!' la!% of plai!tiff$.

EC2 T&at a$ a re$ult of t&e i!u!%atio! "rou'&t a"out "5 %efe!%a!t:$ aforeme!tio!e% (ater o!%u tor$* o!tri)a! e$ a!% ma!ipulator$* a 5ou!' ma! (a$ %ro(!e% to %eat&* (&ile &erei! plai!tiff$ $uffere% a!% (ill o!ti!ue to $uffer* a$ follo($,
B'

Ea2 .ortio!$ of t&e la!% of plai!tiff$ (ere ero%e% a!% o!)erte% to %eep* (i%e a!% lo!' a!al$* $u & t&at t&e $ame a! !o lo!'er "e pla!te% to a!5 rop or pla!t. E"2 Co$tl5 fe! e$ o!$tru te% "5 plai!tiff$ (ere* o! $e)eral o a$io!$* (a$&e% a(a5. E 2 %uri!' rai!5 a!% $torm5 $ea$o!$ t&e li)e$ of plai!tiff$ a!% t&eir la"orer$ are al(a5$ i! %a!'er. E%2 .la!t$ a!% ot&er impro)eme!t$ o! ot&er portio!$ of t&e la!% of plai!tiff$ are e#po$e% to %e$tru tio!. . . .E 1; A areful e#ami!atio! of t&e afore1uote% omplai!t $&o($ t&at t&e i)il a tio! i$ o!e u!%er Arti le$ +1@C a!% +1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e o! 1ua$i=%eli t$. All t&e eleme!t$ of a 1ua$i=%eli t are pre$e!t* to (it, 0a2 %ama'e$ $uffere% "5 t&e plai!tiff; 0"2 fault or !e'li'e! e of t&e %efe!%a!t* or $ome ot&er per$o! for (&o$e a t$ &e mu$t re$po!%; a!% 0 2 t&e o!!e tio! of au$e a!% effe t "et(ee! t&e fault or !e'li'e! e of t&e %efe!%a!t a!% t&e %ama'e$ i! urre% "5 t&e plai!tiff. 11 Clearl5* from petitio!er$: omplai!t* t&e (aterpat&$ a!% o!tri)a! e$ "uilt "5 re$po!%e!t orporatio! are alle'e% to &a)e i!u!%ate% t&e la!% of petitio!er$. T&ere i$ t&erefore* a! a$$ertio! of a au$al o!!e tio! "et(ee! t&e a t of "uil%i!' t&e$e (aterpat&$ a!% t&e %ama'e $u$tai!e% "5 petitio!er$. Su & a tio! if pro)e! o!$titute$ fault or !e'li'e! e (&i & ma5 "e t&e "a$i$ for t&e re o)er5 of %ama'e$. I! t&e a$e of Sam$o! ). Dio!i$io* 1+ t&e Court applie% Arti le 1<;+* !o( Arti le +1@C of t&e Ci)il Co%e a!% &el% t&at Ea!5 per$o! (&o (it&out %ue aut&orit5 o!$tru t$ a "a!7 or %i7e* $toppi!' t&e flo( or ommu!i atio! "et(ee! a ree7 or a la7e a!% a ri)er* t&ere"5 au$i!' lo$$ a!% %ama'e$ to a t&ir% part5 (&o* li7e t&e re$t of t&e re$i%e!t$* i$ e!title% to t&e u$e a!% e!Bo5me!t of t&e $tream or la7e* $&all "e lia"le to t&e pa5me!t of a! i!%em!it5 for lo$$ a!% %ama'e$ to t&e i!Bure% part5.E
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?&ile t&e propert5 i!)ol)e% i! t&e ite% a$e "elo!'e% to t&e pu"li %omai! a!% t&e propert5 $u"Be t of t&e i!$ta!t a$e i$ pri)atel5 o(!e%* t&e fa t remai!$ t&at petitio!er$: omplai!t $uffi ie!tl5 alle'e$ t&at petitio!er$ &a)e $u$tai!e% a!% (ill o!ti!ue to $u$tai! %ama'e %ue to t&e (aterpat&$ a!% o!tri)a! e$ "uilt "5 re$po!%e!t orporatio!. I!%ee%* t&e re ital$ of t&e omplai!t* t&e alle'e% pre$e! e of %ama'e to t&e petitio!er$* t&e a t or omi$$io! of re$po!%e!t orporatio! $uppo$e%l5 o!$tituti!' fault or !e'li'e! e* a!% t&e au$al o!!e tio! "et(ee! t&e a t a!% t&e %ama'e* (it& !o pre=e#i$ti!' o!tra tual o"li'atio! "et(ee! t&e partie$ ma7e a lear a$e of a 1ua$i=%eli t or ulpa a1uilia!a.
&

It mu$t "e $tre$$e% t&at t&e u$e of o!e:$ propert5 i$ !ot (it&out limitatio!$. Arti le D31 of t&e Ci)il Co%e pro)i%e$ t&at Et&e o(!er of a t&i!' a!!ot ma7e u$e t&ereof i! $u & a ma!!er a$ to i!Bure t&e ri'&t$ of a t&ir% per$o!.E SIC -TERE T-O -T ALIEN-M NON LAEDAS. Moreo)er* a%Boi!i!' la!%o(!er$ &a)e mutual a!% re ipro al %utie$ (&i & re1uire t&at ea & mu$t u$e &i$ o(! la!% i! a rea$o!a"le ma!!er $o a$ !ot to i!fri!'e upo! t&e ri'&t$ a!% i!tere$t$ of ot&er$. Alt&ou'& (e re o'!i9e t&e ri'&t of a! o(!er to "uil% $tru ture$ o! &i$ la!%* $u & $tru ture$ mu$t "e $o o!$tru te% a!% mai!tai!e% u$i!' all rea$o!a"le are $o t&at t&e5 a!!ot "e %a!'erou$ to a%Boi!i!' la!%o(!er$ a!% a! (it&$ta!% t&e u$ual a!% e#pe te% for e$ of !ature. If t&e $tru ture$ au$e i!Bur5 or %ama'e to a! a%Boi!i!' la!%o(!er or a t&ir% per$o!* t&e latter a! laim i!%em!ifi atio! for t&e i!Bur5 or %ama'e $uffere%. Arti le +1@C of t&e Ci)il Co%e impo$e$ a i)il lia"ilit5 o! a per$o! for %ama'e au$e% "5 &i$ a t or omi$$io! o!$tituti!' fault or !e'li'e! e* t&u$,

EArti le +1@C. ?&oe)er "5 a t or omi$$io! au$e$ %ama'e to a!ot&er* t&ere "ei!' fault or !e'li'e! e* i$ o"li'e% to pa5 for t&e %ama'e %o!e. Su & fault or !e'li'e! e* if t&ere i$ !o pre=e#i$ti!' o!tra tual relatio! "et(ee! t&e partie$* i$ alle% a 1ua$i=%eli t i$ 'o)er!e% "5 t&e pro)i$io!$ of t&i$ &apter.E
li"rar5

Arti le +1@C* (&e!e)er it refer$ to Efault or !e'li'e! eE* o)er$ !ot o!l5 a t$ E!ot pu!i$&a"le "5 la(E "ut al$o a t$ rimi!al i! &ara ter* (&et&er i!te!tio!al a!% )olu!tar5 or !e'li'e!t. Co!$e1ue!tl5* a $eparate i)il a tio! lie$ a'ai!$t t&e offe!%er i! a rimi!al a t* (&et&er or !ot &e i$ rimi!all5 pro$e ute% a!% fou!% 'uilt5 or a 1uitte%* pro)i%e% t&at t&e offe!%e% part5 i$ !ot allo(e%* 0if t&e tortfea$or i$ a tuall5 &ar'e% al$o rimi!all52* to re o)er %ama'e$ o! "ot& $ ore$* a!% (oul% "e e!title% i! $u & e)e!tualit5 o!l5 to t&e "i''er a(ar% of t&e t(o* a$$umi!' t&e a(ar%$ ma%e i! t&e t(o a$e$ )ar5. 13 T&e %i$ti! t!e$$ of 1ua$i=%eli t$ i$ $&o(! i! Arti le +1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e* (&i & $tate$, EArti le +1@@. Re$po!$i"ilit5 for fault or !e'li'e! e u!%er t&e pre e%i!' arti le i$ e!tirel5 $eparate a!% %i$ti! t from t&e i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from !e'li'e! e u!%er t&e .e!al Co%e. Hut t&e plai!tiff a!!ot re o)er %ama'e$ t(i e for t&e $ame a t or omi$$io! of t&e %efe!%a!t.E A
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or%i!' to t&e Report of t&e Co%e Commi$$io! Et&e fore'oi!' pro)i$io! t&ou'& at fir$t $i'&t $tartli!'* i$ !ot $o !o)el

or e#traor%i!ar5 (&e! (e o!$i%er t&e e#a t !ature of rimi!al a!% i)il !e'li'e! e. T&e former i$ a )iolatio! of t&e rimi!al la(* (&ile t&e latter i$ a %i$ti! t a!% i!%epe!%e!t !e'li'e! e* (&i & i$ a E ulpa a1uilia!aE or 1ua$i=%eli t* of a! ie!t ori'i!* &a)i!' al(a5$ &a% it$ o(! fou!%atio! a!% i!%i)i%ualit5* $eparate from rimi!al !e'li'e! e. Su & %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! rimi!al !e'li'e! e a!% E ulpa e#tra= o!tra tualE or E ua$i=%elitoE &a$ "ee! $u$tai!e% "5 %e i$io!$ of t&e Supreme Court of Spai! . . .E I! t&e a$e of Ca$tillo ). Court of Appeal$* 18 t&i$ Court &el% t&at a 1ua$i=%eli t or ulpa a1uilia!a i$ a $eparate le'al i!$titutio! u!%er t&e Ci)il Co%e (it& a $u"$ta!ti)it5 all it$ o(!* a!% i!%i)i%ualit5 t&at i$ e!tirel5 apart a!% i!%epe!%e!t from a %eli t or rime a %i$ti! tio! e#i$t$ "et(ee! t&e i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from a rime a!% t&e re$po!$i"ilit5 for 1ua$i=%eli t$ or ulpa e#tra= o!tra tual. T&e $ame !e'li'e! e au$i!' %ama'e$ ma5 pro%u e i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from a rime u!%er t&e .e!al Co%e* or reate a! a tio! for 1ua$i=%eli t$ or ulpa e#tra= o!tra tual u!%er t&e Ci)il Co%e. T&erefore* t&e a 1uittal or o!)i tio! i! t&e rimi!al a$e i$ e!tirel5 irrele)a!t i! t&e i)il a$e* u!le$$* of our$e* i! t&e e)e!t of a! a 1uittal (&ere t&e ourt &a$ %e lare% t&at t&e fa t from (&i & t&e i)il a tio! aro$e %i% !ot e#i$t* i! (&i & a$e t&e e#ti! tio! of t&e rimi!al lia"ilit5 (oul% arr5 (it& it t&e e#ti! tio! of t&e i)il lia"ilit5.
&a!ro"le$. om .p& , )irtual la( li"rar5

I! A9u e!a ). .ote! ia!o* 1C t&e Court %e lare% t&at i! 1ua$i=%eli t$*E 0t2&e i)il a tio! i$ e!tirel5 i!%epe!%e!t of t&e rimi!al a$e a or%i!' to Arti le$ 33 a!% +1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e. T&ere a! "e !o lo'i al o! lu$io! t&a! t&i$* for to $u"or%i!ate t&e i)il a tio! o!template% i! t&e $ai% arti le$ to t&e re$ult of t&e rimi!al pro$e utio! (&et&er it "e o!)i tio! or a 1uittal (oul% re!%er mea!i!'le$$ t&e i!%epe!%e!t &ara ter of t&e i)il a tio! a!% t&e lear i!Bu! tio! i! Arti le 31* t&at &i$ a tio! ma5 pro ee% i!%epe!%e!tl5 of t&e rimi!al pro ee%i!'$ a!% re'ar%le$$ of t&e re$ult of t&e latter.E
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?4EREFORE* t&e a$$aile% %e i$io! %ate% Fe"ruar5 1@* 1<AC of t&e t&e! I!terme%iate Appellate Court affirmi!' t&e or%er of %i$mi$$al of t&e Re'io!al Trial Court of Ca)ite* Hra! & 1A 0Ta'a5ta5 Cit52 %ate% Au'u$t 1@* 1<AD i$ &ere"5 REVERSED a!% SET ASIDE. T&e trial ourt i$ or%ere% to rei!$tate Ci)il Ca$e No. TG=@DA e!title% ENati)i%a% V. A!%amo a!% Emma!uel R. A!%amo ). Mi$$io!arie$ of Our La%5 of La Salette* I! .E a!% to pro ee% (it& t&e &eari!' of t&e a$e (it& %i$pat &. T&i$ %e i$io! i$ imme%iatel5 e#e utor5. Co$t$ a'ai!$t re$po!%e!t orporatio!.

ELCANO vs. HILL '' 8CR. 100 9 May 2:, 19''

Torts and Damages Civil Lia ilit! from )*asi Delicts vs Civil Lia ilit! from Crimes Reginald !ill, a "inor, caused the death of .ga#ito (son of ;lcano) ;lcano filed a cri"inal case against Reginald &ut Reginald was ac<uitted for 6lac( of intent cou#led with "ista(e 7 ;lcano then filed a ci$il action against Reginald and his dad (Mar$in !ill) for da"ages &ased on .rticle 21/0 of the Ci$il Code !ill argued that the ci$il action is &arred &y his son=s ac<uittal in the cri"inal case5 and that if e$er, his ci$il lia&ility as a #arent has &een e,tinguished &y the fact that his son is already an e"anci#ated "inor &y reason of his "arriage ISSUE: %hether or not Mar$in !ill "ay &e held ci$illy lia&le under .rticle 21/0 HELD: -es )he ac<uittal of Reginald in the cri"inal case does not &ar the filing of a se#arate ci$il action . se#arate ci$il action lies against the offender in a cri"inal act, whether or not he is cri"inally #rosecuted and found guilty or ac<uitted, #ro$ided that the offended #arty is not allowed, if accused is actually charged also cri"inally, to reco$er da"ages on &oth scores, and would &e entitled in such e$entuality only to the &igger award of the two, assu"ing the awards "ade in the two cases $ary +n other words, the e,tinction of ci$il lia&ility referred to in >ar (e) of 8ection ?, Rule 111, refers e,clusi$ely to ci$il lia&ility founded on .rticle 100 of the Re$ised >enal Code, whereas the ci$il lia&ility for the sa"e act considered as a +*asi,delict only and not as a cri"e is not e,tinguished e$en &y a declaration in the cri"inal case that the cri"inal act charged has not ha##ened or has not &een co""itted &y the accused 3riefly stated, c*l#a a+*iliana includes $oluntary and negligent acts which "ay &e #unisha&le &y law %hile it is true that #arental authority is ter"inated u#on e"anci#ation of the child (.rticle ?2', Ci$il Code), and under .rticle ?9', e"anci#ation ta(es #lace 6&y the "arriage of the "inor child7, it is, howe$er, also clear that #ursuant to .rticle ?99, e"anci#ation &y "arriage of the "inor is not really full or a&solute )hus 6;"anci#ation &y "arriage or &y $oluntary concession shall ter"inate #arental authority o$er the child=s #erson +t shall ena&le the "inor to ad"inister his #ro#erty as though he were of age, &ut he cannot &orrow "oney or alienate or encu"&er real #ro#erty without the consent of his father or "other, or guardian !e can sue and &e sued in court only with the assistance of his father, "other or guardian 7 )herefore, .rticle 21/0 is a##lica&le to Mar$in !ill 9 the 8C howe$er ruled since at the ti"e of the decision, Reginald is already of age, Mar$in=s lia&ility should &e su&sidiary only 9 as a "atter of e<uity

[G.R. No. 9($$'. 9ebr7%r& 19, 199$.] GAS4EM S4OO;A, A;S4, Petitioner, v. 4ON. CO!R, O9 A))EALS SYLLA !S 1. REMEDIAL LA?; EVIDENCE; CREDIHILITL OF ?ITNESSES; FINDINGS OF T4E TRIAL CO-RT; R-LE AND EMCE.TIONS. It i$ t&e rule i! t&i$ Buri$%i tio! t&at appellate ourt$ (ill !ot %i$tur" t&e trial ourt:$ fi!%i!'$ a$ to t&e re%i"ilit5 of (it!e$$e$* t&e latter ourt &a)i!' &ear% t&e (it!e$$e$ a!% &a)i!' &a% t&e opportu!it5 to o"$er)e lo$el5 t&eir %eportme!t a!% ma!!er of te$tif5i!'* u!le$$ t&e trial ourt &a% plai!l5 o)erloo7e% fa t$ of $u"$ta! e or )alue (&i &* if o!$i%ere%* mi'&t affe t t&e re$ult of t&e a$e. 0.eople ). Gar ia* A< SCRA DD; F1<@<G; .eople ). Hauti$ta* <+ SCRA DC8 F1<@<G; .eople ). A"eBuela* <+ SCRA 8;3 F1<@<G; .eople ). Ar ia'a* <A SCRA 1 F1<A;G; .eople ). Mar9a!* 1+A SCRA +;3 F1<ADG; .eople ). * Al i%* 138 SCRA +A; F1<A8G; .eople ). Sa! &e9* 1<< SCRA D1D F1<<1G; .eople ). Atila!o* +;D SCRA +@A F1<<1G2. E1uall5 $ettle% i$ t&e rule t&at o!l5 1ue$tio!$ of la( ma5 "e rai$e% i! a petitio! for re)ie( o! certiorari u!%er Rule D8 of t&e Rule$ of Court. It i$ !ot t&e fu! tio! of t&i$ Court to a!al59e or (ei'& all o)er a'ai! t&e e)i%e! e i!tro%u e% "5 t&e partie$ "efore t&e lo(er ourt. T&ere are* &o(e)er* re o'!i9e% e# eptio!$ to t&i$ rule. T&u$* i! Me%i!a ). A$i$tio* 6r.* t&i$ Court too7 t&e time* a'ai!* to e!umerate t&e$e e# eptio!$,E 012 ?&e! t&e o! lu$io! i$ a fi!%i!' 'rou!%e% e!tirel5 o! $pe ulatio!* $urmi$e$ or o!Be ture$ 06oa1ui! ). Na)arro* <3 .&il. +8@ F1<83G2; 0+2 ?&e! t&e i!fere! e ma%e i$ ma!ife$tl5 mi$ta7e!* a"$ur% or impo$$i"le 0Lu!a ). Li!ato7* @D .&il. 18 F1<D+G2; 032 ?&ere t&ere i$ a 'ra)e a"u$e of %i$ retio! 0Hu5 o ). .eople* <8 .&il. D83 F1<88G2; 0D2 ?&e! t&e Bu%'me!t i$ "a$e% o! a mi$appre&e!$io! of fa t$ 0Cru9 ). So$i!'* L=DA@8* No). +@* 1<832; 082 ?&e! t&e fi!%i!'$ of fa t are o!fli ti!' 0Ca$i a ). Villa$e a* L=<8<; Ap. 3;* 1<8@; u!rep.2 0C2 ?&e! t&e Court of Appeal$* i! ma7i!' it$ fi!%i!'$* (e!t "e5o!% t&e i$$ue$ of t&e a$e a!% t&e $ame i$ o!trar5 to t&e a%mi$$io!$ of "ot& appella!t a!% appellee 0E)a!'eli$ta ). Alto Suret5 a!% I!$ura! e Co.* 1;3 .&il. D;1 F1<8AG2; 0@2 T&e fi!%i!'$ of t&e Court of Appeal$ are o!trar5 to t&o$e of t&e trial ourt 0Gar ia ). Court of Appeal$* 33 SCRA C++ F1<@;G; Sa a5 ). Sa!%i'a!"a5a!* 1D+ SCRA 8<3 F1<ACG2; 0A2 ?&e! t&e fi!%i!'$ of fa t are o! lu$io!$ (it&out itatio! of $pe ifi e)i%e! e o! (&i & t&e5 are "a$e% 0I"i%.*2; 0<2 ?&e! t&e fa t$ $et fort& i! t&e petitio! a$ (ell a$ i! t&e petitio!er$: mai! a!% repl5 "rief$ are !ot %i$pute% "5 t&e re$po!%e!t$ 0I"i%.*2; a!% 01;2 T&e fi!%i!' of fa t of t&e Court of Appeal$ i$ premi$e% o! t&e $uppo$e% a"$e! e of e)i%e! e a!% i$ o!tra%i te% "5 t&e e)i%e! e o! re or% 0Sala9ar ). Gutierre9* 33 SCRA +D+ F1<@;G2.E .etitio!er &a$ !ot e!%ea)ore% to poi!t out to -$ t&e e#i$te! e of a!5 of t&e a"o)e 1uote% e# eptio!$ i! t&i$ a$e. Co!$e1ue!tl5* t&e fa tual fi!%i!'$ of t&e trial a!% appellate ourt$ mu$t "e re$pe te%. +. CIVIL LA?; /-ASI=DELICT; TORTS; ART. +1 OF T4E CIVIL CODE; CONSTR-ED. Arti le +1@C of t&e Ci)il Co%e* (&i & %efi!e$ a 1ua$i=%eli t i$ limite% to !e'li'e!t a t$ or omi$$io!$ a!% e# lu%e$ t&e !otio! of (illful!e$$ or i!te!t. /ua$i=%eli t* 7!o(! i! Spa!i$& le'al treati$e$ a$ ulpa a1uilia!a* i$ a i)il la( o! ept (&ile tort$ i$ a! A!'lo=Ameri a! or ommo! la( o! ept. Tort$ i$ mu & "roa%er t&a! ulpa a1uilia!a "e au$e it i! lu%e$ !ot o!l5 !e'li'e! e* "ut i!te!tio!al rimi!al a t$ a$ (ell $u & a$ a$$ault a!% "atter5* fal$e impri$o!me!t a!% %e eit. I! t&e 'e!eral $ &eme of t&e .&ilippi!e le'al $5$tem e!)i$io!e% "5 t&e Commi$$io! re$po!$i"le for %rafti!' t&e Ne( Ci)il Co%e* i!te!tio!al a!% mali iou$ a t$. (it& ertai! e# eptio!$* are to. "e 'o)er!e% "5 t&e Re)i$e% .e!al Co%e (&ile !e'li'e!t a t$ or omi$$io!$ are to "e o)ere% "5 Arti le +1@C of t&e Ci)il Co%e. I! "et(ee! t&e$e oppo$ite $pe trum$ are i!Buriou$ a t$ (&i &* i! t&e a"$e! e of Arti le +1* (oul% &a)e "ee! "e5o!% re%re$$. T&u$* Arti le +1 fill$ t&at )a uum. It i$ e)e! po$tulate% t&at to'et&er (it& Arti le$ 1< a!% +; of t&e Ci)il Co%e* Arti le +1 &a$ 'reatl5 "roa%e!e% t&e $ ope of t&e la( o! i)il (ro!'$; it &a$ "e ome mu & more $upple a!% a%apta"le t&a! t&e A!'lo=Ameri a! la( o! tort$. 0TOLENTINO* A.M. Comme!tarie$ a!% 6uri$pru%e! e o! t&e Ci)il Co%e of t&e .&ilippi!e$* )ol. 1* 1<A8 e%.* @+2. 3. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; HREAC4 OF .ROMISE TO MARRL; R-LE; RATIONALE. T&e e#i$ti!' rule i$ t&at a "rea & of promi$e to marr5 per $e i$ !ot a! a tio!a"le (ro!' 04ermo$i$ima ). Court of Appeal$* 1;< .&il. C+< F1<C;G; E$topa ). .ia!$a5* 1;< .&il. CD; F1<C;G2 Co!'re$$ %eli"eratel5 elimi!ate% from t&e %raft of t&e Ne( Ci)il Co%e t&e pro)i$io!$

t&at (oul% &a)e ma%e it $o. T&e rea$o! t&erefor i$ $et fort& i! t&e report of t&e Se!ate Committee o! t&e .ropo$e% Ci)il Co%e* from (&i & ?e 1uote, ET&e elimi!atio! of t&i$ &apter i$ propo$e%. T&at "rea & of promi$e to marr5 i$ !ot a tio!a"le &a$ "ee! %efi!itel5 %e i%e% i! t&e a$e of De 6e$u$ ). S51uia 08A .&il. ACC F1<33G2. T&e &i$tor5 of "rea & of promi$e $uit$ i! t&e -!ite% State$ a!% i! E!'la!% &a$ $&o(! t&at !o ot&er a tio! le!%$ it$elf more rea%il5 to a"u$e "5 %e$i'!i!' (ome! a!% u!$ rupulou$ me!. It i$ t&i$ e#perie! e (&i & &a$ le% to t&e a"olitio! of ri'&t$ of a tio! i! t&e $o= alle% 4eart Halm $uit$ i! ma!5 of t&e Ameri a! $tate$ . . .E T&i$ !ot(it&$ta!%i!'* t&e $ai% Co%e o!tai!$ a pro)i$io!* Arti le +1* (&i & i$ %e$i'!e% to e#pa!% t&e o! ept of tort$ or 1ua$i=%eli t i! t&i$ Buri$%i tio! "5 'ra!ti!' a%e1uate le'al reme%5 for t&e u!tol% !um"er of moral (ro!'$ (&i & i$ impo$$i"le for &uma! fore$i'&t to $pe ifi all5 e!umerate a!% pu!i$& i! t&e $tatute "oo7$ 0.&ilippi!e Natio!al Ha!7 ). Court of Appeal$* A3 SCRA +3@ F1<@AG2. D. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; A?ARD OF DAMAGES* 6-STIFIED HECA-SE OF FRA-D AND DECEIT HE4IND IT; CASE AT HAR. I! t&e li'&t of t&e a"o)e lau%a"le purpo$e of Arti le +1* ?e are of t&e opi!io!* a!% $o &ol%* t&at (&ere a ma!:$ promi$e to marr5 i$ i! fa t t&e pro#imate au$e of t&e a epta! e of &i$ lo)e "5 a (oma! a!% &i$ repre$e!tatio! to fulfill t&at promi$e t&ereafter "e ome$ t&e pro#imate au$e of t&e 'i)i!' of &er$elf u!to &im i! a $e#ual o!'re$$* proof t&at &e &a%* i! realit5* !o i!te!tio! of marr5i!' &er a!% t&at t&e promi$e (a$ o!l5 a $u"tle $ &eme or %e epti)e %e)i e to e!ti e or i!)ei'le &er to a ept &im a!% to o"tai! &er o!$e!t to t&e $e#ual a t* oul% Bu$tif5 t&e a(ar% of %ama'e$ pur$ua!t to Arti le +1 !ot "e au$e of $u & promi$e to marr5 "ut "e au$e of t&e frau% a!% %e eit "e&i!% it a!% t&e (illful i!Bur5 to &er &o!or a!% reputatio! (&i & follo(e% t&ereafter. It i$ e$$e!tial* &o(e)er* t&at $u & i!Bur5 $&oul% &a)e "ee! ommitte% i! a ma!!er o!trar5 to moral$* 'oo% u$tom$ or pu"li poli 5. I! t&e i!$ta!t a$e* re$po!%e!t Court fou!% t&at it (a$ t&e petitio!er:$ Efrau%ule!t a!% %e epti)e prote$tatio!$ of lo)e for a!% promi$e to marr5 plai!tiff t&at ma%e &er $urre!%er &er )irtue a!% (oma!&oo% to &im a!% to li)e (it& &im o! t&e &o!e$t a!% $i! ere "elief t&at &e (oul% 7eep $ai% promi$e* a!% it (a$ li7e(i$e t&e$e frau% a!% %e eptio! o! appella!t:$ part t&at ma%e plai!tiff:$ pare!t$ a'ree to t&eir %au'&ter:$ li)i!'=i! (it& &im preparator5 to t&eir $uppo$e% marria'e.E I! $&ort* t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t $urre!%ere% &er )ir'i!it5* t&e &eri$&e% po$$e$$io! of e)er5 $i!'le Filipi!a* !ot "e au$e of lu$t "ut "e au$e of moral $e%u tio! t&e 7i!% illu$trate% "5 t&e Co%e Commi$$io! i! it$ e#ample earlier a%)erte% to. T&e petitio!er oul% !ot "e &el% lia"le for rimi!al $e%u tio! pu!i$&e% u!%er eit&er Arti le 33@ or Arti le 33A of t&e Re)i$e% .e!al Co%e "e au$e t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t (a$ a"o)e ei'&tee! 01A2 5ear$ of a'e at t&e time of t&e $e%u tio!. .rior %e i$io!$ of t&i$ Court learl5 $u''e$t t&at Arti le +1 ma5 "e applie%=i! a "rea & of promi$e to marr5 (&ere t&e (oma! i$ a )i tim of moral $e%u tio!. 8. ID.; .ARI DELICTO R-LE; DEFINED; NOT A..RECIATED IN CASE AT HAR. T&e pari %eli to rule %oe$ !ot appl5 i! t&i$ a$e for (&ile i!%ee%* t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t ma5 !ot &a)e "ee! impelle% "5 t&e pure$t of i!te!tio!$* $&e e)e!tuall5 $u"mitte% to t&e petitio!er i! $e#ual o!'re$$ !ot out of lu$t* "ut "e au$e of moral $e%u tio!. I! fa t* it i$ appare!t t&at $&e &a% 1ualm$ of o!$ ie! e a"out t&e e!tire epi$o%e for a$ $oo! a$ $&e fou!% out t&at t&e petitio!er (a$ !ot 'oi!' to marr5 &er after all* $&e left &im. S&e i$ !ot* t&erefore* i! pari %eli to (it& t&e petitio!er. .ari %eli to mea!$ Ei! e1ual fault; i! a $imilar offe!$e or rime; e1ual i! 'uilt or i! le'al fault.E 0Hla 7:$ La($ Di tio!ar5* Fift& e%.* 1;;D2. At mo$t* it oul% "e o! e%e% t&at $&e i$ merel5 i! %eli to. EE1uit5 ofte! i!terfere$ for t&e relief of t&e le$$ 'uilt5 of t&e partie$* (&ere &i$ tra!$'re$$io! &a$ "ee! "rou'&t a"out "5 t&e impo$itio! or u!%ue i!flue! e of t&e part5 o! (&om t&e "ur%e! of t&e ori'i!al (ro!' pri! ipall5 re$t$* or (&ere &i$ o!$e!t to t&e tra!$a tio! (a$ it$elf pro ure% "5 frau%.E 03@ AM 6ur +%. D;12. I! Ma!'a5ao ). La$u%* 011 SCRA 18A F1<CDG2 ?e %e lare%, EAppella!t$ li7e(i$e $tre$$ t&at "ot& partie$ "ei!' at fault* t&ere $&oul% "e !o a tio! "5 o!e a'ai!$t t&e ot&er 0Art. 1D1+* Ne( Ci)il Co%e2. T&i$ rule* &o(e)er* &a$ "ee! i!terprete% a$ appli a"le o!l5 (&ere t&e fault o! "ot& $i%e$ i$* more or le$$* e1ui)ale!t. It %oe$ !ot appl5 (&ere o!e part5 i$ literate or i!telli'e!t a!% t&e ot&er o!e i$ !ot 0 .f. Hou'& ). Ca!ti)ero$* D; .&il. +;<2.E T&i$ i$ a! appeal "5 certiorari u!%er Rule D8 of t&e Rule$ of Court $ee7i!' to re)ie( a!% $et a$i%e t&e De i$io! 1 of t&e re$po!%e!t Court of Appeal$ i! CA=G.R. CV No. +D+8C (&i & affirme% i! toto t&e 1C O to"er 1<A< De i$io! or

Hra! & 3A 0Li!'a5e!2 of t&e Re'io!al Trial Court 0RTC2 of .a!'a$i!a! i! Ci)il Ca$e No. 1C8;3. .re$e!te% i$ t&e i$$ue of (&et&er or !ot %ama'e$ ma5 "e re o)ere% for a "rea & of promi$e to marr5 o! t&e "a$i$ of Arti le +1 of t&e Ci)il Co%e of t&e .&ilippi!e$. T&e a!te e%e!t$ of t&i$ a$e are !ot ompli ate%,

&a!ro"1e$ )irtual 1a( li"rar5

O! +@ O to"er 1<A@* pri)ate re$po!%e!t* (it&out t&e a$$i$ta! e of ou!$el* file% (it& t&e afore$ai% trial ourt a omplai!t + for %ama'e$ a'ai!$t t&e petitio!er for t&e alle'e% )iolatio! of t&eir a'reeme!t to 'et marrie%. S&e alle'e$ i! $ai% omplai!t t&at, $&e i$ t(e!t5=t(o 0++2 5ear$ ol%* $i!'le* Filipi!o a!% a prett5 la$$ of 'oo% moral &ara ter a!% reputatio! %ul5 re$pe te% i! &er ommu!it5; petitio!er* o! t&e ot&er &a!%* i$ a! Ira!ia! iti9e! re$i%i!' at t&e Lo9a!o Apartme!t$* Guili'* Da'upa! Cit5* a!% i$ a! e# &a!'e $tu%e!t ta7i!' a me%i al our$e at t&e L5 eum Nort&(e$ter! Colle'e$ i! Da'upa! Cit5; "efore +; Au'u$t 1<A@* t&e latter ourte% a!% propo$e% to marr5 &er; $&e a epte% &i$ lo)e o! t&e o!%itio! t&at t&e5 (oul% 'et marrie%; t&e5 t&erefore ar'ue% to 'et marrie% after t&e e!% of t&e $ &ool $eme$ter* (&i & (a$ i! O to"er of t&at 5ear; petitio!er t&e! )i$ite% t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t:$ pare!t$ i! HaKa'a* Hu'allo!* .a!'a$i!a! to $e ure t&eir appro)al to t&e marria'e; $ometime i! +; Au'u$t 1<A@* t&e petitio!er for e% &er to li)e (it& &im i! t&e Lo9a!o Apartme!t$; $&e (a$ a )ir'i! "efore $&e "e'a! li)i!' (it& &im; a (ee7 "efore t&e fili!' of t&e omplai!t* petitio!er:$ attitu%e to(ar%$ &er $tarte% to &a!'e; &e maltreate% a!% t&reate!e% to 7ill &er; a$ a re$ult of $u & maltreatme!t* $&e $u$tai!e% i!Burie$* %uri!' a o!fro!tatio! (it& a repre$e!tati)e of t&e "ara!'a5 aptai! of Guili' a %a5 "efore t&e fili!' of t&e omplai!t* petitio!er repu%iate% t&eir marria'e a'reeme!t a!% a$7e% &er !ot to li)e (it& &im a!5more a!%; t&e petitio!er i$ alrea%5 marrie% to $omeo!e li)i!' i! Ha olo% Cit5. .ri)ate re$po!%e!t t&e! pra5e% for Bu%'me!t or%eri!' t&e petitio!er to pa5 &er %ama'e$ i! t&e amou!t of !ot le$$ t&a! .D8*;;;.;;* reim"ur$eme!t for a tual e#pe!$e$ amou!ti!' to .C;;.;;* attor!e5:$ fee$ a!% o$t$* a!% 'ra!ti!' &er $u & ot&er relief a!% reme%ie$ a$ ma5 "e Bu$t a!% e1uita"le. T&e omplai!t (a$ %o 7ete% a$ Ci)il Ca$e No 1C8;3. I! &i$ A!$(er (it& Cou!ter laim* 3 petitio!er a%mitte% o!l5 t&e per$o!al ir um$ta! e$ of t&e partie$ a$ a)erre% i! t&e omplai!t a!% %e!ie% t&e re$t of t&e alle'atio!$ eit&er for la 7 of 7!o(le%'e or i!formatio! $uffi ie!t to form a "elief a$ to t&e trut& t&ereof or "e au$e t&e true fa t$ are t&o$e alle'e% a$ &i$ Spe ial a!% Affirmati)e Defe!$e$. 4e t&u$ laime% t&at &e !e)er propo$e% marria'e to or a'ree% to "e marrie% (it& t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t; &e !eit&er $ou'&t t&e o!$e!t a!% appro)al of &er pare!t$ !or for e% &er to li)e i! &i$ apartme!t; &e %i% !ot maltreat &er* "ut o!l5 tol% &er to $top omi!' to &i$ pla e "e au$e &e %i$ o)ere% t&at $&e &a% %e ei)e% &im "5 $teali!' &i$ mo!e5 a!% pa$$port; a!% fi!all5* !o o!fro!tatio! too7 pla e (it& a repre$e!tati)e of t&e "ara!'a5 aptai!. I!$i$ti!'* i! &i$ Cou!ter laim* t&at t&e omplai!t i$ "a$ele$$ a!% u!fou!%e% a!% t&at a$ a re$ult t&ereof* &e (a$ u!!e e$$aril5 %ra''e% i!to ourt a!% ompelle% to i! ur e#pe!$e$* a!% &a$ $uffere% me!tal a!#iet5 a!% a "e$mir &e% reputatio!* &e pra5e% for a! a(ar% of .8*;;;.;; for mi$ ella!eou$ e#pe!$e$ a!% .+8*;;;.;; a$ moral %ama'e$. After o!%u ti!' a pre=trial o! +8 6a!uar5 1<AA* t&e trial ourt i$$ue% a .re=Trial Or%er D em"o%5i!' t&e $tipulate% fa t$ (&i & t&e partie$ &a% a'ree% upo!* to (it, E1. T&at t&e plai!tiff i$ $i!'le a!% re$i%e!t 0$i 2 of HaKa'a* Hu'allo!* .a!'a$i!a!* (&ile t&e %efe!%a!t i$ $i!'le* Ira!ia!* iti9e! a!% re$i%e!t 0$i 2 of Lo9a!o Apartme!t* Guili'* Da'upa! Cit5 $i! e Septem"er 1* 1<A@ up to t&e pre$e!t; +. T&at t&e %efe!%a!t i$ pre$e!tl5 $tu%5i!' at L5 eum=Nort&(e$ter!* Da'upa! Cit5* Colle'e of Me%i i!e* $e o!% 5ear me%i i!e proper. 3. T&at t&e plai!tiff i$ 0$i 2 a! emplo5ee at Ma"u&a5 Lu! &eo!ette* Fer!a!%e9 A)e!ue* Da'upa! Cit5 $i! e 6ul5* 1<AC up to t&e pre$e!t a!% a 0$i 2 &i'& $ &ool 'ra%uate; D. T&at t&e partie$ &appe!e% to 7!o( ea & ot&er (&e! t&e Ma!a'er of t&e Ma"u&a5 Lu! &eo!ette* 6o&!!5 Ra"i!o i!tro%u e% t&e %efe!%a!t to t&e plai!tiff o! Au'u$t 3* 1<AC.E
&a!ro"le $)irtuala(li"rar5

After trial o! t&e merit$* t&e lo(er ourt* appl5i!' Arti le +1 of t&e Ci)il Co%e* re!%ere% o! 1C O to"er 1<A< a %e i$io! 8 fa)ori!' t&e pri)ate Respondent. T&e petitio!er (a$ t&u$ or%ere% to pa5 t&e latter %ama'e$ a!% attor!e5:$ fee$; t&e %i$po$iti)e portio! of t&e %e i$io! rea%$,
p&

EIN T4E LIG4T of t&e fore'oi!' o!$i%eratio!* Bu%'me!t i$ &ere"5 re!%ere% i! fa)or of t&e plai!tiff a!% a'ai!$t t&e %efe!%a!t. 1. Co!%em!i!' 0$i 2 t&e %efe!%a!t to pa5 t&e plai!tiff t&e $um of t(e!t5 t&ou$a!% 0.+;*;;;.;;2 pe$o$ a$ moral %ama'e$. +. Co!%em!i!' furt&er t&e %efe!%a!t to pa5 t&e plai!tiff t&e $um of t&ree t&ou$a!% 0.3*;;;.;;2 pe$o$ a$ att5:$ fee$ a!% t(o t&ou$a!% 0.+*;;;.;;2 pe$o$ at 0$i 2 liti'atio! e#pe!$e$ a!% to pa5 t&e o$t$. 3. All ot&er laim$ are %e!ie%.E T&e %e i$io! i$ a! &ore% o! t&e trial ourt:$ fi!%i!'$ a!% o! lu$io!$ t&at 0a2 petitio!er a!% pri)ate re$po!%e!t (ere lo)er$* 0"2 pri)ate re$po!%e!t i$ !ot a (oma! of loo$e moral$ or 1ue$tio!a"le )irtue (&o rea%il5 $u"mit$ to $e#ual a%)a! e$* 0 2 petitio!er* t&rou'& ma &i!atio!$* %e eit a!% fal$e prete!$e$* promi$e% to marr5 pri)ate re$po!%e!t* 0%2 "e au$e of &i$ per$ua$i)e promi$e to marr5 &er* $&e allo(e% &er$elf to "e %eflo(ere% "5 &im* 0e2 "5 rea$o! of t&at %e eitful promi$e* pri)ate re$po!%e!t a!% &er pare!t$ i! a or%a! e (it& Filipi!o u$tom$ a!% tra%itio!$ ma%e $ome preparatio!$ for t&e (e%%i!' t&at (a$ to "e &el% at t&e e!% of O to"er 1<A@ "5 loo7i!' for pi'$ a!% &i 7e!$* i!)iti!' frie!%$ a!% relati)e$ a!% o!tra ti!' $po!$or$* 0f2 petitio!er %i% !ot fulfill &i$ promi$e to marr5 &er a!% 0'2 $u & a t$ of t&e petitio!er* (&o i$ a forei'!er a!% (&o &a$ a"u$e% .&ilippi!e &o$pitalit5* &a)e offe!%e% our $e!$e of moralit5* 'oo% u$tom$* ulture a!% tra%itio!$. T&e trial ourt 'a)e full re%it to t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t:$ te$timo!5 "e au$e* i!ter alia* $&e (oul% !ot &a)e &a% t&e temerit5 a!% oura'e to ome to ourt a!% e#po$e &er &o!or a!% reputatio! to pu"li $ ruti!5 a!% ri%i ule if &er laim (a$ fal$e. @ T&e a"o)e fi!%i!'$ a!% o! lu$io!$ (ere ulle% from t&e %etaile% $ummar5 of t&e e)i%e! e for t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t i! t&e fore'oi!' %e i$io!* %i'e$te% "5 t&e re$po!%e!t Court a$ follo($, EA
B' , &a!ro"le $. om.p&

or%i!' to plai!tiff* (&o laime% t&at $&e (a$ a )ir'i! at t&e time a!% t&at $&e !e)er &a% a "o5frie!% "efore* epte% &i$ lo)e a$ (ell a$ &i$ propo$al of marria'e o! Au'u$t +;* 1<A@* o! (&i & $ame %a5 &e (e!t (it&

%efe!%a!t $tarte% ourti!' &er Bu$t a fe( %a5$ after t&e5 fir$t met. 4e later propo$e% marria'e to &er $e)eral time$ a!% $&e a &er to &er &ometo(! of Ha!a'a* Hu'allo!* .a!'a$i!a!* a$ &e (a!te% to meet &er pare!t$ a!% i!form t&em of t&eir relatio!$&ip a!% t&eir i!te!tio! to 'et marrie%. T&e p&oto'rap&$ E#&$. EAE to EEE 0a!% t&eir $u"mar7i!'$2 of %efe!%a!t (it& mem"er$ of plai!tiff:$ famil5 or (it& plai!tiff* (ere ta7e! t&at %a5. Al$o o! t&at o a$io!* %efe!%a!t tol% plai!tiff:$ pare!t$ a!% "rot&er$ a!% $i$ter$ t&at &e i!te!%e% to marr5 &er %uri!' t&e $eme$tral "rea7 i! O to"er* 1<A@* a!% "e au$e plai!tiff:$ pare!t$ t&ou'&t &e (a$ 'oo% a!% tru$te% &im* t&e5 a'ree% to &i$ propo$al for &im to marr5 t&eir %au'&ter* a!% t&e5 li7e(i$e allo(e% &im to $ta5 i! t&eir &ou$e a!% $leep (it& plai!tiff %uri!' t&e fe( %a5$ t&at t&e5 (ere i! Hu'allo!. ?&e! plai!tiff a!% %efe!%a!t later retur!e% to Da'upa! Cit5* t&e5 o!ti!ue% to li)e to'et&er i! %efe!%a!t:$ apartme!t. 4o(e)er* i! t&e earl5 %a5$ of O to"er* 1<A@* %efe!%a!t (oul% tie plai!tiff:$ &a!%$ a!% feet (&ile &e (e!t to $ &ool* a!% &e e)e! 'a)e &er me%i i!e at D o: lo 7 i! t&e mor!i!' t&at ma%e &er $leep t&e (&ole %a5 a!% !i'&t u!til t&e follo(i!' %a5. A$ a re$ult of t&i$ li)e=i! relatio!$&ip* plai!tiff "e ame pre'!a!t* "ut %efe!%a!t 'a)e &er $ome me%i i!e to a"ort t&e foetu$. Still plai!tiff o!ti!ue% to li)e (it& %efe!%a!t a!% 7ept remi!%i!' &im of &i$ promi$e to marr5 &er u!til &e tol% &er t&at &e oul% !ot %o $o "e au$e &e (a$ alrea%5 marrie% to a 'irl i! Ha olo% Cit5. T&at (a$ t&e time plai!tiff left %efe!%a!t* (e!t &ome to &er pare!t$* a!% t&ereafter o!$ulte% a la(5er (&o a ompa!ie% &er to t&e "ara!'a5 aptai! i! Da'upa! Cit5. .lai!tiff* &er la(5er* &er 'o%mot&er* a!% a "ara!'a5 ta!o% $e!% "5 t&e "ara!'a5 aptai! (e!t to tal7 to %efe!%a!t to $till o!)i! e &im to marr5 plai!tiff* "ut %efe!%a!t i!$i$te%

t&at &e oul% !ot %o $o "e au$e &e (a$ alrea%5 marrie% to a 'irl i! Ha olo% Cit5* alt&ou'& t&e trut&* a$ $tipulate% "5 t&e partie$ at t&e pre=trial* i$ t&at %efe!%a!t i$ $till $i!'le. .lai!tiff:$ fat&er* a tri 5 le %ri)er* al$o laime% t&at after %efe!%a!t &a% i!forme% t&em of &i$ %e$ire to marr5 Marilou* &e alrea%5 loo7e% for $po!$or$ for t&e (e%%i!'* $tarte% prepari!' for t&e re eptio! "5 loo7i!' for pi'$ a!% &i 7e!$* a!% e)e! alrea%5 i!)ite% ma!5 relati)e$ a!% frie!%$ to t&e fort& omi!' (e%%i!'.E A .etitio!er appeale% t&e trial ourt:$ %e i$io! to t&e re$po!%e!t Court of Appeal$ (&i & %o 7ete% t&e a$e a$ CA=G R. CV No. +D+8C. I! &i$ Hrief* < &e o!te!%e% t&at t&e trial ourt erre% 0a2 i! !ot %i$mi$$i!' t&e a$e for la 7 of fa tual a!% le'al "a$i$ a!% 0"2 i! or%eri!' &im to pa5 moral %ama'e$* attor!e5:$ fee$* liti'atio! e#pe!$e$ a!% o$t$.
&a!ro"le$ )irtual la(li"rar5

O! 1A Fe"ruar5 1<<1* re$po!%e!t Court promul'ate% t&e &alle!'e% %e i$io! 1; affirmi!' i! toto t&e trial ourt:$ ruli!' of 1C O to"er 1<A<. I! $u$tai!i!' t&e trial ourt:$ fi!%i!'$ of fa t* re$po!%e!t Court ma%e t&e follo(i!' a!al5$i$, EFir$t of all* plai!tiff* t&e! o!l5 +1 5ear$ ol% (&e! $&e met %efe!%a!t (&o (a$ alrea%5 +3 5ear$ ol% at t&e time* %oe$ !ot appear to "e a 'irl of loo$e moral$. It i$ u! o!tra%i te% t&at $&e (a$ a )ir'i! prior to &er u!fortu!ate e#perie! e (it& %efe!%a!t a!% !e)er &a% a "o5frie!%. S&e i$* a$ %e$ ri"e% "5 t&e lo(er ourt* a "arrio la$$ N!ot u$e% a!% a u$tome% to t&e tre!% of mo%er! ur"a! life:* a!% ertai!l5 (oul% 0$i 2 !ot &a)e allo(e% N&er$elf to "e %eflo(ere% "5 t&e %efe!%a!t if t&ere (a$ !o per$ua$i)e promi$e ma%e "5 t&e %efe!%a!t to marr5 &er.: I! fa t* (e a'ree (it& t&e lo(er ourt t&at plai!tiff a!% %efe!%a!t mu$t &a)e "ee! $(eet&eart$ or $o t&e plai!tiff mu$t &a)e t&ou'&t "e au$e of t&e %e eptio! of %efe!%a!t* for ot&er(i$e* $&e (oul% !ot &a)e allo(e% &er$elf to "e p&oto'rap&e% (it& %efe!%a!t i! pu"li i! $o 0$i 2 lo)i!' a!% te!%er po$e$ a$ t&o$e %epi te% i! t&e pi ture$ E#&$. EDE a!% EE.E ?e a!!ot "elie)e* t&erefore* %efe!%a!t:$ prete!$e t&at plai!tiff (a$ a !o"o%5 to &im e# ept a (aitre$$ at t&e re$taura!t (&ere &e u$uall5 ate. Defe!%a!t i! fa t a%mitte% t&at &e (e!t to plai!tiff:$ &ometo(! of Ha!a'a* Hu'allo!* .a!'a$i!a!* at lea$t t&ri e; at 0$i 2 t&e to(! fie$ta o! Fe"ruar5 +@* 1<A@ 0p. 8D* t$! Ma5 1A* 1<AA2* at 0$i 2 a "ea & part5 to'et&er (it& t&e ma!a'er a!% emplo5ee$ of t&e Ma"u&a5 Lu! &eo!ette o! Mar & 3* 1<A@ 0p. 8;* t$! i%.2* a!% o! April 1* 1<A@ (&e! &e alle'e%l5 tal7e% to plai!tiff:$ mot&er (&o tol% &im to marr5 &er %au'&ter 0pp. 88=8C* t$! i%.2. ?oul% %efe!%a!t &a)e left Da'upa! Cit5 (&ere &e (a$ i!)ol)e% i! t&e $eriou$ $tu%5 of me%i i!e to 'o to plai!tiff:$ &ometo(! i! Ha!a'a* Hu'allo!* u!le$$ t&ere (a$ 0$i 2 $ome 7i!% of $pe ial relatio!$&ip "et(ee! t&emI A!% t&i$ $pe ial relatio!$&ip mu$t i!%ee% &a)e le% to %efe!%a!t:$ i!$i! ere propo$al of marria'e to plai!tiff* ommu!i ate% !ot o!l5 to &er "ut al$o to &er pare!t$* a!% 0$i 2 Marite$ Ra"i!o* t&e o(!er of t&e re$taura!t (&ere plai!tiff (a$ (or7i!' a!% (&ere %efe!%a!t fir$t propo$e% marria'e to &er* al$o 7!e( of t&i$ lo)e affair a!% %efe!%a!t:$ propo$al of marria'e to plai!tiff* (&i & $&e %e lare% (a$ t&e rea$o! (&5 plai!tiff re$i'!e% from &er Bo" at t&e re$taura!t after $&e &a% a epte% %efe!%a!t:$ propo$al 0pp. C=@* t$! Mar & @* 1<AA2.

-po! t&e ot&er &a!%* appella!t %oe$ !ot appear to "e a ma! of 'oo% moral &ara ter a!% mu$t t&i!7 $o lo( a!% &a)e $o little re$pe t a!% re'ar% for Filipi!o (ome! t&at &e ope!l5 a%mitte% t&at (&e! &e $tu%ie% i! Ha olo% Cit5 for $e)eral 5ear$ (&ere &e fi!i$&e% &i$ H.S. Hiolo'5 "efore &e ame to Da'upa! Cit5 to $tu%5 me%i i!e* &e &a% a ommo!=la( (ife i! Ha olo% Cit5. I! ot&er (or%$* &e al$o li)e% (it& a!ot&er (oma! i! Ha olo% Cit5 "ut %i% !ot marr5 t&at (oma!* Bu$t li7e (&at &e %i% to plai!tiff. It i$ !ot $urpri$i!'* t&e!* t&at &e felt $o little ompu! tio! or remor$e i! prete!%i!' to lo)e a!% promi$i!' to marr5 plai!tiff* a 5ou!'* i!!o e!t* tru$tful ou!tr5 'irl* i! or%er to $ati$f5 &i$ lu$t o! &er.E a!% t&e! o! lu%e%, EI! $um* (e are $tro!'l5 o!)i! e% a!% $o &ol% t&at it (a$ %efe!%a!t=appella!t:$ frau%ule!t a!% %e epti)e

prote$tatio!$ of lo)e for a!% promi$e to marr5 plai!tiff t&at ma%e &er $urre!%er &er )irtue a!% (oma!&oo% to &im a!% to li)e (it& &im o! t&e &o!e$t a!% $i! ere "elief t&at &e (oul% 7eep $ai% promi$e* a!% it (a$ li7e(i$e t&e$e 0$i 2 frau% a!% %e eptio! o! appella!t:$ part t&at ma%e plai!tiff:$ pare!t$ a'ree to t&eir %au'&ter:$ li)i!'=i! (it& &im preparator5 to t&eir $uppo$e% marria'e. A!% a$ t&e$e a t$ of appella!t are palpa"l5 a!% u!%ou"te%l5 a'ai!$t moral$* 'oo% u$tom$* a!% pu"li poli 5* a!% are e)e! 'ra)el5 a!% %eepl5 %ero'ator5 a!% i!$ulti!' to our (ome!* omi!' a$ t&e5 %o from a forei'!er (&o &a$ "ee! e!Bo5i!' t&e &o$pitalit5 of our people a!% ta7i!' a%)a!ta'e of t&e opportu!it5 to $tu%5 i! o!e of our i!$titutio!$ of lear!i!'* Defendant-Appellant$&oul% i!%ee% "e ma%e* u!%er Art. +1 of t&e Ci)il Co%e of t&e .&ilippi!e$* to ompe!$ate for t&e moral %ama'e$ a!% i!Bur5 t&at &e &a% au$e% plai!tiff* a$ t&e lo(er ourt or%ere% &im to %o i! it$ %e i$io! i! t&i$ a$e.E -!fa9e% "5 &i$ $e o!% %efeat* petitio!er file% t&e i!$ta!t petitio! o! +C Mar & 1<<1; &e rai$e$ t&erei! t&e $i!'le i$$ue of (&et&er or !ot Arti le +1 of t&e Ci)il Co%e applie$ to t&e a$e at "ar. It i$ petitio!er:$ t&e$i$ t&at $ai% Arti le +1 i$ !ot appli a"le "e au$e &e &a% !ot ommitte% a!5 moral (ro!' or i!Bur5 or )iolate% a!5 'oo% u$tom or pu"li poli 5; &e &a$ !ot profe$$e% lo)e or propo$e% marria'e to t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t; a!% &e &a$ !e)er maltreate% &er. 4e riti i9e$ t&e trial ourt for li"erall5 i!)o7i!' Filipi!o u$tom$* tra%itio!$ a!% ulture* a!% i'!ori!' t&e fa t t&at $i! e &e i$ a forei'!er* &e i$ !ot o!)er$a!t (it& $u & Filipi!o u$tom$* tra%itio!$ a!% ulture. A$ a! Ira!ia! Mo$lem* &e i$ !ot familiar (it& Cat&oli a!% C&ri$tia! (a5$. 4e $tre$$e$ t&at e)e! if &e &a% ma%e a promi$e to marr5* t&e $u"$e1ue!t failure to fulfill t&e $ame i$ e# u$a"le or tolera"le "e au$e of &i$ Mo$lem up"ri!'i!'; &e t&e! allu%e$ to t&e Mu$lim Co%e (&i & purporte%l5 allo($ a Mu$lim to ta7e four 0D2 (i)e$ a!% o! lu%e$ t&at o! t&e "a$i$ t&ereof* t&e trial ourt erre% i! ruli!' t&at &e %oe$ !ot po$$e$$ 'oo% moral &ara ter. Moreo)er* &i$ o!tro)er$ial E ommo! la( (ifeE i$ !o( &i$ le'al (ife a$ t&eir marria'e &a% "ee! $olem!i9e% i! i)il eremo!ie$ i! t&e Ira!ia! Em"a$$5. A$ to &i$ u!la(ful o&a"itatio! (it& t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t* petitio!er laim$ t&at e)e! if re$po!$i"ilit5 oul% "e pi!!e% o! &im for t&e li)e=i! relatio!$&ip* t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t $&oul% al$o "e faulte% for o!$e!ti!' to a! illi it arra!'eme!t. Fi!all5* petitio!er a$$e)erate$ t&at e)e! if it (a$ to "e a$$ume% ar'ue!%o t&at &e &a% profe$$e% &i$ lo)e to t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t a!% &a% al$o promi$e% to marr5 &er* $u & a t$ (oul% !ot "e a tio!a"le i! )ie( of t&e $pe ial ir um$ta! e$ of t&e a$e. T&e mere "rea & of promi$e i$ !ot a tio!a"le. O! +C Au'u$t 1<<1* after t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t &a% file% &er Comme!t to t&e petitio! a!% t&e petitio!er &a% file% &i$ Repl5 t&ereto* t&i$ Court 'a)e %ue our$e to t&e petitio! a!% re1uire% t&e partie$ to $u"mit t&eir re$pe ti)e Memora!%a* (&i & t&e5 $u"$e1ue!tl5 omplie% (it&.
&a!ro"le $. om.p& , )irtual la( li"rar5

A$ ma5 "e 'lea!e% from t&e fore'oi!' $ummatio! of t&e petitio!er:$ ar'ume!t$ i! $upport of &i$ t&e$i$* it i$ lear t&at 1ue$tio!$ of fa t* (&i & "oil %o(! to t&e i$$ue of t&e re%i"ilit5 of (it!e$$e$* are al$o rai$e%. It i$ t&e rule i! t&i$ Buri$%i tio! t&at appellate ourt$ (ill !ot %i$tur" t&e trial ourt:$ fi!%i!'$ a$ to t&e re%i"ilit5 of (it!e$$e$* t&e latter ourt &a)i!' &ear% t&e (it!e$$e$ a!% &a)i!' &a% t&e opportu!it5 to o"$er)e lo$el5 t&eir %eportme!t a!% ma!!er of te$tif5i!'* u!le$$ t&e trial ourt &a% plai!l5 o)erloo7e% fa t$ of $u"$ta! e or )alue (&i &* if o!$i%ere%* mi'&t affe t t&e re$ult of t&e a$e. .etitio!er &a$ mi$era"l5 faile% to o!)i! e -$ t&at "ot& t&e appellate a!% trial ourt$ &a% o)erloo7e% a!5 fa t of $u"$ta! e or )alue (&i & oul% alter t&e re$ult of t&e a$e. E1uall5 $ettle% i$ t&e rule t&at o!l5 1ue$tio!$ of la( ma5 "e rai$e% i! a petitio! for re)ie( o! certiorari u!%er Rule D8 of t&e Rule$ of Court. It i$ !ot t&e fu! tio! of t&i$ Court to a!al59e or (ei'& all o)er a'ai! t&e e)i%e! e i!tro%u e% "5 t&e partie$ "efore t&e lo(er ourt. T&ere are* &o(e)er* re o'!i9e% e# eptio!$ to t&i$ rule. T&u$* i! Me%i!a ). A$i$tio* 6r.* 1C t&i$ Court too7 t&e time* a'ai!* to e!umerate t&e$e e# eptio!$,
&a!ro"1e$ )irtual 1a( li"rar5

E012 ?&e! t&e o! lu$io! i$ a fi!%i!' 'rou!%e% e!tirel5 o! $pe ulatio!* $urmi$e$ or o!Be ture$ 06oa1ui! ). Na)arro* <3 .&il. +8@ F1<83G2; 0+2 ?&e! t&e i!fere! e ma%e i$ ma!ife$tl5 mi$ta7e!* a"$ur% or impo$$i"le 0Lu!a ). Li!ato7* @D .&il. 18 F1<D+G2; 032 ?&ere t&ere i$ a 'ra)e a"u$e of %i$ retio! 0Hu5 o ). .eople* <8 .&il. D83 F1<88G2; 0D2 ?&e! t&e Bu%'me!t i$ "a$e% o! a mi$appre&e!$io! of fa t$ 0Cru9 ). So$i!'* L=DA@8* No). +@* 1<832; 082 ?&e! t&e fi!%i!'$ of fa t are o!fli ti!' 0Ca$i a ). Villa$e a* L=<8<; Ap. 3;* 1<8@; u!rep.2 0C2 ?&e! t&e Court of Appeal$* i! ma7i!' it$ fi!%i!'$* (e!t "e5o!% t&e i$$ue$ of t&e a$e a!% t&e $ame i$ o!trar5 to t&e a%mi$$io!$ of "ot& appella!t a!% appellee 0E)a!'eli$ta ). Alto Suret5 a!% I!$ura! e Co.* 1;3 .&il. D;1 F1<8AG2; 0@2 T&e fi!%i!'$ of t&e Court of Appeal$ are o!trar5 to t&o$e of t&e trial ourt 0Gar ia ). Court of Appeal$* 33 SCRA C++ F1<@;G; Sa a5 ). Sa!%i'a!"a5a!* 1D+ SCRA 8<3 F1<ACG2; 0A2 ?&e! t&e fi!%i!'$ of fa t are o! lu$io!$ (it&out itatio! of $pe ifi e)i%e! e o! (&i & t&e5 are "a$e% 0I"i%.*2; 0<2 ?&e! t&e fa t$ $et fort& i! t&e petitio! a$ (ell a$ i! t&e petitio!er$: mai! a!% repl5 "rief$ are !ot %i$pute% "5 t&e re$po!%e!t$ 0I"i%.*2; a!% 01;2 T&e fi!%i!' of fa t of t&e Court of Appeal$ i$ premi$e% o! t&e $uppo$e% a"$e! e of e)i%e! e a!% i$ o!tra%i te% "5 t&e e)i%e! e o! re or% 0Sala9ar ). Gutierre9* 33 SCRA +D+ F1<@;G2.E
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.etitio!er &a$ !ot e!%ea)ore% to poi!t out to -$ t&e e#i$te! e of a!5 of t&e a"o)e 1uote% e# eptio!$ i! t&i$ a$e. Co!$e1ue!tl5* t&e fa tual fi!%i!'$ of t&e trial a!% appellate ourt$ mu$t "e re$pe te%. A!% !o( to t&e le'al i$$ue. T&e e#i$ti!' rule i$ t&at a "rea & of promi$e to marr5 per $e i$ !ot a! a tio!a"le (ro!'. 1@ Co!'re$$ %eli"eratel5 elimi!ate% from t&e %raft of t&e Ne( Ci)il Co%e t&e pro)i$io!$ t&at (oul% &a)e ma%e it $o. T&e rea$o! t&erefor i$ $et fort& i! t&e report of t&e Se!ate Committee o! t&e .ropo$e% Ci)il Co%e* from (&i & ?e 1uote, ET&e elimi!atio! of t&i$ &apter i$ propo$e%. T&at "rea & of promi$e to marr5 i$ !ot a tio!a"le &a$ "ee! %efi!itel5 %e i%e% i! t&e a$e of De 6e$u$ ). S51uia. 1A T&e &i$tor5 of "rea & of promi$e $uit$ i! t&e -!ite% State$ a!% i! E!'la!% &a$ $&o(! t&at !o ot&er a tio! le!%$ it$elf more rea%il5 to a"u$e "5 %e$i'!i!' (ome! a!% u!$ rupulou$ me!. It i$ t&i$ e#perie! e (&i & &a$ le% to t&e a"olitio! of ri'&t$ of a tio! i! t&e $o= alle% 4eart Halm $uit$ i! ma!5 of t&e Ameri a! $tate$ ..E 1< T&i$ !ot(it&$ta!%i!'* t&e $ai% Co%e o!tai!$ a pro)i$io!* Arti le +1* (&i & i$ %e$i'!e% to e#pa!% t&e o! ept of tort$ or 1ua$i=%eli t i! t&i$ Buri$%i tio! "5 'ra!ti!' a%e1uate le'al reme%5 for t&e u!tol% !um"er of moral (ro!'$ (&i & i$ impo$$i"le for &uma! fore$i'&t to $pe ifi all5 e!umerate a!% pu!i$& i! t&e $tatute "oo7$. +; A$ t&e Co%e Commi$$io! it$elf $tate% i! it$ Report,

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ENHut t&e Co%e Commi$$io! &a$ 'o!e fart&er t&a! t&e $p&ere of (ro!'$ %efi!e% or %etermi!e% "5 po$iti)e la(. Full5 $e!$i"le t&at t&ere are ou!tle$$ 'ap$ i! t&e $tatute$* (&i & lea)e $o ma!5 )i tim$ of moral (ro!'$ &elple$$* e)e! t&ou'& t&e5 &a)e a tuall5 $uffere% material a!% moral i!Bur5* t&e Commi$$io! &a$ %eeme% it !e e$$ar5* i! t&e i!tere$t of Bu$ti e* to i! orporate i! t&e propo$e% Ci)il Co%e t&e follo(i!' rule,
&a!ro"le$ la( li"rar5 , re %

NARTICLE +3. A!5 per$o! (&o (ilfull5 au$e$ lo$$ or i!Bur5 to a!ot&er i! a ma!!er t&at i$ o!trar5 to moral$* 'oo% u$tom$ or pu"li poli 5 $&all ompe!$ate t&e latter for t&e %ama'e.: NA! e#ample (ill illu$trate t&e pur)ie( of t&e fore'oi!' !orm, NA: $e%u e$ t&e !i!etee!=5ear ol% %au'&ter of NM.: A promi$e of marria'e eit&er &a$ !ot "ee! ma%e* or a! !ot "e pro)e%. T&e 'irl "e ome$ pre'!a!t. -!%er t&e pre$e!t la($* t&ere i$ !o rime* a$ t&e 'irl i$ a"o)e ei'&tee! 5ear$ of a'e. Neit&er a! a!5 i)il a tio! for "rea & of promi$e of marria'e "e file%. T&erefore* t&ou'& t&e 'rie)ou$ moral (ro!' &a$ "ee! ommitte%* a!% t&ou'& t&e 'irl a!% &er

famil5 &a)e $uffere% i! al ula"le moral %ama'e* $&e a!% &er pare!t$ a!!ot "ri!' a!5 a tio! for %ama'e$. Hut u!%er t&e propo$e% arti le* $&e a!% &er pare!t$ (oul% &a)e $u & a ri'&t of a tio!. T&u$ at o!e $tro7e* t&e le'i$lator* if t&e fore'oi!' rule i$ appro)e%* (oul% )ou &$afe a%e1uate le'al reme%5 for t&at u!tol% !um"er of moral (ro!'$ (&i & it i$ impo$$i"le for &uma! fore$i'&t to pro)i%e for $pe ifi all5 i! t&e $tatute$.E +1 Arti le +1@C* of t&e Ci)il Co%e* (&i & %efi!e$ a 1ua$i=%eli t t&u$,

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E?&oe)er "5 a t or omi$$io! au$e$ %ama'e to a!ot&er* t&ere "ei!' fault or !e'li'e! e* i$ o"li'e% to pa5 for t&e %ama'e %o!e. Su & fault or !e'li'e! e* if t&ere i$ !o pre=e#i$ti!' o!tra tual relatio! "et(ee! t&e partie$* i$ alle% a 1ua$i=%eli t a!% i$ 'o)er!e% "5 t&e pro)i$io!$ of t&i$ C&apter.E
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i$ limite% to !e'li'e!t a t$ or omi$$io!$ a!% e# lu%e$ t&e !otio! of (illful!e$$ or i!te!t. /ua$i=%eli t* 7!o(! i! Spa!i$& le'al treati$e$ a$ ulpa a1uilia!a* i$ a i)il la( o! ept (&ile tort$ i$ a! A!'lo=Ameri a! or ommo! la( o! ept. Tort$ i$ mu & "roa%er t&a! ulpa a1uilia!a "e au$e it i! lu%e$ !ot o!l5 !e'li'e! e* "ut i!te!tio!al rimi!al a t$ a$ (ell $u & a$ a$$ault a!% "atter5* fal$e impri$o!me!t a!% %e eit. I! t&e 'e!eral $ &eme of t&e .&ilippi!e le'al $5$tem e!)i$io!e% "5 t&e Commi$$io! re$po!$i"le for %rafti!' t&e Ne( Ci)il Co%e* i!te!tio!al a!% mali iou$ a t$. (it& ertai! e# eptio!$* are to. "e 'o)er!e% "5 t&e Re)i$e% .e!al Co%e (&ile !e'li'e!t a t$ or omi$$io!$ are to "e o)ere% "5 Arti le +1@C of t&e Ci)il Co%e. ++ I! "et(ee! t&e$e oppo$ite $pe trum$ are i!Buriou$ a t$ (&i &* i! t&e a"$e! e of Arti le +1* (oul% &a)e "ee! "e5o!% re%re$$. T&u$* Arti le +1 fill$ t&at )a uum. It i$ e)e! po$tulate% t&at to'et&er (it& Arti le$ 1< a!% +; of t&e Ci)il Co%e* Arti le +1 &a$ 'reatl5 "roa%e!e% t&e $ ope of t&e la( o! i)il (ro!'$; it &a$ "e ome mu & more $upple a!% a%apta"le t&a! t&e A!'lo=Ameri a! la( o! tort$. +3 I! t&e li'&t of t&e a"o)e lau%a"le purpo$e of Arti le +1* ?e are of t&e opi!io!* a!% $o &ol%* t&at (&ere a ma!:$ promi$e to marr5 i$ i! fa t t&e pro#imate au$e of t&e a epta! e of &i$ lo)e "5 a (oma! a!% &i$ repre$e!tatio! to fulfill t&at promi$e t&ereafter "e ome$ t&e pro#imate au$e of t&e 'i)i!' of &er$elf u!to &im i! a $e#ual o!'re$$* proof t&at &e &a%* i! realit5* !o i!te!tio! of marr5i!' &er a!% t&at t&e promi$e (a$ o!l5 a $u"tle $ &eme or %e epti)e %e)i e to e!ti e or i!)ei'le &er to a ept &im a!% to o"tai! &er o!$e!t to t&e $e#ual a t* oul% Bu$tif5 t&e a(ar% of %ama'e$ pur$ua!t to Arti le +1 !ot "e au$e of $u & promi$e to marr5 "ut "e au$e of t&e frau% a!% %e eit "e&i!% it a!% t&e (illful i!Bur5 to &er &o!or a!% reputatio! (&i & follo(e% t&ereafter. It i$ e$$e!tial* &o(e)er* t&at $u & i!Bur5 $&oul% &a)e "ee! ommitte% i! a ma!!er o!trar5 to moral$* 'oo% u$tom$ or pu"li poli 5. I! t&e i!$ta!t a$e* re$po!%e!t Court fou!% t&at it (a$ t&e petitio!er:$ Efrau%ule!t a!% %e epti)e prote$tatio!$ of lo)e for a!% promi$e to marr5 plai!tiff t&at ma%e &er $urre!%er &er )irtue a!% (oma!&oo% to &im a!% to li)e (it& &im o! t&e &o!e$t a!% $i! ere "elief t&at &e (oul% 7eep $ai% promi$e* a!% it (a$ li7e(i$e t&e$e frau% a!% %e eptio! o! appella!t:$ part t&at ma%e plai!tiff:$ pare!t$ a'ree to t&eir %au'&ter:$ li)i!'=i! (it& &im preparator5 to t&eir $uppo$e% marria'e.E +D I! $&ort* t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t $urre!%ere% &er )ir'i!it5* t&e &eri$&e% po$$e$$io! of e)er5 $i!'le Filipi!a* !ot "e au$e of lu$t "ut "e au$e of moral $e%u tio! t&e 7i!% illu$trate% "5 t&e Co%e Commi$$io! i! it$ e#ample earlier a%)erte% to. T&e petitio!er oul% !ot "e &el% lia"le for rimi!al $e%u tio! pu!i$&e% u!%er eit&er Arti le 33@ or Arti le 33A of t&e Re)i$e% .e!al Co%e "e au$e t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t (a$ a"o)e ei'&tee! 01A2 5ear$ of a'e at t&e time of t&e $e%u tio!. .rior %e i$io!$ of t&i$ Court learl5 $u''e$t t&at Arti le +1 ma5 "e applie%=i! a "rea & of promi$e to marr5 (&ere t&e (oma! i$ a )i tim of moral $e%u tio!. T&u$* i! 4ermo$i$ima ). Court of Appeal$* +8 t&i$ Court %e!ie% re o)er5 of %ama'e$ to t&e (oma! "e au$e,
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E. . . (e fi!% our$el)e$ u!a"le to $a5 t&at petitio!er i$ morall5 'uilt5 of $e%u tio!* !ot o!l5 "e au$e &e i$ appro#imatel5 te! 01;2 5ear$ 5ou!'er t&a! t&e omplai!a!t (&o (a$ arou!% t&irt5=$i# 03C2 5ear$ of a'e* a!% a$ &i'&l5 e!li'&te!e% a$ a former &i'& $ &ool tea &er a!% a life i!$ura! e a'e!t are $uppo$e% to "e (&e! $&e "e ame i!timate (it& petitio!er* t&e! a mere appre!ti e pilot* "ut* al$o* "e au$e t&e ourt of fir$t i!$ta! e fou!% t&at* omplai!a!t N$urre!%ere% &er$elf: to petitio!er "e au$e* No)er(&elme% "5 &er lo)e: for &im* $&e N(a!te% to "i!%: &im N"5 &a)i!' a fruit of t&eir e!'a'eme!t e)e! "efore t&e5 &a% t&e "e!efit of ler'5.:E I! Ta!Ba! o ). Court of Appeal$* +C (&ile t&i$ Court li7e(i$e &i!te% at po$$i"le re o)er5 if t&ere &a% "ee! moral $e%u tio!* re o)er5 (a$ e)e!tuall5 %e!ie% "e au$e ?e (ere !ot o!)i! e% t&at $u & $e%u tio! e#i$te%. T&e follo(i!' e!li'&te!i!' %i$1ui$itio! a!% o! lu$io! (ere ma%e i! t&e $ai% a$e,
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ET&e Court of Appeal$ $eem$ to &a)e o)erloo7e% t&at t&e e#ample $et fort& i! t&e Co%e Commi$$io!:$ memora!%um refer$ to a tort upo! a mi!or (&o &a% "ee! $e%u e%. T&e e$$e!tial feature i$ $e%u tio!* t&at i! la( i$ more t&a! mere $e#ual i!ter our$e* or a "rea & of a promi$e of marria'e; it o!!ote$ e$$e!tiall5 t&e i%ea of %e eit* e!ti eme!t* $uperior po(er or a"u$e of o!fi%e! e o! t&e part of t&e $e%u er to (&i & t&e (oma! &a$ 5iel%e% 0-.S. ). Hue!a)e!tura* +@ .&il. 1+1; -.S. ). Arla!te* < .&il. 8<82. It &a$ "ee! rule% i! t&e Hue!a)e!tura a$e 0$upra2 t&at NTo o!$titute $e%u tio! t&ere mu$t i! all a$e$ "e $ome $uffi ie!t promi$e or i!%u eme!t a!% t&e (oma! mu$t 5iel% "e au$e of t&e promi$e or ot&er i!%u eme!t. If $&e o!$e!t$ merel5 from ar!al lu$t a!% t&e i!ter our$e i$ from mutual %e$ire* t&ere i$ !o $e%u tio! 0D3 Ce!t Di'. tit. Se%u tio!* par. 8C2. S&e mu$t "e i!%u e% to %epart from t&e pat& of )irtue "5 t&e u$e of $ome $pe ie$ of art$* per$ua$io!$ a!% (ile$* (&i & are al ulate% to &a)e a!% %o &a)e t&at effe t* a!% (&i & re$ult i! &er ultimatel5 $u"mitti!' &er per$o! to t&e $e#ual em"ra e$ of &er $e%u er: 0+@ .&il. 1+32. A!% i! Ameri a! 6uri$pru%e! e (e fi!%,

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NO! t&e ot&er &a!%* i! a! a tio! "5 t&e (oma!* t&e e!ti eme!t* per$ua$io! or %e eptio! i$ t&e e$$e! e of t&e i!Bur5; a!% a mere proof of i!ter our$e i$ i!$uffi ie!t to (arra!t a re o)er5. A or%i!'l5 it i$ !ot $e%u tio! (&ere t&e (illi!'!e$$ ari$e$ out $e#ual %e$ire or urio$it5 of t&e female* a!% t&e

%efe!%a!t merel5 affor%$ &er t&e !ee%e% opportu!it5 for t&e ommi$$io! of t&e a t. It &a$ "ee! emp&a$i9e% t&at to allo( a re o)er5 i! all $u & a$e$ (oul% te!% to t&e %emorali9atio! of t&e female $e#* a!% (oul% "e a re(ar% for u! &a$tit5 "5; (&i & a la$$ of a%)e!ture$$e$ (oul% "e $(ift to profit.: 0D@ Am. 6ur. CC+2. x x x

O)er a!% a"o)e t&e parti$a! alle'atio!$* t&e fa t$ $ta!% out t&at for o!e (&ole 5ear* from 1<8A to 1<8<* t&e plai!tiff= appellee* a (oma! of a%ult a'e* mai!tai!e% i!timate $e#ual relatio!$ (it& appella!t* (it& repeate% a t$ of i!ter our$e. Su & o!%u t i$ i! ompati"le (it& t&e i%ea of $e%u tio!. .lai!l5 t&ere i$ &ere )olu!tari!e$$ a!% mutual pa$$io!; for &a% t&e appella!t "ee! %e ei)e%* &a% $&e $urre!%ere% e# lu$i)el5 "e au$e of t&e %e eit* artful per$ua$io!$ a!% (ile$ of t&e %efe!%a!t* $&e (oul% !ot &a)e a'ai! 5iel%e% to &i$ em"ra e$* mu & le$$ for o!e 5ear* (it&out e#a ti!' earl5 fulfillme!t of t&e alle'e% promi$e$ of marria'e* a!% (oul% &a)e ut $&ort all $e#ual relatio!$ upo! fi!%i!' t&at %efe!%a!t %i% !ot i!te!% to fulfill &i$ promi$e. 4e! e* (e o! lu%e t&at !o a$e i$ ma%e u!%er Arti le +1 of t&e Ci)il Co%e* a!% !o ot&er au$e of a tio! "ei!' alle'e%* !o error (a$ ommitte% "5 t&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e

i! %i$mi$$i!' t&e omplai!t.E +@ I! &i$ a!!otatio!$ o! t&e Ci)il Co%e* +A A$$o iate 6u$ti e E%'ar%o L. .ara$* (&o re e!tl5 retire% from t&i$ Court* opi!e% t&at i! a "rea & of promi$e to marr5 (&ere t&ere &a% "ee! ar!al 7!o(le%'e* moral %ama'e$ ma5 "e re o)ere%,
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E. . . if t&ere "e rimi!al or moral $e%u tio!* "ut !ot if t&e i!ter our$e (a$ %ue to mutual lu$t. 04ermo$i$ima ). Court of Appeal$* L=1DC+A* Sept. 3;* 1<C;; E$topa ). .ia!$a5* 6r.* L=1D@33* Sept. 3;* 1<C;; Hatarra ). Mar o$* @ .&il. 8C 0$i 2; Heatri9 Gala!' ). Court of Appeal$* Et Al.* L=1@+DA* 6a!. +<* 1<C+2. 0I! ot&er (or%$* if t&e CA-SE "e t&e promi$e to marr5* a!% t&e EFFECT "e t&e ar!al 7!o(le%'e* t&ere i$ a &a! e t&at t&ere (a$ rimi!al or moral $e%u tio!* &e! e re o)er5 of moral %ama'e$ (ill pro$per. If it "e t&e ot&er (a5 arou!%* t&ere a! "e !o re o)er5 of moral %ama'e$* "e au$e &ere mutual lu$t &a$ i!ter)e!e%2. . . . .E
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to'et&er (it& EACT-AL %ama'e$* $&oul% t&ere "e a!5* $u & a$ t&e e#pe!$e$ for t&e (e%%i!' preparatio!$ 0See Domala'o! ). Holifer* 33 .&il. D@12.E
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Se!ator Arturo M. Tole!ti!o +< i$ al$o of t&e $ame per$ua$io!, EIt i$ $u"mitte% t&at t&e rule i! Hatarra ). Mar o$ 3; $till $u"$i$t$* !ot(it&$ta!%i!' t&e i! orporatio! of t&e pre$e!t arti le 31 i! t&e Co%e. T&e e#ample 'i)e! "5 t&e Co%e Commi$$io! i$ orre t* if t&ere (a$ $e%u tio!* !ot !e e$$aril5 i! t&e le'al $e!$e* "ut i! t&e )ul'ar $e!$e of %e eptio!. Hut (&e! t&e $e#ual a t i$ a ompli$&e% (it&out a!5 %e eit or 1ualif5i!' ir um$ta! e of a"u$e of aut&orit5 or i!flue! e* "ut t&e (oma!* alrea%5 of a'e* &a$ 7!o(i!'l5 'i)e! &er$elf to a ma!* it a!!ot "e $ai% t&at t&ere i$ a! i!Bur5 (&i & a! "e t&e "a$i$ for i!%em!it5. Hut $o lo!' a$ t&ere i$ frau%* (&i & i$ &ara teri9e% "5 (ilfull!e$$ 0$i 2* t&e a tio! lie$. T&e ourt* &o(e)er* mu$t (ei'& t&e %e'ree of frau%* if it i$ $uffi ie!t to %e ei)e t&e (oma! u!%er t&e ir um$ta! e$* "e au$e a! a t (&i & (oul% %e ei)e a 'irl $i#tee! 5ear$ of a'e ma5 !ot o!$titute %e eit a$ to a! e#perie! e% (oma! t&irt5 5ear$ of a'e. Hut $o lo!' a$ t&ere i$ a (ro!'ful a t a!% a re$ulti!' i!Bur5* t&ere $&oul% "e i)il lia"ilit5* e)e! if t&e a t i$ !ot pu!i$&a"le u!%er t&e rimi!al la( a!% t&ere $&oul% &a)e "ee! a! a 1uittal or %i$mi$$al of t&e rimi!al a$e for t&at rea$o!.E
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?e are u!a"le to a'ree (it& t&e petitio!er:$ alter!ati)e propo$itio! to t&e effe t t&at 'ra!ti!'* for ar'ume!t:$ $a7e* t&at &e %i% promi$e to marr5 t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t* t&e latter i$ !e)ert&ele$$ al$o at fault. A or%i!' to &im* "ot& partie$ are i! pari %eli to; &e! e* pur$ua!t to Arti le 1D1+012 of t&e Ci)il Co%e a!% t&e %o tri!e lai% %o(! i! Hatarra ). Mar o$* 3+ t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t a!!ot re o)er %ama'e$ from t&e petitio!er. T&e latter e)e! 'oe$ a$ far a$ $tati!' t&at if t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t &a% E$u$tai!e% a!5 i!Bur5 or %ama'e i! t&eir relatio!$&ip* it i$ primaril5 "e au$e of &er o(! %oi!'*E 33 for,
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E. . . S&e i$ al$o i!tere$te% i! t&e petitio!er a$ t&e latter (ill "e ome a %o tor $oo!er or later. Ta7e !oti e t&at $&e i$ a plai! &i'& $ &ool 'ra%uate a!% a mere emplo5ee . . 0A!!e# C2 or a (aitre$$ 0TSN* p. 81* 6a!uar5 +8* 1<AA2 i! a lu! &eo!ette a!% (it&out %ou"t* i$ i! !ee% of a ma! (&o a! 'i)e &er e o!omi $e urit5. 4er famil5 i$ i! %ire !ee% of fi!a! ial a$$i$ta! e 0TSN* pp. 81=83* Ma5 1A* 1<AA2. A!% t&i$ pre%i ame!t prompte% &er to a ma5 &a)e "ee! offere% "5 t&e petitio!er.E 3D T&e$e $tateme!t$ re)eal t&e true &ara ter a!% moti)e of t&e petitio!er. It i$ lear t&at &e &ar"or$ a o!%e$ e!%i!'* if !ot $ar a$ti * re'ar% for t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t o! a ou!t of t&e latter:$ i'!o"le "irt&* i!ferior e%u atio!al "a 7'rou!%* po)ert5 a!%* a$ per ei)e% "5 &im* %i$&o!ora"le emplo5me!t. O")iou$l5 t&e!* from t&e )er5 "e'i!!i!'* ept a propo$itio! t&at

&e (a$ !ot at all mo)e% "5 'oo% fait& a!% a! &o!e$t moti)e. Marr5i!' (it& a (oma! $o ir um$ta! e% oul% !ot &a)e e)e! remotel5 o urre% to &im. T&u$* &i$ profe$$io! of lo)e a!% promi$e to marr5 (ere empt5 (or%$ %ire tl5 i!te!%e% to fool* %upe* e!ti e* "e'uile a!% %e ei)e t&e poor (oma! i!to "elie)i!' t&at i!%ee%* &e lo)e% &er a!% (oul% (a!t &er to "e &i$ life $ part!er. 4i$ (a$ !ot&i!' "ut pure lu$t (&i & &e (a!te% $ati$fie% "5 a Filipi!a (&o &o!e$tl5 "elie)e% t&at "5 a epti!' &i$ proffer of lo)e a!% propo$al of marria'e* $&e (oul% "e a"le to e!Bo5 a life of ea$e a!% $e urit5. .etitio!er learl5 )iolate% t&e Filipi!o $ o! ept of moralit5 a!% $o "ra9e!l5 %efie% t&e tra%itio!al re$pe t Filipi!o$ &a)e for t&eir (ome!. It a! e)e! "e $ai% t&at t&e petitio!er ommitte% $u & %eplora"le a t$ i! "lata!t %i$re'ar% of Arti le 1< of t&e Ci)il Co%e (&i & %ire t$ e)er5 per$o! to a t (it& Bu$ti e* 'i)e e)er5o!e &i$ %ue a!% o"$er)e &o!e$t5 a!% 'oo% fait& i! t&e e#er i$e of &i$ ri'&t$ a!% i! t&e performa! e of &i$ o"li'atio!$. No forei'!er mu$t "e allo(e% to ma7e a mo 7er5 of our la($* u$tom$ a!% tra%itio!$. T&e pari %eli to rule %oe$ !ot appl5 i! t&i$ a$e for (&ile i!%ee%* t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t ma5 !ot &a)e "ee! impelle% "5 t&e pure$t of i!te!tio!$* $&e e)e!tuall5 $u"mitte% to t&e petitio!er i! $e#ual o!'re$$ !ot out of lu$t* "ut "e au$e of moral $e%u tio!. I! fa t* it i$ appare!t t&at $&e &a% 1ualm$ of o!$ ie! e a"out t&e e!tire epi$o%e for a$ $oo! a$ $&e fou!% out t&at t&e petitio!er (a$ !ot 'oi!' to marr5 &er after all* $&e left &im. S&e i$ !ot* t&erefore* i! pari %eli to (it& t&e petitio!er. .ari %eli to mea!$ Ei! e1ual fault; i! a $imilar offe!$e or rime; e1ual i! 'uilt or i! le'al fault.E 38 At mo$t* it oul% "e o! e%e% t&at $&e i$ merel5 i! %eli to.
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EE1uit5 ofte! i!terfere$ for t&e relief of t&e le$$ 'uilt5 of t&e partie$* (&ere &i$ tra!$'re$$io! &a$ "ee! "rou'&t a"out "5 t&e impo$itio! or u!%ue i!flue! e of t&e part5 o! (&om t&e "ur%e! of t&e ori'i!al (ro!' pri! ipall5 re$t$* or (&ere &i$ o!$e!t to t&e tra!$a tio! (a$ it$elf pro ure% "5 frau%.E 3C I! Ma!'a5ao ). La$u%* 3@ ?e %e lare%,

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EAppella!t$ li7e(i$e $tre$$ t&at "ot& partie$ "ei!' at fault* t&ere $&oul% "e !o a tio! "5 o!e a'ai!$t t&e ot&er 0Art. 1D1+* Ne( Ci)il Co%e2. T&i$ rule* &o(e)er* &a$ "ee! i!terprete% a$ appli a"le o!l5 (&ere t&e fault o! "ot& $i%e$ i$* more or le$$* e1ui)ale!t. It %oe$ !ot appl5 (&ere o!e part5 i$ literate or i!telli'e!t a!% t&e ot&er o!e i$ !ot 0 .f. Hou'& ). Ca!ti)ero$* D; .&il. +;<2.E
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?e $&oul% $tre$$* &o(e)er* t&at (&ile ?e fi!% for t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t* let it !ot "e $ai% t&at t&i$ Court o!%o!e$ t&e %eplora"le "e&a)ior of &er pare!t$ i! letti!' &er a!% t&e petitio!er $ta5 to'et&er i! t&e $ame room i! t&eir &ou$e after 'i)i!' appro)al to t&eir marria'e. It i$ t&e $olem! %ut5 of pare!t$ to prote t t&e &o!or of t&eir %au'&ter$ a!% i!fu$e upo! t&em t&e &i'&er )alue$ of moralit5 a!% %i'!it5. ?4EREFORE* fi!%i!' !o re)er$i"le error i! t&e &alle!'e% %e i$io!* t&e i!$ta!t petitio! i$ &ere"5 DENIED* (it& o$t$ a'ai!$t t&e petitio!er.
&a!ro"le$)irtuala(li"rar5

[G.R. No. L"$$1(1. M%& $1, 19(9] )OR9IRIO ). CINCO, Petitioner-Appellant, v. 4ON. MA,EO CANONOY, )re0-+-*2 J7+2e o1 t.e ,.-r+ r%*c. o1 t.e Co7rt o1 9-r0t I*0t%*ce o1 Ceb7, 4ON. LOREN<O . ARRIA, C-t& J7+2e o1 M%*+%7e C-t&, Seco*+ r%*c., ROMEO 4ILO,, 6ALERIANA )E)I,O %*+ CARLOS )E)I,O, Respondents-Appellees. SYNO)SIS .etitio!er file% a omplai!t i! t&e Cit5 Court for re o)er5 of %ama'e$ o! a ou!t of a )e&i ular a i%e!t i!)ol)i!' &i$

ar a!% a Beep!e5 %ri)e! "5 re$po!%e!t Romeo 4ilot a!% operate% "5 re$po!%e!t$ Valeria!a .epito a!% Carlo$ .epito. Su"$e1ue!tl5* a rimi!al a$e (a$ file% a'ai!$t t&e %ri)er. At t&e pre=trial of t&e i)il a$e ou!$el for t&e re$po!%e!t$ mo)e% for t&e $u$pe!$io! of t&e i)il a tio! pe!%i!' %etermi!atio! of t&e rimi!al a$e i!)o7i!' Se tio! 30"2* Rule 111 of t&e Rule$ of Court. T&e Cit5 Court 'ra!te% t&e motio! a!% or%ere% t&e $u$pe!$io! of t&e i)il a$e. .etitio!er ele)ate% t&e matter o! certiorari to t&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e* alle'i!' t&at t&e Cit5 6u%'e a te% (it& 'ra)e a"u$e of %i$ retio! i! $u$pe!%i!' t&e i)il a tio! for "ei!' o!trar5 to la( a!% Buri$pru%e! e. T&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e %i$mi$$e% t&e petitio!; &e! e* t&i$ petitio! to re)ie( o! certiorari. T&e i$$ue to "e re$ol)e% i$ (&et&er or !ot t&ere a! "e a! i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio! for %ama'e$ to propert5 %uri!' t&e pe!%e! 5 of t&e rimi!al a tio!. T&e Supreme Court &el% t&at a! a tio! for %ama'e$ "a$e% o! Arti le$ +1@C a!% +1A; of t&e Ne( Ci)il Co%e i$ 1ua$i= %eli tual i! &ara ter (&i & a! "e pro$e ute% i!%epe!%e!tl5 of t&e rimi!al a tio!. .etitio! 'ra!te%. SYLLA !S 1. ACTIONS; DAMAGES; ACTION FOR DAMAGES HASED ON /-ASI DELICT MAL .ROCEED INDE.ENDENTLL. ?&ere t&e plai!tiff ma%e e$$e!tial a)erme!t$ i! t&e omplai!t t&at it (a$ t&e %ri)er:$ fault or !e'li'e! e i! t&e operatio! of t&e Beep!e5 (&i & au$e% t&e olli$io! "et(ee! &i$ automo"ile a!% $ai% Beep!e5; t&at plai!tiff $u$tai!e% %ama'e$ "e au$e of t&e olli$io!; t&at a %ire t au$al o!!e tio! e#i$t$ "et(ee! t&e %ama'e &e $uffere% a!% t&e fault or !e'li'e! e of t&e %efe!%a!t=%ri)er a!% (&ere t&e %efe!%a!t=operator i! t&eir a!$(er* o!te!%e%* amo!' ot&er$* t&at t&e5 o"$er)e% %ue %ili'e! e i! t&e $ele tio! a!% $uper)i$io! of t&eir emplo5ee$* a %efe!$e pe uliar to a tio!$ "a$e% o! 1ua$i=%eli t* $u & a tio! i$ pri! ipall5 pre%i ate% o! Arti le$ 3+1@C a!% +1A; of t&e Ne( Ci)il Co%e (&i & i$ 1ua$i= %eli tual i! !ature a!% &ara ter. Lia"ilit5 "ei!' pre%i ate% o! 1ua$i=%eli t* t&e i)il a$e ma5 pro ee% a$ a $eparate a!% i!%epe!%e!t ourt a tio! a$ $pe ifi all5 pro)i%e% for i! Arti le +1@@. +. ID.; ID.; ID.; SECTION 30"2* R-LE 111 OF T4E R-LES OF CO-RT GOVERNS CIVIL ACTIONS ?4IC4 M-ST HE S-S.ENDED AFTER T4E COMMENCEMENT OF T4E CRIMINAL. Se tio! 3 0"2* Rule 111 of t&e Rule$ of Court refer$ to Eot&er i)il a tio!$ ari$i!' from a$e$ !ot i! lu%e% i! Se tio! + of t&e $ame ruleE i! (&i &* Eo! e t&e rimi!al a tio! &a$ "ee! omme! e%* !o i)il a tio! ari$i!' from t&e $ame offe!$e a! "e pro$e ute% a!% t&e $ame $&all "e $u$pe!%e% i! (&ate)er $ta'e it ma5 "e fou!%* u!til fi!al Bu%'me!t i! t&e rimi!al pro ee%i!' &a$ "ee! re!%ere%.E T&e i)il a tio! referre% to i! Se tio! +0a2 a!% 30"2* Rule 11 of t&e Rule$ of Court (&i & $&oul% "e $u$pe!%e% after t&e rimi!al a tio! &a$ "ee! i!$titute% i$ t&at ari$i!' from t&e rimi!al offe!$e a!% !ot t&e i)il a tio! "a$e% o! 1ua$i %eli t. 3. ID.; ID.; 6-RAL CONCE.T OF /-ASI=DELICT. T&e Bural o! ept of a 1ua$i=%eli t i$ t&at of a! i!%epe!%e!t $our e of o"li'atio! E!ot ari$i!' from t&e a t or omi$$io! omplai!e%* a$ a felo!5.E
li"rar5

D. ID.; ID.; ID.; /A-SI=DELICT INCL-DES DAMAGE TO .RO.ERTL. T&e o! ept of 1ua$i=%eli t e!u! iate% i! Arti le

+1@C of t&e Ne( Ci)il Co%e i$ $o "roa% t&at it i! lu%e$ !ot o!l5 i!Burie$ to per$o!$ "ut al$o %ama'e to propert5. It ma7e$ !o %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! E%ama'e to per$o!$E o! t&e o!e &a!% a!% E%ama'e to propert5E o! t&e ot&er. T&e (or% E%ama'eE i$ u$e% i! t(o o! ept$, t&e E&armE %o!e a!% Ereparatio!E for t&e &arm %o!e. A!% (it& re$pe t to E&armE it i$ plai! t&at it i! lu%e$ "ot& i!Burie$ to per$o! a!% propert5 $i! e E&armE i$ !ot limite% to per$o!al "ut al$o to propert5 i!Burie$. A! e#ample of 1ua$i=%eli t i! t&e la( it$elf (&i & i! lu%e$ %ama'e to propert5 i! Arti le +1<10+2 of t&e Ci)il Co%e (&i & &ol%$ proprietor$ re$po!$i"le for %ama'e$ au$e% "5 e# e$$i)e $mo7e (&i & ma5 "e &armful Eto per$o! or propert5.E 8. ID.; ID.; ID.; GRAVE AH-SE OF DISCRETION TO S-S.END ACTION HASED ON /-ASI=DELICTA AFTER T4E CRIMINAL 4AS HEEN COMMENCED. Re$po!%e!t 6u%'e 'ra)el5 a"u$e% &i$ %i$ retio! i! up&ol%i!' t&e %e i$io! of t&e it5 ourt $u$pe!%i!' t&e i)il a tio! "a$e% o! 1ua$i=%eli t u!til after t&e rimi!al a tio! i$ fi!all5 termi!ate%. T&i$ i$ a .etitio! for Re)ie( o! Certiorari of t&e De i$io! of t&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e of Ce"u re!%ere% o! No)em"er 8* 1<@;. T&e "a 7'rou!% fa t$ to t&e o!tro)er$5 ma5 "e $et fort& a$ follo($,

&a!ro"1e $ )irtual 1a( li"rar5

.etitio!er &erei! file%* o! Fe"ruar5 +8* 1<@;* a Complai!t i! t&e Cit5 Court of Ma!%aue Cit5* Ce"u* Hra! & II* for t&e re o)er5 of %ama'e$ o! a ou!t of a )e&i ular a i%e!t i!)ol)i!' &i$ automo"ile a!% a Beep!e5 %ri)e! "5 Romeo 4ilot i%e!t. At t&e a!% operate% "5 Valeria!a .epito a!% Carlo$ .epito* t&e la$t t&ree "ei!' t&e pri)ate re$po!%e!t$ i! t&i$ $uit. Su"$e1ue!t t&ereto* a rimi!al a$e (a$ file% a'ai!$t t&e %ri)er* Romeo 4ilot* ari$i!' from t&e $ame a pre=trial i! t&e i)il a$e* ou!$el for pri)ate re$po!%e!t$ mo)e% to $u$pe!% t&e i)il a tio! pe!%i!' t&e fi!al %etermi!atio! of t&e rimi!al $uit* i!)o7i!' Rule 111* Se tio! 3 0"2 of t&e Rule$ of Court* (&i & pro)i%e$,
&a!ro"le $ la(li"rar5 , re %!a%

E0"2 After a rimi!al a tio! &a$ "ee! omme! e%* !o i)il a tio! ari$i!' from t&e $ame offe!$e a! "e pro$e ute%* a!% t&e $ame $&all "e $u$pe!%e%* i! (&ate)er $ta'e it ma5 "e fou!%* u!til fi!al Bu%'me!t i! t&e rimi!al pro ee%i!' &a$ "ee! re!%ere%;E T&e Cit5 Court of Ma!%aue Cit5 i! a! Or%er %ate% Au'u$t 11* 1<@;* or%ere% t&e $u$pe!$io! of t&e i)il a$e. .etitio!er:$ Motio! for Re o!$i%eratio! t&ereof* &a)i!' "ee! %e!ie% o! Au'u$t +8* 1<@;* 1 petitio!er ele)ate% t&e matter o! Certiorari to t&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e of Ce"u* re$po!%e!t 6u%'e pre$i%i!'* o! Septem"er 11* 1<@;* alle'i!' t&at t&e Cit5 6u%'e &a% a te% (it& 'ra)e a"u$e of %i$ retio! i! $u$pe!%i!' t&e i)il a tio! for "ei!' o!trar5 to la( a!% Buri$pru%e! e. + O! No)em"er 8* 1<@;* re$po!%e!t 6u%'e %i$mi$$e% t&e .etitio! for Certiorari o! t&e 'rou!% t&at t&ere (a$ !o 'ra)e a"u$e of %i$ retio! o! t&e part of t&e Cit5 Court i! $u$pe!%i!' t&e i)il a tio! i!a$mu & a$ %ama'e to propert5 i$ !ot o!e of t&e i!$ta! e$ (&e! a! i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio! i$ proper; t&at petitio!er &a$ a!ot&er plai!* $pee%5* a!% a%e1uate reme%5 u!%er t&e la(* (&i & i$ to $u"mit &i$ laim for %ama'e$ i! t&e rimi!al a$e; t&at t&e re$olutio! of t&e Cit5 Court i$ i!terlo utor5 a!%* t&erefore* Certiorarii$ improper; a!% t&at t&e .etitio! i$ %efe ti)e i!a$mu & a$ (&at petitio!er a tuall5 %e$ire$ i$ a ?rit of Ma!%amu$ 0A!!e# ERE2. .etitio!er:$ Motio! for Re o!$i%eratio! (a$ %e!ie% "5 re$po!%e!t 6u%'e i! a! Or%er %ate% No)em"er 1D* 1<@; 0A!!e# ESE a!% A!!e# E-E2. 4e! e* t&i$ .etitio! for Re)ie( "efore t&i$ Tri"u!al* to (&i & (e 'a)e %ue our$e o! Fe"ruar5 +8* 1<@1. 3 .etitio!er ma7e$ t&e$e, EASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

E1. T4E TRIAL CO-RT* RES.ONDENT 6-DGE MATEO CANONOL* ERRED IN 4OLDING T4AT T4E TRIAL OF T4E CIVIL CASE NO. 1A< FILED IN T4E CITL CO-RT OF MANDA-E S4O-LD HE S-S.ENDED -NTIL AFTER A FINAL 6-DGMENT IS RENDERED IN T4E CRIMINAL CASE. E+. T4AT T4E CO-RT ERRED IN 4OLDING T4AT IN ORDER TO AVOID DELAL T4E OFFENDED .ARTL MAL S-HMIT 4IS CLAIM FOR DAMAGES IN T4E CRIMINAL CASE. E3. T4AT T4E CO-RT ERRED IN 4OLDING T4AT T4E .ETITION FOR CERTIORARI IS NOT .RO.ER* HECA-SE T4E RESOL-TION IN /-ESTION IS INTERLOC-TORL. ED. T4AT T4E CO-RT ERRED IN 4OLDING T4AT T4E .ETITION IS DEFECTIVE.E D all of (&i & a! "e $5!t&e$i9e% i!to o!e %e i$i)e i$$ue, (&et&er or !ot t&ere a! "e a! i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio! for %ama'e to propert5 %uri!' t&e pe!%e! 5 of t&e rimi!al a tio!. From t&e Complai!t file% "5 petitio!er "efore t&e Cit5 Court of Ma!%aue Cit5* Ce"u* it i$ e)i%e!t t&at t&e !ature a!% &ara ter of &i$ a tio! (a$ 1ua$i=%eli tual* pre%i ate% pri! ipall5 o! Arti le$ +1@C a!% +1A; of t&e Ci)il Co%e* (&i & pro)i%e,
B' , &a!ro"le $. om.p&

EArt. +1@C. ?&oe)er "5 a t or omi$$io! au$e$ %ama'e to a!ot&er* t&ere "ei!' fault or !e'li'e! e i$ o"li'e% to pa5 for t&e %ama'e %o!e. Su & fault or !e'li'e! e* if t&ere i$ !o pre=e#i$ti!' o!tra tual relatio! "et(ee! t&e partie$* i$ alle% a 1ua$i=%eli t a!% i$ 'o)er!e% "5 t&e pro)i$io!$ of t&i$ C&apter. 01<;+a2E EArt. +1A;. T&e o"li'atio! impo$e% "5 arti le +1@C i$ %ema!%a"le !ot o!l5 for o!e:$ o(! a t$ or omi$$io!$* "ut al$o for t&o$e of per$o!$ for (&om o!e i$ re$po!$i"le. EEmplo5er$ $&all "e lia"le for t&e %ama'e$ au$e% "5 t&eir emplo5ee$ a!% &ou$e&ol% &elper$ a ti!' (it&i! t&e $ ope of t&eir a$$i'!e% ta$7$* e)e! t&ou'& t&e former are !ot e!'a'e% i! a!5 "u$i!e$$ or i!%u$tr5. ET&e re$po!$i"ilit5 treate% of i! t&i$ arti le $&all ea$e (&e! t&e per$o!$ &erei! me!tio!e% pro)e t&at t&e5 o"$er)e% all t&e %ili'e! e of a 'oo% fat&er of a famil5 to pre)e!t %ama'e. 01<;3a2E T&u$* plai!tiff ma%e t&e e$$e!tial a)erme!t$ t&at it (a$ t&e fault or !e'li'e! e of t&e %ri)er* Romeo 4ilot* i! t&e operatio! of t&e Beep!e5 o(!e% "5 t&e .epito$ (&i & au$e% t&e olli$io! "et(ee! &i$ automo"ile a!% $ai% Beep!e5; t&at %ama'e$ (ere $u$tai!e% "5 petitio!er "e au$e of t&e olli$io!; t&at t&ere (a$ a %ire t au$al o!!e tio! "et(ee! t&e %ama'e$ &e $uffere% a!% t&e fault a!% !e'li'e! e of pri)ate re$po!%e!t$. Similarl5* i! t&e A!$(er* pri)ate re$po!%e!t$ o!te!%e%* amo!' ot&er$* t&at %efe!%a!t* Valeria!a .epito* o"$er)e% %ue %ili'e! e i! t&e $ele tio! a!% $uper)i$io! of &er emplo5ee$* parti ularl5 of &er o=%efe!%a!t Romeo 4ilot* a %efe!$e pe uliar to a tio!$ "a$e% o! 1ua$i=%eli t. 8 Lia"ilit5 "ei!' pre%i ate% o! 1ua$i=%eli t* t&e i)il a$e ma5 pro ee% a$ a $eparate a!% i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio!* a$ $pe ifi all5 pro)i%e% for i! Arti le +1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e.
&a!ro"le$. om , )irtual la( li"rar5

EArt. +1@@. Re$po!$i"ilit5 for fault or !e'li'e! e u!%er t&e pre e%i!' arti le i$ e!tirel5 $eparate a!% %i$ti! t from t&e i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from !e'li'e! e u!%er t&e .e!al Co%e. Hut t&e plai!tiff a!!ot re o)er %ama'e$ t(i e for t&e

$ame a t or omi$$io! of t&e %efe!%a!t. 0!2E T&e ru ial %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! rimi!al !e'li'e! e a!% 1ua$i=%eli t* (&i & i$ rea%il5 %i$ er!i"le from t&e fore'oi!' o%al pro)i$io!* &a$ "ee! e#pou!%e% i! Harre%o ). Gar ia* Et Al.* @3 .&il. C;@* C+;=C+1* C t&u$,
B' , &a!ro"le$. om .p&

EFir$tl5* t&e Re)i$e% .e!al Co%e i! arti le 3C8 pu!i$&e$ !ot o!l5 re 7le$$ "ut al$o $imple impru%e! e. If (e (ere to &ol% t&at arti le$ 1<;+ to 1<1; of t&e Ci)il Co%e refer o!l5 to fault or !e'li'e! e !ot pu!i$&e% "5 la(* a or%i!' to t&e literal import of arti le 1;<3 of t&e Ci)il Co%e* t&e le'al i!$titutio! of ulpa a1uilia!a (oul% &a)e )er5 little $ ope a!% appli atio! i! a tual life. Deat& or i!Bur5 to per$o!$ a!% %ama'e to propert5 t&rou'& a!5 %e'ree of !e'li'e! e e)e! t&e $li'&te$t (oul% &a)e to "e i!%em!ifie% o!l5 t&rou'& t&e pri! iple of i)il lia"ilit5 ari$i!' from rime. I! $u & a $tate of affair$* (&at $p&ere (oul% remai! for 1ua$i=%elito or ulpa a1uilia!aI ?e are loat& to impute to t&e la(ma7er a!5 i!te!tio! to "ri!' a"out a $ituatio! $o a"$ur% a!% a!omalou$. Nor are (e* i! t&e i!terpretatio! of t&e la($* %i$po$e% to up&ol% t&e letter t&at 7illet& rat&er t&a! t&e $pirit t&at 'i)et& life. ?e (ill !ot u$e t&e literal mea!i!' of t&e la( to $mot&er a!% re!%er almo$t lifele$$ a pri! iple of $u & a! ie!t ori'i! a!% $u & full='ro(! %e)elopme!t a$ ulpa a1uilia!a or 1ua$i=%elito* (&i & i$ o!$er)e% a!% ma%e e!%uri!' i! arti le$ 1<;+ to 1<1; of t&e Spa!i$& Ci)il Co%e. ESe o!%l5* to fi!% t&e a u$e% 'uilt5 i! a rimi!al a$e* proof of 'uilt "e5o!% rea$o!a"le %ou"t i$ re1uire%* (&ile i! a

i)il a$e* prepo!%era! e of e)i%e! e i$ $uffi ie!t to ma7e t&e %efe!%a!t pa5 i! %ama'e$. T&ere are !umerou$ a$e$ of rimi!al !e'li'e! e (&i & a!!ot "e $&o(! "e5o!% rea$o!a"le %ou"t* "ut a! "e pro)e% "5 a prepo!%era! e of e)i%e! e. I! $u & a$e$* t&e %efe!%a!t a! a!% $&oul% "e ma%e re$po!$i"le i! a i)il a tio! u!%er arti le$ 1<;+ to 1<1; of t&e Ci)il Co%e* ot&er(i$e* t&ere (oul% "e ma!5 i!$ta! e$ of u!)i!%i ate% i)il (ro!'$. -"i Bu$ i"i reme%ium. ET&ir%l5* to &ol% t&at t&ere i$ o!l5 o!e (a5 to ma7e %efe!%a!t$ lia"ilit5 effe ti)e* a!% t&at i$* to $ue t&e %ri)er a!% e#&au$t &i$ 0t&e latter:$2 propert5 fir$t* (oul% "e ta!tamou!t to ompelli!' t&e plai!tiff to follo( a %e)iou$ a!% um"er$ome met&o% of o"tai!i!' a relief. True* t&ere i$ $u & a reme%5 u!%er our la($* "ut t&ere i$ al$o a more e#pe%itiou$ (a5* (&i & i$ "a$e% o! t&e primar5 a!% %ire t re$po!$i"ilit5 of t&e %efe!%a!t u!%er arti le 1<;3 of t&e Ci)il Co%e. Our )ie( of t&e la( i$ more li7el5 to fa ilitate reme%5 for i)il (ro!'$ "e au$e t&e pro e%ure i!%i ate% "5 t&e %efe!%a!t i$ (a$teful a!% pro%u ti)e of %ela5* it "ei!' a matter of ommo! 7!o(le%'e t&at profe$$io!al %ri)er$ of ta#i$ a!% $imilar pu"li o!)e5a! e$ u$uall5 %o !ot &a)e $uffi ie!t mea!$ (it& (&i & to pa5 %ama'e$. ?&5* t&e!* $&oul% t&e plai!tiff "e re1uire% i! all a$e$ to 'o t&rou'& t&i$ rou!%a"out* u!!e e$$ar5* a!% pro"a"l5 u$ele$$ pro e%ureI I! o!$trui!' t&e la($* ourt$ &a)e e!%ea)ore% to $&orte! a!% fa ilitate t&e pat&(a5$ of ri'&t a!% Bu$ti e. EAt t&i$ Bu! ture* it $&oul% "e $ai% t&at t&e primar5 a!% %ire t re$po!$i"ilit5 of emplo5er$ a!% t&eir pre$ume% !e'li'e! e are pri! iple$ al ulate% to prote t $o iet5. ?or7me! a!% emplo5ee$ $&oul% "e arefull5 &o$e! a!% $uper)i$e% i! or%er to a)oi% i!Bur5 to t&e pu"li . It i$ t&e ma$ter$ or emplo5er$ (&o pri! ipall5 reap t&e profit$ re$ulti!' from t&e $er)i e$ of t&e$e $er)a!t$ a!% emplo5ee$. It i$ "ut ri'&t t&at t&e5 $&oul% 'uara!tee t&e latter:$ areful o!%u t for t&e per$o!!el a!% patrimo!ial $afet5 of ot&er$. A$ T&eil&ar% &a$ $ai%* :t&e5 $&oul% reproa & t&em$el)e$* at lea$t* $ome for t&eir (ea7!e$$* ot&er$ for t&eir poor $ele tio! a!% all for t&eir !e'li'e! e.: A!% a or%i!' to Ma!re$a* :It i$ mu & more e1uita"le a!% Bu$t t&at $u & re$po!$i"ilit5 $&oul% fail upo! t&e pri! ipal or %ire tor (&o oul% &a)e &o$e! a areful a!% pru%e!t emplo5ee* a!% !ot upo! t&e $u & emplo5ee "e au$e of &i$ o!fi%e! e i! t&e pri! ipal or %ire tor.: 0Vol. 1+* p. C++* +!% E%.2 Ma!5 Buri$t$ al$o "a$e t&i$ primar5 re$po!$i"ilit5 of t&e emplo5er o! t&e pri! iple of repre$e!tatio! of t&e pri! ipal "5 t&e a'e!t. T&u$* O5uelo$ $a5$ i! t&e (or7 alrea%5 ite% 0Vol. @* p. @D@2 t&at "efore t&ir% per$o!$ t&e emplo5er a!% emplo5ee :)ie!e! a $er omo u!a $ola per$o!ali%a%* por refu!%i io! %e la %el %epe!%ie!te e! la %e 1uie! la emplea 5 utili9a: 0"e ome a$ o!e per$o!alit5 "5 t&e mer'i!' of t&e per$o! of t&e emplo5ee i! t&at of &im (&o emplo5$ a!% utili9e$ &im.2 All t&e$e o"$er)atio!$ a 1uire a pe uliar for e a!% $i'!ifi a! e (&e! it ome$ to motor a i%e!t$* a!% t&ere i$ !ee% of $tre$$i!' a!% a e!tuati!' t&e

re$po!$i"ilit5 of o(!er$ of motor )e&i le$. EFourt&l5* "e au$e of t&e "roa% $(eep of t&e pro)i$io!$ of "ot& t&e .e!al Co%e a!% t&e Ci)il Co%e o! t&i$ $u"Be t* (&i & &a$ 'i)e! ri$e to o)erlappi!' or o! urre! e of $p&ere$ alrea%5 %i$ u$$e%* a!% for la 7 of u!%er$ta!%i!' of t&e &ara ter a!% effi a 5 of t&e a tio! for ulpa=a1uilia!a* t&ere &a$ 'ro(! up a ommo! pra ti e to $ee7 %ama'e$ o!l5 "5 )irtue of t&e Ci)il re$po!$i"ilit5 ari$i!' from rime* for'etti!' t&at t&ere i$ a!ot&er reme%5* (&i & i$ "5 i!)o7i!' arti le$ 1<;+=1<1; of t&e Ci)il Co%e. Alt&ou'& t&i$ &a"itual met&o% i$ allo(e% "5 our la($* it &a$ !e)ert&ele$$ re!%ere% pra ti all5 u$ele$$ a!% !u'ator5 t&e more e#pe%itiou$ a!% effe ti)e reme%5 "a$e% o! ulpa a1uilia!a or ulpa e#tra= o!tra tual. I! t&e pre$e!t a$e* (e are a$7e% to &elp perpetuate t&i$ u$ual our$e. Hut (e "e&a)e it i$ &i'& time (e poi!te% out to t&e &arm %o!e "5 $u & pra ti e a!% to re$tore t&e pri! iple of re$po!$i"ilit5 for fault or !e'li'e! e u!%er arti le$ 1<;+ et $e1. of t&e Ci)il Co%e to it$ full ri'or. It i$ &i'& time (e au$e t&e $tream of 1ua$i= %eli t or ulpa a1uilia!a to flo( o! it$ o(! !atural &a!!el* $o t&at it$ (ater$ ma5 !o lo!'er "e %i)erte% i!to t&at of a rime u!%er t&e .e!al Co%e. T&i$ (ill* it i$ "elie)e%* ma7e for t&e "etter $afe'uar%i!' of pri)ate ri'&t$ "e au$e it ree$ta"li$&e$ a! a! ie!t a!% a%%itio!al reme%5* a!% for t&e furt&er rea$o! t&at a! i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio!* !ot %epe!%i!' o! t&e i$$ue$* limitatio!$ a!% re$ult$ of a rimi!al pro$e utio!* a!% e!tirel5 %ire te% "5 t&e part5 (ro!'e% or &i$ ou!$el* i$ more li7el5 to $e ure a%e1uate a!% effi a iou$ re%re$$.E 0Gar ia ). Flori%o* 8+ SCRA D+;* D+D=D+8* Au'. 31* 1<@32. 0Emphasis supplied2 T&e $eparate a!% i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio! for a 1ua$i=%eli t i$ al$o learl5 re o'!i9e% i! $e tio! +* Rule 111 of t&e Rule$ of Court* rea%i!',
B' , &a!ro"le $. om.p&

ESe . +. I!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio!. I! t&e a$e$ pro)i%e% for i! Arti le$ 31* 3+* 33* 3D a!% +1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e of t&e .&ilippi!e$* a! i!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio! e!tirel5 $eparate a!% %i$ti! t from t&e rimi!al a tio!* ma5 "e "rou'&t "5 t&e i!Bure% part5 %uri!' t&e pe!%e! 5 of t&e rimi!al a$e* pro)i%e% t&e ri'&t i$ re$er)e% a$ re1uire% i! t&e pre e%i!' $e tio!. Su & i)il a tio! $&all pro ee% i!%epe!%e!tl5 of t&e rimi!al pro$e utio!* a!% $&all re1uire o!l5 a prepo!%era! e of e)i%e! e.E
rala( )irtua1a( li"rar5

Si'!ifi a!t to !ote i$ t&e fa t t&at t&e fore'oi!' $e tio! ate'ori all5 li$t$ a$e$ pro)i%e% for i! Arti le +1@@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e* $upra* a$ allo(i!' of a! Ei!%epe!%e!t i)il a tio!.E
rala( )irtua1a( li"rar5

Te$te% "5 t&e &erei!a"o)e=1uote% le'al te!et$* it &a$ to "e &el% t&at t&e Cit5 Court* i! $u$pe!%i!' t&e i)il a tio!* erre% i! pla i!' relia! e o! $e tio! 3 0"2 of Rule 111 of t&e Rule$ of Court* $upra* (&i & refer$ to Eot&er i)il a tio!$ ari$i!' from a$e$ !ot i! lu%e% i! t&e $e tio! Bu$t ite%E 0i.e.* Se tio! +* Rule 111 a"o)e 1uote%2* i! (&i & a$e Eo! e t&e rimi!al a tio! &a$ "ei!' omme! e%* !o i)il a tio! ari$i!' from t&e $ame offe!$e a! "e pro$e ute% a!% t&e $ame $&all "e $u$pe!%e% i! (&ate)er $ta'e it ma5 "e fou!%* u!til fi!al Bu%'me!t i! t&e rimi!al pro ee%i!' &a$ "ee! re!%ere%.E State% ot&er(i$e* t&e i)il a tio! referre% to i! Se $. 30a2 a!% 30"2 of Rule 111 of t&e Rule$ of Court* (&i & $&oul% "e $u$pe!%e% after t&e rimi!al a tio! &a$ "ee! i!$titute% i$ t&at ari$i!' from t&e rimi!al offe!$e !ot t&e i)il a tio! "a$e% o! 1ua$i=%eli t.
&a!ro"le$ )irtual la(li"rar5

Arti le 31 of t&e Ci)il Co%e t&e! learl5 a$$ume$ rele)a! e (&e! it pro)i%e$, EArt. 31. ?&e! t&e i)il a tio! i$ "a$e% o! a! o"li'atio! !ot ari$i!' from t&e a t or omi$$io! omplai!e% of a$ a felo!5* $u & i)il a tio! ma5 pro ee% i!%epe!%e!tl5 of t&e rimi!al pro ee%i!'$ a!% re'ar%le$$ of t&e re$ult of t&e latter.E
li"rar5

For o")iou$l5* t&e Bural o! ept of a 1ua$i=%eli t i$ t&at of a! i!%epe!%e!t $our e of o"li'atio! E!ot ari$i!' from t&e a t or omi$$io! omplai!e% of a$ a felo!5.E Arti le 118@ of t&e Ci)il Co%e "ol$ter$ t&i$ o! lu$io! (&e! it $pe ifi all5

re o'!i9e$ t&at, EArt. 118@. O"li'atio!$ ari$e from, 012 La(; 0+2 Co!tra t$; 032 /ua$i= o!tra t$; 0D2 A t$ or omi$$io!$ pu!i$&e% "5 la(; a!% 082 /ua$i=%eli t$. 01;A<a2E It "ear$ emp&a$i9i!' t&at petitio!er:$ au$e of a tio! i$ "a$e% o! 1ua$i=%eli t. T&e o! ept of 1ua$i=%eli t* a$ e!u! iate% i! Arti le +1@C of t&e Ci)il Co%e 0$upra2* i$ $o "roa% t&at it i! lu%e$ !ot o!l5 i!Burie$ to per$o!$ "ut al$o %ama'e to propert5. @ It ma7e$ !o %i$ti! tio! "et(ee! E%ama'e to per$o!$E o! t&e o!e &a!% a!% E%ama'e to propert5E o! t&e ot&er. I!%ee%* t&e (or% E%ama'eE i$ u$e% i! t(o o! ept$, t&e E&armE %o!e a!% Ereparatio!E for t&e &arm %o!e. A!% (it& re$pe t to E&armE it i$ plai! t&at it i! lu%e$ "ot& i!Burie$ to per$o! a!% propert5 $i! e E&armE i$ !ot limite% to per$o!al "ut al$o to propert5 i!Burie$. I! fa t* e#ample$ of 1ua$i=%eli t i! t&e la( it$elf i! lu%e %ama'e to propert5. A! i!$ta! e i$ Arti le +1<10+2 of t&e Ci)il Co%e (&i & &ol%$ proprietor$ re$po!$i"le for %ama'e$ au$e% "5 e# e$$i)e $mo7e (&i & ma5 "e &armful Eto per$o!$ or propert5.E
rala( )irtua1a( li"rar5

&a!ro"1e$ )irtual 1a( li"rar5

I! t&e li'&t of t&e fore'oi!' %i$1ui$itio!* (e are o!$trai!e% to &ol% t&at re$po!%e!t 6u%'e 'ra)el5 a"u$e% &i$ %i$ retio! i! up&ol%i!' t&e De i$io! of t&e Cit5 Court of Ma!%aue Cit5* Ce"u* $u$pe!%i!' t&e i)il a tio! "a$e% o! a 1ua$i=%eli t u!til after t&e rimi!al a$e i$ fi!all5 termi!ate%. 4a)i!' arri)e% at t&i$ o! lu$io!* a %i$ u$$io! of t&e ot&er error$ a$$i'!e% "e ome$ u!!e e$$ar5.
&a!ro"le$ )irtual la(li"rar5

?4EREFORE* 'ra!ti!' t&e ?rit of Certiorari pra5e% for* t&e De i$io! of t&e Court of Fir$t I!$ta! e of Ce"u $ou'&t to "e re)ie(e% i$ &ere"5 $et a$i%e* a!% t&e Cit5 Court of Ma!%aue Cit5* Ce"u* Hra! & II* i$ &ere"5 or%ere% to pro ee% (it& t&e &eari!' of Ci)il Ca$e No. 1A< of t&at Court. ?it&out pro!ou! eme!t a$ to o$t$.