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www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all En ineerin Projects! Presentation! seminar!
summer trainin report an" lot more. #O$E%-$his wor& is copyri ht to its 'uthors. $his is only for E"ucational Purpose.
Project Report On
www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/
www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all En ineerin Projects! Presentation! seminar! summer trainin report an" lot more. #O$E%-$his wor& is copyri ht to its 'uthors. $his is only for E"ucational Purpose.
O()E*$+,E-%$o .esi n a circuit of an electronic infrare" communication system. .e/elop new i"eas to implement this circuit purposely. $o stu"y the circuitry an" "ifferent types of components 0 .$1F enerator! .$1F "eco"er! op-amp an" infrare"-2E. in the circuit. +#$3O.4*$+O# For years! infrare" 2E. has been merely a system for pipin li ht aroun" corners an" into the inaccessible places to allow the hi""en to be li hte". (ut now! infrare" 2E. has e/ol/e" into a system of si nificantly reater importance an" use. $hrou hout the worl"! it is now bein use" to transmit /oice! tele/ision an" "ata si nals as li ht wa/es. +ts a"/anta es as compare" with con/entional coa5ial cable or twiste" wire pairs are manifol". 's a result! millions of "ollars are bein spent to put these li ht wa/e communication systems into operation. One of the most interestin "e/elopments in recent years in the fiel" of telecommunication is the use of laser li ht to carry information o/er lar e "istances. +t has been pro/e" in the past "eca"e that li ht wa/e transmission throu h laser li ht is superior to that achie/e" throu h wires an" microwa/e lin&s. $ypically! infrare" 2E. has a much lower transmission loss per unit len th 67.89-9"b/&m: an" is not susceptible to electroma netic interference. Economically also! it ser/es our purpose. $he e/er increasin cost an" the lac& of space a/ailable in the con este" metropolitan cities as&s for a"/ent of a less costly system.
$he con/entional telephonic systems use copper wires! which easily et o5i"i;e" an" as such re<uire hi h maintenance cost. $he laser li ht bein ma"e of lass are non-reacti/e an" hence economical. 'lso! the noise pic& up by the copper wire or in electrical si nals is <uite substantial whereas in laser li ht! the noise pic& up is ne li ible.
Basic elements of a infrared LED system 'pplications 6i: 'pplications for /i"eo transmission inclu"e hi h <uality /i"eo $run&e" from stu"io $ransferee! (roa"cast *'$, /i"eo! ,i"eo $run&in within city or between cities! (aseban" ,i"eo for close". (2O*=.+'>3'1
CONSTRUCTION AND
OR!IN"
1+=E% +ts con/erts soun" si nals into electrical si nals. '1P2+F+E3 6':% -i nals from mi&e are amplifie" so that it can "ri/e to infrare"-2E.. +#F3'3E.-2E.% +t carries si nals. P?O$O $3'#-+-$O3% $he electrical si nals are re aine" from the optical si nals. '1P2+F+E3 6(:% Ener y of si nals is amplifie" to "ri/e the spea&er. -PE'=E3% Electrical si nals which are amplifie" are recon/erte" into soun" si nals at the spea&er. .$1F *O.E3% +t is enerates the .$1F si nal correspon"in to the number entere" from the &eyboar". .$1F .E*O.E3 % +t is fe" to .$1F "eco"er which i/es the binary output correspon"in to the si nal recei/e" from the transmitter. .E*O.E3 .3+,E3 % $o "ri/e the @ se ment "isplay.
$he circuit .ia ram
*+3*4+$ .+'>3'1 OF $3'#-1+$$E3 6,O+*E:
$he main part of *ircuit is an amplifier. $his soun" si nals 6e/en at a "istance of A meters from the mic: are pic&e" up by the con"enser microphone an" con/erte" into electrical /ariation! which are amplifie" by the op-amp. 6Operational amplifier: +*- @48 is use in the in/ertin mo"e with a sin le supply usin "i/i"er networ& of resistor the ain of +* can be
set be /aryin the fee" bac& throu h 39/B resistance 6can place a 81 /ariable: here the output of +* is further amplifie" buy the push-pull amplifier usin transistor (*.94C/99C pair! in this circuit are 3A is fee" bac& resistance with 38/C an" *8/D to connecte" +*-@48. $he +*Es pin A is connect ,38 6/ariable resistance: throu h connect to O/P of $8 6transistor: also use B/olt .*. $he microphone shoul" be place" near the circuit with the shiel" wire to suppress tune. $he output of the amplifier is ta&en from emitter of two transistors! with a filter *9 from spea&er. -ame process continues in the secon" amplifier. *+3*4+$ .E-*3+P$+O# OF -F+$*? -E*$+O# $his project was base" on photo "io"es an" photo transistor. Photo "io"es ha" been use" as a transmitter an" photo transistor as a recei/er. $his project ha" been "i/i"e" in two part! First part transmitter section an" secon" part recei/er section. -li"e switch selecte" to /oice communication an" "ata. $3'#-1+--+O# -E*$+O# % Fhen switch &ey is presse"! circuit is ener i;e". $he output of $he transmit +3 beams mo"ulate" at same fre<uency 8=?;. $he recei/er uses infrare" mo"ule. $he +3- si nal form the transmitter is sense" by the recei/er sensor.
*+3*4+$ .+'>3'1 OF 3E*E+,E3 6,O+*E:
3E*E+,E3 -E*$+O#%-
$his section is wor&e" as a Flip-flop 6(istable:. +*-D is "eca"e counter! its Pin #o.84 is input an" Pin #o. A output. $he output of fre<uency "etector sta e is use"! /ia a flip-flop! to switch GO#E or switch GOFFE a 2E. alternately. $he recei/er uses infrare" mo"ules +3-si nal from the
transmitter is sense" by the sensor throu h an" its output P+# 8 oes low an" switche" 2E.. +*-D is wor&e" on cloc& pulse which recei/es to infrare" mo"ules at Pin #o. 84. +ts output at Pin #o A throu hes hi h. $he output of +*-A is also use" for li htin 2E.-8 in"icatin presence of si nal. Fhen no si nal is a/ailable output of sensor mo"ule oes hi h an" transistor 2E. is switche" GOFFE. Fhen another si nal arri/es! 2E. is switche" GO#E an" throu h cloc& pulse at Pin #o. 84 of +*-D. $his ma&es the 2E. to switch GO#E the appliance at first pulse an" GOFFE the appliance at its -econ" pulse arri/e" at its sensor. $ransmitter circuits wor&s satisfactorily with B-H, .*. (attery but recei/er circuits nee"s B, re ulate" supply. $he *'1. *1CC@7/@7* pro/i"es full .$1F recei/er capability by inte ratin both the ban"-split filter an" "i ital "eco"er functions into a sin le 8C-pin .+P! -O+*!or A7-pin P2** pac&a e. $he *1CC@7/@7* is manufacture" usin state-of-the-art *1O- process technolo y for low power consumption 6D9mF! 1'I: an" precise "ata han"lin . $he filter section uses a switche" capacitor techni<ue for both hi h an" low roup filters an" "ial tone rejection. $he *1CC@7/@7* "eco"er uses "i ital countin techni<ues for the "etection an" "eco"in of all 8B .$1F tone pairs into a 4-bit co"e. $his .$1F recei/er minimi;es e5ternal component count by pro/i"in an on-chip "ifferential input amplifier! cloc& enerator! an" a latche" three-state interface bus. $he on-chip cloc& enerator re<uires only a low cost $, crystal or ceramic resonator as an e5ternal component.
#otes% 8. "(m J "ecibels abo/e or below a reference power of 8mF into a B77. loa". A. .i it se<uence consists of all 8B .$1F tones. D. $one "uration J 47ms. $one pause J 47ms. 4. #ominal .$1F fre<uencies are use". 9. (oth tones in the composite si nal ha/e
an e<ual amplitu"e. B. (an"wi"th limite" 67 to D=?;: >aussian #oise. @. $he precise "ial tone fre<uencies are 6D97?; an" 447?;: KAL. C. For an error rate of better than 8 in 87!777 H. 3eference" to lowest le/el fre<uency component in .$1F si nal. 87. 1inimum si nal acceptance le/el is measure" with specifie" ma5imum fre<uency "e/iation. 88. +nput pins "efine" as +#M! +#N! an" $OE. 8A. E5ternal /olta e source use" to bias ,3EF. 8D. $his parameter also applies to a thir" tone injecte" onto the power supply. 84. 3eference" to Fi ure 8. +nput .$1F tone le/el at NAC"(m. *O1PO#E#$- 4-E. 3E-+-$'#*E% 38! 897F 3A!388!38A 877&F 3D! 3@ 87=F 34! 3C 4.@&F 39!3B!3H!387 89=F 38D AA7= F 384 8=F 389-3AA 897F ,3-8!,3-A 81F ,ariable 3esistance *'P'*+$O3% *8!*A!*4!*9 7.8 mf" 6874 pf: *D AA7 mf" 1+=E *on"ensor 1icrophone -E1+*O#.4*$O3% +*841H8A89( 6.$1F *O.E3: +*A! +*-D @48 6OP '1P: +*-4 *1CC@7 6.$1F .E*O.E3: +*-9 @42-4@ 6.E*O.E3: $8!$D #P# (*94C
$A!$4 2E. Pt.
P#P (*99C 2i ht Emittin .io"e Photo $ransistor
1+-*E22'#EO4-% +* (ase C Pin 6Apcs.: -pea&er C ohms Optical Fibre >eneral purpose P*( >eneral purpose -li"e -witch .P.$ (attery B /olt .* *+3*4+$ .'+>3'1 3E*E+,E3 '4$O1'$+O# -E*$+O# (2O*=.+'>3'1 *O#-$34*$+O# '#. FO3=+#> +3-2E.% +t carries si nals an" con/erte" into optical si nals. P?O$O $3'#-+-$O3% $he electrical si nals are re aine" from the optical si nals. .$1F *O.E3% +t is enerates the .$1F si nal correspon"in to the number entere" from the &eyboar". .$1F 3E*E+,E3/.E*O.E3 % +t is fe" to .$1F "eco"er which i/es the binary output correspon"in to the si nal recei/e" from the transmitter. .E142$+P2EIE3/ 4-8B 2+#E .E*O.E3% +t ta&es the 4 line (*. input an" selects respecti/e output one amon the 8B output lines. +t is acti/e low output an" "ri/es to relay. 3E2'Y .3+,E3 %
+ts section controls the relay. +t has a #ot >ate an" four #P# transistors. #P# transistor is "ri/e to relay which wor&s as a switchin . 3elay controls the '* "e/ices. FO3=+#> OF '4$O1'$+O# *O#$3O2 -E*$+O#% -i nal .eco"in 4nit% $his is the main unit of this system. $his unit consists of a .$1F to (*. "eco"er +* 1$ CC@7! 4 to 8B line "eco"er +* @4894 an" he5 in/erter ate +* 474H. $he wor&in of all the abo/e +*Es are mentione" here before. $he .$1F to (*. "eco"er +* 1$CC@7 ta&es a /ali" tone si nal from the +3 transmitter section. $hen the tone si nal is con/erte" in to 4 bit (*. number output obtaine" at pins from 88 to 84. $his output is fe" to the 4-8B line "eco"er +*@4894. $his +* ta&es the (*. number an" "eco"es. 'ccor"in to that (*. number it selects the acti/e low output line from 8 to 8B which is "ecimal e<ui/alent of the (*. number present at its input pins. -ince the low output of this +* the output is in/erte" to et lo ic hi h output. $his in/ersion is carrie" out by he5 in/erter +* 474H- built on $$2 lo ic. $his +* in/erts the "ata on its input terminal an" i/es in/erte" output. D. .e/ice switchin unit% $his unit consists of a tri state buffer an" a . flip flop. 'fter ma&in confirmation of current status of the "e/ice to alter the status of that "e/ice! you ha/e to chan e the mo"e of the tri state buffer by ma&in the control input hi h. $his is "one by pressin the GOE &ey. Fhen this &ey is presse" the output of the 4-8B line "eco"er oes low $he output of tri state buffer is latche" by usin a . flip-flop. ?ere this . flip flop is use" in the to le mo"e. For each positi/e oin e" e of the cloc& pulse will tri er the flipflop. 'fter a perio" of 9 secon"s the output of the +* B oes low an" puts the tri state buffer in the hi h impe"ance state. $herefore to chan e the status of any other "e/ice is to be "one after the output of +* B oes low! a ain GOE &ey is presse" to ma&e the tri state buffer act as input Noutput state an" the respecti/e co"e of the "e/ice is presse".
4. Power supply unit% For the proper wor&in of this local control section e5cept the local telephone set it nee"s a permanent bac& up which i/es a 9, bac& up continuously. $his is achie/e" by usin a 9, re ulate" power supply from a /olta e re ulate" +* @C79. $his 9, source is connecte" to all +*s an" relays. $his +* ets a bac&up from a H, battery. 9. 3elay "ri/er circuit% $o carry out the switchin of any "e/ices we commonly use the relays. -ince the output of the . flip flop is normally M9, or it is the /olta e of lo ic hi h state. -o we cannot use this output to run the "e/ice or appliances. $herefore here we use relays! which can han"le a hi h /olta e of AD7, or more! an" a hi h current in the rate of 87'mps to ener i;e the electroma netic coil of the relays M9, is sufficient. ?ere we use the transistors to ener i;e the relay coil. $he output of the . flip-flop is applie" to the base of the transistor $A N $9 /ia a resister. Fhen the base /olta e of the transistor is abo/e 7.@, the emitter-base 6E(: junction of the transistor forwar" biase" as a result transistor oes to saturation re ion it is nothin but the switchin O# the transistor. $his intern switches on the relay. (y this the "e/ices is switches O#. Fhen the output of . flip-flop oes low the base /olta e "rops below 7.@, as a result the robotic "e/ices also switches OFF.
*+3*4+$ .E-*3+P$+O#% $his system is "i/i"e" into two sections! 8% 3emote -ection A% automation *ontrol -ection. 3E1O$E -E*$+O#% $his unit consists of +3 transmitter section! which is present in the remote place. $he fi ure 6E: shows the circuit "ia ram of the .$1F enco"er! which resembles the .$1F transmitter section. +t uses .$1F enco"er inte rate"
circuit! *hip 41 H8A84(. $his +* pro"uces .$1F si nals. +t contains four row fre<uencies 0 three column fre<uencies. $he pins of +* H8A84 ( from 8A to 84 pro"uces hi h fre<uency column roup an" pins from 89 to 8C pro"uces the low fre<uency row roup. (y pressin any &ey in the &eyboar" correspon"in .$1F si nal is a/ailable in its output pin at pin no.@. For pro"ucin the appropriate si nals it is necessary that a crystal oscillator of D.9C1?; is connecte" across its pins D 0 4 so that it ma&es a part of its internal oscillator.
Fi ure 6E:. *ircuit "ia ram of the .$1F enco"er $his enco"er +* re<uires a /olta e of D,. For that +* is wire" aroun" 4.9, battery. 'n" D, bac&up ,cc for this +* is supplie" by usin D.A/ ;ener "io"e. $he row an" column fre<uency of this +* is as on the fi . P(Q. (y pressin the number 9 in the &ey pa" the output tone is pro"uce" which is the resultant of a""ition of two fre<uencies! at pin no. 8D 0 pin no.8B of the +* an" respecti/e tone which represents number E9R in &ey pa" is pro"uce" at
pin no.@ of the +*. $his si nal is sent to the .$1F transmitter section throu h +3-2E..
3O(O$+* '31 *O#$3O2 -E*$+O#% $his is a control unit throu h which you can control your "e/ices. $his contains one .$1F transmitter section an" a "e/ices *ontrol -ection. $he "e/ices to be controlle" must be connecte" to phototransistor throu h control unit. *ontrol unit is &ept with a sufficient bac&up. "e/ices control -ection consists of a .$1F "eco"er! 4-8B line "eco"er/"emultiple5er! .-flip-flops! an" relay "ri/er circuits. (efore oin into "etail of the circuit! we will ta&e a brief "escription about inte rate" circuits use" in local control section.
1$ CC@7 .$1F "eco"er% +* 1$CC@7/=$D8@7 ser/es as .$1F. $his +* ta&es .$1F si nal comin /ia telephone line an" con/erts that si nal into respecti/e (*. number. +t uses same oscillator fre<uency use" in the remote section so same crystal oscillator with fre<uency of D.C91 ?; is use" in this +*.
For&in of +* 1$CC@7%
$he 1$-CC@7 is a full .$1F 3ecei/er that inte rates both ban" split filter an" "eco"er functions into a sin le 8C-pin .+P. +ts filter section uses switche" capacitor technolo y for both the hi h an" low roup filters an" for "ial tone rejection. +ts "eco"er uses "i ital countin techni<ues to "etect an" "eco"e all 8B .$1F tone pairs into a 4-bit co"e. E5ternal component count is minimi;e" by pro/ision of an on-chip "ifferential input amplifier! cloc& enerator! an" latche" tri-state interface bus. 1inimal e5ternal components re<uire" inclu"e a low-cost D.9@H949 1?; crystal! a timin resistor! an" a timin capacitor. $he 1$-CC@7-7A can also inhibit the "eco"in of fourth column "i its. 1$-CC@7 operatin functions inclu"e a ban" split filter that separates the hi h an" low tones of the recei/e" pair! an" a "i ital "eco"er that /erifies both the fre<uency an" "uration of the recei/e" tones before passin the resultin 4-bit co"e to the output bus. $he low an" hi h roup tones are separate" by applyin the "ual-tone si nal to the inputs of two Bth or"er switche" capacitor ban" pass filters with
ban"wi"ths that correspon" to the ban"s enclosin the low an" hi h roup tones.
Fi ure 6F:.(loc& "ia ram of +* 1$CC@7 $he filter also incorporates notches at D97 an" 447 ?;! pro/i"in e5cellent "ial tone rejection. Each filter output is followe" by a sin le-or"er switche" capacitor section that smoothes the si nals prior to limitin . -i nal limitin is performe" by hi h ain comparators pro/i"e" with by stresses to pre/ent "etection of unwante" low-le/el si nals an" noise. $he 1$-CC@7 "eco"er uses a "i ital countin techni<ue to "etermine the fre<uencies of the limite" tones an" to /erify that they correspon" to stan"ar" .$1F fre<uencies. Fhen the "etector reco ni;es the simultaneous presence of two /ali" tones 6&nown as si nal con"ition:! it raises the Early -teerin fla 6E-t:. 'ny subse<uent loss of si nal con"ition will cause E-t to fall. (efore a "eco"e" tone pair is re istere"! the recei/er chec&s for /ali" si nal "uration 6referre" to as character- reco nition-con"ition:. $his chec& is performe" by an e5ternal 3* time constant "ri/en by E-t. ' short "elay to allow the output latch to settle! the "elaye" steerin output fla 6-t.: oes hi h! si nalin that a recei/e" tone pair has been re istere". $he contents of the output latch are ma"e a/ailable on the 4-bit output bus by raisin the three state control input 6OE: to lo ic hi h. +nhibit mo"e is enable" by a lo ic hi h input to pin 9 6+#?:. +t inhibits the "etection of 8BDD ?;. $he output co"e will remain the same as the pre/ious "etecte" co"e. On the 1- CC@7 mo"els! this pin is tie" to roun" 6lo ic low:. $he input arran ement of the 1$-CC@7 pro/i"es a "ifferential input operational amplifier as well as a bias source 6,3EF: to bias the inputs at mi"-rail. Pro/ision is ma"e for connection of a fee"bac& resistor to the opamp output 6>-: for ain a"justment. $he internal cloc& circuit is complete" with the a""ition of a stan"ar" D.9@H949 1?; crystal.
$he input arran ement of the 1$-CC@7 pro/i"es a "ifferential input operational amplifier as well as a bias source 6,3EF: to bias the inputs at mi"-rail. Pro/ision is ma"e for connection of a fee"bac& resistor to the opamp output 6>-: for ain a"justment. $he internal cloc& circuit is complete" with the a""ition of a stan"ar" D.9@H949 1?; crystal. @4894 4-8B line "eco"er/"emultiple5er%
+* @4894 is a 4-8B line "eco"er! it ta&es the 4 line (*. input an" selects respecti/e output one amon the 8B output lines. +t is acti/e low output +* so when any output line is selecte" it is in"icate" by acti/e low si nal! rest of the output lines will remain acti/e hi h. $his 4-line-to-8B-line "eco"er utili;es $$2 circuitry to "eco"e four binary-co"e" inputs into one of si5teen mutually e5clusi/e outputs when both the strobe inputs! >8 an" >A! are low. $he "emultiple5in function is performe" by usin the 4 input lines to a""ress the output line! passin "ata from one of the strobe inputs with the other strobe input low. Fhen either strobe input is hi h! all outputs are hi h. $hese "emultiple5er are i"eally suite" for implementin hi h-performance memory "eco"ers. Fi ure >. +* @4894 4-8B line "eco"er 'll inputs are buffere" an" input clampin "io"es are pro/i"e" to minimi;e transmission-line effects an" thereby simplify system "esi n. $34$? $'(2E% +* 478D .-flip-flop% +* 478D is a con/entional .-flip-flop +*. $his +* consists of two . flipflops. $hese flip-flops are use" to latch the "ata that present at its input terminal. Each flip-flop has one "ata! one cloc&! one clear! one preset input terminals. 6'bo/e fi ure shows a sin le .-flip-flop: 3elay "ri/er circuit% $o carry out the switchin of "e/ices we commonly use the relays. -ince the
output of the . flip flop is normally M9, or it is the /olta e of lo ic hi h state. -o we cannot use this output to run the "e/ice or appliances. $herefore here we use relays! which can han"le a hi h /olta e of AD7, or more! an" a hi h current in the rate of 87'mps to ener i;e the electroma netic coil of the relays M9, is sufficient. ?ere we use the transistors to ener i;e the relay coil. $he output of the . flip-flop is applie" to the base of the transistor $A N $9 /ia a resister. Fhen the base /olta e of the transistor is abo/e 7.@, the emitter-base 6E(: junction of the transistor forwar" biase" as a result transistor oes to saturation re ion it is nothin but the switchin O# the transistor. $his intern switches on the relay. (y this the "e/ice is switches O#. Fhen the output of . flip-flop oes low the base /olta e "rops below 7.@, as a result the "e/ice also switches OFF. Power supply unit% #EE. OF POFE3 -4PP2Y%Perhaps all of you are aware that a power supply is a primary re<uirement for the test bench of a home e5perimenterEs mini lab. ' battery eliminator can eliminate or replace the batteries of soli"-state electronic e<uipment an" AA7, '.*. mains instea" of the batteries or "ry cells thus can operate the e<uipment. #owa"ays! the sue" of commercial battery eliminator or power supply unit ha/e become increasin ly popular as power source for househol" appliances li&e transcei/er! recor" player! cloc& etc. -ummary of power supply circuit features%(rief "escription of operation% i/es out well re ulate" MC, output! output current capability of 977m'. *ircuit protection% (uilt Nin o/erheatin protection shuts "own output when re ulator +* ets too hot. *ircuit comple5ity% simple an" easy to buil". *ircuit performance% -table MC, output /olta e! reliable Operation. '/ailability of components% Easy to et! uses only common basic components.
.esi n testin % (ase" on "atasheet e5ample circuit! + ha/e use" this circuit successfully as part of other electronics projects. 'pplications% part of electronics "e/ices! small laboratory power supply. Power supply /olta e% unre ulate" C-8C,-power supply. Power supply current% nee"e" output current 977 m'. *omponents cost% Few rupees for the electronic components plus the cost of input transformer. Pin .ia ram of @C7C 3e ulator +* Pin 8% 4nre ulate" /olta e input Pin A% >roun" PinD% 3e ulate" /olta e output *omponent list @C7C re ulator +* A. 7-8A transformer D. 8777uf an" 877uf. *apacitor! at least A9, /olta e ratin .
.E-*3+$+O# OF POFE3 -4PP2Y $his circuit is a small M C /olts power supply. Fhich is useful when e5perimentin with "i ital electronics. -mall ine5pensi/e battery with /ariable output /olta e are a/ailable! but usually their /olta e re ulation is /ery poor! which ma&es them not /ery usable for "i ital circuit e5perimenter unless a better re ulation can be achie/e" in some way. $he followin circuit is the answer to the problem. $his circuit can i/e MC, output at about 977m' current. $he circuit has o/erloa" an" terminal protection. *+3*4+$ .+'>3'1 OF POFE3 -4PP2Y $he abo/e circuit utili;es the /olta e re ulator +* @C7C an" @C79 for the constant power supply. $he capacitors must ha/e enou h hi h /olta e ratin to safely han"le the input /olta e fee" to circuit. $he circuit is /ery easy to buil" for e5ample into a piece of Sero boar".
For the proper wor&in of this local control section e5cept the mobile phone or local telephone set it nee"s a permanent bac& up which i/es a C, bac& up continuously. $his is achie/e" by usin a C, re ulate" power supply from a /olta e re ulate" +* @C7C. $his 9, source is connecte" to all +*s an" relays. $his +* ets a bac&up from a H, battery. Fi ). *ircuit .ia ram of 2ocal *ontrol -ection. 4-E. *O1PO#E#$-E1+*O#.4*$O368: +*-8 TTT @C7C 6A: +*-ATTTT. *1CC@7P 6D: +*-DTTTT. @4894 64: +*-9-BTTT*. 478D 69: +*-4TTT.. 474H 6B: +*@ TTTT 41 H8A84( 6@: .8-.A TTTT.+# 477@ 6C: .DTTTTT D, Sener 6H: 2E. TTTTT. 2i ht Eammitin .io"e 687: $8-$BTTTT..6#P#: DBC 688: *rystal TTTT D.9@ 1h;. 68A: Photo"io"e 68D: Phototransistor 3E-+-$O3 68: 38TTT.DD7= O?m. 6A: 3ATTT.. 877= O?m. 6D: 3D!34!3@ TTT. 87= O?m. 64: 39!3B! TTT. 8= O?m. 69: 3C-38AT. 877 O?m. *'P'*+$O3 68: *8TTTT. 87771F.. 6A: *A!*DTTTT. 7.8 1F.. 1+-*E22'#EO468: 3E2'Y TTTTTT. B, U877 7?m. 6A: $3'#-FO31E3TT 7-H 6-tep "own:
$han&s for ,isitin http%//www.final-yearprojects.co.cc/ http%//www.faceboo&.com/pa es/Final-Year-Projects/8B7@87H@7BA7DB8

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www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Final Year Project's is One place for all En ineerin Projects! Presentation! seminar!

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$han&s for ,isitin http%//www.final-yearprojects.co.cc/ http%//www.faceboo&.com/pa es/Final-Year-Projects/8B7@87H@7BA7DB8

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