(c)

An experiment is carried out to construct an ionic equation for an insoluble salt, lead (II) chromate (VI). A fixed volume of 5.00 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 lead (II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 solution is placed into each of the 8 test tubes of the same size. Different volume of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium chromate (VI), K2CrO4 solution is added to each test tube. The height of the yellow precipitate, lead (II) chromate (VI) formed into each test tube is measured, recorded and plotted in Graph 8. Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk membina persamaan ion untuk garam tak terlarukan, plumbum (II) kromat(VI). Isipadu tetap 5.00 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat Pb(NO3)2 diisikan ke dalam setiap 8 tabung uji yang sama saiz. Isipadu yang berbeza larutan kalium kromat (VI), K2CrO4 1.0 mol dm-3 ditambahkan ke dalam setiap tabung uji. Tinggi mendakan kuning plumbum (II) kromat (VI) yang terbentuk dalam setiap tabung uji diukur, direkod dan diplot dalam Graf 8.

Height of lead (II) chromate (VI) precipitate / cm Tinggi mendakan plumbum (II) kromat (VI) / cm

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

8
Volume of potassium chromate (VI) solution, K2CrO4 / cm3 Isipadu larutan kalium kromat(VI), K2CrO4 / cm3

Based on Graph 8 Berdasarkan Graf 8 (i) Calculate Hitungkan The number of moles of lead (II) ions used. Bilangan mol ion plumbum (II) yang digunakan. The number of moles of potassium chromate (VI) that has reacted completely with 5.00 cm3 of lead (II) nitrate. Bilangan mol kalium kromat (VI) yang bertindak balas selengkapnya dengan 5.00 cm3 plumbum (II) nitrat. [4 marks] [4 markah] (ii) Based on the answer in (c) (i), construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead (II) chromate (VI). Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (c) (i), bina persamaan ion untuk pembentukan plumbum (II) kromat (VI). [2 marks] [2 markah] (iii) Explain why Terangkan mengapa The height of precipitate formed increases and then remain constant Tinggi mendakan bertambah dan kemudian menjadi malar. The colour change in the solution above the precipitate. Perubahan warna larutan di bahagian atas mendakan. The eight test tubes used are of the same size. Kelapan-lapan tabung uji yang digunakan adalah bersaiz sama. [6 marks] [6 markah]

(i)

Number of moles of lead(II) ions, Pb2+ = number of moles of lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 5 = 1.0 x 1000 = 0.005 mol Number of moles of chromate(VI) ions, CrO42= number of moles of potassium chromate(VI), K2CrO4 = 1.0 x 5 1000

= 0.005 mol (ii)1 mol of chromate(VI) ions, CrO42- reacted completely with 1 mol of lead(II) ions, Pb2+. The ionic equation for the reaction is: Pb2+ + CrO42PbCrO4

(iii)- The height of precipitate formed increases for the first 4 test tubes because as the volume of potassium chromate(VI) increases, more PRECIPITATE /lead(II) chromate(VI) is formed - The height of precipitate formed becomes constant when all Pb2+ have reacted completely. - colourless to yellow - Presence of chromate(VI) ions give the yellow colour to the solution // Chromate(VI) ions in the first 5 test tubes are all reacted // In the last 3 test tubes, chromate(VI) ions are in excess -To ensure the height of precipitate represents the amount of precipitate formed - because diameter of the test tubes are the same

Diagram 4.1 shows the apparatus set-up for the neutralisation reaction between nitric acid and potassium hydroxide solution for preparation of salt X.

Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk tindak balas peneutralan antara asid nitrik dan larutan kalium hidroksida untuk penyediaan garam X.

20.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 nitric acid

20.0 cm3 asid nitrik 0.5 mol dm-3

20.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm 3 potassium hydroxide solution + phenolphthalein indicator

20.0 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 0.5 mol dm-3 + penunjuk fenolftalein
Diagram 4.1

Rajah 4.1
(a) State the colour change of the solution in the conical flask at the end point.

Nyatakan perubahan warna larutan dalam kelalang kon pada takat akhir.
. . [1 mark] (b) Calculate the maximum mass of the salt X formed. [Molar mass of salt X = 101 g mol-1]

Hitungkan jisim maksimum garam X yang terbentuk. [Jisim molar garam X = 101 g mol-1]

[3 marks] (c) (i) The experiment is repeated with 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid to replace nitric acid. Predict the volume of sulphuric acid needed to neutralize completely.

Eksperimen itu diulangi dengan menggunakan 0.5 mol dm-3 asid sulfurik bagi menggantikan asid nitrik. Ramalkan isipadu asid sulfurik yang diperlukan untuk peneutralan lengkap.

(ii)

. [1 mark] Explain your answer in (c) (i).

Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (c) (i).

. . . [2 marks] (iii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (c) (i).

Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas dalam (c) (i).

. [1 mark]

(d) Explain this statement. (i) In acid-base titration, only 2 or 3 drops of an indicator should be used.

(ii) Burette and pipettes must be rinsed with the solution to be measured .

(i)

This is because most of the indicators are weak acid or base that will affect the pH of the solution if used in excess.

(ii) To make sure the solution used is not diluted by droplets of water on the walls of burette or pipette.