ASSIGNMENT SEPTEMBER 2009

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION OF STATISTICS

SBST 1103

STUDENT NAME : FAIRUS BINTI ZAINI

MATRIC NO : 740201-05-5600-001

IC NUMBER : 740201-05-5600

TELEPHONE : 019-7179097

E-MAIL : firuz4141@oum.edu.my

TUTOR NAME : ENCIK MOHD SAIFULLAH RUSIMAN

PPW JOHOR BAHRU

SEMESTER : SEPTEMBER 2009

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART A

Question 1…………………………………………. 3

Question 2…………………………………………. 4

Question 3…………………………………………. 5-7

Question 4…………………………………………. 8

Question 5…………………………………………. 9 – 12

PART B

Question 1(a)……………………………………. 13

Question 1(b).......…………………………………. 14

Question 1(c).......…………………………………. 15

Question 1(d)…………………………………...…. 16

Question 1(e).......…………………………………. 17

Question 2(a).......…………………………………. 19

Question 2(b).......…………………………………. 20 - 22

Question 2(c)(i)....…………………………………. 23

Question 2(c)(ii)...…………………………………. 23 - 25

Question 2(c)(iii)..…………………………………. 26

References 26

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PART A

QUESTION 1

State the following variables as discrete, continuous or qualitative.

Discrete - Measured response which arises from a counting process

Continuous - Measured response which arises from a measuring process

Qualitative - Measured with non-numerical scale yields categorical response

Q DATA VARIABLE

(a) Amount of mineral water in cartons Continuous Quantitative Variable

(b) Unemployment rate recorded in a city Continuous Quantitative Variable

as of June 2009

(c) Total number of influenza A H1N1 Discrete Quantitative Variable

cases in Malaysia

(d) Types of available lunch set at a fast Qualitative Variable

food restaurant

(e) Capacity of a gas container Continuous Quantitative Variable

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QUESTION 2

State the following qualitative variables as nominal or ordinal.

Nominal - Categorical data, the data cannot be added or subtracted from another

number as these arithmetic operations do not give any meaning

Ordinal - Can be arranged in ranking and inequality signs can be used when

comparing the values of the variable.

DATA VARIABLE

(a) Blood type of respondents Rank Ordinal Qualitative Data

(b) Public awareness level towards Level Ordinal Qualitative Data

environmental issue

(c) Marital status of participants at a seminar Nominal Qualitative Data

(d) Classification of a diabetic patient into Rank Ordinal Qualitative Data

diabetes Type I or diabetes Type II

(e) Type of medals received by our athletes at Rank Ordinal Qualitative Data
an international game

QUESTION 3

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Data below shows the amount of tomato sauce (in ml) for 50 bottles that was produced by a

manufacturer. Develop a frequency distribution table for the above data.

118 115 121 119 122 120 119 120 123 116
121 120 122 117 118 119 120 120 125 122
117 119 119 121 118 120 121 123 119 120
123 116 117 121 122 119 120 121 118 117
118 121 122 119 125 116 118 119 120 121

Step 1 - Determine the Number of Classes

K ≈ 1 + 3.3 log (n)

K ≈ 1 + 3.3 log (50)

K ≈ 6.6 ≈ 6

Integer 6 has been choosing for the approximate number of classes.

Step 2 - Class Width and Class Limits

Class Width = Data Range (No Max – No Min)

Number of Classes

Class Width = 125 - 115

6
Class Width = 1.66 ≈ 2

Integer 2 has been choosing for the approximate number of classes

Step 3 - Data Range

Class Width = Largest No – Smaller No

K

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Class Width = 125 - 115
6
Class Width = 1.66 ≈ 2 (the value same as class width)

Table 3.1 Frequency Distribution of Tomato Sauce (in ml) for 5 bottles

Class Counting Tally Frequency (f)

114 – 115 I 1

116 - 117 IIII II 7

118 – 119 IIII IIII IIII 15

120 – 121 IIII IIII IIII II 17

122 – 123 IIII III 8

124 – 125 II 2

∑ f = 50

Table 3.2 Frequency Distribution Table on Tomato Sauce (in ml) for 5 Bottles

Amount of

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Tomato 114-115 116-117 118-119 120-121 122-123 124-125
Sauce
(in ml)

Frequency 1 7 15 17 8 2

(f)

QUESTION 4

The following table shows the distribution of waiting time of 40 outpatients at a hospital

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Waiting Time (minutes) < 60 60-20 120-180 180-240 > 240

Number of outpatients 3 11 14 10 2

Construct a histogram for the above data.

20

18

16

14
14
Frequency
12 11
10
10

4 3
2
2

0 Class
< 60 60-120 120-180 120-180 > 240

Histogram of Frequency Distribution Table for Waiting Time of Outpatients

QUESTION 5

The following table shows the distribution of monthly groceries expenditure (in thousands RM)

of 35 housewives.

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Amount of money spent 0.5-1.0 1.5-2.0 2.5-3.0 3.5-4.0 4.5-5.0

Frequency 3 12 9 7 4

Based on the above data, calculate the mean, median and mode of monthly groceries

expenditure made by the housewives.

Class Limit Lower Class Mid- Upper Frequency fxx Cumulative

Cumulative
Boundary Point Boundary (f) process
(x) frequency

0.5 - 1.0 0.25 0.75 1.25 3 2.25 3 3

Mode
1.5 - 2.0 1.25 1.75 2.25 12 21.0 3 + 12 15 Class

Median
Class
2.5 - 3.0 2.25 2.75 3.25 9 24.75 15 + 9 24

3.5 - 4.0 3.25 3.75 4.25 7 26.25 24 + 7 31

4.5 - 5.0 4.25 4.75 5.25 4 19.0 31 + 4 35

` 35 93.25

(a) Calculate the mean

Mean =
 f x
f

93.25
 
35

  2.66

RM2,660 is the mean for monthly groceries expenditure of 35 housewives.

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(b) Calculate the median

Step 1 - The position of median is at (n + 1)/2, the number is M 0

n = total of frequency

= (35 + 1)/2

M 0 = 18

Step 2(a) - accumulative the frequencies until the SUM exceed M 0

Frequency class 1 + frequency Class 2

3 + 12 = 15 (< M 0 )

Frequency class 1 + frequency class 2 + frequency class 3

3 + 12 + 9 = 24 (> M 0 )

Step 2(b) - The last frequency that makes the condition in answer (a)

happens will be the frequency of the median class.

Median class = 2.5 – 3.0

(f) for this class = 9

Step 2(c) - following data based on the median class (2.5 – 3.0)

(i) L = 2.25

(ii) f = 9

(iii) C = (UP – LB)

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= (3.25 – 2.25)

= 1

(iv) F = SUM of frequency before answer

2(a) happens

= 3 + 12

= 15

Step 3

 n  1
 F
Median = L +C  2 
f

~  18  15 
x  2.25  1 
 9 

~
x  2.58

RM2,580 is the medium for monthly groceries expenditure of 35

housewives

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(c) Calculate the mode – largest frequency

L = 1.25
 B 
Mode = L  C 
 B  A  C = 2.25-1.25
1
 9 
x̂  1.25  1  f = 12
 9  3
F = 3
xˆ  2
A = 12-9 = 3

B = 12-3 =9

RM2,000 is the mode for monthly groceries expenditure of 35 housewives

PART B

QUESTION 1

In a certain survey, the following data on the highest education level received by respondents

was obtained. Primary level, secondary level and tertiary level is denoted by numbers 1,2 and 3

respectively.

3 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2

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1 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 2
2 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 2
3 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 2
2 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 3
3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2

QUESTION 1(a)

State the type of the above data as quantitative or qualitative.

The above statement and data given explained that this is Qualitative Variable which is the

values do not have a numerical meaning. Qualitative Variable also known as a Categorical

Data, it can be sorted and divided into different categories. Qualitative Variable represents

categories rather than numbers. The nature of value is just categorical and does not involve

counting or measuring to get the values.

QUESTION 1(b)

If your answer in (a) is quantitative, determine whether it is discrete or continuous. If

your answer in (a) is qualitative, determine whether it is nominal or ordinal.

The statement and data given is an Ordinal Data which namely Rank Ordinal Data, because it

can be arranged in ranking order and inequality signs can be used when comparing the values

of the variable. In the case of Ordinal Data, the categorical can be arranged in order from the

highest level going down to the lowest level or vice-versa.

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On this question the ordering of the number has a certain meaning. No 1 is used to represent

Primary; No 2 represents Secondary and No 3 represents Tertiary, from there we know that

qualifications 3 (Tertiary) is higher then qualification 2 (Secondary) and qualification 2

(Secondary) is higher than 1 (Primary).

QUESTION 1(c)

Construct a bar chart for the data

Table 1.1 Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Education Level

Education level Tertiary (3) Secondary (2) Primary (1)

Frequency 17 29 8

Bar Chart of the number of respondent responses for the education level

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FEEDBACK OF LEVEL EDUCATION SURVEY

29
30

25

20 17

FREQUENCY 15
8
10

0
Tertiary Secondary Primary
LEVEL EDUCATION

QUESTION 1(d)

State the highest education level that most of the respondent received.

From the survey, found that most of the respondents are educated until Secondary Level, which

is denoted by No 2. The survey also stated that there are 27 out of 64 respondents unfinished

their study, meanings that about 45% respondents get their education only on Secondary Level.

The Pie chart below will shows the percentage of the overall survey.

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Primary
13%
Tertiary
42%

Secondary
45%

QUESTION 1(e)

Describe in brief, the overall pattern of the distribution of the data

One simple way to presenting the qualitative data is by frequency distribution. A frequency

distribution is a table consisting of columns and rows. A column may consist of categories of

data. A class is a category into which qualitative data can be classified. Class frequency is the

number of observations that fall in particular class.

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Qualitative data can be classified into categories or classes. They can best be presented in the

form of frequency distribution, bar chart and pie chart.

A frequency distribution summary the data colleted by forming categories of values and

indicating the number of data that fall into each category, bar chart uses the length of vertical

columns to represent quantities and pie chart consists of a circle that is divided into sectors to

show the number of percentage in each category.

An Ordinal Data assigned to objects or events represent the rank order (1 st, 2nd, 3rd etc.) of the

entities assesses.

QUESTION 2

Table below shows the distribution of car speeding data (km per hour) of 65 motorists that

passed by a 100km highway at a certain interval.

Speed 80 – 84 85 – 89 90 – 94 95 – 99 100 – 104

Frequency 5 9 8 7 9

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Speed 105 – 109 110 – 114 115 – 119 120 – 124 125 – 129

Frequency 6 10 5 4 2

QUESTION 2 (a)

State the type of the above data as quantitative or qualitative. Hence, determine it as

discrete, continuous, nominal or ordinal.

The type of above data is Quantitative because it possesses numerical value, which indicates

the distribution of car speeding data (km per hour) of 65 motorists that passed by a 100 km

highway at a certain time interval. On the other hand, it is Discrete Quantitative variable

because the value is obtained through counting process and its integer number.

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QUESTION 2 (b)

Construct a less than or equal polygon of cumulative frequency for the above data.

Table 2.1 : Developing Cumulative Distribution Type “Less-than or Equal” for

the Car Speeding Per Hour

Class Frequency Lower Class Upper fxx Cumulative Cumulative

Limit (f) Boundary Mid-Point Boundary Frequency Frequency
(x) (%)

75 – 79 0 74.5 77 79.5 0 0 0

80 – 84 5 79.5 82 84.5 410 5 7.69

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85 – 89 9 84.5 87 89.5 783 14 21.53

90 – 94 8 89.5 92 94.5 736 22 33.84

95 – 99 7 94.5 97 99.5 679 29 44.61

100–104 9 99.5 102 104.5 918 38 58.46

105–109 6 104.5 107 109.5 642 44 67.69

110–114 10 109.5 112 114.5 1120 54 83.07

115–119 5 114.5 117 119.5 585 59 90.76

120–124 4 119.5 122 124.5 488 63 96.92

125–129 2 124.5 127 129.5 254 65 100

 f 65  f 6615

Median Class Mode Class

Table 2.2 : The “Less-than or Equal” Cumulative Distribution for the Car

Speeding Per Hour

Upper Boundary Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Frequency (%)

< 79.5 0 0

< 84.5 5 7.69

< 89.5 14 21.53

< 94.5 22 33.84

< 99.5 29 44.61

< 104.5 38 58.46

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< 109.5 44 67.69

< 114.5 54 83.07

< 119.5 59 90.76

< 124.5 63 96.92

< 129.5 65 100

Polygon of Frequency Distribution for the Car Speeding Per Hour

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POLYGON OF CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY LESS THAN OR EQUAL

120

100

80
CUMULLATIVEFREQUENCY

60

40

20

0
< 79.5 < 84.5 < 89.5 < 94.5 < 99.5 < 104.5 < 109.5 < 114.5 < 119.5 < 124.5 < 129.5
UPPER BOUNDARY

QUESTION 2 (c)(i)

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Based on the above data, calculate the mean:

 
  f  x 
f

6615
 
65

  101.76

101.76km per hour is the mean for car speeding by 65 motorists

QUESTION 2 (c)(ii)

Calculate the median

Step 1 - The position of median is at (n + 1)/2, the number is M 0

n = total of frequency

= (65 + 1)/2

M0 = 33

Step 2(a) - accumulative the frequencies until the SUM exceed M 0

= 0 + 5 + 9 + 8 +7

= 29 (< M 0 )

= 0+5+9+8+7+9

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= 38 (> M 0 )

Step 2(b) - The last frequency that makes the condition in answer (a)

happens will be the frequency of the median class.

Median class = 100 - 104

Step 2(c) - following data based on the median class (100 - 104)

(i) L = 99.5

(ii) f = 9

(iii) C = (UP – LB)

= (104.5 – 99.5)

= 5

(iv) F = SUM of frequency before answer

2(a) happens

= 0+5+9+8+7

= 29

Step 3

 n  1
 2   F
x  LC 
~
f

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~  33  29 
x  99.5  5 
 9 

x  99.5  5 0.44 
~

~
x  101.72

101.72km per hour is the median for car speeding by 65 motorists

QUESTION 2 (c)(iii)

Calculate the mode – largest frequency

L = 109.5

C = 114.5-109.5
5
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f = 10

A = 10-5 = 5
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B = 10-6 = 4
 ASSIGNMENT SEPTEMBER 2009

  
x̂  L  C  
    

 4 
x̂  109.5  5 
 4 5

xˆ  111 .72

111.7km per hour is the mode for car speeding by 65 motorists

REFERENCES

1) Dr Mohd K. S & Dr T.K Mukherje (2009) Introduction to Statistics, Edisi Ke Empat.

Meteor Doc Sdn Bhd, Selangor

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