Flexible AC Transmission FACTS-Technology and Novel

Control Strategies For Power System

Stability Enhancement

Mohamed Shawky ElMoursi

Supervisor

Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf, P.Eng.

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

University of New Brunswick
October 20, 2004
 CONTENT

Voltage stability

Harmonic/ SSR stability

Renewable Dispersed Energy Systems

 FACTS

Flexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is a new integrated concept

based on power electronic switching converters and dynamic controllers to
enhance the system utilization and power transfer capacity as well as the
stability, security, reliability and power quality of AC system

interconnections.
 OPPORTUNITIES

Control power so that it flows on the desired routes.

Increase loading capacity of transmission lines.

Prevent blackouts.

Improve generation productivity.

Effective use of upgrading/ uprating.

 FACTS KEY DEVICES

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)

It is a static synchronous generator as shunt static var compensator whose

capacitive or inductive current can be controlled independent of the system
voltage.

The STATCOM scheme in parallel with AC power grid system and is

controlled by a dynamic controller as shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1 Sample three-Bus study test system with the STATCOM located
at bus B2 to stabilize the AC system
 Novel Controller

The new control system is based on a

decoupled control strategy using both direct
and quadrature current components of the
STATCOM AC current.

The operation of the STATCOM scheme is

Validated in both the capacitive and inductive
modes of operation.

Fig. 2 Proposed STATCOM Decoupled Control System

 Preliminary Simulation Results
L in e V o lta g e A c tiv e & R e a c tiv e p o w e r o f S T A T C O M d ir e c t & q u a d r a tu r e o f S T A T C O M
1 .2 0 1 .2 0 2 .0 0
Q

V L in e

0 .8 0 1 .0 0

Id & Iq o f th e S T A T C O M
P & Q o f th e S T A T C O M
0 .8 0
P
VL

0 .4 0 0 .0 0

0 .4 0 Q

0 .0 0 P - 1 .0 0

0 .0 0 - 0 .4 0 - 2 .0 0
0 .0 0 0 .4 0 0 .8 0 1 .2 0 1 .6 0 2 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .4 0 0 .8 0 1 .2 0 1 .6 0 2 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .4 0 0 .8 0 1 .2 0 1 .6 0 2 .0 0
T im e (S e c ) T im e (S e c ) T im e (S e c )

T r a n s m is s io n L in e d -q c u r r e n ts (p u ) A c tiv e & R e a c tiv e P o w e r o f th e T r a n s m is s io n L in e C a p a c ito r d c V o lta g e (p u )

4 .0 0 3 .0 0 1 .2 0

P
Id 2 .0 0
2 .0 0 0 .8 0
I d & I q o f th e T r a n s m is s io n L in e

P & Q o f th e T r a n s m is s io n L in e

1 .0 0

V dc
0 .0 0 0 .4 0
Iq
0 .0 0
V dc
Q

- 2 .0 0 0 .0 0
- 1 .0 0

- 4 .0 0 - 2 .0 0 - 0 .4 0
0 .0 0 0 .4 0 0 .8 0 1 .2 0 1 .6 0 2 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .4 0 0 .8 0 1 .2 0 1 .6 0 2 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .4 0 0 .8 0 1 .2 0 1 .6 0 2 .0 0
T im e (S e c ) T im e (S e c ) T im e (S e c )

System is subjected to load switching at t=0.5 sec (inductive load added), t=1 sec (capacitive load added)
and t=1.5 (Both inductive and capacitive load removed)
 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR

It is a static synchronous generator operated without an external energy

source as a series compensator.

The o/p voltage is in quadrature with and controllable independently of the

line current.

It is increase or decrease the overall reactive voltage drop across the line
and thereby controlling the transmitted electric power.
Fig. 3 Single line diagram representing the series SSSC scheme interfaced
at sending end of the Transmission line (Bus B1)
 Novel Controller

The main function of the SSSC is

to regulate the TL power flow PL.
This can be accomplished by
either direct control of the line ∆α
current or indirect control by
compensating for the TL
impedance, Xs via a
compensating injected voltage,
Fig. 4. Control Structure of the SSSC scheme.
Vs.
Xref = Negative Vs lags IL by 90° plus ∆α (Capacitive Compensation)

Xref = Positive Vs Leads IL by 90° plus ∆α (Inductive Compensation)

 SUPPLEMENTARYT CONTROL LOOP DESIGN IN SSSC

To enhance the dynamic performance

of the SSSC device an supplementary
regulator loop is added using the dc
capacitor voltage.

The operation of the SSSC scheme is

validated in both the capacitive and
inductive modes of operation under
Fig.5. Supplementary regulator for the SSSC
severe disturbance such as switching controller to reduce oscillatory

loads and fault condition

 Simulation Results For SSSC

Fig. 6. Simulation results of the SSSC in capacitive mode

Fig. 7. Simulation results of the SSSC in inductive mode
 UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)

The UPFC scheme consists of two

basic switching power converter
namely shunt and series converters
connected to each other through a dc
link capacitor.

The shunt converter operates exactly

as STATCOM for reactive
power compensation and voltage
stabilization.

Fig.8. FACTS UPFC controller scheme

The series converter operates as
SSSC to control the real power flow
 PROPOSED NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY

The developed novel control strategy for

the UPFC scheme is based on the
magnitude and angle of series inserted
voltage and shunt reactive current.

Novel Control in the STATCOM shunt

converter 1
Fig.9. Proposed STATCOM Decoupled Current Control
System for the shunt converter (1)
SSSC-Converter (2) controller

The system is subjected to severe disturbance

single line to ground fault at load bus at time
0.3 sec for a duration of 80 ms.
Fig. 10. Control Block diagram of SSSC series
converter (2) scheme.
 Simulation Results for (UPFC)

Alpha vs time Iqref,Iqm vs time Id, Iq of STATCOM vs time P & Q of STATCOM vs time

P, Q of SSSC vs time Vdc vs time Line Voltage vs time Line voltage and current vs time

Fig. 11. The UPFC digital Simulation Results Under

single phase Fault Condition at load bus
 CAPABLITIES OF DIFFERENT FACTS CONTROLLERS

Damping Reactive
Controller Voltage Transient Power Power Power Flow SSR
Control stability Oscillations Compensation Control Mitigation

STATCOM X x x x

SSSC X x x x x x

UPFC X x x x x X
 POWER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT

This chapter studies the power system power quality and harmonics and
SSR/ Tortional stability enhancement to reduce harmonics, improve the
power quality and enhance the system harmonic stability.

Three different cases were studied in order to improve power quality and
enhance system stability using a novel Active Power Filter (APF)
combining with and Tuned arm filter switched capacitive compensation.
 A COMBINED CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION AND
ACTIVE POWER FILTER

The Power Filter Scheme

The power filter scheme consists

of both a passive filter and active
filter. The passive filter removes
any load harmonics just as a
conventional one does and the
added active filter plays a role in
improving the filtering action.
Fig. 12.a. Sample study of the unified power system
 Novel Tri Loop Dynamic Controller Design

The proposed SSCC capacitor

switching controller is an error
driven, error-scaled self adjusting
nonlinear tri loop dynamic
controller used the load voltage,
instantaneous and RMS load
currents deviation signals as
shown in Fig 12 (a, b).

2 2 2
Re = e v +e i +e I Fig. 12.a. Sample study of the unified power system

Developed By Dr. Sharaf

(Excursion- Level Magnitude)
Fig. 12.b. The SSCC series capacitor switching compensator scheme using two
stage compensation per phase dynamic capacitor switching
 Simulation Results
Without SSCC & APF With SSCC & APF
LoadVoltages Voltag
eatLoadBus
Ph
aseVo
ltageVa
Voltageof phasea Va
+
1.2
5
VLa
+
1 +
0.7
5
+
0.2
5
-0
.25
-0
.75
-3
1.04 1.13 1.22 1.31 1.4 1.49 -1
.251
.03 1
.12
8 1
.22
6 1
.32
4 1
.42
2 1
.52
Ph
aseVoltageVb
Voltageof phaseb Vb
+
1.2
5
VLb
+
1.25 +
0.7
5
+
0.2
5
-0
.25
-0
.75
-1
1.04 1.13 1.22 1.31 1.4 1.49 -1
.251
.03 1
.12
8 1
.22
6 1
.32
4 1
.42
2 1
.52

Voltageof phasec Ph
aseVo
ltageVc
Vc
VLc +
1.2
5
+
1.25 +
0.7
5
+
0.2
5
-0
.25
-0
.75
-1.251.04 1.13 1.22 1.31 1.4 1.49 -1
.251
.03 1
.12
8 1
.22
6 1
.32
4 1
.42
2 1
.52
Time(sec) Tim
e(sec)

Power capacity Transfer Capacity of power transfer

P&Q
P Q power transfer P&Q
+25
P Q
+70
+19
+54
+13
+38
+7 +22
+1 +6
-10 0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3
-5 0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3
Time (sec) Time (sec)

Fig. 13. The simulation results when the system subjected to 3- phase fault disturbance
 A COORDINATED CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION AND
TUNED ARM FILTER

This chapter presents a nonlinear

coordinated dynamic error driven
scaled error-controller for both the
static series capacitor switching
compensator SSCC and the added
tuned arm filter TAF, for the
enhancement of voltage, transient
stability, capacity of tie line power Fig. 13. Single line diagram sample study of the
unified power system with one novel
transfer and the power quality. coordinated CC/TAF filter
 SSCC switched/modulated Tuned Arm Filter Controller

The proposed self adjusting Tri-loop error scaled controller is based on

the load voltage, RMS source current and the dynamic current ripple
deviation signals.

Fig 13. Proposed novel tri loop error-driven, error -scaled Tri-loop
dynamic feed back controller.
Developed By Dr. Sharaf
 Simulation Results For SSCC/TAF Scheme

Without SSCC & TAF With SSCC & TAF

Fig 14. the p.u. load voltage at bus 4, terminal voltage at bus 2, total load current iL and the induction load current
when the system subjected to 3 phase fault at bus 2
Fig 15. The Power Transfer levels P& Q without and with SSCC&TAF

Fig 16. Comparison of the load voltage, load current and %THD voltage and
current without and with (SSCC & TAF)
 Renewable Energy

The research will investigate the use of renewable dispersed energy system
(wind-small hydro, hybrid scheme) and resulting grid interface problems
and need for effective mitigative FACTS-based solution. Both stand-alone
and grid connect wind energy conversion will be studied
 CONCLUSION

The research investigates FACTS topologies & novel control strategies for
voltage stability enhancement, T.L power flow control and harmonic/ SSR
mode stabilization of an interconnected AC system.

The use of FACTS devices in renewable energy utilization is also studied

for small Hydro/ Wind hybrid renewable energy scheme.
 FUTURE WORK

Validation of (UPC) Universal Power Compensator controllable scheme

using the dynamic error driven controllers (P, Q) in SSR-stability
enhancement.

Application of the (UPC) Universal Power Compensator using dual Tri

loop stabilization control for wind & small hydro.
 ACCEPTED PUBLICATION
A.M. Sharaf and M. S. El-Moursi,
El-Moursi, " A Novel Dynamic Controller For Stability Enhancement Using Capacitive Series Compensators" 2004
IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, May 4-7 , 2004, Palais des Congrès Expositions, Ajaccio, France.
A.M. Sharaf and M. S. El-Moursi"
El-Moursi" Stability And Power Quality Enhancement Using A Coordinated Capacitive Compensation And Tuned Arm
Filter" , the 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Electronics Society Sunday,
Sunday, November 2-Thursday, November 6, 2003 conference Center,
Roanoke , Virginia, USA.
A.M. Sharaf and M. S. El-Moursi,"
El-Moursi," Stability And Power Quality Enhancement Using A Combined Capacitive
Compensation And Active Power Filter" ICECS 2003, 10th IEEE International Conference on Electronics,
Electronics, Circuits and
Systems, 14.12.2003-17.12.2003, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

SUBITTED JOURNAL PAPERS

A.M. Sharaf and M. S. El-Moursi,"
El-Moursi," Voltage Stabilization And Reactive Compensation Using A FACTS- STATCOM
Scheme" IEEE Power Delivery Trans. Proc. 2004.
A.M. Sharaf and M. S. El-Moursi,"
El-Moursi," Transmission System Reactive Compensation And Stability Enhancement Using A 48-
Pulse Static Synchronous Series Compensator" IEEE Power Delivery Trans. Proc. 2004.
A.M. Sharaf and M. S. El-Moursi," Power System Stabilization And reactive Compensation Using FACTS-
Unified Power Flow Controller" IEEE Power Delivery Trans. Proc. 2004.