Question bank for Power System II(EE602)

Load Flow
 Explain the necessity of load flow study.
 Explain why a direct solution of load flow is not possible?
 Explain the significance of/necessity of voltage controlled bus.
 Explain the necessity of slack bus.
 Explain the significance of Slack bus.
 Starting from first principle derive the equation for real and reactive power injection at a bus.
 What are the advantages of Newton Raphson load flow using Rectangular coordinate compared to Newton
Raphson load flow using polar co-ordinate.
 How convergence is checked in case of Gauss Seidel load flow?
 How convergence is checked in case of Newton Raphson load flow?
 List the assumptions for DC Load Flow i.e. approximate Line Data
Linearized load flow. From bus To bus R (p.u) X (p.u) B/2 (p.u)
 Derive the load flow equations for DC Load Flow i.e. 1 2 .02 .08 .04
express bus power injection as linear combination of bus 1 3 .06 .24 .03
angles. 2 3 .04 .16 .025
 For a power system the line data is as shown in table 1. 2 4 .04 .16 .025
Form Ybus for this power system. (4) 3 4 .01 .04 .015
 In a power system there are 4 buses. Bus no. 2 is slack bus,
bus no. 4 is voltage controlled bus and bus no. 1 & 3 are load buses. For Newton Raphson load flow using
voltage in rectangular co ordinate(or voltage in polar coordinate) what are the elements in mismatch vector,
Jacobean Matrix and Correction vector-show in matrix form. Explain with justification.
 In a power system there are 5 buses and seven lines. The Ybus
for this network is known. Due to fault a line (having series
resistance, reactance and half line charging susceptance asR, X
and B p.u. per phase respectively) connected between bus 4 and
2 is disconnected. Show how the elements of the Ybus will be
modified due to this line outage. (4)
 For the following single line diagram of a network, determine
the bus admittance matrix. Given, line series reactance is 0·001
pu/km, shunt susceptance is 0·0016 pu/km.
P P
 Derive the expression of Jacobean elements i and i (where j≠i) and comment on sign of each partial
 i  j
derivative.
 For a two bus system load flow is to be carried out where bus 1 is PQ bus and bus 2 is slack bus. The
elements of Ybus for this system are Y11=Y22= -j10pu and Y12=Y21= j10pu. The specified bus voltage of
bus 2 is 1.02pu and the specified power at bus 1 is -0.8- j0.6 p.u. Solve load flow using Gauss Seidel method
with acceleration factor of 1.1 for 1 (one) iteration Or, Solve Load flow for the same system using Newton
Raphson method in polar co-ordinate for (one) iteration.
 In a power system two buses(bus 1 and 2) are connected by a line. Derive general expression of complex
power flow through line 1-2 in terms of bus voltages and line data.
 Derive the pi‐model of a transformer having of off‐nominal tap setting.
 Explain why Ybus for fault study differs from Ybus for load flow study?

Fault Studies

 Explain the necessity of Fault studies.

 Explain why for fault at generator terminal a single line to ground fault may be more severe than three phase
fault?
 Explain why zero sequence impedance of a transmission line is more than positive or negative sequence
impedance?
Explain why zero sequence impedance of a 3 phase Generator is less than positive or negative sequence
impedance of it?
Explain why for phase fault protection we use inverse time overcurrent relay whereas for earth fault
protection we use instantaneous time overcurrent relay?
In a three phase system the phase currents are (2)
Ia =0.4 + j0.3, Ib= 0.3 –j0.11, Ic= -0.7 + j 0.8. Calculate sequence currents.
Explain why Ybus for fault study differs from Ybus for load flow study?
For a big power system network how can we calculate Z Thevenin at a bus where fault has occurred? 3+3
For a big power system network how can we calculate Z Thevenin at a bus where fault has occurred for
unsymmetrical fault studies? 3+3
 A three phase generator with neutral grounded through an impedance Zg is subjected to single line to ground
fault in phase Y with fault impedance Zf. Write the boundary conditions. Hence derive the relation between
sequence currents and sequence voltages. Show the
interconnection between sequence networks. Derive
the expression of fault current where positive,
negative and zero sequence impedance of the
generator are Z1, Z2 and Z0 respectively. 4
 Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence
networks of the power system shown by one-line
diagram. 4
 A three phase generator is connected to delta side of a delta/star transformer and star side of the transformer
is connected to a three phase transmission line. The positive, negative and zero sequence impedance of
alternator are j 0.15, j 0.15 and j 0.05 pu respectively and those of transmission line are j 0.4, j 0.4 and j 0.7
and leakage impedance of transformer is j 0.06 pu. The neutral of the alternator is grounded through a
reactance of 0.02p.u. whereas the neutral of transformer is solidly grounded. A single line to ground fault
occurs at the midpoint of the line. Calculate fault current and voltages of different phases at fault point.
A delta/star transformer is connected to a three phase generator in delta side and is connected to a three
phase transmission line in star side. The positive, negative and zero sequence impedance of alternator are
j0.15, j0.15 and j0.05 pu respectively and those of transmission line are j0.4,j0.4 and j0.7 and leakage
impedance of transformer is j0.06 pu. The neutral of the alternator is grounded through a reactance of
0.05p.u.whereas the neutral of transformer is solidly grounded. A single line to ground fault occurs at the
midpoint of the line. Calculate fault current and voltages of different phases at fault point. (4)
Stability Studies
 Explain the equal area criterion related to stability of a synchronous machine connected to infinite bus.
 Derive swing equation for a synchronous machine.
 A single synchronous generator(motor) is connected to infinite bus. Suddenly a step increase in load occurs.
Explain the swing phenomenon and explain the condition for the stability.
 A large 3 phase cylindrical rotor generator is delivering 1.0 pu power to an infinite bus through a
transmission network. The maximum power which can be transferred for pre-fault, during fault and post
fault conditions are 1.8pu, 0.4pu and 1.3 pu. Calculate critical clearing angle.
 List different measures to improve transient stability.
 A50-Hz synchronous generator having
inertia constant H= 5.5 MJ/MVA is
connected to an infinite bus through a
purely reactive circuit as shown in the
Figure. Reactances are marked on the
diagram on a common system base. The
generator is delivering real power(P) =
1.0 per unit and reactive power(Q) = 0.4
per unit to the infinite bus at a voltage of 1.0 per unit. A three-phase fault occurs at the middle of one of the
lines with fault impedance(Zf) equals to zero, the fault is cleared, and the faulted line is isolated. Determine
the critical clearing angle.
 Protective Relays

 List different attributes/characteristics of power system relaying.

 Explain why for phase fault protection we use inverse type of over current relay whereas for earth fault
protection we use instantaneous overcurrent relay?
 Describe the constructional details, operating principle and area of application of a directional overcurrent
relay. (B. Ram page 82- for diagram, construction, 2009 reprint)
 What is meant by ‘directional feature’ of a directional overcurrent relay? Describe principle of operation
and application of a directional overcurrent relay.
 What do you mean by a 300 relay with MTA 00?
 What do you mean by A directional relay with 300 relay angle and Maximum Torque Angle(M. T. A.) 00.
How it can be implemented show the connection diagram for voltage and current coil of the relay.(A
Chakrabvorti, Sony, Gupta Bhatnagar, Page 666-669 2005 reprint)
 What do you mean by a 300 relay with M. T. A. 0 0 ? What are the advantages of this relay?
 Describe with a neat diagram, a circulating current protection scheme for a 3 phase, 1 MVA, 11kV/400V
delta star transformer. If the current transformers have a nominal secondary current of 5amps, calculate CT
ratios.
 An 11kV, 100MVA alternator is provided with differential protection. The alternator has 2% resistance
and 6% reactance. The relay is set to operate when there is 20% out of balance current. Determine the
value of the resistance to be placed in the neutral to ground connection so that 85% of winding is protected
against phase to ground fault. 5
 An 11KV, 100MVA alternator is provided with differential protection. The percentage of winding to the
protected against phase to ground fault is 85%. The relay is set to operate when these is 20% out of
balance current. Determine the value of the resistance to be placed in the neutral to ground connection.
 Deduced the generalized equation of an Amplitude Comparators for distance protection? What is your
explanation about the nature of operating and restraining signals? 15
 One protection Engineer needs a phase angle comparator for protection of his power system component. A
magnitude comparator is available for use. Show how the magnitude comparator may be used to serve his
purpose and prove the theory. 4
 Draw a connection diagram of negative sequence relay using R-C circuit and explain it's operating
principle.
 Draw the implementation scheme of negative sequence relay and prove that it will be insensitive to
positive and zero sequence current whereas sensitive to negative sequence current only.
(3+3)
 Discuss how a reactance relay may be realised and discuss its operating principle. Explain its
characteristics on the R-X diagram. Show the operating region. 5+2
 List the adverse effects of negative sequence current on different components of power system. Draw the
implementation scheme of negative sequence relay and prove that it will be insensitive to positive and zero
sequence current whereas sensitive to negative sequence current only. (3+6)
 Choose suitable signals and constants and suitable comparator to implement a mho relay and discuss its
operating principle. Explain its characteristics on the R-X diagram. Show the operating region. 5+2
 A reactance relay is to be implemented using comparator. How the generalised constants(K1,K2,K3 and
K4) are to be chosen to implement the characteristics. Derive the operating characteristics and mark the
zone of operation in R-X plane. (4)
 Show how the arc resistance affects the performance of different distance relays. 4
What is the necessity of protecting electrical equipment against travelling waves? Briefly describe the
protective devices used for such protection.

How you differentiate the following:

 Protection C.T & Metering C.T.
  Fuse with C.B.
 C.B. with Isolator
 Ordinary switches with relays
Explain why directional relays are preferred over simple overcurrent relays in case of parallel feeders and
ring mains protection.
Explain why for phase fault we use Inverse time overcurrent relay whereas for earth fault protection we use
instantaneous time overcurrent relay
Explain what you understand by Primary and Back up Protection. What is the role of back up Protection?
What are the various methods of providing back up protection. 15
Explain what is meant by Transient overreach as applied to high set instantaneous over current relays. What
measures are taken to overcome this difficulty? 15
What are the abnormal conditions in a large alternator against which protection is necessary? (3)

What is carrier current protection? For what Voltage range is it used for the protection of transmission lines?
5
An 11KV, 100MVA alternator is provided with differential protection. The percentage of winding to the
protected against phase to ground fault is 85%. The relay is set to operate when these is 20% out of balance
current. Determine the value of the resistance to be placed in the neutral to ground connection. 5

Write short notes on the following: 2X 5 = 15.

 Protection C.T & Metering C.T.
 Impedance Relay.
 Explain how Percentage biased differential protection is better compared to differential protection.
3
 Explain the necessity of protection against negative sequence current 2
 Define selectivity of power system protection. 2
 The performance of an overcurrent relay was monitored over a period of one year. It was found that the
relay operated 20 times, out of which 18 were correct trips. If the relay failed to issue trip decision on 2
occasions, compute dependability, security and reliability of the relay. 3
What is the necessity of protecting electrical equipment against travelling waves? Briefly describe the
protective devices used for such protection.
Discuss a protective scheme for parallel feeders. (4)
Circuit Breaker
Fill up the blanks 1
Transients on the power system due to current chopping are taken care of by ____________ .-give
justification.

Series & Shunt trip circuit breakers

Define and explain Breaking capacity and Making capacity of a Circuit Breaker
Explain current chopping phenomenon in a circuit breaker

Write short notes on Arching Horns.


Circuit breaking and closing transient- Restriking Voltage, recovery voltage, RRRV
 Oil circuit breaker- operating principle and application
 Air-blast Circuit Breaker- operating principle and its advantage and application
 SF6 Circuit Breaker- operating principle and its advantage and application
 List and briefly explain advantages of SF6 circuit breaker over other CBs. 3
Describe with neat sketch the working principle of axial air blast circuit breaker. Explain why resistance
switching is used with this type of circuit breaker?
Discuss problems related to break Direct current and measures to overcome