ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II

EE – 501
Contact : 3L + 1T
Credit : 4

Single phase Induction motor :

Construction, Double revolving field theory, Cross field theory, Starting methods, Speed — Torque characteristics,
Phasor diagram, Condition of maximum torque, Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, Applications.

Single Phase AC series motor: Compensated & uncompensated motors. 10

Synchronous machines :
Construction, Types Excitation systems, Generator & Motor modes, Armature reaction, Theory for salient
pole machine. Two reaction theory , Voltage regulation.
Parallel operation of Alternators, Synchronous machine connected to infinite bus effect of change of excitation and
speed of prime mover. Starting of Synchronous motor, Damper winding. Introduction to hunting. 20

Special Electromechanical Devices :

Switched reluctance motor, Permanent magnet machines, Brushless D.C machines, Stepper motor, Tacho-
generators, Synchros & resolvers. AC servo motors. Inductors Generators 13

TEXT BOOKS
1. Electrical Machinery — P.S. Bimbhra, Khanna Publishers
2. Electrical Machines — Nagrath & Kothary, TMH
3. Electrical Machines — M.N. Bandyopadhyay, Pearsons
4. Performance & Design of A.C. Machines — M.G. Say, CBS Publishers &Distributors

REF. BOOKS
1. Mukherjee P K & Chakraborty S : Electrical Machines ; Dhanpat Rai Pub.
2. Sen S K : Electrical Machines ; Khanna Pub.
3. Fitzgerald : Electrical Machinery, TMH
4. Parker Smith – Problems in Electrical Engg ; – CBS Pub & Distributors.
Lecture Plan

Single phase Induction motor (10):

Construction,
Double revolving field theory,
Speed — Torque characteristics,
Phasor diagram,
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters
Cross field theory,
Starting methods, Phasor diagram, Speed — Torque characteristics,
Condition of maximum torque,
Applications.

Single Phase AC series motor: Compensated & uncompensated motors.

Synchronous machines :
Construction, Types Excitation systems, Generator & Motor modes, Armature reaction, Theory for salient
pole machine. Two reaction theory , Voltage regulation.
Parallel operation of Alternators, Synchronous machine connected to infinite bus effect of change of excitation and
speed of prime mover. Starting of Synchronous motor, Damper winding. Introduction to hunting. 20

Special Electromechanical Devices :

Switched reluctance motor, Permanent magnet machines, Brushless D.C machines, Stepper motor, Tacho-
generators, Synchros & resolvers. AC servo motors. Inductors Generators 13
 Chapter 1
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Syllabus:
Construction, Double revolving field theory, Cross field theory, Starting methods, Speed — Torque characteristics,
Phasor diagram, Condition of maximum torque, Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, Applications.

Fig.1: Schematic Representation

1.1 Construction:

The construction of the Single Phase Induction Motor (SPIM) is similar to that of three phase Induction motor.
These are as follows:

• Stator:

Stator is made up of a block of laminations mounted in a cast iron or die cast aluminium alloy frame. The stator has
tapered slots and parallel sided teeth. The slots are having the starting(auxiliary) and running (main) winding.

• Stator winding:
  Two distinct types of windings are used: Starting(Auxiliary) and Running (Main) winding.
 Single layer winding are used.
 Main winding is distributed along the stator periphery in about two-third of the total slots because no
advantage is achieved if all stator slots are occupied. As all slots are not utilized, the output power of a
SPIM is less than that of a 3-ph Induction motor of same size.
 The remaining slots are occupied by the auxiliary winding.
 For a standard SPIM having 24 slots, 4poles , the main winding occupies 16 slots and auxiliary winding
occupies 8 slots. In actual practice there are some slots which are occupied by both windings. Then top
layer is occupied by auxiliary winding and the bottom layer is occupied by the main winding.
 The arrangement of the concentric coils of the main winding is initially clockwise, then anticlockwise and
so on.
 The concentric coils of one coil group traverses from outside to inside and in case of adjacent coil group,
the coils are arranged from inside to outside.
 The space angle between main and auxiliary winding is 90°.
 Three types of single layer windings are used:
1. Concentric winding
2. Progressive winding
3. Skein winding
 Most common winding is Concentric winding

• Rotor :
 Rotor is similar to that of a 3 ph Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
 Slip ring type rotor is seldom used as cost will become very high.

1.2 Double Revolving Field Theory: Qualitative Approach

A single phase supply connected to a single phase distributed winding develops a pulsating field which is
distributed in space, stationary but peak is time varying in nature may be shown below:
𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
But 𝐹𝐹𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Therefore, 𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
= 12𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) + 12𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜃𝜃 + 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
=𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 + 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏
 Where, 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 = 12𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
It is Forward Field and rotates at synchronous speed at positive or forward direction i.e., along the positive direction
of θ.
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 12𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
It is known as Backward Field and rotates at synchronous speed at negative or backward direction i.e., along the
negative direction of θ.

Fig.2:Single phase Induction Motor

Fig.3: Pulsating Field

These two fields are rotating fields. So, we may consider that the pulsating field created by the stator winding is the
combination of two rotating fields, one of them is rotating in forward direction and the other is rotating in backward
direction. Each of these components of mmf waves produces induction-motor action, but the corresponding torques
are in opposite directions. With the rotor at rest, the forward and backward air-gap flux waves created by the
combined mmf's of the stator and rotor currents are equal, the component torques are equal, and no starting torque is
produced. That is why single phase Induction Motor does not have starting torque. If the forward and backward air-
gap flux waves were to remain equal when the rotor revolves, each of the component fields would produce a torque-
speed characteristic similar to that of a polyphase motor with negligible stator leakage impedance, as illustrated by
the dashed curves f and b in Fig.4. The resultant torque-speed characteristic, which is the algebraic sum of the two
component curves, shows that if the motor were started by auxiliary means, it would produce torque in whatever
direction it was started.

The Qualitative Approach rightly explains the working of the Single phase Induction Motor. It also rightly points
out the cause of zero starting torque. However, it has some difficulties created from the assumptions made for the
approach.

In Qualitative Approach, it is assumed that the airgap flux waves remains equal when the rotor is in motion. This
assumption is not always true. This assumption presumes that

• Effect of stator leakage impedance is negligible.

• Also the effect of induced rotor currents are not properly accounted for.

-gap
Fig.4: Qualitative Torque Speed Characteristics

 The assumption that the air-gap flux waves remain equal when the rotor is in motion is a rather drastic
simplification of the actual state of affairs. First, the effects of stator leakage impedance are ignored. Second,
 the effects of induced rotor currents are not properly accounted for. Both the following qualitative explanation
shows that the performance of a single-phase induction motor is considerably better than would be predicted on
the basis of equal forward and backward flux waves.
When the rotor is in motion, the component rotor currents induced by the backward field are greater than at
standstill, and their power factor is lower. Their mmf effects will which opposes that of the stator current, results in
a reduction of the backward flux wave. Conversely, the magnetic effect of the component currents induced by the
forward field is less than at standstill because the rotor currents are less and their power factor is higher. As speed
increases, therefore, the forward flux wave increases while the backward flux wave decreases. The sum of these flux
waves must remain roughly constant since it must induce the stator counter emf, which is approximately constant if
the stator leakage-impedance voltage drop is small. Hence, with the rotor in motion, the torque of the forward field
is greater and that of the backward field less than in Fig. 4, the true situation being about that shown in Fig. 5. In the
normal running region at a few percent slip, the forward field is several times greater than the backward field, and
the flux wave does not differ greatly from the constant-amplitude revolving field in the air gap of a balanced poly-
phase motor. In the normal running region, therefore, the torque-speed characteristic of a single-phase motor is not
too greatly inferior to that of a poly-phase motor having the same rotor and operating with the same maximum air-
gap flux density.
 In addition to the torques shown in Fig. 5, double-stator-frequency torque pulsations are produced by the
interactions of the oppositely rotating flux and mmf waves which rotate past each other at twice synchronous
speed. These interactions produce no average torque, but they tend to make the motor noisier than a polyphase
motor. Such torque pulsations are unavoidable in a single-phase motor because of the pulsations in
instantaneous power input inherent in a single-phase circuit. The effects of the pulsating torque can be
minimized by using an elastic mounting for the motor.
The torque referred to on the torque-speed curves of a single-phase motor is the time average of the instantaneous
torque.ultimately be included in the

Torque-speed characteristic single-phase

Fig. 5: induction motor (a) on the basis of constant forward and
backward flux waves, (b) taking into account changes in the flux waves.
With tor at rest, the forward
At standstill, both forward and backward fields rotate at synchronous speed ns with respect to rotor conductor. Both
these fields, therefore, induce equal rotor emfs, equal Rotor currents. And give rise to equal rotor rnmfs. These equal
rotor mmfs react with their corresponding equal counter-rotating stator mmfs and, therefore, both forward and
backward rotating fields are equal with the rotor at standstill.
When the rotor rotates at speed nr, the speed of backward field becomes 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 + 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟 with respect to the rotor conductors
and
𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 − 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟
𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓 = =1− = 𝑠𝑠
𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠
𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 + 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 − 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟
𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏 = =2− = 2 − 𝑠𝑠
𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠

backward field induces large rotor emf, large rotor current and, therefore, large rotor mmf as compared to their
𝑟𝑟2′
standstill values. The rotor frequency is (2 - s) f, Corresponding effective rotor impedance is + 𝑗𝑗𝑥𝑥2′ therefore,
2−𝑠𝑠

rotor pf is poor. The large rotor mmf component at a poor pf is much greater than its value at standstill and it
opposes constant backward rotating mmf wave. Ag a result of it, backward flux wave is reduced considerably from
its magnitude at standstill.
With the rotor at speed nr the speed of forward flux wave is (ns- nr) with respect to rotor conductor. This reduces
relative speed, induces small rotor emf, small rotor current and, therefore, small rotor mmf as compared to their
𝑟𝑟2′
values at standstill. The rotor frequency is sf and it results in less rotor leakage reactance , given by + 𝑗𝑗𝑥𝑥2′ and,
𝑠𝑠

therefore, a better rotor pf. This reduces rotor mmf component at a better pf ie much smaller than its magnitude at
standstill and it opposes the constant forward mmf wave. Consequently the forward flux wave becomes higher than
its value at standstill. This shows that with the rise in speed from standstill, the backward flux wave decreases and
forward flux wave increases. However, the sum of forward and backward fields must remain approximately constant
at all the rotor speeds ; because this air-gap flux must induce counter emf in the stator, almost equal to the supply
voltage if stator leakage impedance is small. Therefore, under running condition, forward-field torque Tf ie greatar
than the backward-field torque Tb and the net torque (= Tf -Tb) is in the direction of rotor rotation. In the normal
working region, where the slip is quite small, the forward flux wave is several times greater than the backward flux
wave and the resultant air-gap field is not much different from its value had it been a poly-phase induction motor.
This shows that in the normal working region, the torque speed curve of a single-phase induction motor is not far
inferior to that of a polyphase induction motor having the same dimensions and the same amplitude of air-gap flux
density.
The relative speed between forward and backward rotating fields double the synchronous speed. These two
oppositely rotating fields interact with each other and produce torque pulsating at double the line frequency. The
time average value of this pulsating torque is zero, but it makes a single-phase induction motor, more noisier than a
polyphase induction motor. This unwanted pulsating torque can't be avoided in a single-phase induction motor
because single-phase instantaneous power is inherently pulsating in nature. The effect of pulsating torque and
thereby the noise can, however reduced by mounting this motor on an elastic base. Same can be explained in terms
of power. For 3-phase system,
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 3𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉∅
For single phase system, 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜑𝜑)
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚
= [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − sin(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜑𝜑)]
2
= 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜑𝜑)
Power of a single phase Induction motor is pulsating at a frequency twice of the corresponding synchronous speed.
Therefore, there is a consequent pulsation in the torque.
 The frequency of the rotor current due to forward field=sf
The frequency of the rotor current due to backward field=(2-s)f
These two currents are superimposed and the oscilloscopic view of the rotor current is shown in Fig.6

Fig.6: Rotor current

V1

I2b ∅𝑓𝑓

∅2𝑏𝑏 ∅𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

∅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

∅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

∅2𝑓𝑓

I2f ∅𝑏𝑏

E2f

E2b Fig.7: Phasor Diagram

1.3 Semi-quantitative Analysis:
This approach is adopted for single phase Induction Motor to develop its equivalent Circuit. A heuristic
arguments will be used for it.
As per the double Revolving theory, the pulsating field developed by the single phase supply connected to
stator(main) winding produces two rotating fields as we found them in a 3-ph Induction Motor. However, their
direction of rotationa are opposite. And the torques developed by them are opposite. So situation of a single
phase Induction motor may be simulated as shown in Fig.8

Fig.8: equivalent representation of SPIM

At standstill, the single winding Induction Motor acts like a transformer with shorted secondary winding.
Therefore, equivalent circuit will be similar to that of a transformer as shown in fig.9.

Fig.9: equivalent circuit of SPIM at standstill

𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑥𝑥1 →stator leakage impedance
𝑟𝑟2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑥𝑥2 →rotor leakage impedance referred to stator
Core loss component is omitted as it will be considered alongwith friction and windage loss.
E= counter emf induced in the main stator winding by the stationary pulsating flux wave produced by the
combined action of both stator and rotor mmf.
Let us recall the double revolving field theory. At standstill, both the forward and backward rotating fluxwaves
are equal to half the amplitude of the stationary pulsating air-gap flux wave. If only the forward rotating field or
backward rotating field are present the equivalent circuit will be as shown in Fig.10
𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 + 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = 𝐸𝐸, And Ef=Eb, Both Equivalent circuits are carrying a current I1.
Therefore the equivalent circuits shown in Fig.9 may be connected in series to get the combined equivalent
circuit as shown in Fig.11
 Fig.10: Equivalent Circuits for forward and backward field at standstill

Fig.11: Combined Equivalent Circuit for forward and backward field at standstill

It also may be noted here that at standstill condition as per the equivalent circuit of Fig.11,
∅𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 𝑍𝑍𝑓𝑓
= = =1
∅𝑏𝑏 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝑍𝑍𝑏𝑏
This revalidates the working of SPIM at standstill as per Double Revolving Field Theory.
At any speed nr, the slips for forward and backward field will be different and are given by
𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 −𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 +𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 −𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟
𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓 = =1− = 𝑠𝑠, 𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏 = =2− = 2 − 𝑠𝑠
𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠

Accordingly the equivalent circuit of Fig.11 can be modified to Fig.12

Fig.11: Equivalent Circuit for Single Phase Induction Motor at all speed

For this Equivalent Circuit,

 ∅𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 𝑍𝑍𝑓𝑓
= = ≫1
∅𝑏𝑏 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝑍𝑍𝑏𝑏
This also revalidates the working of SPIM as per Double Revolving Field Theory.
Now the power and torque developed in a single phase Induction motor by recalling the power and torque developed
in a three phase induction motor.
The air gap power delivered by stator winding to forward field is given by
2
𝑟𝑟2
𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝐼𝐼2𝑓𝑓
2𝑠𝑠
1 1 2 𝑟𝑟2
Forward Field torque is given by,𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 = 𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼
𝜔𝜔 𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝜔𝜔 𝑠𝑠 2𝑓𝑓 2𝑠𝑠

Similarly, the air gap power delivered by stator winding to backward field is given by
2
𝑟𝑟2
𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝐼𝐼2𝑏𝑏
2(2 − 𝑠𝑠)
1 1 2 𝑟𝑟2
Backward Field torque is given by,𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 = 𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼
𝜔𝜔 𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝜔𝜔 𝑠𝑠 2𝑏𝑏 2(2−𝑠𝑠)

As forward torque is opposed by backward torque, Net torque is given by

𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 − 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏
1 1 2 𝑟𝑟2 2
𝑟𝑟2
𝑇𝑇 = �𝑃𝑃 − 𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 � = �𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼2𝑏𝑏 �
𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 2𝑓𝑓 2𝑠𝑠 2(2 − 𝑠𝑠)
Total Loss=𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 + (2 − 𝑠𝑠)𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
Net Mechanical Power Output=𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 = 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 𝑇𝑇 = (1 − 𝑠𝑠)𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇
= (1 − 𝑠𝑠)�𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 − 𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 �
Shaft Power Output = 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 − 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 −𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
Shaft Power Output P m −P rotational −P iron −loss
Shaft Torque=
shaft speed
= (1−s)ω s

Expression of torque may further be simplified.

𝑋𝑋 𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥
𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚 � 2 + 𝑗𝑗 2 �
𝑍𝑍𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 + 𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝑓𝑓 = 𝑟𝑟 2 2𝑠𝑠 2
2 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
+ 𝑗𝑗 � + �
2𝑠𝑠 2 2
𝑋𝑋 𝑟𝑟2 𝑥𝑥
𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚 � + 𝑗𝑗 2 �
2 2(2 − 𝑠𝑠) 2
𝑍𝑍𝑏𝑏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 + 𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝑏𝑏 = 𝑟𝑟2 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
+ 𝑗𝑗 � + �
2(2 − 𝑠𝑠) 2 2
As core-loss is neglected, we may now equate the real powers and get the relations
2
𝑟𝑟2
𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝐼𝐼2𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐼12 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
2𝑠𝑠
2
𝑟𝑟2
𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝐼𝐼2𝑏𝑏 = 𝐼𝐼12 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏
2(2 − 𝑠𝑠)
1 1 2 𝑟𝑟2 2
𝑟𝑟2
𝑇𝑇 = �𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 − 𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 � = �𝐼𝐼2𝑓𝑓 − 𝐼𝐼2𝑏𝑏 �
𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 2𝑠𝑠 2(2 − 𝑠𝑠)
1 2 1 2
𝑇𝑇 = �𝐼𝐼 𝑅𝑅 − 𝐼𝐼12 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 � = 𝐼𝐼 �𝑅𝑅 − 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 �
𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 1 𝑓𝑓 𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 1 𝑓𝑓
 1 2
Mechanical Power Output=𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 = 𝑇𝑇𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠𝑠)𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 × 𝐼𝐼 �𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 − 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 �
𝜔𝜔 𝑠𝑠 1

= 𝐼𝐼12 (1 − 𝑠𝑠)�𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 − 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 �

1.4 Analysis using Symmetrical Components:

Any unbalanced n phase system can be expressed as sum of balanced n no. of n phase systems. Then we can easily
find the overall response of the unbalanced input by applying superposition theorem for each of the balanced n
phase system.
Single phase system is a special case of the two-phase system. So, same approach may be adopted here.

jFf

Fa
Fb

Fm
Ff
-jFb

Fig.12

Any unbalanced two phase system is having the components,

𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚 = 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 + 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏

𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 𝑗𝑗𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑏𝑏

1
Therefore, 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 = (𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚 − 𝑗𝑗𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 )
2

1
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = (𝐹𝐹 + 𝑗𝑗𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 )
2 𝑚𝑚
Same may be found from the phasor diagram as shown in Fig.12

jFf

Fb
Fa
Fa
Fm
Fm
= Ff and
-jFb

Fig.13

jFf

Fb
Fa

Fm
= Ff + -jFb

Fig.14

When unbalanced supply is applied to motor direction of rotation is always from leading to lagging phase as it
was found for balanced 3 phase supply.

Here, two phase supply having components Fa and Fm are applied. As Fa is leading to Fm, Direction of rotation will
be from the physical position of the winding to which Fa is fed toward the direction of the location of Fm.

However , we may also consider the symmetrical components of Fa and Fm. As jFf leads Ff, the direction of the
forward torque will be from jFf to Ff. But jFf is a part of Fa and Ff is a part of Fm. So, direction of the forward
torque will be from Fa to Fm. Its magnitude is also large compared to backward torque as Ff is greater than Fb.

For backward torque, the direction will be reversed following the previous principle.

Now, we would like to consider the case of the single phase Induction Motor.
Auxiliary Winding
Va

Ia
Main Winding

Im
Vm