Version 1

1/22/22
Guideline for PSSE Stability Modeling of Inverter-Based DER ≥ 5 MW
to Meet National Grid SRD dated 1/24/22
(applicable to PSSE V34)

The following generic renewable energy system modules from the PSS/E Rev 34.8.1 Standard Library
models shall be used to represent the transient stability characteristics of the inverter-based DERs.

1.) Renewable Energy Generator/Converter Model:

• REGC_B

2.) Renewable Energy Electrical Model:

• REEC_D

3.) Power Plant Controller model:

• REPC_A -- (for Stand-Alone PV, Stand-Alone BESS, and DC coupled PV+BESS)
• PLNTBU1 + REAX4BU1 – (For AC coupled PV+BESS)

The sections below provide guidelines for parameterizing these generic PSS/E renewable energy system
models to comply with various performance requirements outlined in the Source Requirements
Document (SRD) for inverter-based DER greater or equal to 5 MW, connected to the National Grid
Distribution system (attached).

National Grid
SRD_1-24-22.pdf

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REGC_B Model Guidelines - Model parameters are to be provided in per unit of machine MVA base.

Parameter Description Typical Value Comments

or range of
Values*
RateFlag RateFlag switch; 0 or 1 Inverter specific
0: rate limit on active current,
1: rate limit on active power
PQ Priority PQ priority Flag; 0 or 1 Needs to be consistent with the PQFlag of
Flag 0: Q priority, associated REEC_D model
1: P priority
Set to 0 (Q Priority), if providing dynamic
voltage support in the mandatory operation
region of attached SRD document

Set to 1 (P Priority), if not providing

Tg Lag time constant emulating current
regulator response time. [s]
Te Lag time constant representing delay
in converter firing controls. [s].
Tfltr Lag time constant representing the lag
in the terminal voltage measurement
transducer [s]
Rrpwr Rate limit on active power recovery
rate after a large voltage dip, or
sudden change in active power
command. [pu/s]
dynamic voltage support in the mandatory
operation region of attached SRD document
0.017 to 0.03 Cannot be zero
0.01 to 0.017 Should generally not set this to zero
0.02 to 0.05 Can be set to zero
2 to 20 Ramp rate for active current recovery needs
to be at least 2 pu/s since IEEE 1547 requires
DERs to restore output to at least 80%
within 0.4 seconds. Please provide the
inverter’s actual ramp rate.

Re Equivalent source resistance. [pu] 0 to 0.02 Re is a Loadflow model parameter, not a

Xe Equivalent source reactance. [pu]
Iqrmax Rate limit on reactive current recovery
after a fault if the initial reactive
current is positive (injecting into the
grid).
Iqrmin Rate limit on reactive current recovery
after a fault if the initial reactive
current is negative (absorbing from
the grid).
Imax Maximum converter current limit [pu]
stability model parameter. Please provide
separately in the load flow model.
Re is typically set to zero
0.05 to 0.3 Xe is a Loadflow model parameter, not a
stability model parameter
Please provide separately in the load flow
model.
1 - 999 Parameter value is irrelevant because initial
reactive current is always zero (DER not
allowed to control voltage under normal
operating conditions (i.e. “steady state)
-1 - -999 Parameter value irrelevant because initial
reactive current is always zero (DER not
allowed to control voltage under normal
operating conditions (i.e. “steady state)
1.0 to 1.5 Needs to be consistent with the associated
REEC_D model
Please provide inverter’s maximum current
capability.

*Typical values are provided only for guidance, and should not be interpreted as a strict range of
numbers.
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 Version 1
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REEC_D Model Guidelines - Model parameters are to be provided in per unit of machine MVA base.

Parameter Description Typical Value Comments

or range of
Values*
PFFLAG • 1 if power factor control 0 or 1 Set to 0. DERs not allowed to control
• 0 if Q control (which can be voltage under normal operating conditions.
controlled by an external signal)
VFLAG • 1 if Q control 0 or 1 Set to 0 or 1. VFLAG value is irrelevant if
• 0 if voltage control QFLAG is set to zero
QFLAG • 1 if voltage or Q control 0 or 1 Set to 0. DERs not allowed to control
• 0 if constant pf or Q control voltage under normal operating conditions
PFLAG • 1 if active current command has 0 or 1 Set to 0. No speed dependency for PV or
speed dependency BESS.
• 0 for no dependency
PQFLAG P/Q priority flag for current limit: 0 or 1 Needs to be consistent with PQFlag of
• 0 for Q priority associated REGC_B model
• 1 for P priority
Set to 0 (Q Priority), if providing dynamic
voltage support in the mandatory operation
region of attached SRD document

Set to 1 (P Priority), if not providing

VcmpFlag: • 1 for current compensation
• 0 for reactive droop compensation
Vdip (pu) low voltage threshold to activate
reactive current injection
logic
dynamic voltage support in the mandatory
operation region of attached SRD document
0 or 1 Setting is irrelevant, since Qflag set to 0.
DERs not allowed to control voltage under
normal operating conditions.
<0.88 Set to 0.88pu or below, if providing dynamic
voltage support in the low voltage,
mandatory operation region of attached
SRD document

Set to < 0.50, if not providing dynamic

Vup (pu) Voltage above which reactive current
injection logic is activated
Trv (s) Voltage filter time constant
dbd1 (pu) Voltage error dead band lower
threshold (≤0)
voltage support in the low voltage,
mandatory operation region of attached
SRD document
> 1.10 Set above 1.2 so as not to provide dynamic
voltage support in the continuous operation
region of attached SRD document
0.02 to 0.05 Inverter specific. Needs to be the same as
Tfltr in REGC_B model.
-0.1 - 0

dbd2 (pu) Voltage error dead band upper 0 – 0.1

threshold (≥0)
Kqv (pu) Reactive current injection gain during 0 - 10
over and undervoltage conditions

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Parameter Description Typical Value Comments
or range of
Values*
Iqh1 (pu), Upper limit on reactive current 1 - 1.1 Enter inverter specific values if inverter is
injection Iqinj providing dynamic voltage support in in the
low voltage, mandatory operation region of
Iql1 (pu), Lower limit on reactive current -1.1 - 1 attached SRD document.
injection Iqinj
Vref0 (pu), User defined reference (if 0, model 0.95 – 1.05 Otherwise, parameter values are irrelevant.
initializes it to initial terminal voltage)
Iqfrz Value to which reactive-current 0
command is frozen after a voltage-dip
[pu]
Thld Time for which reactive-current 0
command is frozen after a voltage-dip
[s]; if positive then Iqcmd is frozen to
its final value during the voltage-dip; if
negative then Iqcmd is frozen to Iqfrz
Thld2 Time for which Ipcmdbl (value of 0 inverter specific
Ipcmd before limit) is frozen after the
voltage dip is over (s)
Tp Filter time constant for electrical 0.01 – 0.1 inverter specific
power (s),
QMax The maximum value of the incoming 0.4 - 1.0 Set to 0. Inverter not allowed to control
Qext or Vext [pu] voltage under normal operating conditions
QMin The minimum value of the incoming -1.0 - -0.4 Set to 0. Inverter not allowed to control
Qext or Vext [pu] voltage under normal operating conditions
VMAX Maximum limit for voltage control [pu] 1.05 – 1.1 Parameter values are irrelevant, since QFlag
VMIN Minimum limit for voltage control [pu] 0.9 - 0.95 set to 0. DERs not allowed to control
Kqp Reactive power regulator proportional N/A voltage under normal operating conditions
gain (pu)
Kqi Reactive power regulator integral gain N/A
(pu)
Kvp Voltage regulator proportional gain N/A
(pu)
Kvi Voltage regulator integral gain (pu) N/A
Vbias User-defined bias (pu) normally 0 Parameter value irrelevant, since VFlag set
to 1.
Tiq Time constant on delay for block s4 (s) 0.02 – 0.05 inverter specific
dPmax Power reference maximum ramp rate >0 Must be greater than 0
(pu/s)
dPmin Power reference minimum ramp rate <0 Must be less than 0
(pu/s)
PMAX Maximum power limit (pu) 1
PMIN Minimum power limit (pu) 0
Imax Maximum limit on total converter 1.0 to 1.5 Must match Imax value in REGC_B model
current (pu)
Tpord Power filter time constant (s) 0.02 - 0.05
VDL vq-iq 10 pairs of values defining the voltage N/A Enter Inverter specific values if inverter
dependent reactive-current limits [pu] employs Voltage Dependent Limits for
reactive current. Otherwise, set all VDL vq-iq
data to zero
VDL vp-ip 10 pairs of values defining the voltage N/A Enter Inverter specific values if inverter
dependent active-current limits [pu] employs Voltage Dependent Limits for active

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Parameter Description Typical Value
rc Current-compensation resistance [pu]
Xc Current-compensation reactance [pu]
Tr1 Filter time constant for voltage
measurement. Can be set to “zero”. [s]
Kc Reactive-current compensation gain
Ke Scaling on Ipmin;
vblkl Voltage below which the converter is
blocked (i.e. Iq = Ip = 0)
vblkh Voltage above which the converter is
blocked (i.e. Iq = Ip = 0)
Tblk_delay The time delay following blocking of
the converter after which the
converter is released from being
blocked
Version 1
1/22/22
Comments
or range of
Values*
current. Otherwise, set all VDL vp-ip data to
zero
0 – 0.02 Parameter values are irrelevant, since QFlag
0.01 – 0.12 set to 0. DERs not allowed to control
0.02 – 0.05 voltage under normal operating conditions
0.01 – 0.05
0–1 set to 0 for a generator,
set to a value between 0 and 1 for a storage
device, as appropriate
0.50 pu Set to 0.50 pu to correctly model
Momentary Cessation low voltage threshold
per attached SRD document
1.1 pu Set to 1.10 pu to correctly model
Momentary Cessation high voltage
threshold per attached SRD document
0.04 – 0.1 Time delay after release from converter
blocking due to Momentary cessation.

*Typical values are provided only for guidance, and should not be interpreted as a strict range of
numbers. Where N/A is listed, this indicates that there is no typical range to be provided.

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 Version 1
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REPC_A Model Guidelines – To be used for stand-Alone PV, stand-Alone BESS, and DC coupled
PV+BESS
Model parameters are to be provided in per unit of machine MVA base.

Parameter Description Typical Value Comments

or range of
Values*
VCFLAG Droop flag for Voltage control 0 or 1 Set to 0 or 1. Irrelevant if RefFlag is set to 0
RefFlag Flag for Voltage or Q control 0 or 1 Set to 0. No voltage control allowed for
continuous operation.
Fflag Frequency Control Flag 0 or 1 Set to 1, Enable frequency response, per
attached SRD document
tfltr Voltage and reactive power filter 0.02 - 0.05
time constant, sec.
kp Volt/VAr regulator proportional -
gain, p.u.
ki Volt/VAr regulator integral gain, -
p.u.
tft Plant controller Q output lead time 0
constant, sec.
tfv Plant controller Q output lag time 0.02 - 0.15
constant, sec.
vfrz Voltage for freezing Volt/VAr 0.00 - 0.90
regulator integrator, p.u.
Parameter values are irrelevant, DERs not
rc Line drop compensation 0.0
allowed to control voltage under normal
resistance, p.u. operating conditions
xc Line drop compensation reactance, 0.0
p.u.
kc Reactive droop gain, p.u. -
emax Maximum Volt/VAr error, p.u. -999
emin Minimum Volt/VAr error, p.u. 999
Dbd1 Lower threshold for reactive power <=0
control deadband (<=0)
Dbd1 Upper threshold for reactive power >=0
control deadband (>=0)
Qmax Maximum plant reactive power 0.00 - 0.43 Set to 0. No voltage control allowed for
command, p.u. continuous operation
Qmin Minimum plant reactive power -0.43 - 0.00 Set to 0. No voltage control allowed for
command, p.u. continuous operation.
kpg Real power control proportional - PPC specific
gain, p.u.
kig Real power control integral gain, - PPC specific
p.u.
tp Active power filter time constant, 0.02 - 0.05 PPC specific
sec.
fdbd1 Frequency deadband downside, -0.01 - 0.00 Set to - 0.0006 pu. 0.036 hz deadband is
p.u. required per attached SRD (0.036Hz/60Hz)

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Parameter Description Typical Value Comments
or range of
Values*
fdbd2 Frequency deadband upside, p.u. 0.00 - 0.01 Set to 0.0006 pu. 0.036 hz deadband is
required per attached SRD (0.036Hz/60Hz)
femax Maximum power error in droop 999
regulator, p.u.
femin Minimum power error in droop -999
regulator, p.u.
pmax Maximum plant active power 1
command, p.u.
pmin Minimum plant active power 0 or -1 Set to 0 if Stand-Alone PV.
command, p.u. Set to -1 if stand-alone BESS.

If DC coupled PV+BESS
Set to negative of BESS MW rating,
in pu of PV MW rating, if PV MW
rating larger than BESS MW rating

Otherwise, set to – 1.
tg Plant controller P output lag time 0.02 - 0.15 PPC specific
constant, sec.
ddn Reciprocal of down regulation 0.00 - 33.33 Set to 20. 5% droop setting is required per
droop, p.u. attached SRD document.
dup Reciprocal of up regulation droop, 0.00 - 33.33 Set to 20 if stand-alone BESS or DC Coupled
p.u. PV+BESS. 5% droop setting is required per
attached SRD document.

Otherwise, set to 0.

*Typical values are provided only for guidance, and should not be interpreted as a strict range of
numbers. Where N/A is listed, this indicates that there is no typical range to be provided.

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 Version 1
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PLNTBU1 Model Guidelines – To be used for AC coupled PV+BESS

Note: REAX4BU1 Model is also required to be used with PLNTBU1 (see later in document)
Model parameters are to be provided in per unit of system MVA base (100 MVA).

Parameter Description Typical Value Comments

or range of
Values*
VCFLAG Droop flag for Voltage control 0 or 1 Set to 0 or 1. Irrelevant if RefFlag is set to 0
RefFlag Flag for Voltage or Q control 0 or 1 Set to 0. No voltage control allowed for
continuous operation.
Fflag Freqency Control Flag 0 or 1 Set to 1, Enable frequency response, per
attached SRD document
tfltr Voltage and reactive power filter 0.02 - 0.05
time constant, sec.
kp Volt/VAr regulator proportional -
gain, p.u.
ki Volt/VAr regulator integral gain, -
p.u.
tft Plant controller Q output lead time 0
constant, sec.
tfv Plant controller Q output lag time 0.02 - 0.15
constant, sec.
vfrz Voltage for freezing Volt/VAr 0.00 - 0.90
regulator integrator, p.u.
Parameter values are irrelevant, DERs not
rc Line drop compensation 0.0
allowed to control voltage under normal
resistance, p.u. operating conditions
xc Line drop compensation reactance, 0.0
p.u.
kc Reactive droop gain, p.u. -
emax Maximum Volt/VAr error, p.u. -999
emin Minimum Volt/VAr error, p.u. 999
Dbd1 Lower threshold for reactive power <=0
control deadband (<=0)
Dbd1 Upper threshold for reactive power >=0
control deadband (>=0)
Qmax Maximum plant reactive power 0.00 - 0.43 Set to 0. No voltage control allowed for
command, p.u. continuous operation
Qmin Minimum plant reactive power -0.43 - 0.00 Set to 0. No voltage control allowed for
command, p.u. continuous operation.
kpg Real power control proportional - PPC specific
gain, p.u.
kig Real power control integral gain, - PPC specific
p.u.
tp Active power filter time constant, 0.02 - 0.05 PPC specific
sec.
fdbd1 Frequency deadband downside, -0.01 - 0.00 Set to - 0.0006 pu. 0.036 hz deadband is
p.u. required per attached SRD (0.036Hz/60Hz)

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Parameter Description Typical Value Comments
or range of
Values*
fdbd2 Frequency deadband upside, p.u. 0.00 - 0.01 Set to 0.0006 pu. 0.036 hz deadband is
required per attached SRD (0.036Hz/60Hz)
femax Maximum power error in droop -999
regulator, p.u.
femin Minimum power error in droop 999
regulator, p.u.
pmax Maximum plant active power N/A Set to greater of either PV or BESS MW
command, p.u. rating, in pu of 100 MVA base
pmin Minimum plant active power N/A Set to negative of BESS MW rating, in pu of
command, p.u. 100 MVA base
tg Plant controller P output lag time 0.02 - 0.15 PPC specific
constant, sec.
ddn Reciprocal of down regulation 0.00 - 33.33 Set to 20. 5% droop setting is required per
droop, p.u. attached SRD document.
dup Reciprocal of up regulation droop, 0.00 - 33.33 Set to 20. 5% droop setting is required per
p.u. attached SRD document.

MVA_P Plant Controller MVA base N/A Set to 0. All pu values in PLNTBU1 model
are to be provided on system (100 MVA)
base.

*Typical values are provided only for guidance, and should not be interpreted as a strict range of
numbers. Where N/A is listed, this indicates that there is no typical range to be provided.

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REAX4BU1 Model Guidelines – To be used in conjunction with PLNTBU1 for AC coupled PV+BESS

Note: one REAX4BU1 model is required for each PV or BESS unit that are AC coupled.
Model parameters are to be provided in per unit of machine MVA base.

Parameter Description Typical Value Comments

or range of
Values*
Tw1 (s), Measurement time constant N/A Inverter specific
Kw1 (pu on Gain for signal in reactive path - Irrelevant, since DERs not allowed to control
MBASE), voltage under normal operating conditions
Kp1(pu on Gain for signal in real path N/A
MBASE),
Wmax (pu), Maximum value of W01 - Irrelevant, since DERs not allowed to control
Wmin (pu), Minimum value of W01 - voltage under normal operating conditions
Pmax (pu), Maximum value of P01 1 1 if either PV unit or BESS unit
Pmin (pu), Minimum value of P01 0 or -1 0 if PV unit
-1 if BESS unit

*Typical values are provided only for guidance, and should not be interpreted as a strict range of
numbers. Where N/A is listed, this indicates that there is no typical range to be provided.

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VTGTPAT and FRQTPAT Model Guidelines - Voltage and Frequency Trip Settings

The following parameters for voltage and frequency trip relay PSS/E models need to be used to
represent the required inverter trip settings specified in the attached SRD document.

Parameter Model Value Description

VL VTGTPAT 0.88
Trip for voltages below 0.88
VU VTGTPAT 999
pu for more than 3 seconds
TP VTGTPAT 3.0
VL VTGTPAT 0.5 Trip for voltages below 0.5
VU VTGTPAT 999 pu for more than 1.1
TP VTGTPAT 1.1 seconds
VL VTGTPAT 0
Trip for voltages above 1.1
VU VTGTPAT 1.1
pu for more than 2 seconds
TP VTGTPAT 2
VL VTGTPAT 0 Trip for voltages above 1.2
VU VTGTPAT 1.2 pu for more than 0.16
TP VTGTPAT 0.16 seconds
FL FRQTPAT 58.5 Trip for frequency below
FU FRQTPAT 999 58.5 Hz for more than 300
TP FRQTPAT 300 seconds
FL FRQTPAT 56.5 Trip for frequency below
FU FRQTPAT 999 56.5 Hz for more than 0.16
TP FRQTPAT 0.16 seconds
FL FRQTPAT 0 Trip for frequency above 62
FU FRQTPAT 62 Hz for more than 0.16
TP FRQTPAT 0.16 seconds
FL FRQTPAT 0 Trip for frequency above
FU FRQTPAT 61.2 61.2 Hz for more than 300
TP FRQTPAT 300 seconds

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REGC_B Block Diagram [Source: PSS/E]

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REEC_D Block Diagram [Source: PSS/E]

REEC_D Block Diagram – Continued:

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State Transition Diagram for dynamic voltage support during high or low voltage conditions

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REPC_A Block Diagram [Source: PSS/E]

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PLNTBU1 Block Diagram [Source: PSS/E]

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REAX4BU1 Block Diagram [Source: PSS/E]

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