POLITICAL SCIENCE: the systematic

study of the state and the government

POLITICAL: comes from the Greek word
polis which means a city or state

SCIENCE: comes from the Latin word
scire which means to know


SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. POLITICAL THEORY body of doctrines relating
to the origin, form, behavior and purposes of the
state.

2. PUBLIC LAW organization of the government
and its powers and duties; limitation upon
government authority.

3. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION methods and
techniques used in the actual management of
state affairs.
IMPORTANCE OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. To discover the principles that should be
adhered to in public affairs and to study the
operations of the government.

2. Its findings can be used in seeking resolutions
to immediate situations.

3. To be able to deal with social and economic
problems and other matters of public and
private concerns.
CONCEPT OF STATE

A community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, having a government of
their own, to which the great body of
inhabitants render obedience and enjoying
freedom from external control.

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
1. People the inhabitants or mass population
living within the state.
2. Territory the fixed portion of the surface of
the earth inhabited by the people of the state.
3. Government the agency through which the
will of the state is expressed and carried out.
4. Sovereignty the supreme power of the state
to command and enforce obedience to its will
from people and to have freedom from foreign
control.
STATE

legal/political concept

one state may consist
of one or more nations



NATION

ethnic concept

one nation may be
made up of several
states
STATE

principal

abstraction


cannot exist without
the government

cannot be changed so
long as the elements
are present

GOVERNMENT

agent

externalize the will of
the state

can exist without a
state

can be changed


FORMS of GOVERNMENT
As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers

1. Monarchy one in which the supreme and final
authority is in the hands of a single person.
2. Aristocracy one in which political power is
exercised by a few privileged class
3. Democracy one in which political power is
exercised by a majority of people.

As to extent of powers by the central government

1. Unitary government one in which the control
of national and local affairs is exercised by the
central or national government.
2. Federal government one in which the powers
of government are divided between two sets of
organs, one for national affairs and the other for
local affairs.
As to relationship between the executive and the
legislative branches of the government

1. Parliamentary government one in which
the state confers upon the legislature the
power to terminate the tenure of office of the
real executive.
2. Presidential government one in which the
state makes the executive independent of the
legislature as regards his tenure, policies and
acts.
GOVERNMENT
of the
PHILIPPINES
in
TRANSITION
PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT
Barangay
Datu
Social classes
Early laws
SPANISH PERIOD
Ferdinand Magellan (1521)
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1566)
Katipunan government (1892)
Biak na Bato Republic (1897)
Dictatorial government (1898)
Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite
Revolutionary government (1898)
First Philippine Republic (1898)
Malolos Constitution

AMERICAN PERIOD
Treaty of Paris
Military government (1898)
Civil government (1901)
Commonwealth government (1934)
Tydings Mc Duffie Law

JAPANESE PERIOD
Japanese Military Administration (1942)
The Philippine Executive Commission
The Japanese-sponsored Republic of the
Philippines (1943)

The PROVISIONAL GOVT. of 1986
1. Revolutionary
2. De jure/de facto
3. Constitutional
4. Democratic
5. Powers
6. Provisional Constitution

CONSTITUTION
is a written instrument by which the
fundamental powers of the government
are established, limited and defined by
which these powers are distributed among
the several departments/branches for the
benefit of the people.

NATURE & PURPOSE OF
CONSTITUTION
1. Supreme/Fundamental Law
Constitution is binding on all citizens and
all organs of the government. It is the law to
which all other laws must conform.

2. Basic Framework
Constitution is providing system to the
government; assigning powers and duties to
different government departments/branches;
protecting the rights of individuals against
arbitrary actions of the government.
Requisites of a
good written constitution
As to form
1. Brief
2. Broad
3. Definite



As to contents
1. Constitution of
government
2. Constitution of
liberty
3. Constitution of
sovereignty
CONSTITUTION

a legislation direct
from the people
merely states the
general framework of
the law
not merely to meet
existing conditions
but to govern the
future
the supreme or
fundamental law

STATUTE

a legislation from the
peoples representatives
provides the details of
the subject it treats

to meet existing
conditions only


Law born-out from the
Constitution
CONSTITUTIONS
OF THE
REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Malolos Constitution
September 15, 1898, Congress met in
Malolos, Bulacan and framed the Malolos
Constitution
lasted only for a short period of time from
January 23, 1899 to March 23, 1901

1935 Constitution
March 24, 1934 Pres. Roosevelt
authorized the calling of a constitutional
convention to draft a constitution of the
Philippines
March 23, 1935 Pres. Roosevelt
approved the Constitution.
May 14, 1935 Filipinos ratified the
Constitution

1973 Constitution
March 16, 1967 Congress authorized the
holding of a constitutional convention
June 1, 1971 the convention started to rewrite
the Constitution
November 30, 1972 the proposed Constitution
was signed
September 21, 1972 Pre. Marcos placed the
entire country under martial law
January 17, 1973 Filipinos ratified the
Constitution

Freedom Constitution

February 22-25, 1986 - 4 day people
power revolt
March 25, 1986 - Freedom Constitution
was promulgated


1987 Constitution
April 23, 1986 - Constitutional Commission
was created to draft the proposed
Constitution
June 2, 1986 - the Constitutional
Commission convened
October 15, 1986 - draft of the Constitution
was finished
February 2, 1987 - the 1987 Constitution
was ratified by the people on a plebiscite