AGGREGATES

Strength
Dimension
stability
Economy
 Objectives
Understand:
Types of aggregates
Characteristics and properties of
aggregates
Test of aggregates
 Aggregates
A rocklike material of
various sizes and shapes
used in the manufacture
of concrete
ASTM defines aggregates
as granular material such
as sand, gravel, crushed
stone used with
cementing medium to
form mortar or concrete
 Aggregates
Natural – taken from
natural deposits
without change in
their nature during
production
Manufactured –
include blastfurnace
slag, clay,
lightweight
aggregate
 Aggregates
Coarse Fine
Crushed Crushed
Uncrushed Uncrushed
 Based on sizes
Fine aggregate – Coarse aggregate –
less than 5 mm (C, greater than 5 mm ( 10,
M, F) 20, 40 mm)
 Aggregates

Crushed –
sharp angular
particles, from
quarry, rough
surface, good
bond strength,
low workability
 Uncrushed
Uncrushed – round shapes, smooth
surface, from river, low bonding
properties, high workability
 Types of rock

Granite – hard, tough and

dense
Sandstone – may contain clay
Limestone – may contain clay
Types of aggregates based on
specific gravity

Lightweight aggregate
Normal weight aggregate
Heavyweight aggregate
 Lightweight Aggregate
Bulk density less than 1200 kg/m3
Used in manufacturing lightweight
concrete, lightweight masonry block
Porous, good thermal insulation
Natural lightweight aggregate consists of
particles derived from natural rocks,
primarily those of natural volcanic origin
 Cont.
Manufactured lightweight
aggregate – is produced by
expanding some raw materials in
a rotary kiln, on a sintering grate,
or by mixing them with water
 Normal Weight Aggregate
Density in the range of 2300 – 2500
kg/m3
Mostly obtained from quarry, river
Specific gravity in the range of 2.5-3.0
Suitable for most constructions
Need to be cleaned from impurities
Chloride content should be less than
1%
 Heavyweight Aggregate
Density in the range of 4000 – 8500
kg/m3
Used primarily to manufacture
heavyweight concrete for protection
against nuclear radiation
Low workability
Eg. Barite with specific gravity of 4.5
 Properties of Aggregates
A number of physical and mechanical
properties affect durability, strength,
and performance of construction
products manufactured using
aggregates
The aggregate particles should retain
their strength, shape, and texture when
used with materials such as cement
 Properties of Aggregates
Compressive strength
Specific gravity
Bulk density
Porosity
Voids Modulus of elasticity
Absorption Moisture content
Shrinkage
Grading and fineness
Chemical reactivity
 Specific Gravity
The ratio of the mass of a unit volume
of a material at a specific temperature
to the mass of the same volume of gas-
free distilled water at that temperature
The weight of aggregate particles
depend on the moisture level. The
specific gravity readings should be
associated with the moisture level or
moisture content measurement
 Example
Aggregate Type Specific Gravity

Granite Normal weight 2.65

Gravel Normal weight 2.70
Sand Normal weight 2.60
Scoria Lightweight 0.75
Pumice Lightweight 0.75
Hematite Heavyweight 5.00
Barite Heavyweight 4.50
 Moisture Content

Two types of moisture:

Absorbed moisture
Surface moisture
 Absorbed Moisture

The weight of water absorbed by dry aggregate

particles in reaching the saturated surface dry
condition.
Usually expressed as a percentage of dry weight
In this state there is no water on the surface of a
particle, but all the pores are filled with water
A particle will neither absorb moisture from nor
contribute moisture to the surrounding
Surface Moisture

The moisture that is in

excess of absorbed
moisture
Level of Absorption

Granite – less than 1%

Porous sandstone – as high as
13%
Lightweight aggregate – in the
range of 5 – 20%
Moisture Condition of Aggregates

Oven dry
Air dry
Surface
Saturated Dry
Wet
 Effect Moisture Content
Moisture Design Absorbed Additional Actual Workability Strength/
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Durability

Oven- 10 2 0 8 Decrease Increase

Dry
Air-Dry 10 1 0 9 Decrease Increase

SSD 10 0 0 10 Required Required

Wet 10 0 2 12 Increase Decrease

 Oven-Dry
Is obtained when all the moisture is
driven out of the pores by drying the
aggregate to a constant weight at
temperature of about 110 °C
When mixing water is introduce into
the concrete mix part of it will be
absorbed by the aggregate resulting to
less water for hydration process and
workability of concrete
 Air-Dry

Is the condition when the amount of

moisture in the particles is less than that
of the saturated surface dry condition
but more than which remains in oven dry
condition
Part of the mixing water will be absorbed
by the aggregate during mixing of
concrete
 Surface Saturated Dry
When all pores in the particles are filled
with water but no moisture exists on
the outside surface
The mixing water will be used totally
for the hydration process and
workability of concrete
 Wet
When excess moisture (free water or
surface moisture) remains on the
surface of particles, as in sand exposed
to rainwater
There will be extra water in the concrete
mix which will affect the compressive
strength
How Level of Moisture Affect

Workability
Strength
Durability
 Example
Determine the moisture content,
absorption, and free moisture
content of the fine aggregate
sample.

Initial sample weight = 1.2 kg

Saturated surface dry weight = 1.14 kg
Oven-dry weight = 1.06 kg
 Moisture Content
Moisture content = (Initial sample wt –
Oven-dry wt) / (Oven-dry wt) * 100
= (1.2 – 1.06) / 1.06*100
= 13.2%
 Absorption
Absorption = (SSD wt – Oven-dry wt) /
Oven-dry wt * 100
= (1.14 – 1.06) / 1.06*100
= 7.5%
 Free Moisture
Free Moisture = Moisture content –
Absorption
= 13.2 – 7.5
= 5.7%
BUKL DENSITY OF AGGREGATE
 Bulk density
Known as unit weight or dry-rodded
weight
The mass per unit volume of
aggregate
The mass is determined in dry
condition and the volume includes
the volume of voids
 Void
Represent the amount of air space in
the aggregate or space between the
particles
Void content is generally expressed
as percent of gross volume which is
solid volume plus volume of voids
 Porosity
Is defined as the ratio of the volume
of the pores in a particle to its total
volume of solid volume plus the
pore volume

How it affects strength and durability?

 Modulus of Elasticity
Defined as the ratio of stress to
corresponding strain below the
proportional limit
The modulus of elasticity of concrete
increases with increase in the modulus
of aggregate
Creep and shrinkage of concrete also
affected by the modulus of elasticity of
aggregate
 Compressive Strength
Compressive strength of aggregate
depends on the compressive
strength of the original rock
It will affect the compressive
strength of concrete
 Gradation/Grading
Gradation refers Important property
to the proportions that affects mix
of aggregate proportions,
distributed in workability, economy,
specified particle- porosity, durability
size range and shrinkage of the
finish product
 Grading
Refers to the Sieve analysis –
process that the process of
determines the dividing a sample
particle size of aggregate into
distribution of a fractions of same
representative particle size
sample of the
aggregate
 Graded
Normally graded aggregate – conforms
to the grading limits
Dense-graded aggregate – particle-size
distribution with least voids
Open-graded aggregate – particle-size
distribution with many voids
Gap-graded aggregate – one or more
intermediate sizes are missing
 Sieve Apparatus
Larger to smaller
sizes
SIEVE
Square opening
10 minutes
Weigh the
aggregate retain SHAKER
 Grading limits (BS 882:1983)
Sieve Overall Coarse Medium Fine (F)
size limits (C) (M)
5 mm 89-100 - - -
2.36 60-100 60-100 65-100 80-100
1.18 30-100 30-90 45-100 70-100
600 um 15-100 15-54 25-80 55-100
200 5-70 5-40 5-48 5-70
150 0-15 - - -
 Example
Sieve size Mass Percentage Percentage Grading
retained (g) retained (%) cumulative (compare, M)
passing (%)

10.0 mm 0 0 100
5.00 6 2 98 -
2.36 31 10 88 65-100
1.18 30 10 78 45-100
600 um 59 19 59 25-80
300 107 35 24 5-48
150 53 17 7 -
Less 150 21 7 0
TOTAL 307
Particle Size Distribution
 Effect Of Gradation

Strength and Durability

 Corrosion

How do this occur?

 Arigato

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