All Optical Signal Processing of Optical Fiber Raman Amplifiers in Advanced Photonic Communications Engineering

JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 2, JUNE 2014
12
2014 JOT
www.journaloftelecommunications.co.uk
All Optical Signal Processing of Optical Fiber
Raman Amplifiers in Advanced Photonic
Communications Engineering
Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
1*
, Ibrahim M. El-Dokany
2
,
Abd ElNaser A. Mohamed
3
, and Sarah El-Tahan
4

Abstract This paper has presented the transmission systems with employing Raman amplifier technology have to put up with
much higher level of design complexities, when compared to conventional transmission lines with doped fiber optical amplifier.
Even for the construction of a fundamental, basic building block a unit of a fiber Raman amplifier (FRA), the designer have to
struggle with the problems associated with the interactions between pump/signal waves mediated by Raman process, have to
wander within the vast degrees of freedom given the choice of pumping directions/ratios, and have to contemplate with the
wavelength dependent fiber loss/noise figure profiles in different fiber cable medias such as true wave reach fiber, freelight, and
single mode fiber (SMF).
Index Terms Optical signal processing, Performance signature, Raman Amplifiers, and Advanced photonic Communications
Engineering.
!

1. INTRODUCTION
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is
basically frequency division multiplexing in the optical
frequency domain, where on a single optical fiber there
are multiple communication channels at different
wavelengths [1]. A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the
transmitter to join the signals together and a
demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart. By using
WDM and optical amplifiers, they can accommodate
several generations of technology development in their
optical infrastructure [2]. Optical gain depends on the
frequency of the incident signal and also on the local
beam intensity. Dense wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM) is a technology that puts data from different
sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal
carried at the same time on its own separate light
wavelength [3]. Optical amplifiers have several
advantages over regenerators. Optical amplifiers can be
more easily upgraded to a higher bit rate. In an optical
communication system, as the optical signals from the
transmitter propagate through optical fiber are attenuated
by it and losses are added by other optical components,
such as multiplexers and couplers which causes the signal
to become too weak to be detected. Before this the signal
strength has to be regenerated [4].
Most optical amplifiers amplify incident light
through stimulated emission, its main ingredient is the
optical gain realized when the amplifier is pumped to
achieve population inversion. The optical gain, in general,
depends not only on the frequency of the incident signal,
but also on the local beam intensity at any point inside the
amplifier [5]. To understand how optical amplification
works, the mutual or reciprocal action of electromagnetic
radiation with matter must be understood [6]. Optical
amplification uses the principle of stimulated emission
same as used in a laser. Optical amplifiers can be divided
into two basic classes: optical fiber amplifiers (OFAs) and
semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) [1]. An amplifier
can boost the (average) power of a laser output to higher
levels. It can generate extremely high peak powers,
particularly in ultra short pulses, if the stored energy is
extracted within a short time. It can amplify weak signals
before photo detection, and thus reduce the detection
noise, unless the added amplifier noise is large. In long
fiber-optic links for optical fiber communications, the
optical power level has to be raised between long sections
of fiber before the information is lost in the noise. The
combination of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)
and a fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) is called a hybrid
amplifier (HA), the Raman-EDFA. Hybrid amplifier
provides high power gain. Raman amplifier is better
because it provides distributed amplification within the
fiber. Distributed amplification uses the transmission
fiber as the gain medium by multiplexing a pump
wavelength and signal wavelength. It increases the length
of spans between the amplifiers and regeneration sites. So
this provides amplification over wider and different
regions [7]. Hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber
amplifiers (HFAs) are an advance technology for future.
Hybrid Raman/erbium doped fiber amplifiers are
designed to maximize the long-haul transmission
distance.
In the present study, performance signature and all
optical signal processing of optical Raman amplifiers in
photonic communications engineering have deeply
studied over wide range of the affecting parameters.
Transmitted signal and pumping powers in forward,
backward, and dual pumping configurations can be
theoretically studied. Raman gain will be analyzed in

Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed (Corresponding author) is with
electronics and Electrical Communications engineering department,
faculty of electronic engineering, menouf 32951, menoufia university,
EGYPT.
Ibrahim el-dokany Abd elnaser A. Mohammed and Sarah El-tahan are
with electronics and Electrical Communications engineering
department, faculty of electronic engineering, menouf 32951,
menoufia university, EGYPT..


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2014 JOT
both forward and backward. Raman amplifier can be
thought as more of a loss compensator than an amplifier.
Hence we normally expect all the signals to come out of
the amplifier with same signal strength with which they
entered it. For that we ideally require a flat gain profile.
By adjusting the powers and wavelengths of multiple
pumps employed this profile is achieved.

2. BASIC RAMAN AMPLIFIERS WITH MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES
A schematic view of the configuration of Raman
amplifiers with multiplexing and demultiplexing
techniques are shown in Fig. A [7]. It is provided with
arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) devices which act as
multiplexing unit in the transmitting side, and act as
demultiplexing unit in the receiving side. Basically,
pumped light and signal light are input to a single
amplifier fiber, and amplification is effected by means of
the stimulated scattering that occurs in the fiber.

Fig. A. Schematic view of Raman amplifier with multiplexing and demultiplexing techniques.

Figure A shows a configuration in which pumped light
propagates bi-directionally in the distributed Raman
amplifier, but sometimes it propagates in the same
direction as the light signal (forward pumping) or the
opposite direction (backward pumping). Moreover the
system is provided with band pass filter (BPF) and AWG
devices. Generally, speaking with forward pumping, the
signal to noise ratio (SNR) can be kept high, while with
backward pumping the saturation output power can be
increased. In the case of a Raman amplifier the process of
optical amplification takes place so rapidly that, unless
the intensity noise of the forward pumping light is
sufficiently small, the pumping light noise will be
transferred to the signal light resulting in increasing
transmission bit error rate (BER). Thus in many cases only
backward pumping is used [8].

3. MODEL AND EQUATIONS ANALYSIS
The evolution of the input signal power (Ps) and the
input pump power (Pp) propagating along the single
mode optical fiber in watt; can be quantitatively described
by different equations called propagation equations. The
rate of change of signal and pump power with the
distance z, can be expressed as mentioned in [9]:
) ( ) ( ) (
Re
z P z P g z P
dz
dP
p s ff
p
s
p Lp
p
!
!
" # # = (1)
) ( ) ( ) (
Re
z P z P g z P
dz
dP
p s ff
p
s
s Ls
s
!
!
" + # = (2)
Where !s and !p are the signal and pump wavelengths in
m respectively, z is the distance in km from z=0 to z=L,
!Ls and !Lp are the linear attenuation coefficient of the
signal and pump power in the optical fiber in km-1
respectively. Where ! is the attenuation coefficient in
dB/km. gReff is the Raman gain efficiency in W/km of
the fiber cable length, L in km, which is a critical design
issue and is given by the following equation:
( )
18
Reff
10
= g
!
"
eff
R
A
g
(3)
Where gR is the maximum Raman gain in km/W, Aeff
the effective area of the fiber cable used in the
amplification in m2. Equation (1) can be solved when
both sides of the equation are integrated. When using
forward pumping, the pump power can be expressed as
the following expression [10]:
( ) ( ) z P z P
Lp poF PF
! " = exp
(4)
Where PPoF is the input pump power in the forward
direction in watt at z=0. In the backward pumping the
pump power is given by [11]:
( ) ( ) [ ] z L P z P
Lp poB PB
! ! = " exp (5)
where PPoB , is the input pump power in the backward
direction in watt at z=L. In the case of bi-directional
pump both of the pump can be equal or different in the

!
s1

!
s3

!
s(n-1)

!
sn

!
s1

!
s2

!
s3

!
s(n-1)

!
sn

Transmitters

Receivers
Optical fiber
spans

Z
L
0
Backward
Pump
BPF
Forward
Pump
P
P
-
(L) P
P
+
(L)
P
S
(L) P
S
(0)
!
s2


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2014 JOT
used wavelength or the used amount of power, therefore
in this case the following equation can be used to
calculate the pump power at point z [11, 12]:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] z L P rf z P rf z P
Lp poB Lp poF PFB
! ! ! + ! = " " exp 1 exp ) (

(6)
Where rf is the percentage of pump power launched in
the forward direction. If the values of PP are substituted
in differential Eq. 2, and is integrated from z=0 to z=L for
the signal power in the forward and the backward
pumping the result mathematical equation can be written
as mentioned in [13]:
( )
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
= z L P
A
g
P z P
Ls eff po
eff
R
so S
. exp (7)
Where Pso and Ppo denotes to the input signal and pump
power respectively. This means that Ppo= PpoF in case of
forward pump and Ppo=PpoB in case of backward pump,
and Leff, is the effective length in km, over which the
nonlinearities still holds or stimulated Raman scattering
(SRS) occurs in the fiber and is defined as [14]:
( )
Lp
Lp
eff
z
L
!
! " "
=
exp 1
(8)
Recently, there have been many efforts to utilize fiber
Raman amplifier in long-distance, high capacity WDM
systems. The net gain [15] is one of the most significant
parameters of the FRA. It describes the signal power
increase in the end of the transmission span and presents
the ratio between the amplifier accumulated gain and the
signal loss. It can be simply described by the expression:
,
) 0 (
) (
S
S
net
P
z P
G = (9)
If the Raman gain is not sufficient to overcome fiber
losses, it is useful to introduce the concept of the onoff
Raman gain using the definition [16]:

off pump With s
on pump With s
R
L P
L P
L G
) (
) (
) ( = (10)
Clearly, GR (L) represents the total amplifier gain
distributed over a length Leff .

4. RESULTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
The optical FRAs have been modeled and have been
parametrically investigated in different fiber cable medias
such as true wave reach fiber, Freelight, and single mode
fiber (SMF). In fact, the employed software computed the
variables under the following operating parameters as
shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Proposed operating parameters for performance
signature of Raman amplifiers.[3, 5, 12, 13,17]
Operating
parameter
Symbol Value and unit
Operating signal
wavelength
!s 1.45 " !s, #m " 1.65
Operating pump
wavelength
!p 1.2 " !p, #m " 1.28
Input signal
wavelength
PSo Pso=0.4 mW
Input pump
power
Ppo Ppo =0.2:1 W
Forward pump
ratio
rf 0.5
Signal attenuation $s $s = 0.2 dB/km
Spectral linewidth
of optical source
%! 0.1 nm
Transmission
distance
z 0 " z, km " 100
Types of fiber cable media Freelight SMF Truewave-
RS
Pump attenuation
(dB/km)
$p 0.260 0.263 0.256
gR (1/W.km) gR 0.54 0.42 0.69

Then the set of the series of the following figures are
shown below as the following results can be obtained:
Fig. (1) has clarified that in the case of forward direction
as the distance z increases, the pumping power decreases
exponentially, In case of backward direction as distance z
increases, the pumping power increases exponentially. As
well as in case of bi-directional: For z " 50km, the
pumping power decreases exponentially, and for z > 50
km, the pumping power increases exponentially.
As displayed in the series of figs. (2-6) have assured that
without any amplification with increasing the
transmission distance, z, the output signal power
decreases exponentially. While in case of forward
directional for certain value of initial pumping power:
Initial pumping power = 0.5 W, for distance 1 < z, km "
35, the output signal power increases, for 35 < z, km " 100
the output signal power decreases, and in backward
directional for distance 1 < z, km " 75 km, the output
signal power decreases, for 75 < z, km " 100 the output
signal power increases. The same like at: Initial pumping
power = 0.7 W, for distance 1 < z, km " 40 km, the output
signal power increases, for 40 < z, km " 100 the output
signal power decreases, and in backward directional for
distance 1 < z, km " 80 km, the output signal power
decreases, for 80 < z, km " 100 the output signal power
increases. After using different media of optical fiber
cable, it is indicated that the true wave reach fiber
presented the best results in comparison with other fiber
media.
Fig. (7) has demonstrated that the variation of gain with
pump power for different fiber lengths at a constant
signal input power. The results showed that forward and
backward pumping have the same result. The gain of the
FRA linearly increases with pump power. As a result; the
gain coefficient in dB/W reduces for high pump powers.
In addition, a higher gain can be obtained at a longer
Raman fiber with sufficient pumping. The Truewave fiber
has a higher gain than the two other fiber types.
Figs. (8-10) have assured that in the backward directional
the net gain decreases with the fiber length until it reaches
a certain level depending on the pump power and then
increases until it intersects with axis (approximately
reaches zero). It is clear that, in all cases, the gain
increases with the pump power.
Figs. (11-13) show that in the forward directional the net
gain increases with the fiber length until it reaches a
certain level depending on the pump power and then
decreases until it intersects with axis (approximately
reaches zero). It is clear that, in all cases, the gain
increases with the pump power.


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2014 JOT

Fig. 1. Pump power in different configurations in relation to transmission distance in forward, backward and bi-
directional at the assumed set of the operating parameters.

Fig. 2. The signal power in relation to transmission distance without pump power at the assumed set of the operating
parameters.

Fig. 3. The signal power in relation to transmission distance with input pump power Pp=0.5 W in SMF, Freelight and
true wave reach fiber in forward directional at the assumed set of the operating parameters.

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2014 JOT

true wave reach fiber in forward directional at the assumed set of the operating parameters.

true wave reach fiber in backward directional at the assumed set of the operating parameters.

true wave reach fiber in backward directional at the assumed set of the operating parameters.

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2014 JOT

Fig. 7. The Raman gain in relation to pump power SMF, Freelight and true wave reach fiber at the assumed set of the
operating parameters.

Fig. 8. The Raman net gain in relation to transmission distance for SMF fiber at different pump powers in backward

Fig. 9. The Raman net gain in relation to transmission distance for Freelight fiber at different pump powers in
backward directional at the assumed set of the operating parameters.

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2014 JOT

Fig. 10. The Raman net gain in relation to transmission distance for true wave reach fiber at different pump powers in
backward directional at the assumed set of the operating parameters.

Fig. 11. The Raman net gain in relation to transmission distance for SMF fiber at different pump powers in forward

Fig. 12. The Raman net gain in relation to transmission distance for Freelight fiber at different pump powers in forward

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2014 JOT

Fig. 13. The Raman net gain in relation to transmission distance for true wave reach fiber at different pump powers in
forward directional at the assumed set of the operating parameters.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In a summary, we have deeply investigated fiber
Raman amplifiers in different pumping configurations
(forward, backward, and bi-directional). It is theoretically
found that the dramatic effects on output signal power
with increasing transmission distance in the absence of
pumping power for different transmission medium such
as SMF, Freelight and Truewave reach fibers. It is
indicated that the increased pumping power, this leads to
the increased Raman gain and therefore this results in the
increased output signal power in different pumping
configurations. It is verified with forward pumping
configuration, that higher amplification ratio than
backward direction configuration.

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Biriukov, R. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, High Power,
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Mohamed M. E. El-Halawany, and Mohammed S. F. Tabour
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over Traditional Optical Fiber Communication Systems Using
Different Coding Formats for Long Haul Applications,
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63, 2012.
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Communication Systems, Elsevier, 2009.
[6] M. Islam, Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications and
Physical Principles, Springer, 2004.
[7] L. Binh, T. Lhuynh, S. Sargent, A. Kirpalani, Fiber Raman
Amplification in Ultra-high Speed Ultra-long Haul
Transmission: Gain Profile, Noises and Transmission
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University, 2007.
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El-Fattah Saad, and Hazem Hageen Low Performance
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Dr. Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed was born in
Menouf city, Menoufia State, Egypt country in 23
July, 1976. Received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and
Ph.D. scientific degrees in the Electronics and
Electrical Communications Engineering
Department from Faculty of Electronic
Engineering, Menoufia University in 1999, 2005,
and 2010 respectively. Currently, his job carrier
is a scientific lecturer in Electronics and
Electrical Communications Engineering
Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering,
Menoufia university, Menouf 32951.
His scientific master science thesis has focused on polymer fibers in
optical access communication systems. He has published more than
100 scientific published papers in impacted international journals.
Moreover his scientific Ph. D. thesis has focused on recent
applications in linear or nonlinear passive or active in optical
networks. His interesting research mainly focuses on transmission
capacity, a data rate product and long transmission distances of
passive and active optical communication networks, wireless
communication, radio over fiber communication systems, and optical
network security and management. He has published many high
scientific research papers in high quality and technical international
journals in the field of advanced communication systems,
optoelectronic devices, and passive optical access communication
networks. His areas of interest and experience in optical
communication systems, advanced optical communication networks,
wireless optical access networks, analog communication systems,
optical filters and Sensors. As well as he is editorial board member in
high academic scientific International research Journals. Moreover
he is a reviewer member in high impact scientific research
international journals in the field of electronics, electrical
communication systems, optoelectronics, information technology and
advanced optical communication systems and networks. His
personal electronic mail ID (E-mail:ahmed_733@yahoo.com). He
has supervised four PhD students and three MSc. students
successfully and four PhD students and Six MSc. students are
currently pursuing their research under guidance. His published
paper under the title "High reliability optical interconnections for short
range applications in high performance optical communication
systems" in Optics and Laser Technology, Elsevier Publisher has
achieved most popular download articles in 2013.

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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 2, JUNE 2014

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