Tugas Mekanika Teknik

Tugas Besar

Mekanika Rekayasa II

Dikerjakan oleh :

Lionel ‘oneil’ Zakhy

F 111 10 001

Jurusan Teknik Sipil - Fakultas Teknik

Universitas Tadulako
2010

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Tugas Mekanika Teknik

Buatlah perhitungan Analisis Struktur portal 3 sendi seperti yang tergambar berikut.

q2 = 5 t/m'
P2 = 3 t
q1 = 3 t/m'

q3 = 2 t/m'

C S D
h2 = 3.00 m

Q1 Q2
Q3

h3 = 4.00 m
P1 = 6 t

B
h1 = 4.00 m

h0 = 3.00 m
A

L1 = 2.00 m L2 = 4.00 m L3 = 3.00 m L4 = 2.00 m

L = 11.00 m

Penyelesaian :

A. Beban – beban yang bekerja

Q1 = 21 q1L1 = 21 (3)(2) = 3 ton
Q2 = q 2 L2
1
2 = (5)(4)
1
2 = 10 ton
Q3 = 21 q 3 h3 = 21 (2)(4) = 4 ton

B. Parameter-parameter pada batang miring (AC)

1. Panjang batang AC :

( L1 ) + ( h1 + h2 ) = 22 + ( 4 + 3 ) = 53  7,28011 m
2 2 2
LAC =
q1 = 3 t/m'
2. Sudut arah batang
⎛h +h ⎞ ⎛4+3⎞
tanα = ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 3,5
C

⎝ L1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
h2 = 3.00 m

α = arc tan ( 3,5 ) = 74,05460o d2

P1 = 6 t

3. Panjang a1 dan a2 serta d1 dan d2 :

h1 4
h1 = 4.00 m

a1 = = = 1,14286 m
tanα 3,5 d1

a2 = L1 − a1 = 2 − 1,14286 = 0,85714 m
A α
h 4
d1 = 1 = = 4,16006 m
sinα sin74,05460o
a1 a2
d 2 = LAC − d1 = 7,28011 − 4,16006 = 3,12005 m L1 = 2.00 m

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C. Menghitung Reaksi Perletakan

q2 = 5 t/m'
P2 = 3 t
q1 = 3 t/m'

q3 = 2 t/m'

C S D
h2 = 3.00 m
Q1 Q2
Q3

h3 = 4.00 m
P1 = 6 t

RBH
B
h1 = 4.00 m

h0 = 3.00 m
RBV

RAH
A

RAV
L1 = 2.00 m L2 = 4.00 m L3 = 3.00 m L4 = 2.00 m

L = 11.00 m

Beda tinggi perletakan (ho):

h0 = h1 + h2 − h3 = 4 + 3 − 4 = 3 m

ΣMB = 0
⇒ R AV ( L ) − R AH ( h0 ) + P1 ( h1 − h0 ) − Q1 ( L − 23 L1 ) − Q2 ( 31 L2 + L3 + L4 ) − P2 ( L4 ) − Q3 ( 23 h3 ) = 0
⇒ R AV (11) − R AH ( 3 ) + 6 ( 4 − 3 ) − 3 (11 − 23 (2) ) − 10 ( 31 (4) + 3 + 2 ) − 3 ( 2 ) − 4 ( 23 (4) ) = 0
⇒ R AV (11) − R AH ( 3 ) + 6 − 29 − 63,33333 − 6 − 10,66667 = 0
⇒ 11R AV − 3R AH − 103 = 0
⇒ 11R AV − 3R AH = 103 .....pers (1)
ΣM S ( kiri ) = 0

⇒ R AV ( L1 + L2 ) − R AH ( h1 + h2 ) − P1 ( h2 ) − Q1 ( 31 L1 + L2 ) − Q2 ( 31 L2 ) = 0
⇒ R AV ( 2 + 4 ) − R AH ( 4 + 3 ) − 6 ( 3 ) − 3 ( 31 (2) + 4 ) − 10 ( 31 (4) ) = 0
⇒ R AV ( 6 ) − R AH ( 7 ) − 18 − 14 − 13,33333 = 0
⇒ 6R AV − 7R AH − 45,33333 = 0
⇒ 6R AV − 7R AH = 45,33333 .....pers(2)
Eliminasi pers(1) dan (2) diperoleh :
R AV = +9,91525 ton ( ↑ )
R AH = +2,02260 ton ( → )

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ΣM A = 0

⇒ −RBV ( L ) + RBH ( h0 ) + P1 ( h1 ) + Q1 ( 32 L1 ) + Q2 ( L1 + 32 L2 ) + P2 ( L − L4 ) − Q3 ( h0 + 32 h3 ) = 0
⇒ −RBV (11) + RBH ( 3 ) + 6 ( 4 ) + 3 ( 23 (2) ) + 10 ( 2 + 23 (4) ) + 3 (11 − 2 ) − 4 ( 3 + 23 (4) ) = 0
⇒ −RBV (11) + RBH ( 3 ) + 24 + 4 + 46,66667 + 27 − 22,66667 = 0
⇒ −11RBV + 3R AH + 79 = 0
⇒ −11R AV + 3R AH = −79 .....pers(3)
ΣMS ( kanan ) = 0

⇒ −RBV ( L3 + L4 ) − RBH ( h3 ) + P2 ( L3 ) + Q3 ( 31 h3 ) = 0
⇒ −RBV ( 3 + 2 ) − RBH ( 4 ) + 3 ( 3 ) + 4 ( 31 (4) ) = 0
⇒ −RBV ( 5 ) − RBH ( 4 ) + 9 + 5,33333 = 0
⇒ −5RBV − 4RBH + 14,33333 = 0
⇒ 5RBV + 4RBH = 14,33333 .....pers (4)
Eliminasi pers(3) dan (4) diperoleh :
RBV = +6,08475 ton ( ↑ )
RBH = −4.02260 ton ( ← )

Hasil perhitungan reaksi perletakan digambarkan sebagai berikut :

q2 = 5 t/m'
P2 = 3 t
q1 = 3 t/m'

q3 = 2 t/m'

C S D
h2 = 3.00 m

Q1 Q2
Q3

h3 = 4.00 m

P1 = 6 t

RBH = 4,02260 t
B
h1 = 4.00 m

h0 = 3.00 m

A RBV = 6,08475 t

RAH = 2,02260 t

L1 = 2.00 m L2 = 4.00 m L3 = 3.00 m L4 = 2.00 m

L = 11.00 m

RAV =9,91525 t

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Kontrol keseimbangan Statis :

ΣV = 0 ⇒ R AV + RBV − Q1 − Q2 − P2 = 0
9,91525 + 6,08475 − 3 − 10 − 3 = 0
0.00000 = 0 .....OK .!!
ΣH = 0 ⇒ R AH − RBH + P1 − Q3 = 0
2,02260 − 4,02260 + 6 − 4 = 0
0.00000 = 0 .....OK .!!
Kontrol keseimbangan momen pada setiap titik kumpul :
Syarat : ΣM = 0
- Titik kumpul C
ΣMC (kiri ) = R AV ( L1 ) − R AH ( h1 + h2 ) − P1 (h2 ) − Q1 ( 31 L1 )
= 9,91525 ( 2 ) − 2,02260 ( 4 + 3 ) − 6(3) − 3 ( 31 (2) )
= −14,32770 tm
ΣMC (kanan ) = −RBV ( L − L1 ) + RBH ( h3 ) + Q2 ( 23 L2 ) + P2 ( L2 + L3 ) + Q3 ( 31 h3 )
= −6,08475 (11 − 2 ) + 4,02260 ( 4 ) + 10 ( 23 (4) ) + 3 ( 4 + 3 ) + 4 ( 31 (4) )
= −54,76275 + 16,09040 + 26,66667 + 21 + 5,33333
= 14,32765 tm
ΣM C = ( −14,32770 ) + (14,32765 )
= −0,00005 ≈ 0 ...OK .!

- Titik kumpul D
ΣM D (kiri ) = R AV ( L ) − R AH ( h1 + h2 ) − P1 ( h2 ) − Q1 ( L − 23 L1 ) − Q2 ( 31 L2 + L3 + L4 ) − P3 ( L4 )
= 9,91525 (11) − 2,02260 ( 4 + 3 ) − 6 ( 3 ) − 3 (11 − 23 (2) ) − 10 ( 31 (4) + 3 + 2 ) − 3 ( 2 )
= 109,06775 − 14,15820 − 18 − 29 − 63,33333 − 6
= −21,42378 tm
ΣM D ( kanan ) = RBH ( h3 ) + Q3 ( 31 h3 )
= 4,02260 ( 4 ) + 4 ( 31 (4) )
= 16,09040 + 5,33333
= 21,42373 tm

ΣM D = ( −21,42378 ) + ( 21,42373 ) = −0,00005 ≈ 0 ...OK .!

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- Titik kumpul S
ΣM S (kiri ) = R AV ( L1 + L2 ) − R AH ( h1 + h2 ) − P1 (h2 ) − Q1 ( 31 L1 + L2 ) − Q2 ( 31 L2 )
= 9,91525 ( 2 + 4 ) − 2,02260 ( 4 + 3 ) − 6(3) − 3 ( 31 (2) + 4 ) − 10 ( 31 (4) )
= 59,49150 − 14,15820 − 18 − 14 − 13,33333
= −0,00003 tm ≈ 0 ... OK .!

ΣM S (kanan) = −RBV ( L3 + L4 ) + RBH ( h3 ) + Q3 ( 31 h3 ) + P2 ( L3 )

= −6,08475 ( 3 + 2 ) + 4,02260 ( 4 ) + 4 ( 31 (4) ) + 3 ( 3 )
= −30,42375 + 16,09040 + 5,33333 + 9
= 0,00002 tm  0 ....OK .!

D. Menghitung Gaya – gaya Batang

1. Batang AC
Karena merupakan batang miring maka terlebih dahulu dilakukan transformasi gaya
berdasarkan arah aksial dan arah lateral batang.
- Transformasi reaksi perletakan
q1
C
Arah Aksial :
Q1
Rax = R AH cos α + R AV sinα
in α

Q1 c
os α α
P1 s = 2,02260cos74,054600 + 9,91525sin74,054600
Q1 s

in α
P1 = 10,08940 ton
α
os α

Arah Lateral :
P1 c

RAH s
in α
Rlt = R AV cos α − R AH sinα
A
α
RA
= 9,91525cos74,054600 − 2,02260sin74,054600
RAH α α V cos α
= 0,77915 ton
in α cos α

RAV
RAH

- Transformasi beban merata

RAV s

Arah Aksial :

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Tugas Mekanika Teknik

Q1 sinα = 21 qax LAC

2Q1 sinα 2(3) sin74,054600
qax = = = 0,79245 t / m
LAC 7,28011
Arah Lateral :
Q1 cos α = 21 q lt LAC
2Q1 cos α 2(3)cos74,054600
q lt = = = 0,22642 t / m
LAC 7,28011
Hasil transformasi beban digambarkan sebagai berikut :
x2

d1 = 4,16006 m d2 = 3,12005 m
d1 = 4,16006 m d2 = 3,12005 m
x1

x1 P1 sin α
qlt Q1 sin α qax
Rax
A
C A C
Q1 cos α P1 cos α
LAC LAC

Rlt Arah Aksial

Arah Lateral

Bidang Momen (Mx), Bidang Geser (Dx) dan Bidang Normal (Nx)
q lt x 3
M x1 = Rlt ( x ) − ........0 ≤ x ≤ 4,16006
6LAC
0,22642 ( x )
3

= 0,77915 ( x ) −
6(7,28011)
= 0,77915 ( x ) − 0,005184 ( x )
3

dM x 1
= 0,77915 − 0.015551( x )
2
Dx 1 =
dx
qax x 2
N x1 = −Rax +
2LAC
0,79245 ( x )
2

= −10,08940 +
2(7,28011)
= −10,08940 + 0,05443 ( x )
2

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Tugas Mekanika Teknik

q lt x 3
Mx2 = Rlt ( x ) − ( P1 sinα ) ( x − d1 ) − ........4,16006 ≤ x ≤ 7,28011
6LAC
0,22642 ( x )
3

= 0,77915 ( x ) − ( 6sin74,05460 ) ( x − 4,16006) −

0

6(7,28011)
= 24 − 4,98999 ( x ) − 0,005184 ( x )
3

dM x 2
= −4,98999 − 0,015551( x )
2
Dx 2 =
dx
q x2
Nx 2 = −Rax − P1 cos α + ax
2LAC
0,79245 ( x )
2

= −10,08940 − 6cos74,05460 + 0

2(7,28011)
= −11,73773 + 0,05443 ( x )
2

Tabel perhitungan MDN batang AC

Interval x Mx (ton.m) Dx(ton) Nx(ton)
0.000 0.000 0.779 -10.089
1.000 0.774 0.764 -10.035
2.000 1.517 0.717 -9.872
0 ≤ x ≤ 4,16006
3.000 2.197 0.639 -9.600
4.000 2.785 0.530 -9.219
4.16006 2.868 0.510 -9.147
4.16006 2.868 -5.259 -10.796
5.000 -1.598 -5.379 -10.377
4,16006 ≤ x ≤ 7,28011 6.000 -7.060 -5.550 -9.778
7.000 -12.708 -5.752 -9.071
7.28011 -14.328 -5.814 -8.853

2. Batang CS (0 ≤ x ≤ 4)
q2 x 3
Mx = R AV ( L1 + x ) − R AH ( h1 + h2 ) − P1 ( h2 ) − Q1 ( 31 L1 + x ) −
6LCS
5x 3
= 9,91525 ( 2 + x ) − 2,02260 ( 4 + 3 ) − 6 ( 3 ) − 3 ( 31 (2) + x ) −
6(4)
= 19,83050 + 9,91525 ( x ) − 14,15820 − 18 − 2 − 3 ( x ) − 0,208333 ( x )
3

= −14,32770 + 6,91525 ( x ) − 0,208333 ( x )

3

dM x
= 6,91525 − 0,625 ( x )
2
Dx =
dx

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Tugas Mekanika Teknik

Nx = −R AH − P1
q2 = 5 t/m'
q1 = 3 t/m' = −2,02260 − 6
= −8,02260 ton(tekan )
C S
x Check apakah Mmax terdapat

h2 = 3.00 m
Q1 Q2

dalam interval
P1 = 6 t
Syarat : Mmax Æ Dx = 0
6,91525 − 0,625 ( x ) = 0
2
h1 = 4.00 m

6,91525
x= = 3,32632 m (memenuhi )
0,625
A
RAH = 2,02260 t

L1 = 2.00 m L2 = 4.00 m

RAV =9,91525 t

Tabel perhitungan MDN batang CS

Interval x Mx (ton.m) Dx(ton) Nx(ton)
0.000 -14.328 6.915 -8.023
1.000 -7.624 6.290 -8.023
2.000 -2.169 4.415 -8.023
(0 ≤ x ≤ 4)
3.000 0.785 1.290 -8.023
3.32632 0.998 0.000 -8.023
4.000 -0.011 -3.085 -8.023

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3. Batang DS (Ditinjau sebelah kanan S)

x2 Interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
P2 = 3 t x1 M x1 = − {−RBV ( x ) + RBH ( h3 ) + Q3 ( 31 h3 )}
q3 = 2 t/m'

S D
= − {−6,08475 ( x ) + 4,02260 ( 4 ) + 4 ( 31 (4) )}
Q3
= − {−6,08475 ( x ) + 21,42373}

h3 = 4.00 m
dMx
Dx 1 = − = −6,08475 ton
RBH = 4,02260 t dx
B
Nx1 = −RBH − Q4
= −4,02260 − 4

h0 = 3.00 m
= −8,02260 ton(tekan )
RBV = 6,08475 t

L3 = 3.00 m L4 = 2.00 m

Interval 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
Mx2 = − {−RBV ( x ) + RBH ( h3 ) + Q3 ( 31 h3 ) + P2 ( x − L4 )}
= − {−6,08475 ( x ) + 4,02260 ( 4 ) + 4 ( 31 (4) ) + 3 ( x − 2 )}
= − {−6,08475 ( x ) + 16,09040 + 5,33333 + 3 ( x ) − 6}
= − {−3,08475 ( x ) + 15,42373}
dMx
Dx 2 = − = −3,08475 ton
dx
Nx 2 = −RBH − Q4
= −4,02260 − 4
= −8,02260 ton(tekan )
Tabel perhitungan MDN batang DS
Interval x Mx (ton.m) Dx(ton) Nx(ton)
0.000 -21.424 -6.085 -8.023
(0 ≤ x ≤ 2) 1.000 -15.339 -6.085 -8.023
2.000 -9.254 -6.085 -8.023
2.000 -9.254 -3.085 -8.023
3.000 -6.169 -3.085 -8.023
(2 ≤ x ≤ 5)
4.000 -3.085 -3.085 -8.023
5.000 0.000 -3.085 -8.023

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4. Batang BD
q3 = 2 t/m' ⎧ q x3 ⎫
Mx = − ⎨RBH ( x ) + 3 ⎬
D
⎩ 6LBD ⎭
Q3 ⎪⎧ 2 x 3 ⎪⎫
= − ⎨4,02260 ( x ) +

h3 = 4.00 m
⎬
⎪⎩ 6 ( 4 ) ⎪⎭

RBH = 4,02260 t
x {
= − 4,02260 ( x ) + 0,08333 ( x ) } 3

= {4,02260 + 0,25 ( x ) }
B dMx 2
Dx = −
dx
RBV = 6,08475 t
Nx = −RBV = −6,08475 ton(tekan )

Check apakah Mmax terdapat dalam interval

Syarat : Mmax Æ Dx = 0
4,02260 + 0,25 ( x ) = 0
2

4,02260
x= − .................(tdk memenuhi )
0,25
Tabel perhitungan MDN batang BD
Interval x Mx (ton.m) Dx(ton) Nx(ton)
0.000 0.000 4.023 -6.875
1.000 -4.106 4.273 -6.875
(0 ≤ x ≤ 4) 2.000 -8.712 5.023 -6.875
3.000 -14.318 6.273 -6.875
4.000 -21.424 8.023 -6.875

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E. Gambar Bidang Momen

-21,424 tm

-14,328 tm

-9,254 tm

-14,328 tm
-21,424 tm

C S D
+0,998 tm

+2,868 tm

B
BIDANG MOMEN
SKALA JARAK

0 1m 2m 3m

0 6 t.m 12 t.m 18 t.m

SKALA GAYA
A

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F. Gambar Bidang Lintang

+6,915 tm

S D +8,023 t
C
-5,814 t

-3,085 t

-6,085 t
+0,510 t

-5,259 t
B +4,023 t

DIAGRAM GAYA GESER

SKALA JARAK

0 1m 2m 3m

A 0 3t 6t 9t
+0,779 t
SKALA GAYA

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G. Gambar Bidang Normal

C S D

-8,023 t

-9,147 t
-10,796 t

-6,875 t B

DIAGRAM GAYA NORMAL

SKALA JARAK

0 1m 2m 3m

0 4t 8t 12 t
A
SKALA GAYA
-10,089 t

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VERIFIKASI HASIL PERHITUNGAN

MENGGUNAKAN PROGRAM SAP 2000

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SAP2000 v7.40 File: SAP_GAFAR Ton-m Units PAGE 1
1/26/10 13:07:56

S T A T I C L O A D C A S E S

STATIC CASE SELF WT

CASE TYPE FACTOR

LOAD1 DEAD 1.0000

SAP2000 v7.40 File: SAP_GAFAR Ton-m Units PAGE 2

1/26/10 13:07:56

J O I N T D A T A

JOINT GLOBAL-X GLOBAL-Y GLOBAL-Z RESTRAINTS ANGLE-A ANGLE-B ANGLE-C

1 -6.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000

2 -4.00000 0.00000 7.00000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 0.00000 0.00000 7.00000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 5.00000 0.00000 7.00000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 5.00000 0.00000 3.00000 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000

SAP2000 v7.40 File: SAP_GAFAR Ton-m Units PAGE 3

1/26/10 13:07:56

F R A M E E L E M E N T D A T A

FRAME JNT-1 JNT-2 SECTION ANGLE RELEASES SEGMENTS R1 R2 FACTOR LENGTH

1 1 2 SECTION 0.000 000000 2 0.000 0.000 1.000 7.280

2 2 3 SECTION 0.000 000222 4 0.000 0.000 1.000 4.000
3 3 4 SECTION 0.000 000111 4 0.000 0.000 1.000 5.000
4 4 5 SECTION 0.000 000000 2 0.000 0.000 1.000 4.000

SAP2000 v7.40 File: SAP_GAFAR Ton-m Units PAGE 4

1/26/10 13:07:56

F R A M E S P A N D I S T R I B U T E D L O A D S Load Case LOAD1

FRAME TYPE DIRECTION DISTANCE-A VALUE-A DISTANCE-B VALUE-B

1 FORCE Z PROJ 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 -3.0000

2 FORCE GLOBAL-Z 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 -5.0000
4 FORCE GLOBAL-X 0.0000 -2.0000 1.0000 0.0000

SAP2000 v7.40 File: SAP_GAFAR Ton-m Units PAGE 5

1/26/10 13:07:56

F R A M E S P A N P O I N T L O A D S Load Case LOAD1

FRAME TYPE DIRECTION DISTANCE VALUE

1 FORCE GLOBAL-X 0.5714 6.0000

3 FORCE GLOBAL-Z 0.6000 -3.0000
SAP2000 v7.40 File: SAP_GAFAR Ton-m Units PAGE 1
1/26/10 13:08:25

J O I N T D I S P L A C E M E N T S

JOINT LOAD U1 U2 U3 R1 R2 R3

1 LOAD1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 14.2615 0.0000

2 LOAD1 84.8286 0.0000 -24.2368 0.0000 25.3342 0.0000

3 LOAD1 84.8286 0.0000 -177.0988 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

4 LOAD1 84.8286 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -4.5134 0.0000

5 LOAD1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 33.0008 0.0000

SAP2000 v7.40 File: SAP_GAFAR Ton-m Units PAGE 2

1/26/10 13:08:25

J O I N T R E A C T I O N S

JOINT LOAD F1 F2 F3 M1 M2 M3

1 LOAD1 2.0226 0.0000 9.9152 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5 LOAD1 -4.0226 0.0000 6.0848 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

SAP2000 v7.40 File: SAP_GAFAR Ton-m Units PAGE 3

1/26/10 13:08:25

F R A M E E L E M E N T F O R C E S

FRAME LOAD LOC P V2 V3 T M2 M3

1 LOAD1
0.00 -10.09 -7.792E-01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.64 -9.37 -5.731E-01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.59
7.28 -8.85 5.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 -14.33

2 LOAD1
0.00 -8.02 -6.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 -14.33
1.00 -8.02 -6.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 -7.62
2.00 -8.02 -4.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.16
3.00 -8.02 -1.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.931E-01
4.00 -8.02 3.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 LOAD1
0.00 -8.02 3.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.25 -8.02 3.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.86
2.50 -8.02 3.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 -7.71
3.75 -8.02 6.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 -13.82
5.00 -8.02 6.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 -21.42

4 LOAD1
0.00 -6.08 -8.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 -21.42
2.00 -6.08 -5.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 -8.71
4.00 -6.08 -4.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SAP2000 1/26/10 13:12:14

SAP2000 v7.40 - File:SAP_Gafar - Moment 3-3 Diagram (LOAD1) - Ton-m Units

SAP2000 1/27/10 21:58:34

SAP2000 v7.40 - File:SAP_Gafar - Shear Force 2-2 Diagram (LOAD1) - Ton-m Units
SAP2000 1/26/10 13:09:23

SAP2000 v7.40 - File:SAP_Gafar - Axial Force Diagram (LOAD1) - Ton-m Units