N A’ VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 9.

682
Compiled by Taronyu (Richard Littauer)
www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: April 1st , 2010

This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
the film Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Frommer. Thanks
are certainly to be given to the following people for their monumental efforts: Dr. Frommer,
Karyu Amawey, all the people in the change log, and everyone on IRC, Skype, and the Learn
Na’vi site.
Where appropriate, extra notes have been included for the entries below. Compound non-
inflected words and loan words from English have been noted.The traditional Na’vi transcrip-
tion in use by Frommer has been maintained throughout: the IPA transcription is given as
well. Some lenited words have been included if in the official corpus. Some inflected words
are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly useful. I have on several occasions
derived non-attested words: these are marked by a *, and are marked as root forms. Note that
adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition." indicates where Frommer
has given us stress information for polysyllabic words: the following syllable is stressed. Plain
text indicates grammatical categorisation: parentheses indicate further notes. <x> represents
an infix, where t<pre-first><1>ar<2>on are the positions: I have included periods in the IPA
to mark where infixes are to be placed, as in t.ar.on - this is not standard IPA, but I deem it
useful. Proper nouns have been capitalised. Knowledge of lenition processes, including vowel
reduction and ellision, will be assumed. Note also that allomorphs, where specified, are subject
only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful
appendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary inter. = interrogative

+ = leniting morpheme boundary lit. = literally
<> = infix morpheme n. = noun
adj. = adjective num. = number
adp. = adposition part. = particle
adv. = adverb pn. = pronoun
conj. = conjunction prop. n. = proper noun
c.w. = compound word v. = verb
dem. = demonstrative φ = illegal phonotactics
intj. = interjection

An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorised by Parts of Speech are provi-
ded, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Dutch, Ger-
man, Russian, Português, Hungarian, Estonian, and Polish.

1
Sources
I have sourced every word as best as I could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the
IPA transcription, and tells where I, or the source from which I received a word, initially got
their word from Frommer. In early March, Frommer sent us a list of words which he had: these
are the definitive source now, and not the ASG. Some words are not present in this list, and so,
in order of validity, from most to least:

• PF = Frommer’s Canon (Including approved entries by: JC, Prr and RL)
• F = Frommer himself
• M = The Movie
• S = The Survival Guide main text (flora, songs, and vocab list)
• G = the Avatar Games
• C = Cameron himself (not legalised by Frommer)
• T = Taronyu
• D = Words not derived by Taronyu
• ASG = The Survival Guide main text (flora, songs, and vocab list)

The Activists Survival Guide contains a list of words, with some errors. Words not in
this list but still within the Guide are all illegal phonetically, and are to be regarded as non-
canonical. I have attached the φ character to each such word, and put them in their own sec-
tion in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly Frommerian, and are
thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many words, which
Frommer then legalised. Frommer did not legalise some pronounciation errors made during
filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon regardless. Finally, Frommer has deigned some con-
structions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources, as
P RR and RL. These are to be treated as Frommerian, if included here, although not if they are
attached to words whose part of speech is root, as those have been derived.
I have edited this dictionary too many times not to assume that it will have errors. Please,
if you note any, let me know here, and I will change them. As for version number, I’ll change
the first digit when there is a big change. I’ll update .0x0 when I make a significant, but not
large change. Finally, I’ll edit the .00x number when I’ve made tiny edits. Refer to the Change
Log for explanation.
Many, many thanks are to be given to Tuiq, who took the time and had the skill to put this
dictionary into an online database, to help other translators and make the process of changing
this dictionary much easier.

2
P

’ampi: ["P.amp.i] P F v. touch ’ewan: ["PEwan] P F adj. young

’aw: [Paw] P F num. one
’awkx: [Pawk’] P F n. cliff
’awlie: ["PawliE] P F adv. once(Note ’awlo)
’awlo: ["Pawlo] P F adv. once
’awpo: ["Pawpo] P F pn. one individual
’awsiteng: [Pawsi"tEN] P F adv. together
’awstengyem: [PawstEN"j.Em] P F v. join (two
things together)
’awve: ["PawvE] P F adj. first
’ärìp: ["P.äR.Ip^] P F v. move (something)
’e’al: ["PEPal] P F adj. worst
’efu: ["P.Ef.u] P F v. feel, sense, perceive
’eko: ["P.Ek.o] P F v. attack
’ekong: ["PEkoN] P F n. beat (rhythmic)
’em: [P.Em] P F v. cook
’engeng: ["PENEN] P F adj. level
’eoio: ["PEoio] P F adj. ceremonious
’eveng: ["PEvEN] P F n. child
’evi: ["PEvi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
’eveng child)
’ewll: ["PEwl] P F n. plant
"
’eylan: ["PEjlan] P F n. friend
’eyng: [P.EjN] P F v. answer, respond
’i’a: ["P.iP.a] P F v. end, conclude
’ia: ["P.i.a] P F v. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
’it: ["Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount
’itan: ["Pitan] JC,P F n. son
’ite: ["PitE] JC,P F n. daughter
’ì’awn: [P.I"P.awn] P F v. remain, stay
’ìheyu: [PI"hEju] P F n. spiral
’ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance
’ong: [P.oN] P F v. unfold, blossom
’ora: ["PoRa] P F n. lake
’u: [Pu] P F n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)
’uo: ["Puo] P F pn. something
’upe: ["PupE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
’u thing and pe inter. marker)
’upxare: [Pu"p’aRE] P F n. message

–a–: [a] F adjectival attributive marker aungia: [a"uNia] P F n. sign, omen

a: [a] P F pn. which, that awnga: [aw"Na] F pn. we derived from ayoeng
alaksi: [a"laksi] P F adj. ready we
alìm: [a"lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance ayfo: [aj"fo] or ["ajfo] or [fo]] P F pn. they
apxa: [a"p’a] P F adj. large aylaru: [aj"laRu] P F pn. to the others (contraction
atan: [a"tan] JC n. light of ay+lahe–ru)
atokirina’: [atoki"RinaP^] JC n. seeds of the great aynga: [aj"Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.)
tree (c.w. from rina’ seed) ayoe: [aj"oE] P F pn. we (exclusive)
atxkxe: [at’"k’E] P F n. land ayoeng: [aj"wEN] P F pn. we (inclusi-
au: ["au] JC n. drum (made of skin) ve)(ayoenga– base for suffixes)

äie: [æ"iE] P F n. vision (spiritual) ätxäle: [æ"t’ælE] P F n. request

äo–: ["æo] P F adp. below ätxäle si: [æ"t’ælE s.i] M v. request

ean: ["Ean] P F adj. blue, green
ekxan: [e"k’an] P F n. barricade, obstruction
eltu: ["Eltu] P F n. brain
eltu lefngap: ["Eltu le"fNap^] P rr n. computer
eltu si: ["Eltu s.i] P F v. pay attention, quit goofing
off
*em: [Em] T 9 root over derived from ta’em from
above and emza’u pass
emza’u: [Em"z.aP.u] P F v. pass (a test), overcome
(c.w. from em over and za’u come)
eo–: ["Eo] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
eyawr: [Ej"awR] P F adj. correct, right

3
eyk: [.Ejk^] JC,P F v. lead
fa–: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of
fahew: [fa"hEw] P F n. smell
fay+: [faj] D prefix these (c.w. from fì this and
ay+ plural)
fayvrrtep: [fajvrtEp^] F n. these demons (c.w.
from fay this "plural and vrrtep demon)T
fäpa: ["fæpa] P F n. top
fewi: ["f.Ew.i] P F v. chase
fì–: [fI] F prefix this derived from fìpo this one
and fì’u this thing
fì’u: [fI"Pu] P F pn. this (thing)
fìfya: [fI"fja] P F adv. this way, like this
fìkem: [fI"kEm] P F pn. this (action)
fìpo: ["fIpo] P F pn. this one (person or thing)
fìtrr: [fI"tr] P F adv. today
" "
fìtseng(e): [fI"ţEN(E)] P F adv. here, this place
fìtxan: [fI"t’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (c.w.
from fì– this and txan great, much)
fìtxon: [fI"t’on] P F adv. tonight (c.w. from txon
night)
fkarut: ["fk.aR.ut^] P F v. peel
fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
fkip–: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
fko: [fko] P F pn. one, it (unspecified agent)
fkxake: ["fk’.ak.E] P F v. itch
fkxen: [fk’En] P F n. vegetable (food)
flä: [fl.æ] P F v. succeed
flew: [flEw] P F n. throat
fmal: [fm.al] P F v. sustain
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report
fmetok: ["fm.Et.ok^] P F v. test
fmi: [fm.i] P F v. try, attempt
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal
fnu: [fn.u] P F v. quiet, be quiet
fo: [fo] P F pn. they derived from ay+ deleted
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she
fpak: [fp.ak^] P F v. hold off, suspend action
fpe’: [fp.EP^] P F v. send
fpeio: [fpE"io] P F n. challenge (ceremonial)
fpi+: [fpI] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit
of
fpìl: [fp.Il] P F v. think
fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness
4
eyktan: ["Ejktan] JC n. leader
Eywa ngahu: ["Ejwa "Nahu] JC,P F intj. goodbye,
Eywa (be) with you
fpxäkìm: ["fp’.æk.Im] P F v. enter
*fra–: [fRa] T prefix every derived from frapo
everyone and fra’u everything D
fra’u: ["fRaPu] P F pn. everything
frakrr: ["fRakr] P F adv. always (c.w. from krr ti-
me) "
frapo: ["fRapo] P F pn. everyone (c.w. from po
he/she)
frato: ["fRato] P F superlative marker than all
fratrr: [fRa"tr] P F adv. daily, every day (c.w. from
trr day) "
fratseng: ["fRaţEN] P F adv. everywhere (c.w.
from tseng place)
frìp: [fr.Ip^] P F v. bite
frrfen: ["f.rf.en] P F v. visit
frrtu: ["frtu] P F n. guest, visitor
"
ftang: [ft.aN] P F v. stop
ftawnemkrr: [ftaw"nemkr] P F n. past (c.w.
from ft<awn>em pass" by (perfect participle
form) and krr time)
fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that
fteke: ["ftEkE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w. from
fte so that and ke not)
ftem: [ft.Em] P F v. pass by (something)
ftia: [ft.i."a] P F v. study
ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction)
ftue: ["ftuE] P F adj. easy, simple
ftxavang: ["ft’avaN] P F adj. passionate
ftxey: [ft’.Ej] P F v. choose
ftxey...fuke: [ft’Ej fu"ke] P F conj. whether....or
not
ftxì: [ft’I] P F n. tongue
ftxozä: [ft’o"zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occasion
fu: [fu] P F conj. or
furia: ["fuRia] P F conj. that (subordinate clause
marker) (c.w. from fì’uri this (topical) and a
relative clause marker)
futa: ["futa] P F conj. that (subordinate clause
marker) (c.w. from fì’u-t this (accusative) and
a that)
fwa: [fwa] P F conj. that (subordinate clause mar-
ker) (c.w. from fì’u this (nominative) and a
relative clause marker)
fwew: [fw.Ew] P F v. look for, seek, search fyape: ["fjapE] P F inter. how allomorph of pe-
*fya–: [fja] T root path, direction derived from fya
fya’o path and fyape how fyawìntxu: [fjaw.In"t’.u] P F v. guide (c.w. from
fya’o: ["fjaPo] P F n. path, way, manner *fya path and wìntxu show)

ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case hìmtxan: [hIm"t’an] P F n. amount

hahaw: ["h.ah.aw] P F v. sleep
hangham: ["h.aNh.am] P F v. laugh
hapxì: [ha"p’I] P F n. part
hasey: [ha"sEj] P F adj. done, finished
hawl: [h.awl] P F v. prepare
hawnu: ["h.awn.u] P F v. protect, shelter
heyn: [h.Ejn] P F v. sit
hiyìk: ["hijIk^] P F adj. funny, strange
hì’i: ["hIPi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hìmtxampe: [hIm"t’ampE] P F inter. how much hufwe: [hu"fwE] P F n. wind
allomorph of pìmtxan
hol: [hol] P F adj. few
holpxay: [hol"p’aj] P F n. number (c.w. from hol
few and pxay many)
holpxaype: [hol"p’ajpE] P F inter. how many
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
hrrap: ["hrap^] P F n. danger
"
hu–: [hu] P F adp. with (accompaniment)
hufwa: [hu"fwa] P F conj. although
hum: [h.um] P F v. leave, depart

i’en: ["iPEn] JC n. stringed instrument io–: ["Io] P F adp. above

*ik: [ik^] D root heaven, sky, mountain derived
ioang: [i"oaN] P F n. animal, beast
from iknimaya stairway to heaven and ikran
walks the sky irayo: [i"Rajo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks

ìlä+: ["Ilæ] or [I"læ] P F adp. by, via, following

ka–: [ka] P F adp. across
kalin: [ka"lin] P F adj. sweet
kaltxì: [kal"t’I] P F intj. hello
kame: ["k.am.E] P F v. see, see into, understand,
know (spiritual sense)
kan: [k.an] P F v. aim
kangay: [ka"Naj] P F adj. valid
kar: [k.aR] P F v. teach
karyu: ["kaRju] P F n. teacher
kato: ["kato] P F n. rhythm
kavuk si: [ka"vuk^ s.i] P F v. betray
*kaw–: [kaw] T root contraction of ke aw not
one, derived from kawkrr never
kawkrr: ["kawkr] P F adv. never (c.w. from krr
time) " not at all (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing)
kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil (c.w. from
*kaw– not and –ng inclusive)T
kawtu: ["kawtu] P F pn. no-one
kä: [k.æ] P F v. go
kä’ärìp: [kæ"P.æR.Ip^] P F v. push (c.w. from kä
go and ’ärìp move)
kämakto: [kæ"m.akt.o] P F v. ride out (c.w. from
kä go and makto ride)
käpxì: [kæ"p’I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w.
from kä go and hapxì part)
käsatseng: [kæ"saţEN] P F adv. out there (c.w.
from kä go and tseng place)
ke: [kE] P F adv. not
ke–: [kE] T prefix no, not
ke’u: ["kEPu] P F pn., adv. nothing, nothing at all,

5
kea: ["kEa] P F adj. no (before a noun)
kefyak: [kE"fjak^] P F part. isn’t it?, right? (c.w.
from kefya not the way and srak question
marker)
kehe: ["kEhE] P F adv. no
kelku: ["kElku] P F n. home, house
kelku si: ["kElku s.i] P F v. live, dwell
kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed
kempe: ["kEmpE] P F inter. what (action)
keng: [kEN] P F adv. even
kenong: ["k.En.oN] P F v. model, represent, ex-
emplify (c.w. from ke not and nong follow
after)
kerusey: ["kERusEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke
not and r<us>ey live (adj. infix))
ketuwong: ["kEtuwoN] P F n. alien
kewong: ["kEwoN] P F adj. alien
key: [kEj] P F n. face
keye’ung: [kE"jEPuN] P F n. insanity
kifkey: [kif"fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid)
kilvan: [kil"van] P F n. river
kin: [k.in] P F v. need
kinam: [ki"nam] P F n. leg
kinamtil: [ki"namtil] P F n. knee
kinä: ["kinæ] P F num. seven
kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among
Kx
kxa: [k’a] P F n. mouth
kxam: [k’am] P F n. middle, midpoint
kxamlä–: ["k’amlæ] P F adp. through (via the
middle of)
kxamtseng: ["k’amţEN] P F n. center, place in the
middle (c.w. from kxam center and tseng pla-
ce)
kxangangang: ["k’aNaNaN] P F intj. boom (ono-
matopoeia)
*la–: [la] T root other, otherness derived from
lapo other one and aylahe others
lahe: ["lahE] P F adj. other
lam: [l.am] P F v. seem, appear
lapo: ["lapo] P F pn. other one (person or thing)
(c.w. from po he/she)
latem: ["l.at.Em] P F v. change
latsi: [l.a"ţ.i] P F v. keep up with someone
6
kì’ong: [kI"PoN] P F adj. slow
kìm: [k.Im] P F v. spin
kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread
kìte’e: [kItE"PE] P F n. service
kìyevame: [kIjE"vam.E] P F intj. good-bye, see
you again soon (c.w. from kame see and
<ìyev> future subjunctive infix)
kll: [kl] F root ground
"
kllfro’: [kl"fR.oP^] P F v. be responsible
"
kllkä: [kl"k.æ] P F v. descend
"
kllkulat: [kl"k.ul.at^] P F v. dig up
"
kllkxem: [kl"k’.Em] P F v. stand
"
kllpa: ["klpa] P F n. bottom
"
kllpxìltu: [kl"p’Iltu] P F n. territory
"
kllte: ["kltE] P F n. ground
"
ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also
koren: [ko"REn] P F n. rule, guideline
krr: [kr] P F n. time
"
krrnekx: [kr"n.Ek’] P F v. take/consume time (c.w.
from krr" time and nekx consume)
krrpe: ["krpE] P F inter. when
"
kunsìp: ["kunsIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from
Eng. gunship)
kurakx: [k.u"R.ak’] P F v. drive out
kxanì: ["k’anI] P F adj. forbidden
kxawm: [k’awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe
kxener: ["k’EnER] P F n. smoke
kxetse: ["k’EţE] P F n. tail
kxeyey: ["k’EjEj] P F n. error, mistake
kxll: [k’l] P F n. charge, running attack
"
kxu: [k’u] P F n. harm
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain
*lay+: [laj] D root others derived from *la other
and ay+ plural
le–: [lE] F adjective deriving affix
lefpom: [lE"fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joyous
(not for people)
lek: [l.Ek^] P F v. heed, obey
len: [l.En] P F v. happen, occur
lerìk: [lE"RIk] P F adj. leafy –lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix
lertu: ["lERtu] P F n. colleague lok: [l.ok^] P F v. approach
lesar: [le"saR] F adj. useful lok–: [lok^] P F adp. close to
letrr: [lE"tr] RL,P F adj. daily lonu: [l.o"n.u] P F v. release, let go
" tr]
letrrtrr: [lE"tr P F adj. ordinary lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
" "
letsunslu: [lE"ţunslu] P F adj. possible (c.w. (non-human)
from tsun be able and slu become)
*lrr: [lr] lrrtok root smile, happy
lew si: [lEw s.i] P F v. cover "
lrrtok: ["lrtok^] P F n. smile
*lì(’): [lI(P)] W root speak derived from lì’u "
word and lì’fya language lrrtok si: ["lrtok s.i] M v. smile
"
lì’fya: ["lIPfja] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u lu: [l.u] P F v. be, am, is, are (predicative copula,
word and *fya way) existential verb)
lì’u: ["lIPu] P F n. word luke–: ["lukE] P F adp. without
lì’upe: [lI"PupE] P F inter. what (word, utterance) lumpe: ["lumpE] P F inter. why allomorph of
allomorph of pelì’u pelun
lìm: [l.Im] P F v. far, be far lun: [lun] P F n. reason

ma: [ma] P F part. oh (vocative marker) mìkam–: [mI"kam] P F adp. between

makto: ["m.akt.o] P F v. ride mìn: [m.In] P F v. turn
maw–: [maw] P F adp. after (time) mìso: [mI"so] P F adv. away (position) derived
mawey: [ma"wEj] P F adj. calm from *to away
mefo: ["mEfo] P F pn. they, those two (c.w. from mllte: [m.l"t.E] P F v. agree
me+ dual marker and po he/she) "
moe: ["moE] P F pn. we two (exclusive) (c.w. from
melo: ["mElo] P F adv. twice me+ dual and oe I)
menari: [mE"naRi] P F n. eyes (two) (c.w. from mokri: ["mokRi] P F n. voice
me+ dual and nari eye)
mrr: [mr] P F num. five
meoauniaea: ["mEoaunia"Ea] F Frommer’s fa- "
muiä: [mu"iæ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justified
vourite word, currently undefined
meuia: [mE"uia] P F n. honour mun’i: [m.un"P.i] P F v. cut
meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak mune: ["munE] P F num. two
mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before munge: ["m.uN.E] P F v. take, bring
mikyun: ["mikjun] JC n. ear mungwrr–: [muN"wr] P F adp. except
"
mip: [mip^] P F adj. new muntxa: [mun"t’a] P F adj. mated
mì+: [mI] P F adp. in, on muntxa si: [mun"t’a s.i] P F v. mate (with someo-
mìfa: ["mIfa] or [mI"fa] P F n., adv. inside ne)

na–: [na] P F adp. like, as näk: [n.æk^] P F v. drink

na’rìng: ["naPRIN] P F n. forest
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en-
couragement
nari: ["naRi] P F n. eye
nari si: ["naRi s.i] P F v. watch out, be careful
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble
nawmtu: ["nawmtu] P F n. great person (c.w.
from nawm great)
ne–: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
ne’ìm: [nE"PIm] P F adv. back (direction)
nefä: [ne"fæ] P F adv. up (direction)
nekll: [nE"kl] P F adv. down (direction)
"
ne kllte: [nE "kltE] P F intj. get down (c.w. from
" the ground)
ne to and kllte
nekx: [n.Ek’] P F v. burn, consume

7
nemfa–: ["nEmfa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w. from
ne towards and mì in)
neto: [nE"to] P F adv. away (direction) derived
from ne to and *to away
new: [n.Ew] P F v. want
niä: [n.i."æ] P F v. grab
nikre: ["nikRE] P F n. hair
nitram: [ni"tRam] P F adj. happy (of people)
nì–: [nI] F adverbial deriving affix
nì’aw: [nI"Paw] P F adv. only
nì’awtu: [nIP"awtu] P F adv. alone (as one person)
nì’awve: [nIP"awvE] P F adv. first
nì’eoio: [nI"PEoio] P F adv. ceremoniously
nì’it: [nI"Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-
stract) (c.w. from ’it bit, a small amount)
nì’ul: [nIPul] P F adv. more
nìawnomum: [nIaw"nomum] P F adv. as you
know, as is known (c.w. from <awn> perfect
particple infix and omum know)
nìayoeng: [naj"wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do
nìftue: [nI"ftuE] P F adv. easily
nìftxavang: [nI"ft’avaN] P F adv. passionately,
with all heart
nìfya’o: [nI"fjaPo] P F adv. in a manner
nìhawng: [nI"hawN] P F adv. too, excessively
Ng
nga: [Na] P F pn. you
ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true
ngaytxoa: [Naj"t’oa] P F intj. sorry, my apologi-
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)
ngäng: [NæN] P F n. stomach
ngenga: [NE"Na] P F pn. you (honourific form)
oe: ["oE] P F pn. I, me
oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two (dual inclusive), you
and I
oeyk: [o"Ejk] P F n. cause
oeyktìng: [o"Ejkt.IN] P F v. explain (why) deri- omum: [."om.um] P F v. know
ved from oeyk cause and tìng give
nìltsan: [nI"lţan] P F adv. well
nìmun: [nI"mun] P F adv. again
nìn: [n.In] P F v. look at
nìngay: [nI"Naj] P F adv. truly
nìpxim: [nI"p’im] P F adv. erectly, rightly
nìrangal: [nI"RaNal] P F adv. wish (contrary to
fact)
nìtam: [nI"tam] P F adv. enough (after an adjecti-
ve)
nìteng: [nI"tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewise
nìtut: [nI"tut^] P F adv. continually
nìtxan: [nI"t’an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
(c.w. from txan much)
nìwin: [nI"win] P F adv. fast
nìwotx: [nI"wot’] P F adv. all (of), in toto, comple-
tely
nìzawnong: [nI"zawnoN] P F adv. safely (c.w.
from <awn> perfect particple infix and zong
safe)
nong: [n.oN] P F v. follow, proceed after
nul–: [nul] T root comparative adjectival marker
derived from nì’ul more and nulkrr longer
nulkrr: [nul"kr] P F adv. longer (time)
"
nulnew: [nul"n.Ew] P F v. prefer
nume: ["n.um.E] P F v. learn
ngian: [Ni"an] P F adv. however
ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
ngop: [N.op^] P F v. create
ngrr: [ngr] P F n. root
"
nguway: ["Nuwaj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (c.w.
from way song)
ohe: ["ohE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial
form)
olo’: [o"loP^] P F n. clan
olo’eyktan: [olo"PEjktan] P F n. clan leader (c.w.
from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
ontu: ["ontu] P F n. nose
8
pa’o: ["paPo] P F n. side
pak: [pak^] P F part. for disparagement
pam: [pam] P F n. sound
pamrel: [pam"REl] P F n. writing
pamrel si: [pam"REl s.i] P F v. write
pamtseo: ["pamţEo] P F n. music (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art)
pate: ["p.at.E] P F v. get to a place, arrive
pawm: [p.awm] P F v. ask
pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
payfya: ["pajfja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
water and fya’o way)
pähem: ["p.æh.Em] P F v. arrive
pängkxo: [p.æN"k’.o] P F v. chat, converse, have a
conversation
pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN"k’oju lEko"rEn] P F
n. lawyer
*pänu: [pænu] D root oath, word, promise deri-
ved from pänutìng promise
pänutìng: ["pænut.IN] P F v. promise (a thing to
someone) (c.w. from tìng give)
pätsì: ["pæţI] P F n. badge
pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker
pe’un: ["p.EP.un] P F v. decide
pefya: [pE"fja] P F inter. how allomorph of fy-
ape
pehem: [pE"hEm] P F inter. what (action) allo-
morph of kempe
pehrr: [pE"hr] P F inter. when allomorph of krr-
pe " prrwll: [prwl] P rr n. moss
pelì’u: [pE"lIPu] P F inter. what (word, utterance)
allomorph of lì’upe
pelun: [pE"lun] P F inter. why allomorph of
lumpe
peng: [p.EN] P F v. tell
peseng: [pE"sEN] P F inter. where allomorph of
tsengpe
pesu: [pE"su] P F inter. who allomorph of tupe
peu: [pE"u] P F inter. what (thing) allomorph of
’upe
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
pey: [p.Ej] P F v. wait, wait for
piak si: [pi"ak^ s.i] P F v. open
pizayu: ["pizaju] P F n. ancestor derived from
*za come and yu noun deriving affix T
pìmtxan: [pIm"t’an] P F inter. how much allo-
morph of hìmtxampe
plltxe: [p.l"t’.E] P F v. speak
"
po: [po] P F pn. he, she
poan: [po"an] P F pn. he
poe: [po"E] P F pn. she
pom: [p.om] P F v. kiss
pongu: ["poNu] P F n. group of people, party (c.w.
from po he/she)
prrnen: ["prnEn] P F n. infant, baby
"
prrnesyul: ["prnEsjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from prr-
nen baby and " syulang flower)
prrte’: ["prtEP^] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty) "
" "
puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book)
pukap: ["pukap^] P F num. six

Px

pxan: [p’an] P F adj. worthy pxel–: [p’El] P F adp. like, as

pxasìk: ["p’asIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way! pxey: [p’Ej] P F num. three
(vulgar) pxi: [p’i] P F adj. sharp
pxasul: ["p’asul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food
pxim: [p’im] P F adj. erect, upright
pxaw–: [p’aw] P F adp. around
pxìm: [p’Im] P F adv. often
pxawpa: ["p’awpa] P F n. perimeter, circumfe-
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and pxor: [p’.oR] P F v. explode
pa’o side) pxun: [p’un] P F n. arm
pxay: [p’aj] P F adj. many pxuntil: ["p’until] P F n. elbow

ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning ralpeng: [Ral"p.EN] P F v. interpret (c.w. from ral

meaning and peng tell)

9
ramunong: [ra"munoN] P F n. well
*ran: [R.an] D root contracted form of walk de-
rived from tìran walk and ikran walks-the-
heavens
rangal: ["RaNal] P F v. wish
rawke: ["RawkE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defense
rä’ä: [Ræ"Pæ] P F part. do not (for negative impe-
ratives)
re’o: ["rEPo] P F n. head
rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture
reltseo: ["RElţEo] P F n. visual art (c.w. from rel
image and tseo art)
reltseotu: ["RElţEotu] P F n. artist (c.w. from
reltseo art)
renu: ["REnu] P F n. pattern
rey: [R.Ej] P F v. live
sa’nok: ["saPnok^] P F n. mother(from sa’atenuk
C)
sa’nu: ["saPnu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectiona-
te form of sa’nok mother)
salew: [s.a"l.Ew] P F v. proceed, go
san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote
sar: [s.aR] P F v. use
sä–: [sæ] F prefix instrumental noun derived
from sänume teaching and säspxin disease
säfpìl: [sæ"fpIl] P F n. idea
sänume: [sæ"numE] P F n. teaching, instruction
säspxin: [sæ"sp’in] P F n. disease, sickness (c.w.
from spxin sick)
sekrr: ["sEkr] P F adv. present (c.w. from set now
and krr "time)
sempu: ["sEmpu] P F n. daddy (affectionate
form of sempul father)
sempul: ["sEmpul] P F n. father
set: [sEt^] P F adv. now
sevin: [sE"vin] P F adj. pretty (of people)
seyri: ["sEjRi] JC n. lip
si: [si] P F do, make auxiliary verb, postpositio-
nal non-bound verb deriving affix
sim: [s.im] P F v. near, be near
sì: [sI] P F conj. and (connects two things, can
be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)
sìk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote
sìlpey: [sIl"p.Ej] P F v. hope
sìlronsem: [sIl"RonsEm] P F adj. clever, smart
(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
10
reypay: ["REjpaj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey life
and pay water)
rikx: [R.ik’] P F v. move, shift position
rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow
rina’: [Ri"naP^] P F n. seed
rìk: [RIk] P F n. leaf
ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative)
rol: [R.ol] P F v. sing
ronsem: ["RonsEm] P F n. mind
rum: [Rum] P F n. ball
run: [R.un] P F v. find, discover
rusey: [Ru"sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
thing (c.w. from rey live and <us> active
participle infix)
rutxe: [Ru"t’E] P F intj. please
mind)
sìltsan: [sIl"ţan] P F adj. good
sìn–: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto
*sìp: [sIp^] T n. ship derived from tawsìp sky-
ship and kunsìp gunship
ska’a: [sk.a"P.a] P F v. destroy
skepek: ["skEpEk^] M adj. formal
skxawng: [sk’awN] P F n. moron, idiot
skxom: [sk’om] P F n. chance, opportunity
slä: [slæ] P F conj. but
sleyku: [slEj"k.u] P F v. produce (c.w. from slu
become and <eyk> causative infix)
slu: [sl.u] P F v. become
sngap: [sN.ap^] P F v. sting
sngä’i: ["sN.æP.i] P F v. begin, start (intransitive)
sngä’ikrr: ["sNæPikr] P F n. beginning, starting
"
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)
sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage
sngeltseng: ["sNElţEN] P F n. garbage place (c.w.
from sngel garbage and tseng place)
snumìna: ["snumIna] P F adj. dim (of a person)
som: [som] P F adj. hot
sop: [s.op^] P F v. travel
spaw: [sp.aw] P F v. believe
spä: ["sp.æ] P F v. jump
spe’e: [sp.E"P.E] P F v. capture
spe’etu: [spE"PEtu] P F n. captive (c.w. from
spe’e capture and tu person)
speng: [sp.EN] P F v. restore
spule: ["sp.ul.E] P F v. propel
spxam: [sp’am] P F n. mushroom, fungus
spxin: [sp’in] P F adj. sick
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes
or no questions
sran: [sRan] P F adv., intj. yes (colloquial)
srane: ["sRanE] P F adv., intj. yes
sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time)
sre’: [sREP] P F n. tooth
srese’a: [sREs.E"P.a] P F v. prophetize (c.w. from
sre+ before and tse’a see)D
srew: [sR.Ew] P F v. dance
srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance
srung si: [sRuN s.i] M v. help
stawm: [st.awm] P F v. hear
stä’nì: ["st.æPn.I] P F v. catch
steftxaw: [st.E"ft’.aw] P F v. examine, check
steyki: [stEj"ki] P F v. anger, make someone angry
(c.w. from sti anger and <eyk> causative in-
ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (various uses)
ta’em: [ta"PEm] P F adv. from above
ta’leng: ["taPlEN] P F n. skin
tafkip–: [ta"fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w.
from ta from and fkip– up among)
tafral: [ta"fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that
takip: [ta"kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip– among)
takuk: ["t.ak.uk^] P F v. strike
talun(a): [ta"lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the
reason
tam: [t.am] P F v., intj. suffice, do", OK
tam tam: [tam tam] M,T intj. calm, be content,
there there
tangek: ["taNEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree)
tanhì: [tan"hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle
taron: ["t.aR.on] P F v. hunt
taronyu: ["taRonju] P F n. hunter (c.w. from ta-
ron hunt and –yu agent suffix)
tatep: ["t.at.Ep^] P F v. lose
taw: [taw] P F n. sky
taweyk(a): [ta"wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based
on the cause
tawng: [t.awN] P F v. duck, dive
tawsìp: ["tawsIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from
Eng. ship)
täftxu: [t.æ"ft’.u] P F v. weave
11
fix)
sti: [st.i] P F v. angry, be angry
sto: [st.o] P F v. refuse (to do something)
stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
sung: [s.uN] P F v. add
sutx: [s.ut’] P F v. track, follow, lock up
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment
swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
swirä: [swi"Ræ] P F n. creature
swizaw: [swi"zaw] P F n. arrow
swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
swotu: ["swotu] P F n. sacred place
syaw: [s.jaw] P F v. call
syä’ä: ["sjæPæ] P F adj. bitter
syep: [sj.Ep^] P F v. trap
syulang: [sjulaN] P F n. flower
täftxuyu: [tæ"ft’uju] P F n. weaver (c.w. from
täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)
tätxaw: [t.æ"t’.aw] P F v. return (intransitive)
te: [tE(P)] JC part. used in full names
tei: [tEi] G n. plain
tel: [t.El] P F v. receive
telem: [tE"lEm] P F n. cord
tem: [t.Em] P F v. shoot (intransitive)
teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal
tengfya: ["tENfja] P F conj. as, same way as (c.w.
from *teng like, same as and *fya path)
tengkrr: [tEN"kr] P F conj. while, same time as
(c.w. from krr " time)
teri–: [tE"RI] P F adp. about, concerning
terkup: ["t.ERk.up^] P F v. die
teswotìng: [tEs"wot.IN] P F v. grant (c.w. from
tìng give)
tewti: ["tEwti] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri-
se and pleasure
teya: [tE"ja] P F adj. full
til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge
tirea: [ti"REa] P F n. spirit
tireafya’o: [ti"REa"fjaPo] P F n. spirit path (c.w.
from tirea spirit and fya’o path)
tireaioang: [ti"REai­oaN] P F n. spirit animal (c.w.
from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
tireapängkxo: [ti"REap.æN"k’.o] P F v. commune
(c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)
tì–: [tI] W noun. deriving affix
tì’awm: [tI"Pawm] P F n. camping
tì’awm si: [tI"Pawm s.i] P F v. camp
tì’eyng: [tI"PEjN] P F n. answer, response
tìfmetok: [tI"fmEtok^] P F n. test
tìftang: [tI"ftaN] P F n. stopping
tìfyawìntxu: [tIfjawIn"t’u] P F n. guidance
tìhawnu: [tI"hawnu] P F n. protection
tìkangkem: [tI"kaNkEm] P F n. work
tìkangkem si: [tI"kaNkEm s.i] P F v. work
tìkawng: [tI"kawN] P F n. evil
tìkenong: [tI"kEnoN] P F n. example (c.w. from
tì- abstract noun prefix and kenong model)
tìkin: [tI"kin] P F n. need
tìng: [t.IN] P F v. give
tìngay: [tI"Naj] P F n. truth
tìng mikyun: [t.Im "mikjun] P F v. listen, lit. gi-
ve an ear
tìng nari: [t.In "naRi] P F v. look, lit. give eye
tìng tseng: [t.IN ţEN] P F v. back down, lit. give
place
tìoeyktìng: [tI"wejktIN] F n. explanation (c.w.
from <eyk> cause (root))
tìpawm: [tI"pawm] P F n. question (c.w. from
pawm ask)
tìpängkxo: [tIpæN"k’o] P F n. conversation, di-
scussion (c.w. from pängkxo chat)
tìran: [t.I"R.an] P F v. walk
tìrey: [tI"REj] P F n. life
tìrol: [tI"Rol] P F n. song
tìspxin: [tI"sp’in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick-
ness (c.w. from spxin sick)
tìsraw: [tI"sRaw] P F n. pain
tìsraw seyki: [tI"sRaw sEj"k.i] P F v. hurt (someo-
ne or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain and
si + <eyk> make (causative))
tìsraw si: [tI"sRaw s.i] P F v. hurt, be painful
Ts
*tsa–: [ţa] T prefix that derived from tsakem
that action and tsakrr that time
tsa: [ţa] F dem.,pn. that, it
tsa’u: ["ţaPu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from
tsa that and *’u thing)
tsaheyl si: [ţa"hEjl s.i] P F v. bond with, establish
a neural connection
tsaheylu: [ţa"hEjlu] P F n. bond
12
tìsrese’a: [tI"sREsEPa] P F n. prophecy (c.w. from
srese’a prophetize)
tìtakuk: [tI"takuk^] G n. strike
tìtxur: [tI"t’uR] P F n. strength, power
tìyawn: [tI"jawn] P F n. love (c.w. from yawne
beloved)
*to: [to] T root away (concept) derived from ne-
to away (direction) and mìso away (position)
to: [to] P F comparative marker than
tok: [t.ok^] P F v. be at, occupy a space (transitive)
toktor: ["toktoR] P F n. doctor (loaned from Eng.
doctor)
tokx: ["tok’] P F n. body
toltem: [t.ol"t.Em] P F v. shoot (transitive)
tompa: ["tompa] P F n. rain
toruk makto: [toRuk makto] JC n. toruk rider
(c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto ri-
de)
trr: [tr] P F n. day
trram:" [tr"am] P F adv. yesterday
"
trray: [tr"aj] P F adv. tomorrow (c.w. from trr day
"
and <ay> future infix)
*tu: [tu] T root person, personage marker
–tu: [tu] direct object noun deriving affix, as
in spe’etu captive T
tukru: [tuk"Ru] P F n. spear
tul: [t.ul] P F v. run
tung: [t.uN] P F v. allow
tungzup: [tuN"z.up^] P F v. drop (c.w. from tung
allow and zup fall)
tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than
tupe: ["tupE] P F inter. who allomorph of pesu
tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker
tutan: [tu"tan] P F n. male (person)
tute: ["tutE] P F n. person
tute: [tu"tE] P F n. female (person)
tuteo: ["tutEo] P F pn. somebody, someone
tuvon: ["t.uv.on] P F v. lean
tsakem: ["ţakEm] or [ţa"kEm] P F dem. that (ac-
tion)
tsakrr: [ţa"kr] P F dem. then, at that time
"
tsam: [ţam] P F n. war
tsampongu: ["ţampoNu] P F n. war party (c.w.
from tsam war and pongu party)
tsamsiyu: ["ţamsiju] P F n. warrior (c.w. from
tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)
tsap’alute: [ţap"PalutE] P F n. apology
tsap’alute si: [ţap"PalutE s.i] P F v. apologise
tsatseng: [ţa"ţEN] or ["ţaţEN] P F dem. there,
that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place)
tsatu: ["ţatu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from tsa
that and tu person)
tsawke: ["ţawkE] P F n. sun
tsawl: [ţawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall
tsawl slu: [ţawl sl.u] P F v. grow (c.w. from
tsawl big and slu become)
*tsay+: [ţaj] D prefix those derived from *tsa–
that and ay+ plural
tsä’: [ţ.æP^] P F v. squirt
tse: [ţE] P F part. well (conversation starter)
tse’a: [ţ.E"P.a] P F v. see (physical sense)
tseng(e): ["ţEN(E)] P F n. place
tsengo: ["ţENo] P F pn. somewhere
tsengpe: ["ţENpE] P F inter. where allomorph of
peseng
tseo: ["ţEo] P F n. art
tsim: [ţim] P F n. source
tsìng: [ţIN] P F num. four
tskalep: ["ţkalEp^] P F n. crossbow
tsko: [ţko] P F n. bow (weapon)
tsko swizaw: [ţko swi"zaw] P F n. bow and ar-
row
tskxe: [ţk’E] P F n. rock, stone
tskxekeng: ["ţk’EkEN] P F n. training, exercise
tslam: [ţl.am] P F v. understand
Tx
txal: [t’al] F n. back (of the body)
txampay: [t’am"paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from txìng: [t’.IN] P F v. leave, abandon
txan great and pay water)
txan: [t’an] P F adj. great, much, many (in quan- txoa: ["t’oa] P F n. forgiveness
tity)
txantsan: ["t’antsan] P F adj. excellent
txantslusam: ["t’anţlusam] P F adj. wise (c.w.
from txan much and tsl<us>am un- txon: [t’on] P F n. night
derstand)
txantstew: ["t’anţtEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from tx- txonam: [t’o"nam] P F adv. last night (c.w. from
an very and tstew brave)
txayo: ["t’ajo] P F n. field, open terrain
txe’lan: [t’EP"lan] P F n. heart
txele: ["t’ElE] P F n. matter (subject)
txen: [t’En] P F adj. awake
txep: [t’Ep^] P F n. fire
txepvi: ["t’Epvi] P F n. spark
txewk: [t’Ewk^] P F n. club (weapon)
txey: [t’.Ej] P F v. halt
13
tsleng: [ţlEN] P F adj. false
tslolam: [ţlo"lam] P F intj. get it, I understand
derived from tslam understand and <ol>
perfect aspect infix
tsmuk: [ţmuk^] P F n. sibling
tsmukan: ["ţmukan] P F n. brother
tsmuke: ["ţmukE] P F n. sister
tsmuktu: ["ţmuktu] P F n. sibling(allomorph of
tsmuk sibling) T
tsngal: [ţNal] P F n. cup
tsngawvìk: ["ţN.awv.Ik^] P F v. cry, weep
tsnì: [ţnI] P F conj. that (function word)
tsopì: ["ţopI] P F n. lung
tspang: [ţp.aN] P F v. kill
tsranten: ["ţR.ant.En] P F v. matter, be of import
tsray: [ţRaj] P F n. village
tsre’i: ["ţR.EP.i] P F v. throw
tstew: [ţtEw] P F adj. brave
tstu si: [ţtu s.i] P F v. close
tstxo: [ţt’o] P F n. name
tsuksìm: ["ţuksIm] P F n. chin
tsun: [ţ.un] P F v. can, be able
tsunslu: ["ţ.unsl.u] P F v. may, be possible (c.w.
from tsun be able and slu become)
tsurokx: [ţ.u"R.ok’] P F v. rest
tswayon: ["ţw.aj.on] P F v. fly
tsyal: [ţjal] P F n. wing
tsyo: [ţjo] P F n. flour
tsyokx: [ţjok’] P F n. hand
txìm: [t’Im] P F n. butt, rear end, ass
txo: [t’o] P F conj. if
txokefyaw: ["t’okEfjaw] P F conj. if not, or else,
otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya-aw if not one
path)
txon’ong: [t’on"PoN] P rr n. evening, twilight
txon night and <am> past infix)
txonay: [t’o"naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (c.w.
from txon night and <ay> future infix)
txopu: ["t’opu] P F n. fear
txopu si: [t’opu s.i] M v. be afraid
txula: ["t’.ul.a] P F v. build, construct
txum: [t’um] P F n. poison
txur: [t’uR] P F adj. strong
U
u’imi: [uPimi] S n. streamers
ukxo: [u"k’o] P F adj. dry
ulte: ["ultE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction)
ultxa: [ul"t’a] P F n. meeting
ultxarun: [ul"t’aR.un] P F v. encounter, meet by
chance
ultxa si hu: [ul"t’a s.i hu] P F v. meet with some-
one intentionally
unil: ["unil] P F n. dream
vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to
vaykrr: [vay"kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay–
up to and krr " day)
venu: ["vEnu] P F n. foot
venzek: ["vEnzEk] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu foot
and zekwä finger)
way: [waj] P F n. song
waytelem: ["wajtElEm] P F n. song chord
wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against)
wem: [w.Em] P F v. fight
wew: [wew] P F adj. cold
weyn: [wejn] P F v. draw, illustrate
win: [win] P F adj. fast
win säpi: [win sæ"p.i] P F v. hurry (c.w. from
win fast and si + <äp> do (reflexive))
ya: [ja] P F n. air
yawne: ["jawnE] P F adj. beloved
yän: [j.æn] P F v. fasten, tie down
ye’rìn: ["jEPRIn] P F adv. soon
*ye’ung: [jEPuN] D root sanity derived from
keye’ung insanity
yem: [j.Em] P F v. put, place
yemfpay: [jEm"fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion
(into liquid)
yemfpay si: [jEm"fpaj s.i] P F v. dip into liquid
14
uniltìrantokx: [uniltI"Rantok’] JC,P F n. avatar,
dreamwalker body
uniltìranyu: [unitI"Ranju] P F n. dreamwalker
uo–: ["uo] P F adp. behind
*–ut: [ut^] T root tree derived from pxiut sharp
tree and rumut ball tree(compound-word
allomorph of utral)
utral: ["utRal] P F n. tree
uvan: [u"van] P F n. game
uvan si: [u"van s.i] P F v. play
virä: [v.i"R.æ] P F v. spread, proliferate
vitra: [vit"Ra] P F n. soul
vol: [vol] P F num. eight
vrrtep: ["vrtEp^] P F n. demon
vul: [vul] P" F n. branch (of a tree)
vur: [vuR] P F n. story
win si: [win s.i] P F v. rush something, make so-
mething fast (c.w. from win fast and si do)
wìntxu: [w.In"t’.u] P F v. show
*wong: [woN] T root sameness, the same derived
from kewong alien and ketuwong alien
wrrpa: ["wrpa] P F n., adv. outside
"
wutso: ["wuţo] P F n. dinner, served meal
yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight
yìm: [.jIm] P F v. bind
yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time)
yom: [j.om] P F v. eat
yomtìng: ["jomt.IN] P F v. feed (c.w. from yom
eat and tìng give)
–yu: [ju] W nominative agent noun deriving
affix, as in taron-yu hunter
yur: [j.uR] P F v. wash
za’ärìp: [za"P.æR.Ip^] P F v. pull
za’u: ["z.aP.u] P F v. come
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four
zamunge: [za"m.uN.E] P F v. bring derived from
munge bring
zapxì: [za"p’I] P F n. front (part or section) (c.w.
from *za come and hapxì part)
zawng: [z.awN] P F v. scream
zekwä: ["zEkwæ] P F n. finger
zene: ["z.En.E] P F v. must
15
zenke: ["z.ENkE] P F v. must not (root sense) (c.w.
from zene must and ke not)
zìsìt: ["zIsIt^] P F n. year
zong: [z.oN] P F v. save, defend
zongtseng: ["zoNţEN] P F n. safe place, refuge
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
zoplo: [zop"lo] P F n. offence, insult
zup: [z.up^] P F v. fall
zusawkrr: [zu"sawkr] P F n. future (c.w. from
z<us>a’u coming" and krr time)
A The Number System.
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system.
Underlining indicates where the stress ought to fall.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63
5 6 7
0 mrrvol puvol kivol
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey
4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin

More Na’vi Numbers:

x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam
2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

16
B Na’vi Proper Nouns
’Ìnglìsì: ["PINlIsI] P F n. English language (loa-
ned from Eng. English)
Amhul: [amhul] S prop.n. name
Änsìt: ["ænsIt^] S prop.n. name
Anurai: [anuRai] G prop.n. clan name
Ateyitan: [atEjitan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo de-
rived from Ateyo male name and ’itan son
Ayvitrayä Ramunong: [ajvit"Rajæ Ra"munoN]
JC prop.n Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul
and ramunong well)
Eytukan: ["Ejtukan] JC prop.n. man’s name
Eywa: ["Ejwa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) T
Eywa’eveng: [Ejwa"PEvEN] P F prop.n. Pandora
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)
Iknimaya: ["ikni"maja] JC prop.n. Stairway to
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi
li’Ona: [liPona] G,F prop.n clan name
Lompo: [lompo] G prop.n man’s name
Malimi: [malimi] G prop.n a Na’vi name
Mo’at: ["moPat^] JC prop.n. woman’s name
Mo’at’ite: [moPatPitE] JC prop.n. daughter of
Mo’at derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite
daughter
Na’vi: ["naPvi] JC,P F prop.n. the People, indige-
nous Pandoran sentient race
Nera’nak: [nERaPnak^] G prop.n a Na’vi name
Neytiri: [nEjtiRi] JC prop.n. woman’s name
Flora
*atoki: [atoki] T n. sacred tree derived from ato-
kirina’ seeds of the great tree
ar’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant φ
awaiei: [awaiEi] S n. banshee of paradise
eyaye: [EjajE] S n. warbonnet
fngapsutxwll: [fNapsut’wl] S n. metal-following
plant " seze: ["sEzE] P F n. blue flower
Kelutral: ["kElutRal] S,M prop.n. Hometree
loreyu: [loREju] S n. helicoradium spirale, beauti-
ful spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu
spiral)T
pamtseowll: [pamţEowl] S n. cat ear, music
plant " (c.w. from taw sky)
paywll: [pajwl] S n. water plant, dapophet
"
penghrrap: [pENhrap^] S n. binary sunshine,
"
17
Ninat: [ninat^] JC prop.n. woman’s name, good
singer
Nok: [nok^] G prop.n man’s name
Omati: [omati] G prop.n man’s name
Omatikaya: [omati"kaja] JC,S prop.n. Blue Flu-
te Clan
Onantu: [onantu] G prop.n a Na’vi name
Peyral: [pEjRal] JC prop.n name
Rai’uk: [RaiPuk^] G prop.n name
Ralu: ["Ralu] S prop.n. child’s name
Rongloa: [RoNloa] JC prop.n clan name
Seyvaro: [sEjvaRo] G prop.n Na’vi name
Silwanin: [silwanin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister
Swotulu: ["swotulu] P F prop.n. sacred river
(c.w. from swotu sacred place)
Tasun: [tasun] G prop.n name
Tawkami: [tawkami] G prop.n clan name (c.w.
from taw sky and kame see)
Tawtute: ["tawtutE] P F prop.n. Sky-person, hu-
man (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
Tipnai: [tipnai] G prop.n. clan name
Tsahìk: ["ţahIk^] P F prop.n. matriarch, high pri-
estess, interpreter
Tskaha: [ţkaha] JC prop.n. tribe name
Tsu’tey: [ţuP"tEj] JC prop.n. man’s name
U’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG
prop.n. clan name φ
Uniltaron: ["unil"taRon] P F prop.n. Dream Hunt
fringed lamp (c.w. from peng tell and hrrap
danger)
pxiut: [p’iut^] S n. razor palm, sharp tree
pxorna’: [p’oRnaP^] S n. episoth, exploding seed
(c.w. from rina’ seed and pxor explode)
rumut: [Rumut^] S n. ball tree
somtìlor: [somtIloR] S n. popsicle, hot beauty
(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)
tautral: [tautRal] S n. sky tree (c.w. from taw sky
and utral tree)T
tawtsngal: [tawţNal] S n. panopyra, sky cup
tìlor: [tI"loR] P F n. beauty
torukspxam: [toRuksp’am] S n. octoshroom, gre-
 at leonopteryx fungus Utral Aymokriyä: ["utRal aj"mokRijæ] P F
tsawlapxangrr: [ţawlap’aNr] S n. unidelta tree, prop.n. Tree of Voices(from utraya mokri C )
"
lit. tall large root (c.w. from ngrr root)(for utral utu mauti: [utRal utu mauti] S n. push
short, tsawlapx) fruit tree
tsyorina’wll: [ţjoRinaPwl] S n. cycad, flour seed utu mauti: [utu mauti] S n. banana fruit, push
"
plant (c.w. from rina’ seed and ’ewll plant)T fruit
txll’u: [t’lPu] P F n. hookagourd Vitrautral: [vit"RautRal] P F prop.n Tree of Souls
txumpaywll:" [t’umpajwl] S n. scorpion thistle, (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)
poison water plant (c.w. " from txum poison yomhì’ang: [jomhIPaN] S n. small animal/insect
and paywll water plant) eater, dakteron derived from hì’i small and
txumtsä’wll: [t’umţæPwl] S n. reclining flask, ioang animalT
poison-squirting plant (c.w." from tsä’ squirt yomioang: [jomi"oaN] S n. chalice plant (c.w.
and ’ewll plant) from yom eat and ioang animal T )

Fauna

’angtsìk: ["PaNţIk^] P F n. hammerhead nantang: ["nantaN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Caniferra-

eltungawng: ["EltuNawN] P F n. brainworm (c.w. tus costatus, striped armored wolf
from eltu brain and ngawng worm) ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm
fpxafaw: ["fp’afaw] P F n. medusa pa’li: ["paPli] P F n. direhorse
ikran: ["ikRan] JC n. banshee palulukan: ["palu"lukan] JC n. thanator
ikranay: ["ikRanaj] ASG n. forest banshee(non-F) riti: ["Riti] P F n. stingbat
T talioang: ["tal"ioaN] P F n. sturmbeest (c.w. from
kali’weya: [kaliPwEja] S n. species of poisonous ioang animal)
arachnid teylu: ["tEjlu] P F n. beetle larva
lenay’ga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatory toruk: ["toRuk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
animal φ dow
lonataya: [lonataja] ASG n. medusa yerik: ["jERik^] P F n. hexapede

18
C Illegal Words
These are illegal words that are not from Frommer: I have included them as they are in the
corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. The following words, or their roots,
either break syllable rules that Frommer set forth, or have at least one of the following illegal
sounds, spellings, or digraphs:
’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]
chan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]
ASG n. stone jarφ
chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack derived from
P’ah s’ivil chey rackφ
Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-
briPsta] ASG hammock, from Eywa cradles
everyone φ
Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Eywa sPilivi masP-
kit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to all
of us φ
Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-
sEJ makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.
the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personal
name) φ
feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-
ket φ
iveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba-
by slingφ
jakesully: [ZEjk’su:li] M n. moron, toruk mak-
toyu (loaned from " Eng. Jake Sully)φ
k’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleepφ
Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n girl’s nameφ
m’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]
ASG n. shieldφ
malmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stone
mas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]
ASG mother loomφ
meresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or
[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher,
bola, lit. nothing to see φ
mreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pitφ
19
na’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-
se lead, lit. face pull φ
nikt’chey: [niktPţhEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.
small bit of food, packed lunchφ
nivi: [nivi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us de-
rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewya
cradles everyone φ
omati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue
flute
P’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEy] SAG n. per-
sonal belongings rackφ
pxtxawng: [p’t’awN] C n. douchebag φ
shah-tell: [SahtEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from
Eng. shuttle)φ
su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or
[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikranφ
sumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf pla-
teφ
sumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hulEh] ASG slee-
ping outside of the groupφ "
t’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen-
dulum drumφ
tmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-
tern, from food here φ
ulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariPţEj
makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of the
tree look to each other for strength, or many
branches together are strong φ
ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-
si] ASG n. leaf plateφ
D Inflections
Verb Infixes
<am>: [am] W past tense verbal infix in position 1: Oe tamaron. I hunted.
<äng>: [æN] W pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2: Oe tarängon. I hunt (ugh!).
<äp>: [æp^] F E reflexive verbal infix in position 0: Oe täparon. I hunt myself.
<arm>: [aRm] W imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1, derived from am + er: Oe
tarmaron. I was hunting.
<asy>: [asj] P F future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1: Oel tspasyang pa-
lulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator.
<ats>: [aţ] F E inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2: Oel tspatsang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
<awn>: [awn] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 0: Oe tawnarona tute lu. I am a
hunted person.
<ay>: [aj] W future tense verbal infix in position 1: Oe tayaron. I will hunt.
<ei>: [Ei] W laudative affect verbal infix in position 2: Oe tareion. I hunt (hooray!).
<er>: [ER] D imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1: Oe teraron. I am hunting.
<eyk>: [Ejk] F E causative verbal infix in position 0: Oel teykaron pot. I caused him to hunt.
<ilv>: [ilv] F E present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oe new tslilvam. I
want to understand.
<ìm>: [Im] W recent past verbal infix in position 1: Oe tìmaron. I just hunted.
<imv>: [imv] F E past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oe namew tslimvam I wanted to
understand.
<ìrm>: [IRm] W imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1: Oe tìrmaron. I was just
hunting.
<irv>: [iRv] F E present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oe new tslirvam. I
want to be understanding.
<ìsy>: [Isj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1: Oel
tspìsyang palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator soon.
<iv>: [iv] W subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1: Ngal new futa oe tivaron. You want
this thing: for me to hunt
<ìy>: [Ij] W immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1: Oe tìyaron. I am about to hunt.
<ìyev>: [IjEv] F E future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oel kìyevame ngati. I will see
you soon.
<iyev>: [ijEv] F E future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1: Oel kiyevame ngati. I will see
you soon.
<ol>: [ol] F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1: Oe tolaron. I hunted (finished action).
<us>: [us] W active participle verbal infix in position 0: Oe tusarona tute lu. I am a hunting
person.
<uy>: [uj] F honourific or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2: Na’viyä, l<uy>u hapxì. You
are part of The People.
Noun Inflections
–ä: [æ] F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, and ì (allomorph of yä):
Oel yom ikran–ä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–an: [an] W masculine suffix for certain nouns: Oe tute–an lu. I am a male dude.
–e: [E] F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Oe tut–e ke lu. I am not a girl
–ìl: [Il] F ergative case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of l): Ikran–ìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.

20
–ìri: [IRi] F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ri): Ikran–ìri taron yerikit. The ikran hunts a yerik.
–it: [it^] F accusative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of t, ti): Oel taron yerik–it. I hunt the yerik.
–l: [l] W ergative case adp. for nouns ending in a vowel: Oe–l taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ng: [N] W clusivity adp. for pronouns: Ayoe–ng taron. We all hunt.
–o: [o] P F indefinite suffix: Oel tspamang tute–o–t. I killed someone.
–ri: [Ri] F topical adp. for nouns ending in a vowel: Oe–ri taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ru: [Ru] W dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur): Oel kxenerit nga–ru
tìng. I give fruit to you.
–t: [t^] W accusative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti): Oel nga–t kame. I
see you.
–ti: [ti] W accusative adp. for pronouns and nouns: Nga–ti taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [uR] F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of –ru): Ayeylan-ur oeyä. To my friends.
–yä: [jæ] W genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, and ì (allomorph of ä): Oel yom
Neytiri-yä yerikit. I eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may look
like –eyä)
ay+: [aj] F plural adp. for nouns: Ay+oe taron. We hunt.
ma: [ma] M part. vocative marker: Ma tsmukan, kaltxì! Yo brother, hello!
me+: [mE] W dual adp. for nouns: Oel new me+narit. I want eyes.
pe+: [pE] W affix inter. marker what: pe+hrr nga tayaron. What time will you hunt?
pxe+: [p’E] F trial adp. for nouns and pronouns: Ayoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three child-
ren.(Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs)

Other

–a–: [a] F adjectival attributive marker: Oel nì–Na’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a
ikranit a–ean tswayon. I fly the blue ikran. Na’vi.)
–tu: [tu] T direct object noun deriving affix Oe sä–: [sæ] F instrumental noun deriving affix
taron–tu lu. I am prey. Oel sä–numet nume. I learn the teaching.
–yu: [ju] W nominative agent noun deriving si: [si] W postpositional verb deriving affix Oe
affix Oe ska’a–yu ke lu. I am not a destroyer. kelku si mì kelutral. I live in Hometree. (lit.
le–: [lE] F adjective deriving affix Poan I home make in Hometree.)
le–hrrap lu. He is dangerous. tì–: [tI] W noun deriving affix Tì–ngay sìltsan
nì–: [nI] W adverbial deriving affix Oe lu. The truth is good.

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E English Short-Hand Terms for Trilinear Glosses
Here is a list of the short-hand notation often used in trilinear glosses on the Forums, with
some common morphemes.
ACC: –it. F accusative suffix for nouns ending
in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of ti)
ACC: –t. W accusative suffix for nouns ending
in a vowel (allomorph of ti)
ACC: –ti. W accusative adp. for nouns.
ADJ: le–. F adjective deriving affix.
ADJ M.: –a–. F adjectival attributive marker.
ADV: nì–. W adverbial deriving affix.
AGENT N: –yu. W nominative agent noun de-
riving affix.
CAUS: <eyk>. F E causative verbal infix in
position 0 0.
CLU: –ng. W clusivity adp. for pronouns.
DAT: –ru. W dative adp. for nouns.
DUAL: me+. W dual adp. for nouns.
ERG: –ìl. F ergative case suffix for nouns en-
ding in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-
vowel (allomorph of –l)
ERG: –l. W ergative case adp. for nouns en-
ding in a vowel.
FEM: –e. F feminine suffix for certain nouns.
FUT: <ay>. W future tense verbal infix in po-
sition 1 1.
GEN: –ä. F genetive suffix for nouns ending
in a everything but a, ä, e, and ì (allomorph
of yä)
GEN: –yä. W genitive suffix for nouns ending
in a a, ä, e, and ì (allomorph of ä)
IMM. FUT: <ìy>. W immediate future tense
verbal infix in position 1 1.
IMPF: <er>. D imperfective aspect verbal in-
fix in position 1 1.
IMPF. PAST: <arm>. W imperfective past
tense verbal infix in position 1 1.
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IMPF. REC. PAST: <ìrm>. W imperfective re-
cent past tense verbal infix in position 1 1.
INST: sä–. T instrumental noun deriving affix.
INTER: pe+. W affix inter. marker what.
LAUD: <ei>. F laudative affect verbal infix in
position 2 2.
MASC: –an. W masculine suffix for certain
nouns.
NMLZ: tì–. W nominalizer (noun-er) deriving
affix.
OBJ: –tu. T direct object noun deriving affix.
PAST: <am>. W past tense verbal infix in po-
sition 1 1.
PEJ: <äng>. W pejorative verbal infix in posi-
tion 2 2.
PEJ: <äng>. W pejorative affect verbal infix in
position 2 2.
PERF: <ol>. W perfective aspect verbal infix
in position 1 1.
PLU: ay+. F plural adp. for nouns.
REC. PAST: <ìm>. W recent past verbal infix
in position 1 1.
REFL: <äp>. F E reflexive verbal infix in posi-
tion 0 0.
SUBJ: <iv>. W subjunctive mood verbal infix
in position 1 1.
TOP: –ìri. F topical suffix for nouns ending
in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of ri)
TOP: –ri. F topical adp. for nouns ending in a
vowel.
V: si. W postpositional verb deriving affix.
VOC: ma. F vocative particle.
F The Changelog
This is the changelog. I’ve kept it in, not for translators, who should contact Tuiq, but for the
reader, who would presumably like to know what I’ve done.

• 9.643 Added flew, kxa, nikre, pen, re’o, sre’, tsuksìm, key throat, mouth, hair, neck, head,
tooth, chin, face. Added ngäng, puk stomach, book, edited nemfa to include inside. Fixed
ngaytxoa, puk. Added tsopì, venu, venzek, reypay, ta’leng, tsyokx lung, foot, toe, blood,
skin, hand. Edited Ayvitrayä Ramunong, swotulu, added ramunong well) payfya stream
(pay-fya’o) pxawpa perimeter, circumference, border (pxaw-pa’o) txampay sea, ocean (txan-
pay) ’ora, ekxan, tsim, tsray, txayo, ukxo, wew lake, barricade/obstruction, source, village,
field/open terrain, dry, cold. Changed capitalisation of lì’Ona. Changed sorting of Ìnglìsì,
added someone to tuteo.

• 9.681 Added fìtxon, txonam, txonay, trray, sekrr tonight, last night, tomorrow night, to-
morrow, present vur, tìpängkxo, tìsrese’a, nawmtu, txantstew, tstew, fkew, nguway story,
conversation, prophecy, great person, hero, brave, mighty, viperwolf howl. Deleted *ngu

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