N A’ VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 15.6.

1
Compiled by Mark Miller
www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: January 13th , 2024

This is the authorized and definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul
Frommer for James Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are deri-
ved from, Dr. Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-
tical categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on
are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to
show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Tran-
sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most, if
not all transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known modal
verbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depending upon
transitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes
will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in the
IPA; if an enclitic is added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that
variants, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morp-
hological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary num. = number

+ = leniting morpheme boundary ofp. = only for people
« » = infix morpheme part. = particle
adj. = adjective ph. = phrase
adp. = adposition pn. = pronoun
adv. = adverb prop.n. = proper noun
conj. = conjunction vtr. = transitive verb
c.w. = compound word vin. = intransitive verb
intj. = interjection vtrm. = transitive modal verb
inter. = interrogative vim. = intransitive modal verb
n. = noun sbd. = subordinated
nfp. = not for people

An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provi-
ded, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estoni-

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an, German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations
in other languages available.

Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the
IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary
was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the canon
lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive affixes
that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified semantic
meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer

• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = The Avatar Games
• C = The Comics
• ASG = The Survival Guide
• PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs approved by Dr.
Frommer are included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many words,
which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer also legalized a few pronunciation errors
made during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved
words created by other sources for the Avatar franchise, like the Toruk show by Cirque du
Soleil and the Pandora attraction at Disney World. Other words suggested by the LEP and
language community have been approved as well. These additional sources are indicated as
follows: JC for James Cameron, CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer, CdS for
Cirque du Soleil, D is for Disney (from Pandora - The World of Avatar) and G for the Avatar
Game. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
> >
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions ˆ have
ˆ beenˆ split ˆin
accordance with the Maximal Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can
be difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’."k’E].
Please note the subtle difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and "for stress.

This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,
let me know here or by email to mark@learnnavi.org, and I will correct them. As for version

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number, I’ll change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not large
change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.
The Na’vi language is a work in progress, with contributions by many people. Very early
on, the Na’vi Community was graciously invited by Dr. Paul Frommer to participate in the
growth of the language. This rapidly became an international effort, made possible only by
the global reach of the internet. To my knowledge, a constructed language has never evolved
in this manner and the rapid growth and maturing of Na’vi would not have been possible
otherwise.
My role in the work of Na’vi is shepherd of the public face of the Na’vi language and sup-
port of its fans. However, I would like to recognize some particular individuals who’s assistan-
ce has been instrumental in the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, is
Dr. Paul Frommer and his monumental effort in creating and expanding this amazing langu-
age. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for originally creating this document, with the note
that most of his work is still included here. Thanks also to Tuiq who created the automation
tools for the maintenance of this dictionary with its translations and variants. Finally, thanks
to everyone in the Learn Na’vi Community who are helping Na’vi to bloom!

- Mark Miller, et alia

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P
’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. a few, several (Used
with countable nouns in the singular form)
’ak: [Pak^] P F intj. ow, ouch
’akra: ["Pak.Ra] P F n. soil (fertile)
’aku: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr. remove, take away, take off
’al: [P·al] P F vtr. waste
’ali’ä: [Pa."liP.æ] P F n. collar / choker
’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] P F vtr. touch
’ana: ["Pa.na] P F n. hanging vine
’ango: ["Pa.No] P F adj. soft (of a sound)
’anla: ["P·an.l·a] P F vtr. yearn for
’are: ["Pa.RE] P F n. poncho, cape, shawl
’asap: ["Pa.sap^] P F n. sudden shock
’asap si: ["Pa.sap s·i] P F vin. be shocked, be start-
led (derived from ’asap sudden shock)
’avun: ["P·a.v·un] P F vtr. save (time, food, etc.)
’aw: [Paw] P F num. one
’awkx: [Pawk’] P F n. cliff
’awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past)
’awlo: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. once
’awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp
’awnìm: ["P·aw.nIm] P F vtr. avoid (c.w. from
’ì’awn remain and alìm distance)
’awpo: ["Paw.po] P F pn. one individual
’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w.
from ’aw one and teng same, equal)
’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] P F vtr. bind /
bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w.
from ’awsiteng together and yem put)
’awve: ["Paw.vE] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived
from ’aw one)
’ä’: [PæP] P F intj. oops!
’älek: ["Pæ.lEk^] P F adj. determined
’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. complete
’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. move
’e’al: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. worst
’e’in: [PE."Pin] P F n. pod, gourd
’e’insey: [PE."Pin.sEj] P F n. drinking gourd (c.w.
from ’e’in gourd and sey cup or bowl mi-
nimally modified from naturally occurring re-
sources)
’efu: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive
’eko: ["P·E.k·o] P F vtr. attack
’ekong: ["PE.koN] P F n. beat (rhythmic)
’ekxin: [PE."k’in] P F adj. tight
5
’ekxinum: [PE."k’i.num] P F n. degree of tight-
ness, looseness (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and
um loose)
’ekxinumpe: [PE."k’i.num.pE] P F inter. how
tight, loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tight-
ness, looseness)
’em: [P·Em] P F vtr. cook
’emyu: ["PEm.ju] P F n. cook, cooker (derived
from ’em cook)
’en: [PEn] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-
tuition
’eng: [PEN] P F n. beak of a bird or animal
’engeng: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. level
’en si: ["PEn "s·i] P F vin. make an informed guess
(derived from ’en guess)
’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious
’etnaw: ["PEt.naw] P F n. shoulder
’evan: ["PE.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived
from ’evengan boy)
’eve: ["PE.vE] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived
from ’evenge girl)
’eveng: ["PE.vEN] P F n. child
’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. boy (derived from
’eveng child)
’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. girl (derived from
’eveng child)
’evi: ["PE.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
’eveng child)
’ewan: ["PE.wan] P F adj. young
’ewll: ["PE.wl] P F n. plant
"
’ewrang: ["PEw.RaN] P F n. loom
’eylan: ["PEj.lan] P F n. friend
’eylanay: [PEj.la."naj] P F n. acquaintance (with
the potential for becoming a friend) (derived
from ’eylan friend)
’eylyong: ["PEjl.joN] P F n. pet (c.w. from ’eylan
friend and ioang annimal)
’eyng: [P·EjN] P F vin. answer, respond
’eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value
eight)
’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. end, conclude
’ia: ["P·i.·a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
’ipu: ["Pi.pu] P F adj. humorous, funny, amusing
’it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount
’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. son
’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. daughter
 >
’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. little daughter (term
of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)
’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. remain, stay
’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. spiral
’ìn: [P·In] P F vin. be busy, be occupied
’ìp: [P·Ip^] P F vin. disappear, vanish, recede from
view
’llngo: ["Pl.No] P F n. hip
’o’: [PoP] P" F adj. bringing fun, exciting
’ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance
’okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (deri-
ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)
’oktrr: ["Pok.tr] P F n. day of commemoration
" remembrance and trr day)
(c.w. from ’ok
’okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient)
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story)
’om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta
’ompin: ["Pom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta
(derived from ’om purple)
’on: [Pon] P F n. shape, form
’ong: [P·oN] P F vin. unfold, blossom
’onglawn: ["PoN.lawn] P F n. exhiliration of first
bonding (c.w. from ’ong blossom and lawnol
great joy)
’ongokx: ["P·o.N·ok’] P F vin. be born (c.w. from
’ong unfold and nokx give birth to)
a: [a] P F,LN part. clause - level attributive marker
afpawng: [a."fpawN] P F n. grief
afpawng si: [a."fpawN s·i] P F vin. grieve (deri-
ved from afpawng grief )
aho: [a."ho] P F vin. pray
akrrmaw: [a."kr.maw] P F conj. after (temporal)
"
variant of mawkrra (c.w. from krr time and
maw after)
akrrta: [a."kr.ta] P F conj. since (temporal) vari-
" (c.w. from krr time and ta from)
ant of takrra
akum: [a."kum] P F conj. that (as a result) (de-
rived from kum result) this form follows
the result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum,
nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that I
fell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’
alaksi: [a."lak.si] P F adj. ready
alìm: [a."lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (de-
rived from lìm far, be far)
alo: ["a.lo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a
number of repeated or recurring actions
6
’ongop: ["Po.N·op^] P F vtr. design (c.w. from ’on
shape, form and ngop create)
’ongopyu: ["Po.Nop.ju] P F n. designer (derived
from ’ongop design)
’on si: ["Pon s·i] P F vin. shape, give shape (to so-
mething) (derived from ’on shape)
’opin: ["Po.pin] P F n. color
’opinsung: ["Po.pin.s·uN] P F vtr. color, color in
(c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)
>
’opinvultsyìp: ["Po.pin.vul.tsjIp^] P F n. crayon
(c.w. from ’opin color and vultsyìp stick)
’ora: ["Po.Ra] P F n. lake
>
’oratsyìp: ["Po.Ra.tsjIp^] P F n. pond, pool (deri-
ved from ’ora lake)
’otxang: [Po."t’aN] P F n. musical instrument (ge-
neric term)
’rrko: ["P·r.k·o] P F vin. roll
" .p’om]
’rrpxom: ["Pr P F n. thunder
’u: [Pu] P F n." thing (object, fact, abstraction)
’ul: [P·ul] P F vin. increase
>
’umtsa: ["Pum.tsa] P F n. medicine
’uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something
’upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
’u thing and pe inter. marker)
’upxare: [Pu."p’a.RE] P F n. message
’ur: [PuR] P F n. sight, look, appearance
alu: ["a.lu] P F conj. that is, in other words (deri-
ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for
appositions)
alunta: [a."lun.ta] P F conj. because, from the rea-
son
am’a: [am."Pa] P F n. doubt
am’ake: [am."Pa.kE] P F adj. sure, confident (c.w.
from am’a doubt and ke not)
am’aluke: [am."Pa.lu.kE] P F adv. without a
doubt (derived from am’ake sure, confident)
amay: [a."maj] P F n. brook
apxa: [a."p’a] P F adj. large nfp.
asim: [a."sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (de-
rived from sim near, be near)
asip: ["a.sip^] P F n. tall thin mass or pile of somet-
hing, tower
atan: [a."tan] JC n. light
atanvi: [a."tan.vi] P F n. ray (derived from atan
light)
atanzaw: [a."tan.zaw] P F n. forked lightning
 (derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)
atxar: [a."t’aR] P F adj. smell of living animals, as
found around a watering hole
atxkxe: [at’."k’E] P F n. land
atxkxerel: [at’."k’E.REl] P F n. map (c.w. from
atxkxe land and rel picture)
au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)
au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation
aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen
awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayo-
eng we)
ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived
from po he, she)
ayla: [aj."la] P F pn. others, the others (animate or
non-animate) variant of aylahe
aylahe: [aj."la.hE] P F pn. others, the others (ani-
mate or non-animate) (derived from lahe ot-
her)
eampin: ["E.am.pin] P F n. blue, green (derived
from ean blue, green)
ean: ["E.an] P F adj. blue, green
ekxan: [E."k’an] P F n. barricade, obstruction
ekxan si: [E."k’an s·i] P F vin. exclude, keep out,
bar (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc-
tion)
ekxtxu: [Ek’."t’u] P F adj. rough
eltu: ["El.tu] P F n. brain
eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)
eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t’En s·i] P F vin. be
interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-r
brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)
eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] P F vin. pay attention, quit goo-
fing off (derived from eltu brain)
emkä: [Em."k·æ] P F vtr. cross (derived from
emza’u pass, overcome and kä go)
emkäfya: [em."kæ.fja] P F n. ford, crossing (de-
rived from emkä cross and fya’o path)
emrey: [Em."R·Ej] P F vin. survive
emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr. pass (a test), over-
come (c.w. from za’u come)
7
aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contrac-
tion of ay+lahe–ru)
aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
from nga you)
ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
from oe I)
ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
es)
aystampe: [aj."stam.pE] inter. what men vari-
ant of paystan
aystepe: [aj."stE.pE] P F inter. what women vari-
ant of payste
aysupe: [aj."su.pE] P F inter. what people variant
of paysu
ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from ’u thing)
(never plural u)
eo–: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
eolì’uvi: ["E.o.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. prefix (derived
from eo– before and lì’u word)
ep’ang: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. complex
epxang: [E."p’aN] P F n. stone jar used to hold
small toxic arachnid
etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favorable, auspicious
>
ewktswo: ["Ewk.tswo] P F n. (sense of) taste (de-
rived from ewku taste)
ewku: ["·Ew.k·u] P F vtr. taste (not intentionally)
eyawr: [E."jawR] P F adj. correct, right
eyawrfya: [e."jawR.fja] P F n. right way (of doing
something), correct path (derived from eyawr
correct, right and fya’o path, way, manner)
eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. lead
eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from
eyk lead)
eyktanay: [Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. deputy, general,
one step down from leader (derived from eyk-
tan leader)
eykyu: ["Ejk.ju] P F n. leader (typically tempora-
ry, of a small group like a hunting party) (deri-
ved from eyk lead)
F
fa–: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of
fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell
faoi: ["fa.o.i] P F adj. smooth
fayluta: [faj."lu.ta] P F n. these words (contrac-
tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case)
fäkä: [fæ."k·æ] P F vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from
fäpa top and kä go)
fäpa: ["fæ.pa] P F n. top
fäpyo: ["fæp.jo] P F n. roof (c.w. from fäpa top
and yo surface)
fäza’u: [fæ."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come up, ascend
(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)
fe’: [fEP] P F adj. bad nfp.
fe’lup: ["fEP.lup^] P F adj. tacky, in poor taste
(c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style)
fe’pey: [feP."p·Ej] P F vin. feel dread, expect so-
mething bad to happen, fear (with tsnì for thing
dreaded) (ii) (derived from fe’ bad and pey
wait)
fe’ran: ["fEP.Ran] P F n. flawed nature, something
ill-conceived or inherently defective (c.w. from
fe’ bad and ran intrinsic character or nature)
fe’ranvi: ["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. blemish, deformi-
ty, stain, flawed feature (derived from fe’ran
flawed nature, inherently defective)
fe’ul: ["fE.P·ul] P F vin. worsen, get worse (c.w.
from fe’ bad and ’ul increase)
fekem: ["fE.kEm] P F n. accident (c.w. from fe’
bad and kem action)
fekum: ["fE.kum] P F n. disadvantage, drawback,
downside (c.w. from fe’ bad and kum result)
fekumnga’: ["fE.kum.NaP] P F adj. disadvanta-
geous (derived from fekum disadvantage,
drawback, downside)
few–: [fEw] P F adp. across, aiming for the oppo-
site side of
fewi: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. chase
fewtusok: ["fEw.tu.sok^] P F adj. opposite, on the
opposite side (derived from few– across)(In
casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok)
fil: [fil] P F n. child’s toy, plaything
fì’u: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u
thing)
fìfya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived
from fya’o path)
fìkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived
from kem action, deed)
8
fìpo: ["fI.po] P F pn. this one person or thing (de-
rived from po he, she)
fìtrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day)
">
fìtsap: [fI."tsap^] P F adv. each other (c.w. from
fìpo this one and tsapo that one)
>
fìtseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. here, this pla-
ce (derived from tseng place)
fìtxan: [fI."t’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (de-
rived from txan great, much)
fìtxon: [fI."t’on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived
from txon night)
fkan: [fk·an] P F vin. resemble in a sensory moda-
lity, come to the senses as
fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F vtr. peel
fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
fkeytok: ["fkEj.t·ok^] P F vin. exist (derived
from kifkeyti tok be in the world)
fkip–: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
specified agent)
fkxake: ["fk’·a.k·E] P F vin. itch
fkxara: ["fk’a.Ra] P F n. stress (mental or emotio-
nal feeling)
fkxaranga’: ["fk’a.Ra.NaP] P F adj. stressful (de-
rived from fkxara stress)
fkxen: [fk’En] P F n. vegetable (food)
fkxile: ["fk’i.lE] P F n. bib necklace
flawkx: [flawk’] P F n. leather
flawm: [flawm] P F n. cheek
flä: [fl·æ] P F vin. succeed
flew: [flEw] P F n. throat
flì: [flI] P F adj. thin nfp.
flìnutx: [flI."nut’] P F n. thickness (c.w. from flì
thin and nutx thick)
flrr: [flr] P F adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or
"
things)
fmal: [fm·al] P F vtr. sustain
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report
fmawnta: ["fmawn.ta] P F n. that news (contrac-
tion of fmawn–it a)
fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F vtr. test
fmi: [fm·i] P F vtrm. try, attempt (with the
subjunctive)
fmokx: [fmok’] P F n. jealousy, envy
fmong: [fm·oN] P F vtr. steal, rob
fmongyu: ["fmoN.ju] P F n. thief (derived from
fmong steal, rob)
fnan: [fn·an] P F vtr. be good at
fnawe’: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly
fnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived
from fnawe’ cowardly)
fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type
fnelan: ["fnE.lan] P F n. male (derived from fnel
kind, type)
fnele: ["fnE.lE] P F n. female (derived from fnel
kind, type)
fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind variant of
pefnel
fnetxum: [fnE."t’um] P F n. allergen (derived
from txum poison)
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal
fngä’: [fN·æP] P F vin. relieve oneself; (on Earth)
use the restroom, go to the bathroom
> >
fngä’tseng: ["fNæP.tsEN] P F n. restroom (on
Earth) (c.w. from fngä’ relieve oneself and
tseng place)
fngo’: [fN·oP] P F vtr. require, demand
fnu: [fn·u] P F vin. quiet, be quiet
fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)
fpak: [fp·ak^] P F vin. hold off, suspend action
fpap: [fp·ap^] P F vtr. pound
fpe’: [fp·EP] P F vtr. send
fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial)
fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit
of
fpivìl: [fpi."vIl] P F intj. hmm, let’s see, let me
think (derived from fpìl think and «iv»
subjunctive infix)
fpìl: [fp·Il] P F vtr. think
fpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of
thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)
fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness
fpomron: [fpom."Ron] P F n. health or well-being
(mental) (derived from fpom well-being and
ronsem mind) ofp.
fpomronga’: [fpom."Ro.NaP] P F adj. healthful
(mentally) (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace,
happiness and ronsem mind) nfp.
fpomtokx: [fpom."tok’] P F n. health (physical)
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)
ofp.
fpomtokxnga’: [fpom."tok’.NaP] P F adj. healt-
hful (physically) (c.w. from fpom well-being,
9
peace, happiness and tokx body) nfp.
fpxamo: ["fp’a.mo] P F adj. terrible, horrible, aw-
ful
fpxäkìm: ["fp’·æ.k·Im] P F vin. enter
fra’u: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. everything (derived from
’u thing)
frafya: ["fra.fja] P F adv. in every way (c.w. from
fra’u everything and fya’o way)
frakrr: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. always, all the time (de-
rived from" krr time)
fralo: ["fRa.lo] P F adv. every time, every instance,
each time (derived from alo time)
frapo: ["fRa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from
po he/she)
frato: ["fRa.to] P F part. superlative marker than
all
fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived
from trr day) "
fratseng: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. everywhere (deri-
ved from tseng place)
fratxon: [fRa."t’on] P F adv. every night (derived
from txon night)
fraw: [fRaw] P F pn. everything
frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything
is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everything
and zo be well)
frir: [fRiR] P F n. layer
frìp: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. bite
frrfen: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. visit
"
frrtu: ["fr.tu] P F n. guest, visitor
"
fta: [fta] P F n. knot
ftang: [ft·aN] P F vim. stop
ftanglen: [ft·aN."l·En] P F vtr. prevent (c.w. from
ftang stop and len happen)
fta si: [fta s·i] P F vin. knot, make or tie a knot
(derived from fta knot)
ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. past (c.w.
from ft«awn»em pass by " (passive participle
form) and krr time)
ftär: [ftæR] P F adj. left (not right)
ftärpa: ["ftæR.pa] P F n. left side (c.w. from ftär
left and pa’o side)
fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
fteke: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w.
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
ctive verb in dependant clause)
ftem: [ft·Em] P F vtr. pass by (something)
ftia: [ft·i."·a] P F vtr. study
ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction)
ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple
ftumfa–: ["ftum.fa] P F adp. out of, from inside
(derived from mìfa inside)
ftuopa–: ["ftu.o.pa] P F adp. from behind
ftxavang: ["ft’a.vaN] P F adj. passionate
ftxey: [ft’·Ej] P F vtr. choose
ftxey: [ft’Ej] P F conj. whether, or
ftxì: [ft’I] P F n. tongue
ftxìlor: [ft’I."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting
(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)
ftxìvä’: [ft’I."væP] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from
ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)
ftxozä: [ft’o."zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occa-
sion
ftxozä si: [ft’o."zæ s·i] P F vin. celebrate (derived
from ftxozä celebration)
ftxulì’u: [ft’·u."lI.Pu] P F vin. orate, give speech
(c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)
ftxulì’uyu: [ft’u."lI.Pu.ju] P F n. orator, (public)
speaker (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give
speech)
fu: [fu] P F conj. or
fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or
and ke not)
fula: ["fu.la] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul this
(agentive) and a subordinator)
fura: ["fu.Ra] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-r this
(dative) and a subordinator)
furia: ["fu.Ri.a] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’uri this
(topical) and a subordinator)
futa: ["fu.ta] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-t this
(patientive) and a subordinator)
fwa: [fwa] P F sbd. that (subordinate clause mar-
ker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and a
subordinator)
fwal: [fw·al] P F vtr. wipe
fwang: [fwaN] P F adj. savory, umami, rich
fwefwi: ["fw·E.fw·i] P F vin. whistle
fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken
fwem: [fwEm] P F adj. dull, blunt (as a point)
fwep: [fwEp^] P F n. dust (on a surface)
fwew: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. look for, seek, search
fwi: [fw·i] P F vin. slip, slide
fwìng: [fwIN] P F n. humiliation, embarrassment,
loss of face
fwìng si: [fwIN s·i] P F vin. humiliate (derived
from fwìng humiliation)
10
fwopx: [fwop’] P F n. dust (in the air) (derived
from fwep dust and pìwopx cloud)
fwum: [fw·um] P F vin. float (on the surface of a
liquid)
fya’o: ["fja.Po] P F n. path, way, manner
fyalì’u: ["fja.lI.Pu] P F n. adverb (c.w. from fya’o
path, way, manner and lì’u word)
fyan: [fjan] P F n. constructed device for keeping
something off the ground and clean
fyanyì: ["fjan.jI] P F n. shelf (c.w. from fyan con-
structed device for keeping something off the
ground and clean and yì shelf, ledge, level,
step, rung)
fyanyo: ["fjan.jo] P F n. table, elevated utilitari-
an surface (c.w. from fyan constructed device
for keeping something off the ground and clean
and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo can be
used in place of fyanyo.
fyape: ["fja.pE] P F inter. how variant of pefya
fyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t’·u] P F vin. guide (with
dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path
and wìntxu show)
fyawìntxuyu: [fja.wIn."t’u.ju] P F n. guide (de-
rived from fyawìntxu guide)
fyel: [fj·El] P F vtr. seal, make impervious
fyeng: [fjEN] P F adj. steep
fyengkekin: ["fjEN.kE.kin] P F intj. no need to use
honorific language (c.w. from lì’fyeng honori-
fic language and kelkin unnecessary)
fyep: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, grip
fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult
fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived
from fyeyn ripe, mature)
fyin: [fjin] P F adj. simple
fyinep’ang: [fjin.Ep."PaN] P F n. degree of com-
plexity (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’ang
complex)
fyinep’angpe: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] P F inter. how
complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
complexity) variant of pefyinep’ang
fyìp: [fjIp^] P F n. tendril, tentacle
fyole: ["fjo.lE] P F adj. sublime, beyond perfection
fyolup: ["fjo.lup^] P F adj. exquisite, sublime in
style (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra sty-
le)
fyufye: ["fy·u.fy·e] P F vin. splash
H
ha: [ha] P F conj. so, in that case
ha’: [h·aP] P F vin. fit, suit, complement, inherent-
ly enhance
ha’ngir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon
hafyon: [ha."fjon] P F n. wisdom
hafyonga’: [ha."fjo.NaP] P F adj. wise (derived
from hafyon wisdom) nfp.
hahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. sleep
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous
hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from
ham previous and alo time)
han: [h·an] P F vtr. lose
hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. laugh
hangvur: ["haN.vuR] P F n. joke, funny story (c.w.
from hangham laugh and vur story)
hapxì: [ha."p’I] P F n. part
hapxìtu: [ha."p’I.tu] P F n. member (derived
from hapxì part)
hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished
hasey si: [ha."sEj "s·i] P F vin. accomplish, bring
to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi-
nished)
haway: ["ha.waj] P F n. lullaby
hawl: [h·awl] P F vtr. prepare
hawmpam: ["hawm.pam] P F n. noise. sound
that is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate,
unexpected or startling (derived from hawng
overabundance and pam sound)
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance
hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from
hawng overabundance " and krr time)
> hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hawntsyokx: [hawn."tsjok’] P F n. glove (c.w.
from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)
hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. protect, shelter
hawnven: [hawn."vEn] P F n. shoe (c.w. from
hawnu protect and venu foot)
hawre’: [haw."REP] P F n. hat (c.w. from hawnu
protect and re’o head)
> hìmtxew: [hIm."t’Ew] P F n. minimum (c.w.
hawtsyìp: ["haw.tsjIp^] P F n. nap (derived from
hahaw sleep)
hay: [haj] P F adj. next
hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from
hay next and alo time)
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F intj. until next ti-
me (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- un-
til)
hän: [hæn] P F n. net, web
11
he’a: ["h·E.P·a] P F vin. cough
hefi: ["h·E.f·i] P F vtr. smell (not intentionally)
>
hefitswo: ["hE.fi.tswo] P F n. (sense of) smell (de-
rived from hefi smell)
hek: [h·Ek^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-
expected
hena: ["h·E.n·a] P F vtr. carry
henga: ["hE.Na] P F n. formally polite behavior
henga si: ["hE.Na s·i] P F vin. act in a formally
polite or honorific way (derived from henga
formally polite behavior)
hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. snow flurry (deri-
ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)
hertxayo: ["hER.t’a.jo] P F n. snow field (derived
from herwì snow and txayo field)
herwì: ["hER.wI] P F n. snow
herwìva: ["hER.wI.va] P F n. snowflake (derived
from herwì snow and ìlva flake)
hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object)
heyn: [h·Ejn] P F vin. sit
heyr: [hEjR] P F n. chest
hifwo: ["h·i.fw·o] P F vin. flee, escape
hipx: [hip’] P F vtr. control
hiup: ["hi·up^] P F vtr. spit, spit out
hiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange
hì’ang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i
small and ioang animal)
hì’i: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
hìkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w.
from hì’i" little, small and krr time)
hìmpxì: [hIm."p’I] P F n. minority, least, small
part
hìmtxampe: [hIm."t’am.pE] P F inter. how much
variant of pìmtxan
hìmtxan: [hIm."t’an] P F n. amount (c.w. from
hìm small and txan much)
from hìm small and txew limit)
hìmtxewvay: [hIm."t’Ew.vaj] P F adv. minimally
(derived from hìmtxew minimum)
hìno: [hI."no] P F adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-
cate (of things)
hìpey: ["hI.p·Ej] P F vin. hesitate, hold back for a
short time (derived from hì’i small and pey
wait)
hìtxoa: [hI."t’o.a] P F intj. excuse me (derived
from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)
hoan: ["ho.an] P F n. comfort
hoet: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. vast, broad, expansive
hol: [hol] P F adj. few
holpxay: [hol."p’aj] P F n. number (c.w. from
hol few and pxay many)
holpxaype: [hol."p’aj.pE] P F inter. how many
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
hona: ["ho.na] P F adj. endearing, adorable, cute
horenleykekyu: [ho.­REn.lEj."kEk.ju] P F n. law
enforcer, police officer (c.w. from koren rule
and leykek enforce)
i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument
ikut: ["i.kut^] P F n. large pestle (grinding tool);
meal-mashing pole
il: [i·l] P F vin. bend
inan: [·i."n·an] P F vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain
knowledge from sensory input (stress moves
to first syllable with infixation)
inanfya: [i."nan.fja] P F n. sense (means of per-
ception) (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge
from sensory input and fya’o path, way)
ingyen: ["iN.jEn] P F n. feeling of mystery or in-
comprehension
ingyenga’: ["iN.jE.NaP] P F adj. mysterious, puzz-
ling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feeling
of mystery)
>
ingyentsim: ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. mystery, riddle,
enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feeling
ka–: [ka] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly
kafi: ["ka.fi] P F n. sail
kafi si: ["ka.fi s·i] P F vin. to sail, move by means
of a sail (derived from kafi sail)
kafiuran: ["ka.fi.u.ran] P F n. sailboat (c.w. from
kafi sail and uran boat)
kakan: ["ka.kan] P F adj. rough
kakpam: [kak."pam] P F adj. deaf (derived from
pam sound)
kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from
rel image, picture)
kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet to the taste
kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello
12
hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger
"
hu–: [hu] P F adp. with (accompaniment)
hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although
hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind
>
hufwetsyìp: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n. breeze, light
wind (derived from hufwe wind)
>
hultstxem: [h·ul."tst’·Em] P F vtr. hinder
hum: [h·um] P F vin. leave, depart
hupx: [h·up’] P F vtr. miss, not hit a target
huru: ["hu.Ru] P F n. cooking pot
huta: ["hu.ta] P F adj. unexpected (usually for po-
sitive outcomes)
of mystery and tsim source)
>
ingyentsyìp: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. trick, sleight
of hand, clever/special methodology (derived
from ingyen feeling of mystery)
io–: ["i.o] P F adp. over, above
ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast
ioi: [i."o.i] P F n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel
(item of)
ioi säpi: [i."o.i sæ."p·i] P F vin. adorn oneself
(c.w. from ioi adornment and s«äp»i do (re-
flexive))
ioi si: [i."o.i s·i] P F vin. adorn (derived from ioi
adornment)
ionar: ["i.o.naR] P F n. banshee rider visor
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
irayo si: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] P F vin. thank, give thanks
(derived from irayo thanks)
kaltxì si: [kal."t’I "s·i] P F vin. say hello, greet (de-
rived from kaltxì hello)
kalweyaveng: [kal."wEj.a.vEN] P F n. son of a bit-
ch (vulgar) (c.w. from kali’weya poisonous
arachnid and ’eveng child)
kam–: [kam] P F adp. ago
kame: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. see, see into, understand,
know (spiritual sense)
kan: [k·an] P F vtrm. aim, to intend; aim, to direct
a weapon or other object at a target
kan’ìn: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. focus on, specialize
in, be particularly interested in (c.w. from kan
aim and ’in be busy)
kanfpìl: ["k·an.fp·Il] P F vin. concentrate, focus
one’s attention (c.w. from kan aim and fpìl
think)
kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with
ngay true)
kangay si: [ka."Naj s·i] P F vin. validate, confirm
(derived from kangay valid)
kangkem: ["kaN.kEm] P F n. work, colloquial
form of tìkangkem
kanom: ["k·a.n·om] P F vtr. acquire, get
>
kantseng: ["kan.tsEN] P F n. destination (c.w.
from kan aim and tseng place)
kanu: ["ka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent ofp.
kar: [k·aR] P F vtr. teach
kara: [ka."ra] P F vtr. resist
karyu: ["kaR.ju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar
teach)
karyunay: [kaR.ju."naj] P F n. apprentice teacher
(derived from karyu teacher)
katir: ["ka.tir] P F n. rainbow
kato: ["ka.to] P F n. rhythm
kavan: ["k·a.v·an] P F vtr. support (physically)
kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery
kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] P F vin. betray (derived
from kavuk treachery)
kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. not at all, not a bit
(used with ke; see ke kaw’it not...at all in ph-
rases) (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it bit)
kawkrr: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and " krr time)
kawkxan: [kaw."k’an] P F adj. free, unblocked,
unobstructed, clear (c.w. from ke ’aw not one
and ekxan barricade, obstruction)
kawl: [kawl] P F adv. hard, diligently
kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil
kawngkem: ["kawN.kEm] P F n. evil deed, crime
kawnglan: ["kawN.lan] P F adj. malicious, bad he-
arted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and txe’lan
heart)
kawngsar: ["kawN.s·aR] P F vtr. exploit
kawngtu: ["kawN.tu] P F n. bad person, “bad
guy” (derived from kawng bad, evil)
kawnomum: [kaw."no.mum] P F adj. unknown
(c.w. from ke not and omum know)
>
kawtseng: ["kaw.tsEN] P F adv. nowhere (c.w.
from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)
kawtu: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and tute person)
kay–: [kaj] P F adp. from now (in the future)
13
kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late
afternoon
kä: [k·æ] P F vin. go
kä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from
kä go and ’ärìp move)
kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F vin. ride out (c.w.
from kä go and makto ride)
kämunge: [kæ."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take (derived
from munge bring)
käpxì: [kæ."p’I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w.
from kä go and hapxì part)
kärìp: ["k·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push variant of
kä’ärìp
>
käsatseng: [kæ."sa.tsEN] P F adv. out there (c.w.
from kä go and tseng place)
käsrìn: [kæ."sR·In] P F vtr. lend (derived from
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)
käteng: ["k·æ.tEN] P F vin. spend time with, hang
out with
ke: [kE] P F adv., part. not
ke’aw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart,
strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)
ke’u: ["kE.Pu] P F pn. nothing (c.w. from ke not
and ’u thing)
kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun)
kefpomronga’: [kE.fpom."Ro.NaP] P F adj. unhe-
althful (mentally) (c.w. from ke not and fp-
omronga’ healthful (mentally)) nfp.
kefpomtokxnga’: [kE.fpom."tok’.NaP] P F adj.
unhealthful (physically) (c.w. from ke not and
fpomtokxnga’ healthful (physically)) nfp.
keftxo: [kE."ft’o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset,
’How sad!’
kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isn’t it?, right?
(c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques-
tion marker)
kehe: ["kE.hE] P F part., intj. no
kekem: ["kE.kEm] P F pn. no action or activity
(c.w. from ke not and kem activity)
kelemweypey: [kE.lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. impa-
tient (derived from ke not and lemweypey
patient)
kelfpomron: [kEl.fpom."Ron] P F adj. unhealthy
(mentally) (c.w. from ke not and lefpomron
healthy (mentally)) ofp.
kelfpomtokx: [kEl.fpom."tok’] P F adj. unhealt-
hy (physically) (c.w. from ke not and fpom-
tokx health) ofp.
kelha’: [kEl."haP] P F adj. inappropriate (derived
from ke not and leha’ appropriate)
kelhoan: [kEl."ho.an] P F adj. uncomfortable (de-
rived from hoan comfort)
kelkin: [kEl."kin] P F adj. unnecessary
kelku: ["kEl.ku] P F n. home, house
kelku si: ["kEl.ku "s·i] P F vin. live, dwell (deri-
ved from kelku home)
kelpxìmrun: [kEl."p’Im.Run] P F adj. rare (deri-
ved from ke not and lepxìmrun common)
kelsar: [kEl."saR] P F adj. useless, in vain (c.w.
from ke not and lesar useful)
keltrrtrr: [kEl."tr.tr] P F adj. unusual (derived
from ke not and" " letrrtrr ordinary)
> cious (derived from etrìp favorable)
keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w.
from ke not and tsun be able)
kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed
kemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem
action and lì’u word)
kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. infix (derived
from kemlì’u verb)
kempe: ["kEm.pE] P F inter. what (action) vari-
ant of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed)
kem si: ["kEm "s·i] P F vin. do (derived from
kem action, deed)
kemuia: [kE."mu.i.a] P F n. dishonor (c.w. from
ke not and meuia honor)
kemuianga’: [kE."mu.i.a.NaP] P F adj. dishono-
rable (c.w. from ke not and meuianga’ ho-
norable)
kemuia si: [kE."mu.i.a s·i] P F vin. dishonor (de-
rived from kemuia dishonor)
kemum: [kE."mum] P F ph. I don’t know (c.w.
from ke not and omum know)
kemwiä: [kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. improper, unfair,
wrong, unjustified (c.w. from ke not and
muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
ken’aw: [kEn."Paw] P F adv. not only (c.w. from
ke not and nì’aw only)
keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as
kenong: ["k·E.n·oN] P F vtr. model, represent, ex-
emplify (ii)
kenzen: [kEn."zEn] P F adv. not necessarily (c.w.
from ke not and nìzen necessarily)
kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke
not and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))
kesätarenga’: [kE.sæ."ta.RE.NaP] P F adj. irrele-
vant (derived from sätare connection, rela-
tionship)
14
kesran: [kE."sRan] P F adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w.
from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of
this word is not entirely clear. It may have
originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ’not
yes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-
tain action was performed well or not, and
over time it became shortened to just kes-
ran, its use expanding to include anything
only mediocre in quality.)
ketartu: [kE."taR.tu] tare n. outcast (derived
from ke not)
keteng: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke
not and teng same, equal)
ketrìp: ["kEt.RIp^] P F adj. unfortunate, inauspi-
>
ketsran: [kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. no matter, no
matter what, whatever (c.w. from ke not and
tsranten Matter, be of importance)
>
ketsukanom: [kE.tsu."ka.nom] P F adj. unavai-
lable, unobtainable (derived from kanom ac-
quire, get)
>
ketsuklewn: [kE.tsuk."lEwn] P F adj. intolerable,
unacceptable (derived from ketsuk– not able
to do and lewn endure, stand, tolerate)
>
ketsuktiam: [kE.tsuk."ti.am] P F adj. un-
countable, infinite (derived from ketsuk– not
able to do and tiam count)
> >
ketsuktswa’: [kE.tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. unforget-
table (derived from ketsuk– not able to do
and tswa’ forget)
ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. alien
kew: [kEw] P F num. zero
kewan: ["kE.wan] P F n. age (derived from koak
old and ’ewan young)
kewong: ["kE.woN] P F adj. alien
key: [kEj] P F n. face
keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, wrong, not
right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. insanity
keyn: [k·Ejn] P F vtr. put down
keynven: [k·Ejn."vEn] P F vin. step (derived
from keyn put down and venu foot)
keyrel: ["kEj.REl] P F n. facial expression (c.w.
from key face and rel image)
kezemplltxe: [kE.zEm.pl."t’E] P F adv. of
course, needless to say " (contraction of
ke+zene+pivlltxe)
kezin: ["kE.zin] P F adj. untangled (derived
from zin tangled)
ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead
kian: [k·i."·an] P F vtr. blame
kiantu: [ki."an.tu] P F n. blameworthy person
(derived from kian blame)
kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid)
kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river
kin: [k·in] P F vtr. need
kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg
kinamtil: [ki."nam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from ki-
nam leg and til joint)
kinä: ["ki.næ] P F num. seven
kintrr: ["kin.tr] P F n. week (derived from kinä
seven and trr " day)
kintrram: ["kin.tr.am] P F n. last week (derived
from kintrr week) "
kintrray: ["kin.tr.aj] P F n. next week (derived
from kintrr week) "
kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among
kipxì: [ki."p’I] P F n. one-seventh (c.w. from kinä
seven and hapxì part)
kive: ["ki.vE] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
from kinä seven)
kì’ong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow
kìm: [k·Im] P F vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol
rumit kolìm He spun the ball
kìmar: [kI."maR] P F adj. in season (of foods, vege-
table or animal)
kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread
kìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. service
kìte’e si: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] P F vin. serve (derived
from kìte’e service)
kllfro’: [kl."fR·oP] P F vin. be responsible
" kosman: [ko."sman] P F adj. wonderful, terrific,
kllkä: [kl."k·æ] P F vin. go down, descend (c.w.
" fantastic
from kllpa bottom and kä go)
kllkulat: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. dig up
" krr: [kr] P F n. time
kllkxem: [kl."k’·Em] P F vin. stand
" krra: ["kr.a] P F conj. when, at the time that (de-
kllpa: ["kl.pa] P F n. bottom
"
kllpä: [kl."p·æ] P F vin. land, reach the ground
"
(c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive)
kllpxìltu: [kl."p’Il.tu] P F n. territory
" "
kllrikx: [kl."rik’] P F n. earthquake (c.w. from
"
kllte ground and rikx move)
kllte: ["kl.tE] P F n. ground
" >
klltseng: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. position (derived from
tseng place) "
klltxay: [kl."t’·aj] P F vin. lie on the ground (c.w.
from kllte " ground and txay lie flat)
klltxeykay: [kl.t’Ej."k·aj] P F vtr. lay (something)
on the ground " (c.w. from kllte ground and tx-
ay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay
kllvawm: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from
kllte ground " and vawm dark)
kllwo: [kl."w·o] P F vin. alight, land (process of)
"
(c.w. from kllte ground and wo reach for)
kllyem: [kl."j·Em] P F vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte
"
ground and yem put)
kllza’u: [kl."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come down, descend
" kllte ground and za’u come)
(c.w. from
ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
ko’on: ["ko.Pon] P F n. ring, oval, closed shape
roughly circular (derived from koum roun-
ded, curved and ’on shape)
koak: ["ko.ak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living
things)
koaktan: ["ko.ak.tan] P F n. old man (derived
from koak old, aged)
koakte: ["ko.ak.tE] P F n. old woman (derived
from koak old, aged)
koaktu: ["ko.ak.tu] P F n. old person (derived
from koak old, aged)
kolan: [ko."lan] P F intj. I mean, rather (self-
correcting) (derived from kan aim, intend)
kom: [k·om] P F vim. dare
komum: [ko."mum] P F ph. I don’t know (c.w.
from ke not and omum know)
kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also, additionally
kop: [kop^] P F conj. and also
koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline
koren ayll: [ko."REn a."jl] P F n. law, societal rule
(c.w. from koren rule" and yll communal)
koum: ["ko.um] P F adj. rounded, curved
"
rived" from krr time)
krrka–: ["kr.ka] P F adp. during (derived from
krr time)"
krrnekx: [kr."n·Ek’] P F vin. take/consume time
(ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)
krrpe: ["kr.pE] P F inter. when variant of pehrr
"
(c.w. from krr time)
ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight)
kulat: ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. reveal, bring forth, un-
cover (literally and metaphorically)
kum: [kum] P F n. result

15
kuma: ["kum.a] P F conj. that (as a result) (de-
rived from kum result) this form precedes
the result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kuma kurfyavi: ["kuR.fja.vi]
yawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that I
fell in love with her.); see also ’akum’
kung: [kuN] P F adj. putrid, fetid, rotten
kur: [k·uR] P F vin. hang kurkung: ["kuR.kuN] P F n. asshole (vulgar) (c.w.
kurakx: [k·u."R·ak’] P F vtr. drive out
kurfyan: ["kuR.fjan] P F n. hamper or suspended
rack (c.w. from kur hang and fyan construc- kuru: ["ku.Ru] P F n. neural queue
Kx
kxa: [k’a] P F n. mouth
kxakx: [k’·ak’] P F vin. break, snap in two
kxam: [k’am] P F n. middle, midpoint
kxamlä–: ["k’am.læ] P F adp. through (via the
middle of) (derived from kxam middle)
kxamtrr: ["k’am.tr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w.
from kxam middle " and trr day)
kxamtrrmaw: ["k’am.tr.maw] P F n. the time
immediately after noon, " early afternoon (c.w.
from kxamtrr noon and maw after)
>
kxamtseng: ["k’am.tsEN] P F n. center, place in
the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng
place)
kxamtxomaw: ["k’am.t’o.maw] P F n. after mid-
night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
maw after)
kxamtxon: ["k’am.t’on] P F n. midnight (c.w.
from kxam middle and txon night)
kxamyì: ["k’am.jI] P F n. intermediate level (c.w.
from kxam middle and yì level)
kxangangang: ["k’aN.aN.aN] P F intj. boom (ono-
matopoeic)
kxange: ["k’·a.N·e] P F vin. yawn
kxanì: ["k’a.nI] P F adj. forbidden
kxap: [k’ap^] P F n. threat
kxapnga’: ["k’ap.NaP] P F adj. threatening (deri-
ved from kxap threat) nfp.
kxap si: [k’ap s·i] P F vin. threaten (derived
from kxap threat)
kxawm: [k’awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe
kxayl: [k’ajl] P F adj. high
kxaylyì: ["k’ajl.jI] P F n. high level (c.w. from kx-
ayl high and yì level)
kxänäng: ["k’æ.næN] P F adj. smell of decaying
animal/flesh, rotting, putrid
kxeltek: ["k’·El.t·Ek^] P F vtr. pick up, lift
kxem: [k’·Em] P F vin. be vertical
ted device for keeping something off the ground
and clean)
P F n. hook (for hanging or
suspending an item) (derived from kurfyan
hamper or suspended rack)
from kuru neural queue and kung putrid,
rotten)
kxemyo: ["k’Em.jo] P F n. wall, vertical surface
(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)
kxener: ["k’E.nER] P F n. smoke
>
kxetse: ["k’E.tsE] P F n. tail
kxeyey: ["k’E.jEj] P F n. error, mistake
kxitx: [k’it’] P F n. death
kxì: [k’I] P F intj. hello (casual) (derived from
kaltxi hello) colloquial, shortened form of
kaltxì
kxìm: [k’·Im] P F vtr. command, order, assign a
task
kxìmyu: ["k’Im.ju] P F n. commander, one with
authority over another (derived from kxìm
command, order, assign tasks)
kxll: [k’l] P F n. charge, running attack
kxll si: "["k’l "s·i] P F vin. charge (derived from
"
kxll charge)
kxor: [k’oR] P F n. a wall or bank of powerful wa-
terfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadly
force (countable, but only rarely)
kxu: [k’u] P F n. harm
kxuke: ["k’u.kE] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu
harm and ke not)
kxukx: [k’·uk’] P F vtr. swallow
kxum: [k’um] P F adj. viscous, gelatinous, thick
kxumpay: ["k’um.paj] P F n. viscous liquid, gel
(c.w. from kxum viscous, gelatinous, thick
and pay water, liquid)
kxumpaysyar: ["k’um.paj.sjaR] P F n. glue (c.w.
from kxumpay viscous liquid and syar stick
to, adhere)
kxu si: [k’u s·i] P F vin. harm (derived from kxu
harm)
>
kxutslu: ["k’u.tslu] P F n. risk (c.w. from kxu
harm and tìtsunslu possibility)
kxutu: ["k’u.tu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu
harm)
16
L
la’a: ["la.Pa] P F n. separation, distance between
two places or objects
la’ang: ["la.PaN] P F n. pile of stinking, rotting
animal matter
la’ape: ["la.Pa.pE] P F inter. how near, how far,
what distance variant of pela’a
la’um: ["l·a.P·um] P F vin. pretend (use with tsnì)
lafyon: [la."fjon] P F adj. wise (derived from ha-
fyon wisdom) ofp.
lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else
lak: [lak^] P F n. shell, hard covering of a plant or
animal
lal: [lal] P F adj. old (opposite of mip) nfp.
lam: [l·am] P F vin. seem, appear
lamaytxa: [la.maj."t’a] P F n. flood
lan: [lan] P F n. resin
lang: [l·aN] P F vtr. investigate, explore
lante: ["l·an.t·E] P F vin. wander
lanutral: ["la.nut.Ral] P F n. dandetiger (c.w.
from lan resin and utral tree)
lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one person or thing
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)
lapx: [l·ap’] P F vtr. regret
laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean
laro si: ["la.ro s·i] P F vin. clean, make free of dirt
(derived from laro clean)
latem: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. change (l«eyk»atem
vtr. change)
>
latsi: [l·a."ts·i] LA vin. keep up with someone
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain
lawk: [l·awk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about,
say something concerning
lawnol: ["law.nol] P F n. great joy
>
lawnoltsim: ["law.nol.tsim] P F n. source of (gre-
at) joy (c.w. from lawnol great joy and tsim
source)
lawr: [lawR] P F n. melody
law si: ["law "s·i] P F vin. make clear (derived
from law clear)
layl: [lajl] P F adj. innocent
layompin: [la."jom.pin] P F n. black (derived
from layon black)
layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black
layro: ["laj.Ro] P F adj. free (from oppression)
lätxayn: [l·æ."t’·ajn] P F vtr. defeat in battle, con-
quer
17
le’al: [lE."Pal] P F adj. wasteful (derived from ’al
waste) nfp.
le’aw: [lE."Paw] P F adj. only
le’awtu: [lE."Paw.tu] P F adj. alone, on one’s own,
by one’s self; lonely (c.w. from ’aw one and
tute person)
le’en: [lE."PEn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (de-
rived from ’en guess) nfp.
le’Ìnglìsì: [lE."PIN.lI.sI] P F adj. English, of the
English language (derived from ’Ìnglìsì Eng-
lish language)
lefkeytongay: [lE.fkEj.to."Naj] P F adj. real (c.w.
from tìfkeytok situation and ngay true)
lefkrr: [lE."fkr] P F adj. current (derived from
"
fìkrr this time)
lefnelan: [lE."fnE.lan] P F adj. male (derived
from fnelan male)
lefnele: [lE."fnE.lE] P F adj. female (derived from
fnele female)
lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived
from fngap metal)
lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joy-
ous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness,
peace) nfp.
lefpomron: [lE.fpom."Ron] P F adj. healthy (men-
tally) (derived from fpomron health or well-
being (mentally)) ofp.
lefpomtokx: [lE.fpom."tok’] P F adj. healthy
(physically) (derived from fpomtokx health
(physical) ) ofp.
lefrir: [le."fRiR] P F adj. layered (derived from
frir layer)
leftxozä: [lE."ft’o.zæ] P F adj. celebratory
leha’: [lE."haP] P F adj. appropriate, suitable, fit-
ting (derived from ha’ fit, suit, complement)
lehawmpam: [lE."hawm.pam] P F adj. noisy
(derived from hawmpam noise)
lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived
from hawng overabundance)
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived
from hawngkrr late) "
leheng: [lE."hEN] P F adj. formally polite (derived
from henga formally polite behavior)
lehìpey: [lE."hI.pEj] P F adj. hesitant, in a state of
hesitation (derived from hìpey hesitate)
lehoan: [lE."ho.an] P F adj. comfortable (derived
from hoan comfort)
lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived
from hrrap" danger)
leioae: [lE.i.o."a.E] P F n. respect
leioae si: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] P F vin. to respect (deri-
ved from leioae respect)
lek: [l·Ek^] P F vtr. heed, obey
lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from
kin need)
lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived
from koren rule)
lekxan: [lE."k’an] P F adj. blocked, obstructed;
frustrated (derived from ekxan barrier)
> or from the start, first in a series (derived from
lekxutslu: [lE."k’u.tslu] P F adj. risky (derived
from kxutslu risk)
lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. insane, crazy
(derived from keye’ung insanity)
lelewng: [lE."lEwN] P F adj. shameful (derived
from lewng shame) ofp.
lelì’fya: [lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. concerning language,
regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan-
guage)
lemrey: [lEm."REj] P F adj. surviving (e.g. of enti-
ties from a group some of whom have died) (de-
rived from emrey survive)
lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. patient (de-
rived from maweypey be patient)
len: [l·En] P F vin. happen, occur
leNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. having to do with the
Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-
ople)
leno: [lE."no] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated
(of a person)
lenomum: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. curious (deri-
ved from newomum be curious)
lenrra: [lE."nr.a] P F adj. proud (derived from
nrra pride)"
lepay: [lE."paj] P F adj. watery (derived from
pay water)
lepwopx: [lEp."wop’] P F adj. cloudy (derived
from pìwopx cloud)
lepxìmrun: [lE."p’Im.Run] P F adj. common, of-
ten found (derived from pxìm often and run
find)
ler: [lER] P F adj. steady, smooth (for motion)
lereyfya: [lE."REj.fja] P F adj. cultural (derived
from reyfya way of living)
lerìk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rìk
leaf )
18
lerìn: [lE."rIn] P F adj. wooden, of wood (derived
from rìn wood)
leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] P F adj. imaginary (deri-
ved from ronsrel something imagined)
lertu: ["lER.tu] P F n. colleague
lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar
use)
lesar si: [lE."saR s·i] P F vin. be useful, be of use,
come in handy (derived from lesar useful)
leskxir: [lE."sk’iR] P F adj. wounded (derived
from skxir wound)
lesngä’i: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. original, existing at
sngä’i begin)
lesnonrra: [lE.sno."nr.a] P F adj. full of self-pride
(derived from snonrra " self-pride)
leso’ha: [lE."soP.ha] P F adj. enthusiastic, keen
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)
ofp.
letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from
tam suffice)
letokx: [lE."tok’] P F adj. bodily, physical (deri-
ved from tokx body)
letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)
"
letrrtrr: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. ordinary (derived
" "
from trr day)
>
letsaktap: [lE."tsak.tap^] P F adj. violent (deri-
ved from tsaktap violence)
>
letsim: [lE."tsim] P F adj. original, unique, not de-
rived from another source (derived from tsim
source)
>
letskxe: [lE."tsk’E] P F adj. stony, of stone (deri-
ved from tskxe rock, stone)
>
letsranten: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. important
(derived from tsranten matter)
>
letsunslu: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. possible (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
>
letswal: [le."tswal] P F adj. powerful (derived
from tswal power) ofp.
letut: [lE."tut^] P F adj. constant, continual (deri-
ved from tut continuation marker)
letwan: [lEt."wan] P F adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a
person) (derived from tute person and wan
hide)
letxi: [lE."t’i] P F adj. hurried, frenzied (derived
from txi hurry)
letxiluke: [lE."t’i.lu.kE] P F adj. unhurried (c.w.
from txi hurry and luke without)
lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid
lewäte: [lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. disagreeable, argu-
mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäte
argue)
leweopx: [lE.wE."op’] P F adj. wave-like (derived
from weopx wave (of water))
lewn: [l·Ewn] P F vtr. endure, stand, tolerate
lewng: [lEwN] P F n. shame
lewnga’: ["lEw.NaP] P F adj. shameful (derived
from lewng shame) nfp.
lew säpi: ["lEw sæ."p·i] P F vin. cover oneself
(c.w. from lew cover and s«äp»i do (reflexi-
ve))
lew si: ["lEw "s·i] P F vin. cover (derived from
lew cover)
ley: [l·Ej] P F vin. be of value, have some positive
value, be worth something
leyapay: [lE."ja.paj] P F adj. foggy, misty (deri-
ved from yapay fog)
leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. early (derived from
ye’krr early) "
leyewla: [lE."jEw.la] P F adj. disappointing (deri-
ved from yewla disappointment)
leykek: [lEj."k·Ek^] P F vtr. enforce (derived
from lek obey and «eyk» causative infix)
leykekyu: [lEj."kEk.ju] P F n. law enforcer, police
officer variant of horenleykekyu
leym: [l·Ejm] P F vin. call, cry out, exclaim
leymfe’: [l·Ejm."fEP] P F vin. complain (c.w. from
leym call, cry out, exclaim and fe’ bad)
leymkem: [l·Ejm."kEm] P F vin. protest (c.w.
from leym call, cry out, exclaim and kemwiä
improper, unfair, wrong, unjustified)
leyn: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. repeat, do again
leyr: [lEjr] P F adj. frozen
leyr si: ["lEjr s·i] P F vin. freeze (something) (de-
rived from leyr frozen)
> lì’upe: ["lI.Pu.pE] P F inter. what (word,
leytslam: ["lEj.tsl·am] P F vtr. appreciate (c.w.
from ley have value and tslam understand)
lezeswa: [lE."zE.swa] P F adj. grassy (derived
from zeswa grass)
li: [li] P F adv. already
lie: ["li.E] P F n. experience
lie si: ["li.E s·i] P F vin. experience (derived from
lie experience)
lini: ["li.ni] P F n. young of an animal, bird, fish,
insect
lipx: [l·ip’] P F vin. drip
lisre+: ["li.sRE] P F adp. by, before, up to but not
after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
19
liswa: [li."swa] P F n. nourishment
liswa si: [li."swa s·i] P F vin. nourish, provide
nourishment (derived from liswa nourish-
ment)
>
litsi: ["li.tsi] P F adj. thin, lean, lithe
litx: [lit’] P F adj. sharp (as a blade)
lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u
word and fya’o way)
lì’fyafnel: ["lIP.fja.fnEl] P F n. dialect, variety of a
language (c.w. from lì’fya language and fnel
type)
lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] P F n. language group,
language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and
olo’ clan)
lì’fyaolo’tu: ["lIP.fja.o."loP.tu] P F n. member of
the speaker community (of a language) (deri-
ved from lì’fyaolo’ language group, language
users)
lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of lan-
guage (derived from lì’fya language)
lì’fyeng: [lIP."fjEN] P F n. honorific language (c.w.
from lì’fya language and leheng formally po-
lite)
lì’fyeng si: [lIP."fjEN s·i] P F vin. use honori-
fic language (derived from lì’fyeng honorific
language)
lì’kong: ["lIP.koN] P F n. syllable (c.w. from lì’u
word and ’ekong rythmic beat)
lì’u: ["lI.Pu] P F n. word
lì’ukìng: ["lI.Pu.kIN] P F n. sentence (c.w. from
lì’u word and kìng thread)
lì’ukìngvi: ["lI.Pu.kIN.vi] P F n. phrase (derived
from lì’ukìng sentence)
lì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. accent, pronuncia-
tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)
utterance) variant of pelì’u
lì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (c.w. from
lì’u word and puk book (English loan word))
lì’uvan: ["lI.Pu.van] P F n. pun, word-play (c.w.
from lì’u word and uvan game)
lì’uvi: ["lI.Pu.vi] P F n. affix (derived from lì’u
word)
lìktap: ["lIk.tap^] P F adj. crooked
lìm: [l·Im] P F vin. be far
lìmsimpe: ["lIm.sim.pE] P F inter. how near, how
far (derived from lìm be far and sim be near)
lìng: [l·IN] P F vin. float in the air, hover
 >
lìngtskxe: ["lIN.tsk’E] P F n. unobtanium (c.w.
from lìng float in the air, hover and tskxe
rock, stone)
lo’a: ["lo.Pa] P F n. totem, amulet
loho: ["l·o.h·o] P F vin. be surprising (experiencer
in dative)
loi: ["lo.i] P F n. egg
lok: [l·ok^] P F vtr. approach
lok–: [lok^] P F adp. close to
lom: [lom] P F adj. missing, missed (as an absent
person who is longed for)
lomtu: ["lom.tu] P F n. missed person (derived
from lom missing, missed)
lonu: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. release, let go
lonusye: [l·o."n·u.sjE] P F vin. exhale; blow (c.w.
from lonu release and syeha breath)
lopx: [l·op’] P F vin. panic
lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
loran: ["lo.Ran] P F n. elegance, grace (c.w. from
ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker)
makto: ["m·ak.t·o] P F vtr. ride
mal: [mal] P F adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring
mam: [mam] P F vtr. wrap
man: [m·an] P F vin. belong
manawmtu: [ma."nawm.tu] P F intj. excuse me
sir, excuse me madam (c.w. from ma O (voca-
tive marker) and nawmtu great person, noble
person)
manga: [ma."Na] P F intj. hey, hey you (c.w. from
ma O (vocative marker) and nga you)
masat: ["ma.sat^] P F n. breastplate (armor)
matu: [ma."tu] P F intj. excuse me, hey (derived
from ma O (vocative marker) and tute person)
mauti: ["ma.u.ti] P F n. fruit
maw–: [maw] P F adp. after (time)
mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm
maweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F vin. be patient (ii)
(c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)
maweypeyyu: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] P F n. One who
is patient (derived from maweypey be pati-
ent)
mawfwa: ["maw.fwa] P F conj. after (c.w. from
maw after and fwa that)
mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards, la-
"
ter (c.w. from maw after and krr time)
20
lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-
ture)
>
lortsyal: ["loR.tsjal] P F n. shimmyfly (c.w. from
lor beautiful and tsyal wing)
lrrtok: ["lr.tok^] P F n. smile
lrrtok si:" ["lr.tok^ "s·i] P F vin. smile (derived
from lrrtok" smile)
lu: [l·u] P F vin. be, am, is, are (predicative co-
pula, existential verb) (signifies possession
with dative of possessor)
luke–: ["lu.kE] P F adp. without
lukftang: [luk."ftaN] P F adj. constant, continual
(c.w. from luke without and ftang stop)
lukpen: [luk."pEn] P F adj. without clothing, na-
ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing
(plural))
lumpe: ["lum.pE] P F inter. why variant of
pelun
lun: [lun] P F n. reason
lupra: ["lup.Ra] P F n. style
mawkrra: [maw."kr.a] P F conj. after (temporal)
variant of akrrmaw " (c.w. from krr time and
maw after)
mawl: [mawl] P F n. half
may’: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. taste, try, sample, evalu-
ate, check out, test-drive
mäkxu: [m·æ."k’u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out of
harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm)
me’em: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious
mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
mei: ["mE.i] P F adj. wet
meitayo: [mE.i."ta.jo] P F n. wetlands (c.w. from
mei wet and txayo field)
mek: [mEk^] P F adj. empty, or metaphorically:
having no value
mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies
>
mektseng: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. gap, breach (c.w.
from mek empty and tseng place)
melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+
dual marker and alo time)
menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived
from me+ dual and nari eye)
meoauniaea: [­mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmo-
ny, living at one with nature
merki: ["mER.ki] P F n. ground rack (for smoking
 meats)
mesrram: [mE.sr."am] P F adv., n. the day befo-
" days ago (derived from trr
re yesterday, two
day)
mesrray: [mE.sr."aj] P F adv., n. the day after to-
morrow, two "days from now (derived from trr
day)
mestampe: [mE."stam.pE] P F inter. what two
men variant of pemstan
mestepe: [mE."stE.pE] P F inter. what two women
variant of pemste
mesupe: [mE."su.pE] P F inter. what two people
variant of pemsu
meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor
meuianga’: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] P F adj. honorable
(derived from meuia honor and nga’ con-
tain)
meuia si: [mE."u.i.a s·i] P F vin. honor (derived
from meuia honor)
meyam: [m·E."y·am] P F vtr. hug, embrace, hold
in one’s arms
meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak
meyptu: ["mEjp.tu] P F n. weakling (derived
from meyp weak)
mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before
miklor: [mik."loR] P F adj. pleasant sounding,
beautiful sounding (derived from mikyun
ear and lor beautiful)
>
miktsang: ["mik.tsaN] P F n. earring (c.w. from
mikyun ear and tsang piercing)
mikvä’: [mik."væP] P F adj. bad-sounding (deri-
ved from mikyun ear and vä’ unpleasant to
the senses)
mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. ear
mip: [mip^] P F adj. new
mì+: [mI] P F adp. in, on
mìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F adv., n. inside
mìftxele: [mI."ft’E.lE] P F adv. in this regard, re-
lated to this matter
mìkam–: [mI."kam] P F adp. between
mìn: [m·In] P F vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mìn
ne ftärpa Turn to the left
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner (derived from
mìn turn)
mìso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived
from mì in)
mll’an: [m·l."P·an] P F vtr. accept
"
mllte: [m·l."t·E] P F vin. agree
"
mo: [mo] P F n. space, hollow, enclosed open area
21
mo’ara: [mo."Pa.Ra] P F n. gathering place
mo a fngä’: ["mo a "fNæP] P F n. restroom (on
Earth) (c.w. from mo space, enclosed open area
and (a) fngä’ relieve oneself )
moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
mok: [m·ok^] P F vtr. suggest
mokri: ["mok.Ri] P F n. voice
momek: ["mo.mEk^] P F adj. hollow, not solid
mong: [m·oN] P F vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for
protection
mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable
(physically, sexually)
mowar: [mo."waR] P F n. advice, bit or piece of ad-
vice
mowar si: [mo."waR s·i] P F vin. advise (derived
from mowar advice)
mowarsiyu: [mo."waR.si.ju] P F n. advisor (deri-
ved from mowar advice)
mrr: [mr] P F num. five
"
mrrpxì: [mr."p’I] P F n. one-fifth (c.w. from mrr
"
five and hapxì part)
mrrtrr: ["mr.tr] P F n. five day work week (deri-
ved from " mrr
" five and trr day)
mrrve: ["mr.vE] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived
from mrr " five)
mu’ni: ["m·uP.n·i] P F vtr. accomplish, achieve
muiä: [mu."i.æ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-
ed
mun’i: [m·un."P·i] P F vtr. cut
mune: ["mu.nE] P F num. two
munge: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take, bring
mungsye: ["m·uN.sjE] P F vin. inhale (c.w. from
munge take and syeha breath)
mungwrr–: [muN."wr] P F adp. except
"
mungwrrtxo: [muN."wr.t’o] P F conj. unless, ex-
cept if (usually used" with subjunctive <iv>)
(c.w. from mungwrr except and txo if )
munsna: ["mun.sna] P F n. pair (derived from
mune two and sna’o set, group)
muntrr: ["mun.tr] P F n. weekend (derived from
mune two and " trr day)
muntrram: ["mun.tr.am] P F n. last weekend (de-
rived from muntrr " weekend)
muntrray: ["mun.tr.aj] P F n. next weekend (de-
rived from muntrr " weekend)
muntxa: [mun."t’a] P F adj. mated, married
muntxa si: [mun."t’a "s·i] P F vin. mate (with so-
meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated)
muntxatan: [mun."t’a.tan] P F n. husband, male from muntxa mated)
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) muve: ["mu.vE] P F adj. second (ordinal) (deri-
muntxate: [mun."t’a.tE] P F n. wife, female ved from mune two)
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) muwìntxu: [mu.w·In."t’·u] P F vtr. introduce,
muntxatu: [mun."t’a.tu] P F n. spouse (derived present (derived from wìntxu show)
na–: [na] P F adp. like, as
na’rìng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest
naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be
drunk
nafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as
and fì’u this)
nafpawng: [na."fpawN] P F adv. grievingly, with
grief (derived from afpawng grief )
nam’ake: [nam."Pa.kE] P F adv. confidently (de-
rived from am’ake confident)
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en-
couragement (mirative)
nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye
nari si: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. watch out, be careful
(derived from nari eye)
narlor: [naR."loR] P F adj. beautiful visually (deri-
ved from nari eye and lor beautiful, pleasant
to the senses)
narvä’: [naR."væP] P F adj. ugly, unsightly (deri-
ved from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to the
senses)
natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example,
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke-
nong example)
natxu: [n·a."t’·u] P F vtr. disapprove of
nawang: ["n·a.w·aN] P F vin. merge, become one
with
nawfwe: [naw."fwE] P F adj. fluent (for speech)
Contraction of na hufwe
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble
nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person, noble
person (derived from nawm great, noble)
nawri: ["naw.Ri] P F adj. talented
nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value
nine)
näk: [n·æk^] P F vtr. drink
nän: [n·æn] P F vin. decrease
ne–: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction)
nefä: [nE."fæ] P F adv. up (direction)
nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction)
"
22
nekx: [n·Ek’] P F vtr. burn, consume
nemfa–: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w.
from ne towards and mìfa inside)
nemrey: [nEm."REj] P F adv., intj. in a fashion as
if one’s life were at stake (derived from emrey
survive)
neni: ["nE.ni] P F n. sand
neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived
from ne to)
netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. luckily, happily
new: [n·Ew] P F vtrm. want
newomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F vin. be curious,
want to know (c.w. from new want and
omum know)
neympin: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived
from neyn light, shade of white)
neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white
niä: [n·i."·æ] P F vtr. grab
nik: [nik^] P F adj. convenient, usable without
much expenditure of effort
nikre: ["nik.RE] P F n. hair
nikroi: [nik."Ro.i] P F n. hair adornment (c.w.
from nikre hair and ioi adornment)
>
niktsyey: ["nik.tsjEj] P F n. food wrap (food items
wrapped in edible leaves or vines) (c.w. from
nik convenient and tsyey snack, light meal)
nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy
ninan: ["ni.nan] P F adv. by reading (derived
from inan read)
ningyen: ["niN.jEn] P F adv. mysteriously, in a
puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen fee-
ling of mystery)
nip: [n·ip^] P F vin. become stuck, get caught in
something
nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people)
nivi: ["ni.vi] P F n. sleeping hammock (general
term)
nì–: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix
nì’al: [nI."Pal] P F adv. wastefully (derived from
’al waste)
nì’aw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from ’aw
one)
nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one per-
son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)
nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. first (derived
from ’awve first)
nì’älek: [nI."Pæ.lEk^] P F adv. determinedly, with
determination (derived from ’älek determi-
ned)
nì’en: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed
guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’en
guess)
nì’eng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same le-
vel (derived from ’engeng level)
nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (de-
rived from ’eoio ceremonious)
nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, imma-
turely (derived from ’eveng child)
nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in
answer (derived from ’eyng answer)
nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (de-
rived from ’i’a end)
nì’it: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-
stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)
nì’Ìnglìsì: [nI."PIN.lI.sI] P F adv. in English (de-
rived from ’Ìnglìsì English)
nì’o’: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is en-
joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting)
nì’ul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more
nì’ul’ul: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F adv. increasingly, more
and more (derived from ’ul increase)
nìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv. as
you know, as is known (casual speech
[naw."no.mum]) (derived from «awn» passi-
ve participle infix and omum know)
nìayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do
(casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo-
eng us (inclusive))
nìfe’: [nI."fEP] P F adv. badly (derived from fe’
bad)
nìfkeytongay: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F adv. actually,
as a matter of fact (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa-
tion and ngay true)
nìfkrr: [nI."fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri-
ved from fìkrr" this time)
nìflä: [nI."flæ] P F adv. successfully (derived
from flä succeed)
nìflrr: [nI."flr] P F adv. gently, tenderly (derived
from flrr "gentle)
23
nìfmokx: [nI."fmok’] P F adv. jealously, en-
viously (derived from fmokx jealousy)
nìfnu: [nI."fnu] P F adv. silently (derived from
fnu quiet)
nìfpxamo: [nI."fp’a.mo] P F adv. horribly, terrib-
ly, awfully (derived from fpxamo horrible)
nìfrakrr: [nI."fRa.kr] P F adv. as always (derived
from frakrr always)"
nìfrir: [nI."fRiR] P F adv. in layers (derived from
frir layer)
nìftär: [nI."ftæR] P F adv. to the left (derived
from ftär left)
nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from
ftue easy)
nìftxan: [nI."ft’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent
(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)
nìftxavang: [nI."ft’a.vaN] P F adv. passionately,
with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-
nate)
nìfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. by whistling, in
a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi
whistle)
nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. in a manner (deri-
ved from fya’o way)
nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult,
maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)
nìhawmpam: [nI."hawm.pam] P F adv. noisily
(derived from hawmpam noise)
nìhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively
(derived from hawng overabundance)
nìhay: [nI."haj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay
next)
nìhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (deri-
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
manner, adverbial)
nìhìpey: [nI."hI.pEj] P F adv. hesitantly (derived
from hìpey hesitate)
nìhoan: [nI."ho.an] P F adv. comfortably (deri-
ved from hoan comfort)
nìhoet: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. widely, pervasively
(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)
nìhol: [nI."hol] P F adv. few, not many (derived
from hol few)
nìhona: [nI."ho.na] P F adv. endearingly, sweetly
(derived from hona endearing)
nìk’ärìp: [nIk."Pæ.RIp^] P F adv. steadily (deri-
ved from ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without let-
ting it move’
nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. slowly (derived
from kì’ong slow)
nìkakan: [nI."ka.kan] P F adv. roughly (derived
from kakan rouh)
nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] P F adv. intelligently, in a
smart way (derived from kanu smart)
nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft’o] P F adv. unfortunately,
sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)
nìkelkin: [nI.kEl."kin] P F adv. unnecessarily
(derived from kelkin unnecessary)
nìkemweypey: [nI.kEm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. impa-
tiently (derived from ke not and lemwey-
pey patient)
nìklonu: [nIk.lo."nu] P F adv. firmly, steadfastly,
faithfully (derived from ke lonu not let go)
lit.: ’without releasing it’
nìkmar: [nIk."maR] P F adv. in the right season,
opportunely (derived from kìmar in season)
nìksman: [nIk."sman] P F adv. wonderfully (de-
rived from kosman wonderful)
nìksran: [nIk."sRan] P F adv. in a mediocre man-
ner (derived from kesran mediocre)
nìktungzup: [nIk.tuN."zup^] P F adv. carefully,
firmly (derived from ke tungzup not drop)
lit.: ’without letting it fall’
nìkx: [nIk’] P F n. gravel
nìkxap: [nI."k’ap^] P F adv. threateningly (deri-
ved from kxap threat)
nìkxem: [nI."k’Em] P F adv. vertically (derived
from kxem be vertical)
nìlam: [nI."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
from lam seem)
nìlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from
law clear)
nìlayl: [nI."lajl] P F adv. innocently (derived
from layl innocent)
nìler: [nI."lER] P F adv. steadily (derived from ler
steady, smooth)
nìli: [nI."li] P F adv. in advance (derived from li
already)
nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. continuously,
incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
without and ftang stop)
nìloho: [nI."lo.ho] P F adv. surprisingly (derived
from loho be surprising)
>
nìltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from
sìltsan good)
nìlun: [nI."lun] P F adv. of course, logically,
following common sense
24
nìmal: [nI."mal] P F adv. trustingly, without he-
sitation (derived from mal trustworthy)
nìmeyp: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. weakly, loosely (de-
rived from meyp weak)
nìmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again
nìmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully
(derived from mawey calm)
nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently
(derived from maweypey be patient)
nìn: [n·In] P F vtr. look at
nìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Na’vi,
Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)
nìnäk: [nI."næk^] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid
way (derived from näk drink)
nìnän: [nI."næn] P F adv. less (derived from nän
decrease)
nìnänän: [nI."næn.æn] P F adv. decreasingly, less
and less (derived from nän decrease)
nìnew: [nI."nEw] P F adv. voluntarily, willingly,
by desire (derived from new want)
nìngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from
ngay true)
nìngong: [nI."NoN] P F adv. lethargically, lazily
(derived from ngong lazy)
nìno: [nI."no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, tho-
roughly
nìnrra: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. proudly, with pride (de-
rived from" nrra pride)
nìnu: [nI."nu] P F adv. failingly, falteringly, in
vain, fruitlessly, not achieving the desired or ex-
pected end (derived from nui fail, falter)
nìolo’: [nI.o."loP] P F adv. (together) as members
of a clan (derived from olo’ clan)
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. pleasurably, gladly,
with pleasure" (derived from prrte’ pleasurab-
le)
nìpxay: [nI."p’aj] P F adv. many, manily (deri-
ved from pxay many)
nìpxi: [nI."p’i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un-
ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)
nìpxim: [nI."p’im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (deri-
ved from pxim erect, upright)
nìpxul: [nI."p’ul] P F adv. formidably, imposingly
(derived from pxul formidable, imposing)
nìran: [nI."Ran] P F adv. basically, fundamentally,
in essence (derived from ran intrinsic charac-
ter or nature)
nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to
 fact, with perfective or imperfective subjuncti-
ve) (derived from rangal wish)
nìrìkxi: [nI.RI."k’i] P F adv. shakily, tremblingly
(derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver)
nìronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] P F adv. in imagination,
by imagination (derived from ronsrel somet-
hing imagined)
nìsay: [nI."saj] P F adv. loyally (derived from
say loyal)
nìsìlpey: [nI.sIl."pej] P F adv. hopefully (derived
from sìlpey hope)
nìskien: [nI."ski.En] P F adv. to the right (deri-
ved from skien right)
nìslele: [nI."slE.lE] P F adv. by swimming (deri-
ved from slele swim)
nìsngä’i: [nI."sNæ.Pi] P F adv. originally, at first
(derived from sngä’i begin)
nìsngum: [nI."sNum] P F adv. worryingly, fretful-
ly (derived from sngum worry)
nìso’ha: [nI."soP.ha] P F adv. enthusiastically
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)
nìsoaia: [nI.so."a.i.a] P F adv. (together) as mem-
bers of a family (derived from soaia family)
nìsok: [nI."sok^] P F adv. recently (derived from
sok recent)
nìsteng: [nI."stEN] P F adv. similarly (derived
from steng similar)
nìsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti
be angry)
nìsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally,
furthermore (derived from sung add)
nìswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (deri-
ved from swey best)
nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coin-
cidence (derived from syayvi luck)
nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from
syen last)
nìsyep: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv. tightly, in an iron grip
(derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a trap’
nìt’iluke: [nIt."Pi.lu.kE] P F adv. never-endingly,
forever (c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusion
and luke without)
nìtam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (derived from
tam suffice)
nìteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewi-
se (derived from teng same, equal)
nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] P F adv. as, same way as
(similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-
me way as (conj.))
25
nìtkan: [nIt."kan] P F adv. purposefully, delibera-
tely (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpose)
nìtkanluke: [nIt."kan.lu.ke] P F adv. accidental-
ly, unintentionally (c.w. from nìtkan purpo-
sefully, deliberately and luke- without)
nìtokat: [nI."to.kat^] P F adv. guiltily (derived
from tokat guilty)
nìtrea: [nIt."RE.a] P F adv. in spirit, “spirit-ly”
(derived from tirea spirit)
nìtrrtrr: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv. on a daily basis, regu-
larly (derived" " from trr day)
>
nìtsim: [nI."tsim] P F adv. originally, in an origi-
nal way, with originality (derived from tsim
source)
>
nìtsìsyì: [nI."tsI.sjI] P F adv. by whispering, in a
whisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)
>
nìtsleng: [nI."tslEN] P F adv. falsely (derived
from tsleng false)
>
nìtson: [nI."tson] P F adv. dutifully, as an obliga-
tion (derived from tson duty, obligation)
>
nìtstew: [nI."tstEw] P F adv. bravely, coura-
geously (derived from tstew brave)
>
nìtsyìl: [nI."tsjIl] P F adv. by climbing (derived
from tsyìl climb)
nìtut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived
from tut continuation marker)
nìtxan: [nI."t’an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
(derived from txan much)
nìtxankeltrrtrr: [nI."t’an.kEl.tr.tr] P F adv. ex-
traordinarily (derived from"txankeltrrtrr
" ex-
traordinary)
nìtxay: [nI."t’aj] P F adv. horizontally (derived
from txay be horizontal)
nìtxi: [nI."t’i] P F adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way
(derived from txi hurry)
nìtxiluke: [nI."t’i.lu.kE] P F adv. unhurriedly, lei-
surely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without)
nìtxukx: [nI."t’uk’] P F adv. deeply (derived
from txukx deep)
nìvingkap: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv. by the way,
incidentally (derived from vingkap occur to
one, pop into one’s mind)
nìwan: [nI."wan] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by
hiding (derived from wan hide)
nìwawe: [nI.wa."wE] P F adv. meaningfully, sig-
nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig-
nificance)
nìwä: [nI."wæ] P F adv. on the contrary, conver-
sely
nìwäte: [nI.wæ."tE] P F adv. disagreeably, be-
grudgingly (derived from wäte argue)
nìwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast, quickly (derived
from win fast)
nìwok: [nI."wok^] P F adv. loudly (derived from
wok loud)
nìwotx: [nI."wot’] P F adv. all (of), in toto, com-
pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)
nìyawr: [nI."jawR] P F adv. correctly, rightly (de-
rived from eyawr correct, right)
nìyewla: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv. in a disappointing
fashion, in a way failing to meet expectations
(derived from yewla disappointment)
nìyey: [nI."jEj] P F adv. directly, straight to the
point (derived from yey straight)
nìyeyfya: [nI."jEj.fja] P F adv. straight ahead, in
a straight line (derived from yeyfya straight
line)
nìyll: [nI."jl] P F adv. communally, in a communal
manner "(derived from yll communal)
nìyo’: [nI."joP^] P F adv. perfectly, flawlessly (de-
rived from yo’ be perfect)
nìyol: [nI."jol] P F adv. briefly, shortly (of time)
(derived from yol short (of time))
nìyrr: [nI."jr] P F adv. naturally, without tam-
pering with " or changing the nature (derived
from yrr natural)
nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. safely (deri-
ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
zong save)
nìzen: [nI."zEn] P F adv. necessarily (derived
from zene must)
Ng
nga: [Na] P F pn. you
nga’: [N·aP] P F vtr. contain
nga’prrnen: [N·aP."pr.nEn] P F vin. be pregnant
" ngäng: [NæN] P F n. stomach
ngam: [Nam] P F n. echo
ngampam: ["Nam.pam] P F n. rhyme (c.w. from
ngam echo and pam sound)
ngampam si: ["Nam.pam s·i] P F vin. rhyme (de-
rived from ngampam rhyme)
>
ngatsyìp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little
(derived from nga you)
ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm
ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true
ngaytxoa: [Naj."t’o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologi-
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
26
nìzevakx: [nI."zE.vak’] P F adv. cruelly (derived
from zevakx cruel)
nokx: [n·ok’] P F vtr. give birth to
nong: [n·oN] P F vtr. follow, proceed after
nongspe’: [n·oN."sp·EP] P F vtr. pursue with an
intent to capture
nopx: [n·op’] P F vtr. put away, store
nrr: [n·r] P F vin. glow, be luminous
"
nrra: ["nr.a] P F n. pride, feeling of pride
"
nuä+: ["nu.æ] P F adp. beyond
nui: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. fail, falter, go astray, not ob-
tain expected or desired result
nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
"
from krr time)
nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] P F vtrm. prefer (ii) (deri-
ved from new want)
nume: ["n·u.m·E] P F vin. learn
numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. student (derived
from nume learn)
>
numtseng: ["num.tsEN] P F n. school (c.w. from
nume learn and tseng place)
>
numtsengvi: ["num.tsEN.vi] P F n. classroom, di-
vision of a school (derived from numtseng
school)
numultxa: [nu.mul."t’a] P F n. class (for instruc-
tion) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa mee-
ting)
numultxatu: [nu.mul."t’a.tu] P F n. classmate,
member of a class (derived from numultxa
class (for instruction))
nutx: [nut’] P F adj. thick
from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)
ngä’än: [N·æ."P·æn] P F vin. suffer mentally or
emotionally, be miserable
ngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard
ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific form) (de-
rived from nga you)
ngep: [NEp^] P F n. navel
nget: [NEt^] P F adj. smell of decaying wood and
leaves, dank (non-animal decay)
ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired
ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however
ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] P F n. length (derived
 from ngim long and pup short)
ngip: [Nip^] P F n. space, open or borderless area
ngoa: ["No.a] P F n. mud
ngong: [NoN] P F adj. lethargic, lacking sufficient
energy, lazy
ngop: [N·op^] P F vtr. create
ngopyu: ["Nop.ju] P F n. creator (derived from
ngop create)
ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root
ngrrfpìl:" ["Nr.fpIl] P F n. key assumption (c.w.
"
O
oare: [o."a.RE] P F n. moon
oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me
oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-
sive), you and I (derived from oe I)
> olo’eykte: [o.lo.PEjk."tE] P F n. female clan leader
oetsyìp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (de-
rived from oe I)
oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause
oeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] P F vtr. explain (why) (ii)
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)
ohakx: [o."hak’] P F adj. hungry
ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial
form)
oìsss: [o."Isss] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’
oìsss si: [o."Isss s·i] P F vin. hiss (derived from
oìsss angry snarl)
okup: ["o.kup^] P F n. milk
olo’: [o."loP] P F n. clan
pa’o: ["pa.Po] P F n. side
pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement
palang: ["p·a.l·aN] P F vtr. contact (in a social sen-
se), communicate with
palon: ["p·a.l·on] P F vin. burn
pam: [pam] P F n. sound
pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from
pam sound and rel image)
pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (deri-
ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)
pamrel si: [pam."REl "s·i] P F vin. write (derived
from pamrel writing)
pamrelsiyu: [pam."rEl.si.ju] P F n. writer (deri-
ved from pamrel writing)
pamrelvi: [pam."REl.vi] P F n. letter (phonetic
27
from ngrr root and fpìl think)
ngrrpongu: ["Nr.po.Nu] P F n. grassroots move-
ment (c.w. from" ngrr root and pongu party)
ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab
ngulpin: ["Nul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from
ngul grey, drab)
ngungung: ["N·u.N·uN] P F vtr. rub
nguway: ["Nu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
rived from way song)
olo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader
(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
olo’eyktan: [o.lo.PEjk."tan] P F n. male clan lea-
der (derived from olo’eyktan clan leader)
(derived from olo’eyktan clan leader)
olo’tu: [o."lo.tu] P F n. clan member, member of a
community (derived from olo’ clan)
ompu: ["om.pu] P F adj. fat, corpulent
omum: [·o."m·um] P F vtr. know (stress moves
to first syllable with infixation)
onlor: [on."loR] P F adj. good-smelling (c.w. from
ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses)
>
ontsang: ["on.tsaN] P F n. nose ring (c.w. from
ontu nose and tsang piercing)
ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose
onvä’: [on."væP] P F adj. bad-smelling (c.w. from
ontu nose and vä’ unpleasant to the senses)
symbol) (derived from pamrel writing)
pamrelvul: [pam."rel.vul] P F n. pen, pencil, lit.
’writing stick.’ (c.w. from pamrel writing
and vul branch (of a tree))
pamrelvul ler: [pam."rel.vul le."RIn] P F n. pen-
cil, lit. ’wooden writing stick.’ (c.w. from
pamrelvul pen, pencil and ler wooden, of
wood)
pam si: [pam s·i] P F vin. make a sound (derived
from pam sound)
>
pamtseo: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. music (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art)
>
pamtseongopyu: [pam.tsE.o."Nop.ju] P F n. mu-
sic creator, composer (c.w. from pamtseo mu-
sic and ngopyu creator) eg. James Horner
 >
pamtseo si: ["pam.tsE.o "s·i] P F vin. play music
(with fa for instrument played) (derived from
pamtseo music)
>
pamtseotu: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. musician (de-
rived from pamtseo music)
pamuvan: ["pam.u.van] P F n. sound play (c.w.
from pam sound and uvan game)
pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third
parul: [pa."Rul] P F n. miracle
parulnga’: [pa."Rul.NaP] P F adj. miraculous (de-
rived from parul miracle) nfp.
>
parultsyìp: [pa."Rul.tsjIp^] P F n. term of affection
for children (derived from parul miracle)
paskalin: [pa.ska."lin] P F n. sweet berry (term of
endearment) (derived from pasuk berry and
(a)kalin sweet)
pasuk: ["pa.suk^] P F n. berry
pate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS vin. get to a place, arrive
paw: [p·aw] P F vin. grow; germinate and develop
(of a plant)
pawk: [pawk^] P F n. horn, wind instrument
pawm: [p·awm] P F vtr. ask
pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
payfya: ["paj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
water and fya’o way)
payìva: ["paj.I.va] P F n. drop of water (derived
from pay water and ìlva drop)
paynga’: ["paj.NaP] P F adj. moist, humid, damp
(derived from pay water and nga’ contain)
payoang: [paj."o.aN] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay
water and ioang animal)
paysena: ["paj.sE.na] P F n. water container (c.w.
from pay water and sähena container)
paysmung: ["paj.smuN] P F n. water carrier (c.w.
from pay water and smung transportation
device)
paystan: [paj."stan] P F inter. what men variant
of aystampe
payste: [paj."stE] P F inter. what women variant
of aystepe
paysu: [paj."su] P F inter. what people variant of
aysupe
paytxew: [paj."t’Ew] P F n. shoreline, water’s
edge (c.w. from pay water and txew edge)
pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] P F vin. arrive
pängkxo: [p·æN."k’·o] P F vin. chat, converse,
have a conversation
pängkxoyu: [pæN."k’o.ju] P F n. chatter, conver-
ser (derived from pängkxo chat)
28
pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k’o.ju lE.ko."REn]
P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter
and lekoren lawlike)
pänu: ["pæ.nu] P F n. promise
pänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. promise (a thing
to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise and
tìng give)
–pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker
pe’ngay: [p·EP."Naj] P F vin. judge, conclude
(c.w. from pe’un decide and ngay true)
pe’ngayyu: [pEP."Naj.ju] P F n. judge (derived
from pe’ngay judge, conclude)
pe’un: ["p·E.P·un] P F vtr. decide
pefnel: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. which kind variant of
fnepe
pefya: [pE."fja] P F inter. how variant of fyape
pefyinep’ang: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] P F inter. how
complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
complexity) variant of fyinep’angpe
pehem: [pE."hEm] P F inter. what (action) vari-
ant of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed)
pehrr: [pE."hr] P F inter. when variant of krrpe
(c.w. from" krr time)
pek: [pek^] P F n. fin (of an aquatic animal)
pekxinum: [pE."k’in.um] P F inter. how tight,
loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tightness,
looseness)
pela’a: [pE."la.Pa] P F inter. how near, how far,
what distance variant of la’ape
pela’ang: [pE."la.PaN] P F inter., intj. wth, what
the hell (derived from –pe+ interrogative
marker and la’ang pile of stinking, rotting ani-
mal matter)
pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter. what (word,
utterance) variant of lì’upe
pelìmsim: [pE."lIm.sim] P F inter. how near, how
far (derived from lìm be far and sim be near)
pelun: [pE."lun] P F inter. why variant of lumpe
pemstan: [pEm."stan] P F inter. what two men
variant of mestampe
pemste: [pEm."stE] P F inter. what two women
variant of mestepe
pemsu: [pEm."su] P F inter. what two people va-
riant of mesupe
peng: [p·EN] P F vtr. tell
penghrr: [p·EN."hr] P F vin. warn (c.w. from
"
peng tell and hrrap danger)
pepstan: [pEp."stan] P F inter. what three men
variant of pxestampe
pepste: [pEp."stE] P F inter. what three women
variant of pxestepe
pepsu: [pEp."su] P F inter. what three people va-
riant of pxesupe
peseng: [pE."sEN] P F inter. where variant of
tsengpe
peslosnep: [pE.slo."snEp^] P F inter. what width,
how wide? (derived from snep narrow) vari-
ant of slosneppe
pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] P F inter. what tem-
perature? (derived from somwew tempera-
ture)
pestan: [pE."stan] P F inter. what man variant of
tutampe
peste: [pE."stE] P F inter. what woman variant of
tutepe
pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who variant of tupe
peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) variant of
’upe
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
pey: [p·Ej] P F vin. wait, wait for
piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless
skies)
piak säpi: [pi."ak sæ."p·i] P F vin. open oneself,
open by itself, open on its own (c.w. from piak
open and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] P F vin. open (derived from
piak open)
pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
pinvul: ["pin.vul] P F n. crayon (c.w. from ’opin
color and vul branch (of a tree)) short for
’opinvultsyìp
pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor
pìmtxan: [pIm."t’an] P F inter. how much vari-
ant of hìmtxampe
pìsaw: [pI."saw] P F adj. clumsy, accident-prone
pìtìk: ["p·I.t·Ik^] P F vtr. scratch non-harmfully, as
an itch
pìwopx: [pI."wop’] P F n. cloud
>
pìwopxtsyìp: [pI."wop’.tsjIp^] P F n. nebula (de-
rived from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’
pllhrr: [p·l."hr] P F vin. warn (c.w. from plltxe
speak and " hrrap
" danger)
pllngay: [p·l."Naj] P F vin. admit (derived from
plltxe speak" and ngay true)
plltxe: [p·l."t’·E] P F vtr. speak
"
29
plltxepam: [pl."t’E.pam] P F n. speech sound;
phoneme (c.w. " from plltxe speak and pam
sound)
plltxeyu: [pl."t’E.ju] P F n. speaker (derived
from plltxe " speak)
po: [po] P F pn. he, she
poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
pohan: [po."han] P F pn. he (honorific)
pohe: [po."hE] P F pn. she (honorific)
poho: ["po.ho] P F pn. they (3rd person singular
honorific)
polpxay: [pol."p’aj] P F inter. how many (c.w.
from holpxay number and pe how)
pom: [p·om] P F vtr. kiss
pon: [p·on] P F vtr. balance
pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. a group or party of people
(derived from po he/she) ofp.
prrku: ["pr.ku] P F n. womb (c.w. from prrnen
" kelku home)
baby and
prrkxentrrkrr: ["pr.k’En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti-
" " "
me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Na’vi
idiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxener
smoke, trr day and krr time)
prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby
prrnesyul: " ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from
prrnen baby" and syulang flower)
prrsmung: ["pr.smuN] P F n. baby carrier (c.w.
from prrnen" baby and smung transportation
device)
prrte’: ["pr.tEP] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty) "
prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
baby and" ’ewll
" plant)
pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six
pum: [pum] P F pn. one (place-holder pronoun
referring to a previously mentioned noun
or pronoun)
pung: [p·uN] P F vtr. hurt, injure
pup: [pup^] P F adj. short (physical length)
pupxì: [pu."p’I] P F n. one-sixth (c.w. from
pukap six and hapxì part)
puve: ["pu.vE] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
from pukap six)
puwup: [p·u.w·up^] P F vin. bounce
Px
pxan: [p’an] P F adj. worthy
pxasìk: ["p’a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way!
(vulgar)
pxasul: ["p’a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food
pxaw–: [p’aw] P F adp. around
pxawngip: ["p’aw.Nip^] P F n. environment (c.w.
from pxaw around and ngip space)
pxawpa: ["p’aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumfe-
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
pa’o side)
pxawpxun: ["p’aw.p’un] P F n. armband (c.w.
from pxaw around and pxun arm)
pxawtxap: [p’aw."t’·ap^] P F vtr. squeeze (c.w.
from pxaw around and txap press)
pxay: [p’aj] P F adj. many (used with singular
or plural noun forms)
pxayopin: ["p’aj.o.pin] P F adj. colorful, multico-
lored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many and
’opin color)
pxek: [p’·Ek^] P F vtr. kick, shove
pxel–: [p’El] P F adp. like, as
pxelo: ["p’E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (deri-
ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
pxen: [p’En] P F n. functional clothing (item of)
pxesrram: [p’E.sr."am] P F adv., n. three days ago
(derived from" trr day)
pxesrray: [p’E.sr."aj] P F adv., n. three days from
now (derived" from trr day)
pxestampe: [p’E."stam.pE] P F inter. what three
men variant of pepstan
pxestepe: [p’E."stE.pE] P F inter. what three wo-
men variant of pepste
pxesupe: [p’E."su.pE] P F inter. what three people
variant of pepsu
ra’un: ["R·a.P·un] PF vtr. surrender, relinquish,
give up
ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning
ralke: ["Ral.kE] P F adj. meaningless, devoid of
content (derived from ral meaning and ke
not)
ralnga’: ["Ral.NaP] P F adj. meaningful, instructi-
ve, something from which a lesson can be lear-
ned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’ contain)
ralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] PF vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.
30
pxey: [p’Ej] P F num. three
pxeyve: ["p’Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (deri-
ved from pxey three)
pxi: [p’i] P F adj. sharp (as a point)
pxim: [p’im] P F adj. erect, upright
pximaw–: [p’i."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w.
from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiset: [p’i."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from
set now and pxi sharp)
pxisre+: [p’i."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from
sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiswawam: [p’i.swaw."am] P F adv. just a mo-
ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am
past)
pxiswaway: [p’i.swaw."aj] P F adv. in just a se-
cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and
ay future marker)
pxiye’rìn: [p’i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. immediately (not
as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon
and pxi sharp)
pxìm: [p’Im] P F adv. often
pxìmun’i: [p’I.m·un."P·i] P F vtr. divide, cut into
parts (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)
pxoe: ["p’o.E] P F pn. we three, us three (exclusi-
ve) (derived from pxe+ trial and oe I)
pxoeng: [p’o."EN] P F pn. we three, us three (in-
clusive) (derived from oe I)
pxor: [p’·oR] P F vin. explode
pxorpam: ["p’oR.pam] P F n. ejective consonant
(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)
pxul: [p’ul] P F adj. formidable, imposing
pxun: [p’un] P F n. arm
pxuntil: ["p’un.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
arm and til joint)
from ral meaning and peng tell)
ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain
>
ramtsyìp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from
ram mountain)
ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well
ran: [Ran] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, es-
sence, constititution; basic nature of something
resulting from the totality of its properties; of-
ten best translated as personality
rangal: ["R·a.N·al] P F vin. wish
raspu’: [Ra."spuP] P F n. leggings (used in war)
raw–: [Raw] P F adp. down to
rawke: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defen-
se
rawm: [Rawm] P F n. lightning (general term)
rawmpxom: ["Rawm.p’om] P F n. thunder and
lightning (derived from rawm lightning and
’rrpxom thunder)
rawn: [R·awn] P F vtr. replace, substitute
rawng: [rawN] P F n. entrance, doorway
rä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. do not (for negative impe-
ratives, commands only)
räptum: [ræp."tum] P F adj. coarse, vulgar, soci-
ally unacceptable
re’o: ["RE.Po] P F n. head
rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture
rel arusikx: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. movie, film,
video (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)
> ro’a: ["R·o.P·a] P F vin. be impressive, inspire awe
reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from
rel image and tseo art)
> rofa–: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside
reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (visual)
(derived from reltseo visual art)
relvul: ["REl.vul] P F n. pen, pencil, lit. ’writing
stick.’ (short form of pamrelvul)
rem: [rEm] P F n. fuel
reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically) nfp.
rengop: ["rE.N·op^] P F vtr. design (finer detail)
(c.w. from renu pattern and ngop create)
renten: ["REn.tEn] P F n. goggles, (made from in-
sect wings, carved from wood, etc)
renu: ["RE.nu] P F n. pattern
renulke: ["RE.nul.kE] P F adj. irregular, random
(derived from renu pattern and luke wit-
hout)
rewon: ["RE.won] P F n. morning
rey: [R·Ej] P F vin. live
rey’eng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (de-
rived from rey live)
reyfya: ["REj.fja] P F n. way of living, culture (c.w.
from rey live and fya’o path, way)
reykol: [REj."kol] P F vtr. play music, make to sing
(poetic) (derived from rol sing and «eyk»
causitive infix)
reym: [REjm] P F n. dry land
reypay: ["REj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live
and pay water)
reypaytun: ["REj.paj.tun] P F adj. red (“blood
tun") (c.w. from reypay blood and tun red,
31
orange)
rikx: [R·ik’] P F vin. move, shift position
rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow
rimpin: ["Rim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from
rim yellow)
rina’: [Ri."naP] P F n. seed (derived from atoki-
rina’ seeds of the great tree)
ripx: [R·ip’] P F vtr. pierce
rì’ìr: ["RI.PIR] P F n. reflection
rì’ìr si: ["RIP.IR s·i] P F vin. reflect, imitate (deri-
ved from rì’ìr reflection)
rìk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf
rìkean: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from
rìk leaf and ean green)
rìkxi: [r·I."k’·i] P F vin. tremble, shake, shiver
rìn: [RIn] P F n. wood
ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative)
or respect
rol: [R·ol] P F vin. sing
rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!
rong: [RoN] P F n. tunnel
ronguway: [R·o."Nu.waj] P F vin. howl (derived
from rol sing and nguway howl)
ronguwayyu: [Ro."Nu.waj.ju] P F n. howler (de-
rived from ronguway howl)
ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. mind
ronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] P F n. something imagined
(c.w. from ronsem mind and rel image)
ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.N·op^] P F vtr. imagi-
ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel
picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation
["Ron.sREw.Nop^] )
ropx: [Rop’] P F n. hole (going clear through an
object)
rou: ["R·o.·u] P F vin. be, or get drunk (example
use: rou fa pxir)
rum: [Rum] P F n. ball
run: [R·un] P F vtr. find, discover
rurur: [Ru."RuR] P F n. water that is aeriated whi-
le flowing among the rocks of a very gradually
sloping stream (countable)
rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
ticiple infix)
rutxe: [Ru."t’E] P F intj. please
S
sa: [s·a] P F vin. rise to a challenge
sa’ewrang: [sa."PEw.RaN] P F n. mother loom, gi-
ant loom (derived from sa’nok mother and
’ewrang loom)
sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from
sa’atenuk C )
sa’nu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectiona-
te form of sa’nok mother)
>
sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy
(used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu
mommy)
sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parent or set of parents
(derived from sa’nok mother and sempul
father)
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry
saho: [sa."ho] P F n. prayer (derived from aho
pray)
salew: [s·a."l·Ew] P F vin. proceed, go
salewfya: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. direction, course
(derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)
san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote
sang: [saN] P F adj. warm
sar: [s·aR] P F vtr. use
sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat)
satu’li: [sa."tuP.li] P F n. heritage (Note: Also
name of canteen at Disney’s Pandora)
sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,
urgh
say: [saj] P F adj. loyal
saylahe: [saj."la.hE] P F adv. ’et cetera’ (derived
from sì alahe and others) (contraction)
sayrìp: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. handsome, good looking
ofp. (male)
sä’anla: [sæ."Pan.la] P F n. yearning (derived
from ’anla yearn for)
sä’eoio: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n. ceremony, ritual, rite
(derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
sä’eoio si: [sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. take part in
a ceremony, perform a ritual (derived from
sä’eoio ceremony)
sä’ipu: [sæ."Pi.pu] P F n. something humorous
(derived from ’ipu humorous)
sä’o: ["sæ.Po] P F n. tool, utensil
säfe’ul: [sæ."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (specific in-
stance) (derived from fe’ul worsen)
säflä: [sæ."flæ] P F n. success (an instance of suc-
ceeding) (derived from flä succeed)
32
säfmi: [sæ."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from
fmi try, attempt)
säfmong: [sæ."fmoN] P F n. theft (particular in-
stance) (derived from fmong steal, rob)
säfngo’: [sæ."fNoP] P F n. requirement, demand
(derived from fngo’ require)
säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. idea (derived from fpìl
think)
säfrìp: [sæ."fRIp^] P F n. a bite (derived from frìp
bite)
säfrrfen: [sæ."fr.fEn] P F n. visit (derived from
frrfen visit) "
säftxulì’u: [sæ.ft’u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech, oration
(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)
säfyep: [sæ."fjEp^] P F n. handle (derived from
fyep hold in the hand)
sähe’a: [sæ."hE.Pa] P F n. a cough, instance of
coughing (derived from he’a cough)
sähena: [sæ."hE.na] P F n. container, vessel, car-
rier (derived from hena carry)
säkanom: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. something acqui-
red, an acquisition, a possession (derived from
kanom acquire)
säkxange: [sæ."k’a.NE] P F n. yawn (derived
from kxange yawn)
sälang: [sæ."laN] P F n. an exploration or investi-
gation (derived from lang investigate, explo-
re)
sälatem: [sæ."la.tEm] P F n. change (instance
of), edit, modification (derived from latem
change)
sälätxayn: [sæ.læ."t’ajn] P F n. defeat, an instan-
ce of defeat (derived from lätxayn defeat)
säleymfe’: [sæ.lEjm."fEP] P F n. complaint (deri-
ved from leymfe’ complain)
säleymkem: [sæ.lEjm."kEm] P F n. protest, in-
stance of protesting (derived from leymkem
protest)
sälipx: [sæ."lip’] P F n. drop (of a liquid) (derived
from lipx drop)
sämok: [sæ."mok^] P F n. a suggestion (derived
from mok suggest)
sämunge: [sæ."mu.NE] P F n. transportation tool
or device (derived from munge take, bring)
Note: In compounds, the ä and e drop, yi-
elding –smung
sämyam: [sæm."yam] P F n. hug, embrace (deri-
ved from meyam hug)
sängä’än: [sæ.Næ."Pæn] P F n. bout of suffering;
episode of depression (derived from ngä’än
suffer mentally or emotionally)
sängop: [sæ."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from
ngop create)
sänrr: [sæ."nr] P F n. glow, an instance of glowing;
" lamp (derived from nrr glow)
light source,
sänui: [sæ."nu.i] P F n. failure (particular instance
of failure) (derived from nui fail, falter)
sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. teaching, instruction
(derived from nume learn)
sänume si: [sæ."nu.mE s·i] P F vin. teach, in-
struct, give instruction (derived from sänu-
me teaching, instruction)
sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] P F n. lesson (derived
from sänume teaching)
säomum: [sæ."o.mum] P F n. (piece of) informa-
tion (derived from omum know)
säpenghrr: [sæ.pEN."hr] P F n. warning (derived
from penghrr warn) " sätarenga’: [sæ."ta.RE.NaP] P F adj. relevant, per-
säpllhrr: [sæ.pl."hr] P F n. warning (derived
" "
from pllhrr warn)
säplltxe: [sæ.pl."t’E] P F n. statement (derived
from plltxe "speak)
säplltxevi: [sæ.pl."t’E.vi] P F n. comment (deri-
"
ved from säplltxe statement)
säpom: [sæ."pom] P F n. kiss (derived from
pom kiss)
särangal: [sæ."Ra.Nal] P F n. a wish (derived
from rangal wish)
särawn: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. replacement, substitu-
te, something that replaces something else (de-
rived from rawn replace)
särengop: [sæ."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (a par-
ticular instance of designing) (derived from
rengop design)
säro’a: [sæ."Ro.Pa] P F n. feat, accomplishment,
great deed
säro’a si: [sæ."Ro.Pa s·i] P F vin. do great deeds
(derived from säro’a great deed)
säseyto: [sæ.sEj."to] P F n. butchering tool (deri-
ved from seyto butcher (in the sense of separa-
ting or processing the carcass of a dead animal))
säsìlpey: [sæ.sIl."pEj] P F n. hope (particular in-
stance) (derived from sìlpey hope)
säspaw: [sæ."spaw] P F n. belief (particular in-
stance) (derived from spaw believe)
33
säspxin: [sæ."sp’in] P F n. disease, sickness, ill-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
>
säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp’in.tsjIp^] P F n. minor ail-
ment (derived from säspxin illness)
säsrätx: [sæ."sRæt’] P F n. annoyance (derived
from srätx annoy)
säsrese’a: [sæ.sRE.sE."Pa] P F n. a prediction (de-
rived from srese’a prophetize)
säsrìn: [sæ."sRIn] P F n. lent or borrowed thing
(derived from srìn temporarily transfer from
one to another)
sästarsìm: [sæ."staR.sIm] P F n. collection (put
together intentionally by a person) (derived
from starsìm gather, collect)
säsulìn: [sæ."su.lIn] P F n. hobby, pleasure-
yielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy
(positive sense))
säsyep: [sæ."sjEp^] P F n. trap (derived from
syep trap)
sätare: [sæ."ta.RE] P F n. connection, relationship
(derived from tare connect, relate to)
tinent (derived from sätare connection, rela-
tionship)
sätarep: [sæ."ta.REp^] P F n. rescue, an incidence
of rescuing (derived from tarep save, rescue)
sätaron: [sæ."ta.Ron] P F n. hunt (derived from
taron hunt)
>
sätsan’ul: [sæ."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement
(specific instance) (derived from tsan’ul im-
prove)
>
sätsawn: [sA."tsawn] P F n. harvest (particular
instance) (derived from tsawn harvest)
>
sätseri: [sæ."tsE.Ri] P F n. observation, something
noticed (derived from tseri notice)
>
sätsìsyì: [sæ."tsI.sjI] P F n. whisper (derived
from tsìsyì whisper)
>
sätswayon: [sæ."tswaj.on] P F n. flight (an in-
stance of flying) (derived from tswayon fly)
>
sätsyìl: [sæ."tsjIl] P F n. climbing event, a climb
(derived from tsyìl climb)
sävll: [sæ."vl] P F n. sign, indication, signal (de-
rived from " vll indicate, point at)
säwäsul: [sæ."wæ.sul] P F n. a competition (deri-
ved from wäsul compete)
>
säwäsultsyìp: [sæ."wæ.sul.tsjIp^] P F n. a con-
test (derived from säwäsul a competition)
säwäte: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. point of contention,
source of argument, thing disputed (derived

from wäte argue)
säwem: [sæ."wEm] P F n. fight (derived from
wem fight)
säwìngay: [sæ.wI."Naj] P F n. proof (particular
instance) (derived from wìngay proof )
säwìntxu: [sæ.wIn."t’u] P F n. a showing, an ex-
hibition (derived from wìntxu show)
säyäkx: [sæ."jæk’] P F n. snub (derived from
yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)
säzärìp: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. face lead, rein
(derived from za’ärìp pull)
se’ayl: [sE."Pajl] P F n. an individual tall, thin wa-
terfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or off
of a floating mountain (countable)
sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F n. present (c.w. from set now
"
and krr time)
semkä: [sEm."kæ] P F n. bridge (derived from
emkä cross)
sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate
form of sempul father)
sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father
set: [sEt^] P F adv. now
sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty ofp. (female)
sey: [sEj] P F n. cup or bowl minimally modified
from naturally occuring resources
seykxel: [sEj."k’El] P F adj. strong (emotionally,
spiritually, not physical), confident
seyn: [sEjn] P F n. chair, stool, bench; any tool or
device to facilitate sitting (derived from sä’o
tool and heyn sit)
seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip
> slär: [slæR] P F n. cave
seysonìltsan: [sEj.so.nIl."tsan] P F intj. well do-
ne! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accom-
plished well)
seyto: [s·Ej."to] P F vtr. butcher (in the sense of
separating or processing the carcass of a dead
animal)
si: [s·i] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional non-
bound verb do, make deriving affix
sim: [s·im] P F vin. be near
sì: [sI] P F part. and (connects two things, can
be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)
sìk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote
sìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. hope (with tsnì for thing
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
from sìltsan good and pey wait)
sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart
(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
mind)
34
>
sìltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good (of its kind), well
done
sìn–: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto
ska’a: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. destroy
skepek: ["skE.pEk^] P F adj. formal
skiempa: ["ski.Em.pa] P F n. right side (c.w.
from skien right and pa’o side)
skien: ["ski.En] P F adj. right (not left)
sko+: [sko] P F adp. something as, in the capacity
of, or in the role of, something else
skxakep: ["sk’a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. probable, pro-
bably
skxawng: [sk’awN] P F n. moron, idiot
skxir: [sk’iR] P F n. wound
skxir si: ["sk’iR "s·i] P F vin. wound (derived
from skxir wound)
>
skxirtsyìp: ["sk’iR.tsjIp^] P F n. cut, bruise, minor
wound (derived from skxir wound)
skxom: [sk’om] P F n. chance, opportunity
>
sla’tsu: ["sl·aP.ts·u] P F vtr. describe
slan: [sl·an] P F vtr. support (emotional, social or
personal support) ofp.
slantire: [slan.ti."RE] P F n. inspiration (c.w. from
slan support and tirea spirit)
slantire si: [slan.ti."RE s·i] P F vin. inspire (deri-
ved from slantire inspiration)
slayk: [sl·ajk^] P F vtr. brush, comb
slä: [slæ] P F conj. but
släkop: ["slæ.kop^] P F adv. but also (c.w. from
slä but and kop also)
slele: ["sl·E.l·E] P F vin. swim
sleyku: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. produce (derived from
slu become and «eyk» causative infix)
sloa: ["slo.a] P F adj. wide
sloan: [sl·o."·an] P F vtr. pour
slosnep: [slo."snEp^] P F n. width (derived from
snep narrow)
slosneppe: [slo."snE.pE] P F inter. what width,
how wide? (derived from snep narrow) va-
riant of peslosnep
slu: [sl·u] P F vin. become (noun predicate with
ne in ambiguous constructions)
slukx: [sluk’] P F n. horn of an animal
smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing
smaw: [sm·aw] P F vtr. approve of
smon: [sm·on] P F vin. be familiar, be known
(with dative)
sna’o: ["sna.Po] P F n. set, group, pile, clump,
stand nfp.
snafpìlfya: [sna."fpIl.fja] P F n. philosophy (c.w.
from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thin-
king) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’
snanumultxa: [sna.nu.mul."t’a] P F n. course (as
a collection of classes) (derived from numul-
txa class (for instruction))
snapamrelvi: [sna.pam."REl.vi] P F n. alphabet
(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym-
bol))
snatanhì: [sna.tan."hI] P F n. constellation (c.w.
from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’a
clump of stars’
> style)
snatanhìtsyìp: [sna.tan."hI.tsjIp^] P F n. star
cluster (c.w. from sna’o group and tan-
hì(tsyìp) star)
snatxärem: [sna."t’æ.REm] P F n. skeleton (c.w.
from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’set
of bones’
snayì: [sna."jI] P F n. staircase, series of step-like
levels (derived from yì level, step)
snaytu: ["snaj.tu] P F n. loser (derived from
snaytx lose)
snaytx: [sn·ajt’] P F vtr. lose
snäm: [sn·æm] P F vin. rot, decay, degrade over
time
snep: [snEp^] P F adj. narrow
snew: [sn·Ew] P F vtr. constrict, tighten
snewsye: ["snEw.sjE] P F adj. weird, spooky (c.w.
from snew tighten, constrict and syeha bre-
ath)
sneyä: ["snE.jæ] P F pn. his own, her own, its own
(derived from sno his self, her self, its self )
sngap: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sting
sngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vim. begin, start
sngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n. beginning, starting
"
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)
>
sngä’itseng: ["sNæ.Pi.tsEN] P F n. beginning,
starting position, initial location (c.w. from
sngä’i start and tseng place)
sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived
from sngä’i begin)
sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish
>
sngeltseng: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F n. rubbish place, gar-
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and
tseng place)
sngum: [sNum] P F n. worry
35
sngum si: [sNum s·i] P F vin. worry (derived
from sngum worry)
>
sngumtsim: ["sNum.tsim] P F n. worrisome mat-
ter, source of worry (c.w. from sngum worry
and tsim source)
sngunga’: ["sNu.NaP] P F adj. worrisome,
troubling (derived from sngum worry)
sno: [sno] P F pn. his self, her self, its self (reflex-
ive, genitive form sneyä)
snokfyan: ["snok.fjan] P F n. personal belongings
rack (c.w. from sno his self, her self, its self
and kurfyan hamper or suspended rack)
snolup: ["sno.lup^] P F n. personal style or aest-
hetic, presence (c.w. from sno self and lupra
snomo: ["sno.mo] P F n. private space that one can
retreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self and
mo space)
snonivi: ["sno.ni.vi] P F n. single-person ham-
mock (c.w. from sno his/her self and nivi slee-
ping hammock)
snonrra: [sno."nr.a] P F n. self-pride (negative
"
connotation) (c.w. from sno his/her self and
nrra pride)
snotipx: [sno."tip’] P F n. self-control (c.w. from
sno self and tìhipx control)
>
Snrrtsyìp: ["snr.tsjIp^] P F n. Alpha Centauri C
"
aka Proxima Centauri (Colloquial) (derived
from Tawsnrrtsyìp Alpha Centauri C)
snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers
to a ’dim’ person)
so’ha: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about,
show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note:
Being enthusiastic is always transitive in
Na’vi -PF)
so’yu: ["soP.ju] P F n. colloquial form of txan-
so’hayu (fan, enthusiast)
soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive
form soaiä)
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent
som: [som] P F adj. hot
somwew: [som."wEw] P F n. temperature (deri-
ved from som hot and wew cold)
somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] P F inter. what tem-
perature? (more common) (derived from
somwew temperature)
sop: [s·op^] P F vin. travel
sopyu: ["sop.ju] P F n. traveller (derived from
sop travel)
sosul: [so."sul] P F adj. pleasant smell of nearby
running water, rain, moist vegetation
spakat: ["sp·a.k·at^] P F vin. drown
spaw: [sp·aw] P F vtr. believe
spä: [sp·æ] P F vin. jump
späpeng: [spæ."p·EN] P F vin. restore oneself (me-
taphorically) (derived from speng restore)
spe’e: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. capture
spe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived
from spe’e capture)
speng: [sp·EN] P F vtr. restore
spono: ["spo.no] P F n. island
spule: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. propel
spulmokri: [spul."mok.Ri] P F n. telephone (deri-
ved from spule propel and mokri voice)
spulyaney: [spul.ja."nEj] P F n. canoe paddle
(c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe)
spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old, former nfp.
spxam: [sp’am] P F n. mushroom, fungus
spxin: [sp’in] P F adj. sick
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes
or no questions
sran: [sRan] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial)
srane: ["sRa.nE] P F part., intj. yes
srankehe: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. more or
less, somewhat, yes and no, kind of (c.w. from
srane yes and kehe no)
sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful
srä: [sRæ] P F n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a
loom
srätx: [sR·æt’] P F vtr. annoy, bother
sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time)
sre’: [sREP] P F n. tooth
srefey: [sRE."f·Ej] P F vtr. expect (c.w. from sre+
before and pey wait)
srefpìl: [sRE."fp·Il] P F vtr. assume (derived from
sre+ before and fpìl think)
srefwa: ["sRE.fwa] P F conj. before (derived from
sre+ before and fwa that)
srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. the time before
noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr mid-
day)
srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t’on] P F n. before mid-
night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon
midnight)
srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of
"
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)
srer: [sR·ER] P F vin. appear, materialize, come into
view
36
srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. prophetize, prophe-
size, prophesy, predict (c.w. from sre+ before
and tse’a see)
sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w.
from sre before" and trr’ong dawn)
sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening
before sunset (c.w. from sre before and txon-
’ong night-fall)
srew: [sR·Ew] P F vin. dance
srey: [sREj] P F n. version
srìn: [sR·In] P F vtr. transfer from one to another
(rarely used without prefix)
srok: [sRok^] P F n. bead (decorative)
sru’: [sR·uP] P F vtr. crush, trample
srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance
srunga’: ["sRu.NaP] P F adj. helpful (derived
from srung help) nfp.
srung si: ["sRuN "s·i] P F vin. help (derived from
srung help)
srungsiyu: ["sRuN.si.ju] P F n. assistant, helper
(derived from srung help)
>
srungtsyìp: ["sRuN.tsjIp^] P F n. helpful hint, tip
(derived from srung help)
starlì’u: ["staR.lI.Pu] P F n. adposition (c.w. from
sätare connection, relationship and lì’u word)
starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. gather, collect
stawm: [st·awm] P F vtr. hear
>
stawmtswo: ["stawm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) hea-
ring (derived from stawm hear)
stä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. catch
stä’nìpam: ["stæP.nI.pam] P F n. recording (c.w.
from stä’nì catch and pam sound)
stä’nìpam si: ["stæP.nI.pam s·i] P F vin. to record
(derived from stä’nìpam recording)
steftxaw: [st·E."ft’·aw] P F vtr. examine, check
steng: [stEN] P F adj. similar
steyki: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr. anger, make someone an-
gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
causative infix)
sti: [st·i] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry
stiwi: ["sti.wi] P F n. mischief
stiwinga’: ["sti.wi.NaP] P F adj. mischievous (c.w.
from stiwi mischief and nga’ contain)
stiwi si: ["sti.wi s·i] P F vin. be naughty, do mis-
chief (derived from stiwi mischief )
stiwisiyu: ["sti.wi.si.ju] P F n. mischief-maker
(derived from stiwi mischief )
sto: [st·o] P F vtrm. refuse (to do something)
stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
stxeli: ["st’E.li] P F n. gift
stxenu: ["st’E.nu] P F n. offer (c.w. from stxeli
gift and lonu release)
stxenutìng: ["st’E.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. offer (derived
from stxenu offer, n.)
stxong: [st’oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-
nown
sulìn: ["s·u.l·In] P F vin. be busy (positive sense),
be engrossed in something one finds especially
pleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn be
busy)
sum: [sum] P F n. shell (from the ocean)
sumsey: ["sum.sEj] P F n. drinking vessel made
of shell (c.w. from sum shell and sey cup or
bowl minimally modified from naturally occur-
ring resources)
sung: [s·uN] P F vtr. add
sunkesun: ["sun.kE.sun] P F adv. like it or not
(derived from sunu be likeable and ke not)
sunu: ["s·u.n·u] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable,
bring enjoyment
sur: [suR] P F n. taste, flavor
susyang: [su."sjaN] P F adj. fragile, delicate
sutx: [s·ut’] P F vtr. track, follow
swapxì: [swa."p’I] P F n. family member (c.w.
from soaia family and hapxì part)
swaran: ["swa.Ran] P F adj. humble, modest, self-
effacing
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment
>
swawtsyìp: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n. little moment,
second (derived from swaw moment)
swaynivi: ["swaj.ni.vi] P F n. family hammock
(c.w. from soaia family and nivi sleeping
hammock) Note: soaia contracts to sway
swek: [swEk^] P F n. bar, rod, pole
swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
sweylu: ["swEj.l·u] P F vin. should (derived
from swey best and lu is)
sweyn: [sw·Ejn] P F vtr. keep, preserve, leave alo-
ne, not disturb
swirä: [swi."Ræ] P F n. creature
swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow
swizawsena: [swi."zaw.sE.na] P F n. quiver (at-
tached to ikran’s saddle) (c.w. from swizaw
arrow and sähena carrier)
swoa: ["swo.a] P F n. intoxicating beverage, or
“spirits”
swoasey: ["swo.a.sEj] P F n. kava bowl (construc-
ted from seed pods, used for drinking intoxica-
37
ting beverages), hand-sized (c.w. from swoa
intoxicating beverage or “sprits" and sey cup
or bowl minimally modified from naturally oc-
curring resources)
swoasey ayll: ["swo.a.sEj a."jl] P F n. large soci-
al kava bowl (c.w. from swoasey " kava bowl
(constructed from seed pods, used for drinking
intoxicating beverages) and yll communal)
swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place
syam: [sj·am] P F vtr. to smell (intentionally)
syanan: ["sja.nan] P F n. a single drop or series of
smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially along
a stream or series of pools (countable)
syar: [sj·aR] P F vin. stick, stick to, adhere
syaw: [sj·aw] P F vin. call
syawm: [S·awm] P F vtr. know (RN dialect)
syawn: [sjawn] P F n. blessing
syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
syayvi: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived
from syay fate)
syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. bitter
sye’otxang: ["sjE.Po.t’aN] P F n. wind instrument
(c.w. from syeha breath and ’otxang musical
instrument)
syeha: ["sjE.ha] P F n. breath
syeha si: ["sjE.ha s·i] P F vin. breathe (derived
from syeha breath)
syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final
syep: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. trap
syeprel: [sjEp."REl] P F n. camera (c.w. from syep
trap and rel image)
syewe: ["sjE.wE] P F n. fat (substance in meat)
syewenga’: ["sjE.wE.NaP] P F adj. fatty (c.w.
from syewe fat (substance in meat) and nga’
contain)
syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight),
lightweight
syokup: [sjo."kup^] P F n. weight (physical) (de-
rived from syo light and ku’up heavy)
syon: [sjon] P F n. feature, trait, attribute, charac-
teristic, point, aspect, facet, property
syonlì’u: ["sjon.lI.Pu] P F n. adjective (c.w. from
syon feature, trait, characteristic and lì’u
word)
syor: [sj·oR] P F vin. relax, chill out
syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. flower
syura: [sju."Ra] P F n. energy (physical or spiritu-
al)
syuratan: [sju."Ra.tan] JC,P F n. bioluminescence syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, can-
(c.w. from syura energy and atan light)
syusmung: ["sju.smuN] P F n. food tray (c.w. syuvekel: ["sju.vE.kEl] P F n. famine (derived
from syuve food and smung transportation
device)
ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal
sense with other time words)
ta’em: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above
ta’leng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin
ta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue
(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)
tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w.
from ta from and fkip– up among)
tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that
takip–: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip– among)
takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) vari-
" (c.w. from krr time and ta from)
ant of akrrta
taksyokx: [t·ak."sjok’] P F vin. clap hands (deri-
ved from takuk strike and tsyokx hand)
takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. strike, beat, slap
talun–: [ta."lun] P F adp. because of, due to
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
tam: [t·am] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that
will do, OK
tamìfa: [ta."mI.fa] P F adj. internal (c.w. from ta
from and mìfa inside)
tam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content,
there there
tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree)
tanhì: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle
tanleng: ["tan.lEN] P F n. bark (of a tree) (deri-
ved from tangek trunk (of a tree) and ta’leng
skin)
tare: ["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a re-
lationship with
tarep: ["t·a.R·Ep^] P F vtr. save, rescue (from a
dangerous or distressing situation)
tareptu: ["ta.REp.tu] P F n. rescuee, someone who
has been rescued or saved (derived from tarep
save, rescue)
tarnioang: ["taR.ni.o.ang] P F n. predator animal
(c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal)
taron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. hunt
not be pluralised)
from syuve food)
taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from
taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)
>
taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hun-
ter (derived from taronyu hunter)
tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. lose track, lose aware-
ness of something
tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
from lam seem)
taw: [taw] P F n. sky
taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based
on the cause
tawng: [t·awN] P F vin. duck, dive
tawrrpa: [ta."wr.pa] P F adj. external (c.w. from
"
ta from and wrrpa outside)
>
Tawsnrrtsyìp: [taw."snr.tsjIp^] P F n. Alpha
Centauri C aka Proxima " Centauri (derived
from taw sky and sänrr light source)
tawsyuratan: [taw.sju."Ra.tan] P F,LN n. au-
rora (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan
(bio)luminescence)
tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] P F n. sky-person, human
(c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
tawtxew: ["taw.t’Ew] P F n. horizon, skyline (c.w.
from taw sky and txew edge)
tayng: [tajN] P F n. thistle-like plant (generic
term)
täftxu: [t·æ."ft’·u] P F vtr. weave
täftxuyu: [tæ."ft’u.ju] P F n. weaver (derived
from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)
tätxaw: [t·æ."t’·aw] P F vin. return
te: [tE] JC part. used in full names
tekre: ["tEk.RE] P F n. skull
tel: [t·El] P F vtr. receive
telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord
telisi: [tE.li."si] P F n. whirlwind
tem: [t·Em] P F vin. shoot
temrey: [tEm."REj] P F n. survival (derived from
emrey survive)
teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal
tengfya: ["tEN.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (situ-
ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal
38
 and fya’o path)
tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as
(c.w. from teng " same, equal and krr time)
teri–: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning
terkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. die
teswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] P F vtr. grant (ii) (c.w.
from tìng give)
tete: ["tE.tE] P F adj. dull (as a blade)
tewng: [tEwN] P F n. loincloth
tewti: ["tEw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri-
se and pleasure
teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full
teya si: [tE."ja "s·i] P F vin. fill (with dative of
thing filled) (derived from teya full)
teylupil: ["tEj.lu.pil] P F n. teylu-face (vulgar)
(c.w. from teylu beetle larva and pil facial
stripe)
teynga: ["tEjN.a] P F n. that answer (contraction
of tì’eyng a)
teyngla: ["tEjN.la] P F n. that answer (agentive)
(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a)
teyngta: ["tEjN.ta] P F n. that answer (patientive)
(contraction of tì’eyng–it a)
teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white
teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. white (derived from
teyr white)
ti’a: ["ti.Pa] P F adv. surprisingly (for unexpected-
ly positive outcomes)
tiam: ["t·i.·am] P F vtr. count
til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge
tilì’u: ["ti.lI.Pu] P F n. conjunction (c.w. from til
joint, hinge and lì’u word)
tinan: ["ti.nan] P F n. reading (derived from in-
an read)
tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit
tireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.­fja.Po] P F n. spirit path (c.w.
from tirea spirit and fya’o path)
tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.­o.aN] P F n. spirit animal
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.­k’·o] P F vin. com-
mune (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo
chat)
tiretu: [ti."RE.tu] P F n. shaman (derived from ti-
rea spirit and tute person)
tì’al: [tI.".Pal] P F n. wastefulness (derived from
’al waste)
tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived
from ’awm camp)
39
tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm "s·i] P F vin. camp (derived
from ’awm camp)
tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. individuality (nega-
tive connotation), selfishness (derived from
’awpo one individual)
tì’älek: [tI."Pæ.lEk^] P F n. determination (deri-
ved from ’älek determined)
tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from
’efu feel)
tì’em: [tI."PEm] P F n. the art of cooking (derived
from ’em cook)
tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived
from ’eylan friend)
tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (deri-
ved from ’eyng answer)
tì’i’a: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. ending, conclusion (deri-
ved from ’i’a end)
tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end
(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
tì’iluke: [tIP."i.lu.kE] P F adj. endless, never-
ending (in a temporal sense) (c.w. from tì’i’a
ending, conclusion and luke without)
tì’ipu: [tI."Pi.pu] P F n. humor (derived from
’ipu humorous)
tì’o’: [tI."PoP] P F n. fun, excitement (derived
from ’o’ exciting)
tì’ong: [tI."PoN] P F n. blooming, unfolding (deri-
ved from ’ong bloom)
tì’ongokx: [tI."Po.Nok’^] P F n. birth (derived
from ’ongokx be born)
tì’ul: [tI."Pul] P F n. increase
tìaho: [tI.a."ho] P F n. prayer (in general, abstract
idea) (derived from aho pray)
tìeyktan: [tI."Ejk.tan] JC,P F n. leadership (deri-
ved from eyktan leader)
tìfe’ul: [tI."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (in the general
or abstract sense) (derived from fe’ul worsen)
tìfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n. state, condition,
situation (derived from fkeytok exist)
tìfkeytongay: [tI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F n. reality (c.w.
from tìfkeytok situation and ngay true)
tìflä: [tI."flæ] P F n. success (in general) (derived
from flä succeed)
tìflänga’: [tI."flæ.NaP] P F adj. successful (c.w.
from tìflä success and nga’ contain)
tìflrr: [tI."flr] P F n. gentleness, tenderness (deri-
ved from " flrr gentle)
tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. test (derived from
fmetok test)
tìfmi: [tI."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from fmi
attempt)
tìfmong: [tI."fmoN] P F n. theft (derived from
fmong steal, rob)
tìfnawe’: [tI.fna."wEP] P F n. cowardice (derived
from fnawe’ cowardly)
tìfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from
fnu quiet)
tìfnunga’: [tI."fnu.NaP] P F adj. quiet (derived
from fnu quiet) nfp.
tìfpxamo: [tI."fp’a.mo] P F n. horror (derived
from fpxamo horrible)
tìftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop
(derived from ftang stop)
tìftanglen: [tI.ftaN."lEn] P F n. prevention (deri-
ved from ftanglen prevent)
tìftang si: [tI."ftaN s·i] P F vin. stop (someone or
something) (derived from tìftang stopping)
tìftia: [tI.fti."a] P F n. study (derived from ftia
study)
tìftia kifkeyä: [tI.fti."a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. science,
the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-
tia study and kifkey world)
tìftiatu: [tI.fti."a.tu] P F n. researcher (derived
from tìftia study)
tìftiatu kifkeyä: [tI.fti".a.tu ki."fkEj.æ] P F n.
scientist (c.w. from tìftiatu researcher and
kifkey world)
tìftxavang: [tI."ft’a.vaN] P F n. passion (derived
from ftxavang passionate)
tìftxey: [tI."ft’Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftx-
ey choose)
tìftxulì’u: [tI.ft’u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech-making,
public speaking (derived from ftxulì’u orate,
give speech)
tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t’u] P F n. guidance
(derived from fyawìntxu guide)
tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
tìhan: [tI."han] P F n. loss (derived from han lo-
se)
tìhangham: [tI."haN.ham] P F n. laughter (deri-
ved from hangham laugh)
tìhawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (deri-
ved from hawl prepare)
tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived
from hawnu protect, shelter)
tìhawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] P F vin. protect (de-
rived from tìhawnu protection)
40
tìhipx: [tI."hip’] P F n. control (derived from
hipx control)
tìhìpey: [ti."hI.pEj] P F n. hesitation (derived
from hìpey hesitate)
tìhona: [tI."ho.na] P F n. cuteness, adorableness
(derived from hona endearing)
tìk: [tIk^] P F adv., conj. immediately, without de-
lay
tìk’ìn: [tIk."PIn] P F n. free time, the absence of bu-
siness (derived from ’ìn be busy)
tìkakpam: [tI.kak."pam] P F n. deafness (deri-
ved from kakpam deaf )
tìkakrel: [tI.kak."REl] P F n. blindness (derived
from kakrel blind)
tìkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
(derived from kan aim)
tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived
from kem action, deed)
tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] P F vin. work
(derived from tìkangkem work)
tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, pie-
ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)
tìkankxan: [tI.kan."k’an] P F n. barrier to one’s
goals, source of frustration (c.w. from tìkan
goal and ekxan barrier)
tìkankxanga’: [tI.kan."k’a.NaP] P F adj. frustra-
ting (derived from tìkankxan source of fru-
stration)
tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived
from kanu smart)
tìkara: [tI.ka."ra] P F n. resistance (derived from
kara resist)
tìkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from
kawng bad)
tìkeftxo: [tI.kE."ft’o] P F n. sadness (derived
from keftxo unhappy)
tìkeftxonga’: [tI.kE."ft’o.NaP] P F adj. sad (deri-
ved from keftxo unhappy) nfp.
tìkelu: [tI."kE.lu] P F n. lack (derived from ke
not and lu be)
tìkemwiä: [tI.kEm."wi.æ] P F n. unfairness, in-
justice (derived from kemwiä improper, un-
fair, wrong, unjustified)
tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived
from kenong model)
tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. difference (c.w. from
ke not and teng same)
tìkezin: [tI."kE.zin] P F n. something in an un-
tangled state, untanglement solution (derived
 from kezin untangled)
tìkezin si: [tI."kE.zin s·i] P F vin. untangle, sol-
ve (derived from tìkezin untanglement solu-
tion)
tìkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin
need)
> sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)
tìktseri: [tIk."tsE.Ri] P F n. unawareness, lack of
notice (derived from tseri note, notice)
tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (de-
rived from kar teach)
tìkxey: [tI."k’Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness
(derived from kxeyey mistake)
tìkxey si: [tI."k’Ej "s·i] P F vin. mess up, foul, do
wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)
tìkxìm: [tI."k’Im] P F n. commanding, ordering,
assigning tasks (derived from kxìm com-
mand, order, assign tasks)
tìkxìm si: [tI."k’Im s·i] P F vin. be above someo-
ne in a heirarchy, be someone’s superior (deri-
ved from tìkxìm commanding, ordering, as-
signing tasks)
tìkxuke: [tI."k’u.kE] P F n. safety (derived from
kxuke safe)
tìla’um: [tI."la.Pum] P F n. pretence (derived
from la’um pretend)
tìlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from
lam seem)
tìlang: [tI."laN] P F n. exploration (derived from
lang investigate, explore)
tìlapx: [tI."lap’] P F n. regret (derived from lapx
regret)
tìlatem: [tI."la.tEm] P F n. change (abstract con-
cept) (derived from latem change)
tìlayl: [tI."lajl] P F n. innocence (derived from
layl innocent)
tìlayro: [tI."laj.Ro] P F n. freedom (derived from
layro free)
tìlen: [tI."lEn] P rr n. event, happening (derived
from len happen)
tìleym: [tI."lEjm] P F n. call (derived from leym
call, cry out, exclaim)
tìleymfe’: [tI.lEjm."fEP] P F n. complaining (deri-
ved from leymfe’ complain)
tìleymkem: [tI.lEjm."kEm] P F n. protesting, pro-
test (abstract concept) (derived from leym-
kem protest)
tìloho: [tI."lo.ho] P F n. surprise (derived from
loho be surprising)
41
tìlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor
beautiful)
tìm: [tIm] P F adj. low
tìmal: [tI."mal] P F n. trustworthiness (derived
from mal trustworthy)
tìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] P F n. harmony (general
tìmeyp: [tI."mEjp^] P F n. weakness (derived
from meyp weak)
tìmll’an: [tI.ml."Pan] P F n. acceptance (derived
from mll’an" accept)
tìmok: [tI."mok^] P F n. abstract idea of a sugges-
tion (derived from mok suggest)
tìmu’ni: [tI."muP.ni] P F n. achievement, accom-
plishment (derived from mu’ni accomplish,
achieve)
tìmungwrr: [tI.muN."wr] P F n. exception (deri-
ved from mungwrr "except)
tìmungwrr si: [tI.muN."wr s·i] P F vin. make an
exception (derived from " tìmungwrr excep-
tion)
tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t’a] P F n. mating, marriage
(derived from muntxa mated)
tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. patience (deri-
ved from maweypey be patient)
tìmwiä: [tIm."wi.æ] P F n. fairness, justice (deri-
ved from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
tìmyì: ["tIm.jI] P F n. low level (c.w. from tìm low
and yì level)
tìn: [tIn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-
ved from ’ìn be busy)
tìnatxu: [tI.na."t’u] P F n. disapproval (derived
from natxu disapprove of )
tìnawri: [tI."naw.Ri] P F n. talent (derived from
nawri talented)
tìnew: [tI."nEw] P F n. desire (derived from new
want)
tìng: [t·IN] P F vtr. give
tìngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay
true)
tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem
(derived from ngäzìk difficult)
tìng ftxì: [t·IN ft’I] P F vin. taste (derived from
tìng give and ftxi tongue)
tìng lawr: [t·IN lawR] P F vin. sing wordlessly, gi-
ve out a tune or melody (derived from tìng
give and lawr melody)
tìng mikyun: ["t·IN "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (de-
rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)
tìng nari: ["t·IN "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived
from tìng give and nari eye)
tìngong: [tI."NoN] P F n. lethargy, laziness (deri-
ved from ngong lazy)
tìng ontu: [t·IN "on.tu] JC,P F vin. smell (deri-
ved from tìng give and ontu nose)
tìngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. abstract idea of a creation
(derived from ngop create)
tìng syawn: [t·IN sjawn] P F vin. bless (derived
from syawn blessing)
>
tìng tseng: ["t·IN "tsEN] P F vin. back down, gi-
ve ground (derived from tìng give and tseng
ground)
tìng zekwä: ["t·IN "zEk.wæ] P F vin. touch (inten-
tionally) (derived from tìng give and zekwä
finger)
tìno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to de-
tail
tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived
from newomum be curious)
tìnui: [tI."nu.i] P F n. failure (abstract concept)
(derived from nui fail, falter)
tìnvi: ["tIn.vi] P F n. task, errand, step (in an in-
struction)
tìnvi si: ["tIn.vi s·i] P F vin. perform a task, run
an errand (derived from tìnvi task, errand)
tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (de-
rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)
tìohakx: [tI.o."hak’] P F n. hunger (derived from
ohakx hungry)
tìomum: [tI."o.mum] P F n. knowledge (derived
from omum know)
tìpalang: [tI."p·a.l·aN] P F n. (social) contact
(derived from palang contact, communicate
with)
tìpaw: [tI."paw] P F n. growth
tìpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived
from pawm ask)
tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived
from pähem arrive)
tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k’o] P F n. conversation, di-
scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)
> tìsmaw: [tI."maw] P F n. approval (derived from
tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k’o.tsjIp^] P F n. little
conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-
versation)
tìpe’ngay: [tI.pEP."Naj] P F n. conclusion (deri-
ved from pe’ngay judge, conclude)
42
tìpe’ngayt wrrzärìp: [tI.pEP."Najt wr."z·æ.R·Ip^]
"
P F ph. infer (c.w. from tìpe’ngay conclusion
and wrrzärìp pull out, extract)
tìpe’ngayt wrrzeykärìp: [tI.pEP."Najt
wr."zEy.k·æ.R·Ip^] P F ph. imply (c.w. from
"
tìpe’ngay conclusion and wrrzärìp pull out,
extract)
tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived
from pe’un decide)
tìprrte’: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. pleasure (derived
from prrte’"pleasurable)
tìpsaw: [tIp."saw] P F n. clumsiness (derived
from pìsaw clumsy, accident-prone)
tìpxul: [tI."p’ul] P F n. formidableness, imposing-
ness (derived from pxul formidable, impo-
sing)
tìra’un: [tI."Ra.Pun] P F n. surrender, relinquish-
ment (derived from ra’un surrender, re-
linquish)
tìralpeng: [tI.Ral."pEN] P F n. translation, inter-
pretation (derived from ral meaning and
peng tell)
tìran: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. walk
tìranpam: [tI."Ran.pam] P F n. footstep (sound)
(c.w. from tìran walk and pam sound)
tìrawn: [tI."Rawn] P F n. replacement, the act of
replacing (derived from rawn replace)
tìrengop: [tI."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (the act or art
of designing (derived from rengop design)
tìrey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
tìrol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from
rol sing)
tìronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. imagination (deri-
ved from ronsrel something imagined)
tìsay: [tI."saj] P F n. loyalty (derived from say
loyal)
tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived
from ska’a destroy)
>
tìsla’tsu: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. description (derived
from sla’tsu describe)
tìslan: [tI."slan] P F n. support (emotional, social
or personal support) (derived from slan sup-
port) ofp.
smaw approve of )
tìsnaytx: [tI."snajt’] P F n. loss (derived from
snaytx lose)
tìso’ha: [tI."soP.ha] P F n. enthusiasm, having a

good attitude (derived from so’ha be enthusi-
astic about)
tìsom: [tI."som] P F n. heat (derived from som
hot)
tìsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop
travel)
tìspaw: [tI."spaw] P F n. belief (abstract concept)
(derived from spaw believe)
tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from
spe’e capture)
tìspxin: [tI."sp’in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw
painful)
tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] P F vtr. hurt (so-
meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain
and s«eyk»i make (causative))
tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw "s·i] P F vin. hurt, be painful
(derived from tìsraw pain)
tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived
from srese’a prophetize)
tìsteftxaw: [tI.stE."ft’aw] P F n. examination (de-
rived from steftxaw examine)
tìsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be
angry)
tìsung: [tI."suN] LN n. addition, post script (deri-
ved from sung add)
tìswaran: [tI."swa.Ran] P F n. humility, humble-
ness (derived from swaran humble, modest)
tìsyor: [tI."sjor] P F n. relaxation (derived from
syor relax)
>
tìsyortsyìp: [tI."sjoR.tsjIp^] P F n. break, small
rest or relaxation (derived from syor relax,
chill out)
tìtaron: [tI."ta.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived from
taron hunt)
tìterkup: [tI."tER.kup^] P F n. death (in abstract
sense) (derived from terkup die)“Death is in-
evitable."
tìtokat: [tI."to.kat^] P F n. guilt (derived from
tokat guilty)
>
tìtsan’ul: [tI."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement (in
the general or abstract sense) (derived from
tsan’ul improve)
>
tìtseri: [tI."tsE.Ri] P F n. awareness, notice (deri-
ved from tseri note, notice)
>
tìtslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelli-
gence (derived from tslam understand)
>
tìtstew: [tI."tstEw] P F n. courage, bravery
43
>
tìtstewnga’: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. courageous,
brave (derived from tìtstew courage, brave-
ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)
>
tìtstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived
from tstunwi kind)
>
tìtstunwinga’: [tI."tstun.wi.NaP] P F adj. kind
(c.w. from tìtstunwi kindness and nga’ con-
tain) nfp.
>
tìtsukanom: [tI.tsu."ka.nom] P F n. availability
(derived from tsukanom available)
>
tìtsunslu: [tI."tsun.slu] P F n. possibility (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
>
tìtsyär: [tI."tsjæR] P F n. rejection (derived from
tsyär reject)
>
tìtsyul: [tI."tsjul] P F n. beginning, start (derived
from tsyul begin, start)
tìtunu: [tI."tu.nu] P F n. romance (derived from
tunu romantic)
tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived
from taron hunt)
tìtxanew: [tI."t’a.nEw] P F n. greed (derived
from txanew greedy)
>
tìtxantslusam: [tI."t’an.tslu.sam] P F n. wisdom
(seldom used) (derived from txantslusam
wise)
tìtxap: [tI."t’ap^] P F n. pressure (physical) (deri-
ved from txap press)
tìtxaw: [tI."t’aw] P F n. punishment (derived
from txaw punish)
tìtxen: [tI."t’En] P F n. awakeness, the state of wa-
king (derived from txen awake)
tìtxen si: [tI."t’En s·i] P F vin. to wake, to waken,
wake up (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
tìtxukxefu: [tI.t’u."k’E.fu] P F n. care, concern
(derived from txukxefu care)
tìtxula: [tI."t’u.la] P F n. construction, construc-
ted thing (derived from txula build)
tìtxur: [tI."t’uR] P F n. strength, power (derived
from txur strong)
tìtxurnga’: [tI."t’uR. NaP] P F adj. powerful (deri-
ved from tìtxur strength, power) nfp.
tìvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived
from vawm dark)
tìväng: [tI."væN] P F n. thirst (derived from
väng thirsty)
tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from
ve’kì hate)
tìvirä: [tI.vi."Ræ] P F n. spread, proliferation (de-
rived from virä spread, proliferate)
tìwan: [tI."wan] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (de- tomperwì: ["tom.pER.wI] P F n. sleet (derived
rived from wan hide) from tompa rain and herwì snow)
tìwäsul: [tI."wæ.sul] P F n. competition (derived tompìva: ["tom.pI.va] P F n. raindrop (derived
from wäsul compete) from tompa rain and ìlva drop)
tìwäte: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. dispute, argument (de- tong: [t·oN] P F vtr. put out, quench
rived from wäte argue) tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived
tìwew: [tI."wEw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived from toruk last shadow)
from wew cold) toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-
tìwìngay: [tI.wI."Naj] P F n. proof, proving (ab- der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
stract) (derived from wìngay prove) ride)
>
tìwusem: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. fighting (derived to tìtseri: [to tI."tsE.Ri] P F ph. than is apparent,
from wem fight) than you are aware of
tìyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from trr: [tr] P F n. day
"
yawne beloved) trr’awve: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from
trr day and " ’awve first)
tìyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived
from eyawr correct) trr’ong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
"
trr day and ’ong unfold)
tìyäkx: [tI."jæk’] P F n. lack of notice, snubbing
(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub) trr’ongmaw: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. dawn after
"
sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-
tìyewn: [tI."jEwn] P F n. expression (derived
from yewn express, convey) ter)
tìyo’: [tI."joP^] P F n. perfection (derived from trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from
yo’ be perfect) trr day" and ham previous)
trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from
tìyora’: [tI.jo."RaP] P F n. victory, a win (derived " and hay next)
trr day
from yora’ win)
trrkive: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (de-
day and" kive seventh)
rived from yom eat)
trrmrrve: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from
tìzevakx: [tI."zE.vak’] P F n. cruelty (derived " mrrve
"
trr day and fifth)
from zevakx cruel)
trrmuve: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. Monday (c.w. from
tìzevakxnga’: [tI."zE.vak’.NaP] P F adj. cruel (de- " muve second)
trr day and
rived from tìzevakx cruelty) nfp.
trrpeve: [tr."pE.vE] P F inter. which day (derived
tìzin: [tI."zin] P F n. a tangle(ment), mass of so- from trr" day and –pe interrogative marker
mething twisted together (derived from zin and –ve ordinal number marker)
tangled)
trrpuve: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr
tìzin si: [tI."zin s·i] P F vin. tangle, tangle up (de- day and "puve sixth)
rived from tìzin tangle(ment)) trrpxeyve: [tr."p’Ej.vE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from
to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (be- trr day and" pxeyve third)
haves like an adp.) >
trrtsìve: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from
tok: [t·ok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space " tsìve fourth)
trr day and
tokat: ["to.kat^] P F adj. guilty trrtxon: [tr.t’on] P F n. the day and night cycle of
tokx: [tok’] P F n. body Pandora" (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I un- tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear
derstand! (synonym: tslolam) tul: [t·ul] P F vin. run
toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. shoot tumpin: ["tum.pin] P F n. red, orange (c.w. from
tompa: ["tom.pa] P F n. rain tun red, orange and ’opin color)
tompakel: ["tom.pa.kel] P F n. drought (derived tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange
from tompa rain) tung: [t·uN] P F vtr. allow
tompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^] P F n. drizzle (de- tungzup: [t·uN."z·up^] P F vtr. drop (c.w. from
rived from tompa rain and meyp weak) tung allow and zup fall)

44
tunu: ["tu.nu] P F adj. romantic
tunutu: ["tu.nu.tu] P F n. object of desire, crush
(derived from tunu romantic)
tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than
tupe: ["tu.pE] P F inter. who variant of pesu
tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker
tuté: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from
tute person)
tutampe: [tu."tam.pE] P F inter. what man vari-
ant of pestan
tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived
from tute person)
tute: ["tu.tE] P F n. person
tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (de-
rived from tute person)
tutepe: [tu."tE.pE] P F inter. what woman variant
of peste
tutsena: ["tut.sE.na] P F n. stretcher (c.w. from
tute person and sähena carrier)
tuvom: [tu."vom] P F adj. greatest of all, excee-
dingly great
tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] P F vin. lean

Ts
> >
tsa’u: ["tsa.Pu] P F n. that (thing) (c.w. from tsa tsang: [tsaN] P F n. a piercing
that and ’u thing) >
tsankum: ["tsan.kum] P F n. advantage, benefit,
>
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w. upside, gain (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
from tsa- that and fya’o way) better and kum result)
> >
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning tsankumnga’: ["tsan.kum.NaP] P F adj. advanta-
or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’ geous (derived from tsankum advantage, be-
>
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl "s·i] P F vin. bond with, nefit, upside, gain)
establish a neural connection (derived from >
tsantu: ["tsan.tu] P F n. good person, “good guy”
tsaheylu bond) (derived from sìltsan good)
> >
tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural con- tsantxäl: [tsan."t’æl] P F n. invitation (derived
nection) from sìltsan good and ätxäle request)
> > >
tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F n. that (ac- tsantxäl si: [tsan."t’æl s·i] P F vin. invite (deri-
tion) (derived from tsa- that and kem action) ved from tsantxäl invitation)
> >
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F adv. then, at that time, that tsap’alute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology
time (derived " from tsa- that and krr time)
>
> tsap’alute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] P F vin. apologi-
tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the
se (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute apolo-
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up
gy)
to) >
> tsapo: ["tsa.po] P F pn. that one (for people only)
tsaktap: ["tsak.tap^] P F n. violence
> (c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she)
tsaktap si: ["tsak.tap s·i] P F vin. be violent, use >
tsar: [tsaR] P F pn. that, it (as dative indirect ob-
violence (derived from tsaktap violence)
> ject) (derived from tsaw that)
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject) >
> tsari: ["tsa.Ri] P F pn. that, it (as topical) (derived
tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless,
even so from tsaw that)
> >
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u-ri
> that (topical) and a subordinator)
tsamopin: ["tsa.mo.pin] P F n. warpaint (c.w. >
from tsam war and ’opin color) tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object)
> >
tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w. tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u-t
from tsam war and pongu party) that (patientive) and a subordinator)
> > > > >
tsamsä’o: ["tsam.sæ.Po] P F n. weapon of war tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F n. there,
(c.w. from tsam war and sä’o tool) that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place)
> >
tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F n. that person (c.w. from tsa
from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix) that and tute person)
> >
tsan’ul: ["tsan.P·ul] P F vin. improve, get better tsaw: [tsaw] P F pn. that, it (as intransitive sub-
(c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase) ject)

45
 > >
tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u tsin: [tsin] P F n. nail, claw
>
that (subjective) and a subordinator) tsìk: [tsIk^] P F adv. suddenly, without warning
> >
Tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun; Alpha Centauri A tsìlpey: [tsIl."pEj] P F n. hope (abstract concept)
>
Tsawkenay: [tsaw.kE."naj] P F n. Alpha Centau- (derived from sìlpey hope)
> >
ri B (derived from Tsawke sun) tsìltsan: [tsIl."tsan] P F n. good (abstract concept),
>
tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall ofp. goodness (derived from sìltsan good)
> >
tsawlapx: ["tsaw.la.p’] P F n. unidelta tree vari- tsìng: [tsIN] P F num. four
>
ant of tsawlapxangrr tsìpxì: [tsI."p’I] P F n. one-fourth (c.w. from tsìng
>
tsawlhì’: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl four and hapxì part)
>
big (in size) and hì’i small (in size)) tsìsyì: ["ts·I.sy·I] P F vin. whisper
> >
tsawl slu: ["tsawl "sl·u] P F vin. grow (c.w. from tsìve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
tsawl big and slu become) from tsìng four)
> >
tsawlultxa: [tsawl.ul."t’a] P F n. large gathering, tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow
>
conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa me- tskawr: [tsk·awR] P F vin. limp
>
eting) tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon)
> >
tsawn: [ts·awn] P F vtr. gather growing food from tsko swizaw: [tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and ar-
the forest; pick; harvest (in agriculture) row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
> > >
tsawng: [ts·awN] P F vin. shatter, break into pie- tskxaytsyìp: ["tsk’aj.tsjIp^] P F n. hail (derived
ces from tskxepay ice)
> >
tsawsngem: [tsaw."sNEm] P F adj. muscular (de- tskxe: [tsk’E] P F n. rock, stone
>
rived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle) tskxekeng: ["tsk’E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise
> > >
tsawtsray: ["tsaw.tsRaj] P F n. small or medium- tskxekeng si: ["tsk’E.kEN "s·i] P F vin. exercise,
sized city (c.w. from tsawl large and tsray vil- train (derived from tskxekeng training)
lage) >
tskxepay: ["tsk’E.paj] P F n. ice (derived from
>
tsä’: [ts·æP] P F vin. squirt tskxe stone and pay water)
> >
tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter) tskxevi: ["tsk’E.vi] P F n. pebble, small stone po-
>
tse’a: [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. see (physical sense) lished smooth by natural forces (derived from
> >
tse’atswo: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n. (sense of) sight, tskxe rock, stone)
>
vision (derived from tse’a see) tslam: [tsl·am] P F vtr. understand
> >
tsefta: ["tsE.fta] P F n. vengeance, revenge tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false
> >
tseftanga’: ["tsE.fta.NaP] P F adj. vengeful (deri- tslikx: [tslik’] P F vin. crawl
>
ved from tsefta revenge) tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand
>
tsefta si: ["tsE.fta s·i] P F vin. take revenge (deri- (derived from tslam understand and «ol»
ved from tsefta revenge) perfective aspect infix)
> > >
tseltsul: ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. whitewater rapids tsmi: [tsmi] P F n. nectar
>
(countable, but only rarely) tsmisnrr: ["tsmi.snr] P F n. bladder lantern, nec-
>
tsenga: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. where, place where (de- tar lantern (c.w." from tsmi nectar and nrr
rived from tseng place) glow)
> >
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place tsmìm: [tsmIm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or
>
tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived person)
>
from tseng place) tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling
> >
tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where variant of tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived
peseng from tsmuk sibling)
> >
tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from
>
tseotu: ["tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (generic term) (de- tsmuk sibling)
>
rived from tseo art) tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived
>
tseri: ["ts·E.R·i] P F vtr. note, notice from tsmuk sibling)
> >
tsewtx: [tsEwt’] P F adj. dirty tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup
> >
tsim: [tsim] P F n. source tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat

46
 > >
tsngawpay: ["tsNaw.paj] P F n. tears (c.w. from tstxolì’u: ["tst’o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from
tsngawvìk cry and pay water) tstxo name and lì’u word)
> >
tsngawpayvi: ["tsNaw.paj.vi] P F n. teardrop tstxolì’ukìngvi: [tst’o."lIP.u.kı̀N.vi] P F n. noun
(c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water, phrase (phrase whose pivotal or central word is
with partitive marker) a noun) (c.w. from tstxolì’u noun and kìng
>
tsngawvìk: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. cry, weep thread)
> >
tsngem: [tsNEm] P F n. muscle tsu’o: ["tsu.Po] P F n. ability
> >
tsnì: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with tsukanom: [tsu."ka.nom] P F adj. available, ob-
subjunctive verb in dependant clause) tainable (derived from kanom acquire, get)
> >
tson: [tson] P F n. obligation, duty, imposed requi- tsukmong: [tsuk."moN] P F adj. reliable, depen-
rement dable (derived from mong rely on)
> >
tsong: [tsoN] P F n. valley tsuksìm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin
> > >
tsongropx: ["tsoN.Rop’] P F n. hole, cavity, exca- tsuktswa’: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. forgettable (de-
vation with a bottom (visible or presumed) (c.w. rived from tswa’ forget)
>
from tsong valley and ropx hole) tsukx: [ts·uk’] P F vtr. stab
> > >
tsongtsyìp: ["tsoN.tsjIp^] P F n. dimple (derived tsukyom: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. edible (derived
from tsong valley) from yom eat)
> >
tsonta: ["tson.ta] P F conj. to (with kxìm) (deri- tsulfä: [tsul."fæ] P F n. mastery
>
ved from tson obligation, duty, imposed requi- tsulfä si: [tsul."fæ "s·i] P F vin. master (derived
rement) (contraction of tsonit a) from tsulfä mastery)
> >
tsopì: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung tsulfätu: [tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. master of an art,
>
tspang: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. kill craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä
>
tsranten: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin. matter, be of im- mastery)
>
portance tsulfätunay: [tsul.fæ.tu."naj] P F n. near-master
>
tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village (derived from tsulfätu master)
> >
tsre’i: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. throw tsun: [ts·un] P F vim. can, be able
> >
tsrul: [tsRul] P F n. nest; protected area serving as tsun: [tsun] P F n. heel
>
the home of Pandoran fauna tsunslu: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. may, be possible
>
tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
> >
tstalsena: ["tstal.sE.na] P F n. knife sheath (c.w. tsupx: [ts·up’] P F vtr. scratch harmfully, as with
from tstal knife and sähena carrier) a claw
> >
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave ofp. tsurokx: [ts·u."R·ok’] P F vin. rest
> >
tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for tswa’: [tsw·aP] P F vtr. forget
>
cloudy skies) tswal: [tswal] P F n. power
> >
tstunkem: ["tstuN.kEm] P F n. favor, act of kind- tswalnga’: ["tswal.NaP] P F adj. powerful (deri-
ness (c.w. from tstunwi kind and kem ac- ved from tswal power) nfp.
>
tion) tswayon: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vin. fly
> >
tstunkem si: ["tstuN.kEm s·i] P F vin. do a favor tswesya: ["tswE.sja] P F n. current
>
(derived from tstunkem favor) tswesya si: ["tswE.sja s·i] P F vin. flow (derived
> >
tstunkemtsyìp: ["tstuN.kEm.tsjIp^] P F n. little from tswesya current)
>
favor (derived from tstunkem favor) tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid
> > >
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful, tswintsyìp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (de-
considerate rived from tswin queue)
> >
tstu säpi: ["tstu sæ."p·i] P F vin. close oneself, clo- tswìk: [tsw·Ik^] P F vtr. suck
>
se by itself, close on its own (c.w. from tstu tswìk kxenerit: [tsw·Ik^ "k’E.nE.Rit] P F,D vin.
closed and s«äp»i do (reflexive)) smoke (lit. to suck smoke) (c.w. from tswìk
>
tstu si: ["tstu "s·i] P F vin. close (derived from suck and kxener smoke)
>
tstu closed) tsyafe: ["tsja.fE] P F adj. mild, moderate, comfor-
>
tstxo: [tst’o] P F n. name table

47
 > >
tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing
>
tsyär: [tsj·æR] P F vtr. reject
> >
tsyey: [tsjEj] P F n. snack, light meal
> >
tsyeym: [tsjEjm] P F n. treasure; something rare
and of great value
> >
tsyeytsyìp: ["tsjEj.tsjIp^] P F n. tiny bite (deri-
ved from tsyey snack, light meal)
Tx
txa’: [t’aP] P F adj. hard
txakrrfpìl: [t’a."kr.fp·Il] P F vtr. consider, ponder
"
(ii) (c.w. from txankrr for a long time and fpìl
think)
txal: [t’al] P F n. back (of the body)
txampay: [t’am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from
txan much and pay water)
txampxì: [t’am."p’I] P F n. majority, most, large
part (derived from txan much)
txan: [t’an] P F adj. much
txanatan: ["t’a.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w.
from txan much and atan light)
txanew: ["t’a.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from tx-
an much and new want)
txanfwerwì: [t’an."fwER.wI] P F n. blizzard (de-
rived from txan much and hufwe+herwì
wind+snow)
txanfwìngtu: [t’an."fwIN.tu] P F n. bastard, lo-
ser (vulgar) (derived from txan much and
fwìng humiliation)
txankeltrrtrr: ["t’an.kEl.tr.tr] P F adj. extraordi-
nary (derived from txan " " much and keltrrtrr
unusual)
txankrr: [t’aN."kr] P F adv. for a long time (c.w.
from txan much " and krr time)
txanlal: ["t’an.lal] P F adj. ancient, very old (c.w.
from txan much and lal old)
txanlokxe: [t’an.lo."k’E] P F n. clan or tribal do-
main, country (c.w. from txan; olo’ great; tri-
be, clan and atxkxe land)
txanro’a: [t’an."R·o.P·a] P F vin. be famous (c.w.
from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or re-
spect)
txanro’tu: [t’an."RoP.tu] P F n. famous person, ce-
lebrity (c.w. from txanro’a be famous and tu-
te person)
txansngum: [t’an."sNum] P F n. desperation; fee-
ling of great worry (c.w. from txan much and
sngum worry)
48
tsyìl: [tsj·Il] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire
body up)
tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
tsyokx: [tsjok’] P F n. hand
>
tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)
>
tsyul: [tsj·ul] P F vtr. begin, start
txansngum si: [t’an."sNum s·i] P F vin. feel de-
sperate (derived from txansngum despera-
tion)
txanso’hayu: [t’an."soP.ha.ju] P F n. fan, ent-
husiast (c.w. from txan much and so’ha be
enthusiastic about)
txantompa: [t’an."tom.pa] P F n. rainstorm, he-
avy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa
rain)
>
txantsan: ["t’an.tsan] P F adj. excellent
>
txantsawl: ["t’an.tsawl] P F adj. giant, huge (c.w.
from txan much and tsawl big)
> >
txantsawtsray: [t’an."tsaw.tsRaj] P F n. large ci-
ty, metropolis (c.w. from txan much and
tsawl large and tsray village)
>
txantslusam: ["t’an.tslu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w.
from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)
>
txantstew: ["t’an.tstEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from
txan much and tstew brave)
txantur: ["t’an.tuR] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from
txan much and txur strong) ofp.
txantxew: [t’an."t’Ew] P F n. maximum (c.w.
from txan much and txew limit, border, end)
txantxewm: ["t’an.t’Ewm] P F adj. terrifying
(c.w. from txan much and txewm scary,
frightening)
txantxewvay: [t’an."t’Ew.vaj] P F adv. maximal-
ly (derived from txantxew maximum)
txanwawe: [t’an.wa."wE] P F adj. personally me-
aningful, significant (c.w. from txan much
and wawe significance)
>
txanwetseng: [t’an."wE.tsEN] P F n. personally
significant or beloved place, heimat (ger.) (deri-
ved from txanwawe(a) personally meaning-
ful, significant and tseng place)
txap: [t’·ap^] P F vtr. press, press on, apply (phy-
sical) pressure to
txasom: ["t’a.som] P F adj. very hot (derived
from txan much and som hot)
txasunu: [t’a."s·u.n·u] P F vin. love greatly, enjoy
tremendously (derived from txan much and
sunu be likeable) nfp.
txatx: [t’at’] P F n. bubble
txavä’: [t’a."væP] P F adj. disgusting (derived
from txan much and vä’ unpleasant to the
senses)
txaw: [t’·aw] P F vtr. punish
txawew: ["t’a.wEw] P F adj. very cold (derived
from txan much and wew cold)
txay: [t’·aj] P F vin. be horizontal, lie flat
txayo: ["t’a.jo] P F n. field, open terrain, plain
txärem: ["t’æ.REm] P F n. bone
txe’lan: [t’EP."lan] P F n. heart
txe’lankong: [t’EP."lan.koN] P F n. heartbeat
(c.w. from txe’lan heart and ’ekong beat)
txe’lanti wrrzärìp: [t’EP."lan.ti wr."zæ.RIp^] P F
" to pull out
ph. to greatly move emotionally (lit.:
the heart) (c.w. from txe’lan heart and wr-
rzärìp pull out, extract)
txekxumpay: [t’E."k’um.paj] P F n. magma, la-
va (derived from txep fire and kxumpay
viscous liquid)
txele: ["t’E.lE] P F n. matter (subject)
txen: [t’En] P F adj. awake
txep: [t’Ep^] P F n. fire
txepìva: ["t’E.pI.va] P F n. ash, cinder (derived
from txep fire and ìlva flake)
txepram: [t’Ep."Ram] P F n. volcano (c.w. from
txep fire and ram mountain)
> txonkrr: ["t’on.kr] P F adv. at night (c.w. from
txeptseng: ["t’Ep.tsEN] P F n. place where a fire
is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep fire
and tseng place)
> txopunil: ["t’o.pu.nil] P F n. nightmare (c.w.
txeptsyìp: ["t’Ep.tsjIp^] P F n. flame (derived
from txep fire)
txeptun: ["t’Ep.tun] P F adj. orange (“fire tun")
(c.w. from txep fire and tun red, orange)
txepvi: ["t’Ep.vi] P F n. spark (derived from txep
fire)
txew: [t’Ew] P F n. edge, brink, limit, border, end
txewk: [t’Ewk^] P F n. club (weapon)
txewluke: ["t’Ew.lu.kE] P F adj. endless, bound-
less, without limit (c.w. from txew limit, bor-
der and luke without)
txewm: [t’Ewm] P F adj. scary, frightening
txewnga’: ["t’Ew.NaP] P F adj. having a limit, not
without bounds, finite (c.w. from txew limit
and nga’ contain)
txey: [t’·Ej] P F vin. halt
49
txi: [t’i] P F n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzy
txim: [t’im] P F n. spike, thorn of a plant
txin: [t’in] P F adj. main, primary
txinfpìl: ["t’in.fpIl] P F n. main point (c.w. from
txin main and fpìl think)
txintìn: ["t’in.tIn] P F n. occupation, primary role
in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activi-
ty that keeps one busy)
>
txintseng: ["t’in.tseN] P F n. base of operations
(c.w. from txin main, primary and tseng pla-
ce)
txìm: [t’Im] P F n. butt, rear end, ass
txìng: [t’·IN] P F vtr. leave, abandon
txo: [t’o] P F conj. if
txoa: ["t’o.a] P F n. forgiveness
txokefyaw: ["t’o.kE.fjaw] P F conj. if not, or else,
otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if not
one path)
txon: [t’on] P F n. night
txon’ong: [t’on."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sun-
set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
’ong unfold)
txon’ongmaw: [t’on."PoN.maw] P F n. twilight,
the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-
on’ong sunset and maw after)
txonam: [t’o."nam] P F adv. last night (derived
from txon night and ham previous)
txonay: [t’o."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (deri-
ved from txon night and hay next)
txon night and" krr time)
txopu: ["t’o.pu] P F n. fear
from txopu fear and unil dream)
txopu si: ["t’o.pu "s·i] P F vin. be afraid (derived
from txopu fear)
txopu sleyku: ["t’o.pu slEj."k·u] P F vtr. frighten
(derived from txopu fear and sleyku
produce)
>
txotsafya: ["t’o.tsa.fja] P F adv. if that’s the case,
if that’s so (c.w. from txo if and tsafya that
way)
txukx: [t’uk’] P F adj. deep (physically)
txukxefu: [t’u."k’·E.f·u] P F vin. care, be concer-
ned about, have deep feelings for (c.w. from tx-
ukx deep and ’efu feel)
txula: ["t’·u.l·a] P F vtr. build, construct
txum: [t’um] P F n. poison

txumnga’: ["t’um.NaP] P F adj. poisonous (deri- txurtseng: ["t’uR.tsEN] P F n. fortification, fort-
ved from txum poison and nga’ contain)
txung: [t’·uN] P F vtr. disturb, disrupt, bother, af-
fect negatively
txur: [t’uR] P F adj. strong (physically)
txurtel: ["t’uR.tel] P F n. rope (c.w. from txur
strong and telem cord)
ue’: [·u."·EP] P F vtr. vomit, vomit up
uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last
shadow)
ukxo: [u."k’o] P F adj. dry
ukyom: ["uk.jom] P F n. eclipse (c.w. from uk
shadow and yom eat)
ukyom si: ["uk.jom s·i] P F vin. eclipse (derived
from ukyom eclipse)
ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction)
ultxa: [ul."t’a] P F n. meeting
ultxarun: [ul."t’a.R·un] P F vtr. encounter, meet
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and
run find)
ultxa si: [ul."t’a "s·i] P F vin. meet with someone
intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul-
txa meeting)
ultxatu: [ul."t’a.tu] P F n. meeting participant
(derived from ultxa meeting)
um: [um] P F adj. loose
um’a: ["um.Pa] P F adv. surprisingly (for unex-
pectedly negative outcomes)
unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream
unil si: ["u.nil s·i] P F vin. dream (derived from
unil dream)
uniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’] JC,P F n. ava-
tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyu
dreamwalker and tokx body)
uniltìrantokxolo’: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’.o.loP] P F
n. clan, or group of avatars (c.w. from unil-
vakx: [vak’] P F n. snake
val: [val] P F adv. diligently, hard, with effort (RN vawt: [vawt^] P F adj. solid, not hollow
dialect)
var: [v·aR] P F vim. to persist in a state, to conti- vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay–
nue to perform an action
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] PF n. dark color (deri-
50
>
ress, bulwark (c.w. from txur strong (physical-
ly) and tseng place)
txurtu: ["t’uR.tu] P F n. strongman/woman,
brawny person (derived from txur strong
(physically))
tìrantokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’
clan)
uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. dreamwalker
(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)
>
uniltsa: ["u.nil.ts·a] P F vtr. dream of, dream
about (derived from unil dream and tse’a
see)
unyor: [un."joR] P F adj. sweetly aromatic (a flo-
wery or aromatic woody sort of smell; may also
refer to some spices used in Na’vi cooking)
uo–: ["u.o] P F adp. behind
uolì’uvi: ["u.o.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. suffix (derived
from uo– behind and li’u word)
uran: ["u.Ran] P F n. boat
utral: ["ut.Ral] P F n. tree
>
utraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. bush (derived
from utral tree)
utu: ["u.tu] P F n. forest canopy
utumauti: ["u.tu.ma.u.ti] P F n. banana fruit
(c.w. from utu canopy and mauti fruit) (lit.
canopy fruit)
uturu: [u."tu.Ru] P F n. sanctuary, place of refuge
uvan: [u."van] P F n. game
uvan letokx: [u."van lE."tok’] P F n. physical or
athletic game, sport (c.w. from uvan game
and letokx physical)
uvan si: [u."van "s·i] P F vin. play (a game) (deri-
ved from uvan game)
ved from vawm dark)
vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to
up to and krr " time)
vä’: [væP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso-
me
väng: [væN] P F adj. thirsty
väpam: ["væ.pam] P F n. noise. ugly or unplea-
sant sound, screech (derived from vä unplea-
sant to the senses and pam sound)
ve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. hate
ve’o: ["vE.Po] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder
or chaos), organization
vefya: ["vE.fja] P F n. system, process, procedure,
approach (c.w. from ve’o order, organization
and fya’o way, manner)
velek: ["v·E.l·Ek^] P F vin. give up, surrender, con-
cede defeat
velke: ["vEl.ke] P F adj. chaotic, messy, disorgani-
zed, in shambles (c.w. from ve’o order, organi-
zation and luke without)
venga’: ["vE.NaP] P F adj. organized, “on top of
things” (c.w. from ve’o order, organization
and nga’ contain)
ventil: ["vEn.til] P F n. ankle (c.w. from venu foot
and til joint)
venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot
venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu
foot and zekwä finger)
vewng: [v·EwN] P F vtr. look after, take care of, be
responsible for
vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin,
flesh
vezeyko: [vE.zEj."ko] P F vtr. put in order, orga-
nize (derived from vezo be in order)
vezo: [vE."z·o] P F vin. be in order, be organized
(c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it should
be)
vin: [v·in] P F vtr. request, ask for
vingkap: ["v·iN.k·ap^] P F vtr. occur to one, pop
into one’s mind
virä: [v·i."R·æ] P F vin. spread, proliferate
vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul
vll: [v·l] P F vtr. indicate, point at
"
voìk: ["vo.Ik^] P F n. behavior, how one conducts
oneself
voìk si: ["vo.Ik s·i] P F vin. behave (derived from
voìk behavior)
vol: [vol] P F num. eight
volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
from vol eight)
vonvä’: [von."væP] P F n. butthole, asshole, dick-
head (vulgar) (c.w. from vitra soul and onvä’
51
bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)
vopxì: [vo."p’I] P F n. one-eighth (c.w. from vol
eight and hapxì part)
vospxey: [vo."sp’Ej] P F n. March (c.w. from
vospxì month and pxey three)
vospxì: [vo."sp’I] P F n. month (derived from
vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year)
vospxì’aw: [vo.sp’I."Paw] P F n. January (c.w.
from vospxì month and ’aw one)
vospxìam: [vo.sp’I."am] P F n. last month (deri-
ved from vospxì month)
vospxìay: [vo.sp’I."aj] P F n. next month (deri-
ved from vospxì month)
vospxìkin: [vo.sp’I."kin] P F n. July (c.w. from
vospxì month and kinä seven)
vospxìmrr: [vo.sp’I."mr] P F n. May (c.w. from
vospxì month and mrr " five)
vospxìmun: [vo.sp’I."mun] P F n. February (c.w.
from vospxì month and mune two)
vospxìpuk: [vo.sp’I."puk^] P F n. June (c.w. from
vospxì month and pukap six)
>
vospxìtsìng: [vo.sp’I."tsIN] P F n. April (c.w.
from vospxì month and tsìng four)
vospxìvol: [vo.sp’I."vol] P F n. August (c.w.
from vospxì month and vol eight)
vospxìvolaw: [vo.sp’I.vo."law] P F n. September
(c.w. from vospxì month and volaw nine)
vospxìvomun: [vo.sp’I.vo."mun] P F n. October
(c.w. from vospxì month and vomun ten)
vospxìvopey: [vo.sp’I.vo."pEj] P F n. November
(c.w. from vospxì month and vopey eleven)
vospxìvosìng: [vo.sp’I.vo."sIN] P F n. December
(c.w. from vospxì month and vosìng twelve)
vrrìn: ["v·r.·In] P F vin. be busy (negative sense):
be tired" out and overwhelmed by an activity
that’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìn be
busy)
vrrtep: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. demon
vul: [vul] P" F n. branch (of a tree)
>
vultsyìp: ["vul.tsjIp^] P F n. stick (derived from
vul branch (of a tree))
vun: [v·un] P F vtr. provide
vur: [vuR] P F n. story
vurvi: ["vuR.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (deri-
ved from vur story)
vurway: ["vuR.waj] P F n. story poem, narrative
poem (c.w. from vur story and way song)
W
walak: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. energetic, active
walew: [w·a."l·Ew] P F vin. get over, accept some
fact, reconcile oneself, move on
wan: [w·an] P F vtr. hide
wapx: [w·ap’] P F vin. sink
wawe: [wa."wE] P F n. meaning, importance, sig-
nificance
way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial)
way a plltxe: [waj a pl.t’E] P F ph. spoken poem
(as a melodic recital) "(derived from way sing
(ceremonial register))
way a rol: [waj a Rol] P F ph. sung poem (deri-
ved from way sing (ceremonial register))
wayä aylì’u: [waj.æ ajlI.Pu] P F ph. words of a
poem or lyrics of a song (derived from way
sing (ceremonial register))
way si: ["waj "s·i] P F vin. sing (derived from
way song)
waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song cord (c.w.
from way song and telem cord)
wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against)
wäsul: ["wæ.s·ul] P F vin. compete
wäte: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. argue, dispute
wätu: ["wæ.tu] P F n. opponent (derived from
wä- against)
wätx: [w·æt’] P F vtr. be bad at
we’ay: ["wE.Paj] P F adj. sour
wem: [w·Em] P F vin. fight
wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, milita-
ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and
pongu group)
weopx: [wE."op’] P F n. wave (of water)
ya: [ja] P F n. air
yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. weather (derived
from fkeytok exist)
yak: [jak^] P F n. fork, branch, point of divergence
yak si: [j·ak^ s·i] P F vin. diverge, change direc-
tion, go astray (derived from yak point of di-
vergence)
yaney: [ja."nEj] P F n. canoe
yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from
ya air and pay water)
yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved
yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
52
wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold
weyn: [w·Ejn] P F vtr. draw, illustrate
win: [win] P F adj. fast
win säpi: ["win sæ."p·i] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from
win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
win si: ["win "s·i] P F vin. rush something, make
something fast (derived from win fast)
wion: ["wi.on] P F n. reef
wip: [wip^] P F adj. salty
wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or
frustration, ’damn!’
wìngay: [w·I."Naj] P F vtr. prove (derived from
wìntxu show and ngay true)
wìntxu: [w·In."t’·u] P F vtr. show
wo: [w·o] P F vtr. reach for
wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud
wokau: [wok."a.u] JC,P F n. pendulum drum
(c.w. from wok loud and au drum)
wotx: [wot’] P F n. totality, whole
wrrkä: [wr."k·æ] P F vin. go out, go outside (c.w.
"
from wrrpa outside and kä go)
wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F adv., n. outside
"
wrrza’u: [wr."z·a.Pu] P F vin. come out, emerge
(derived "from wrrpa outside and za’u come)
wrrzärìp: [wr."z·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull out, extract
(c.w. from" wrrpa outside and zärìp pull)
wum: [wum] P F adv. approximately, roughly
wur: [wuR] P F adj. cool, chilly
>
wutso: ["wu.tso] P F n. dinner, served meal
wuwuk: ["wu.wuk^] P F n. lizard, any of a variety
of lizard-like creatures
from yawne beloved)
yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
>
yawntutsyìp: ["jawn.tu.tsjIp^] P F n. darling,
little loved one (derived from yawntu loved
one)
yawnyewla: [jawn."jEw.la] P F n. broken heart,
broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved
and yewla disappointment)
yawo: [ja."w·o] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w.
from ya air and wo reach for)
yawr: [yawr] P F n. feather
yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion
yayayrnga’: [ja."jajR.NaP] P F adj. confusing (de-
rived from yayayr confusion)
>
yayayrtsim: [ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. something con-
fusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayr
confusion and tsim source)
yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant
yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and
ioang animal)
>
yayotsrul: ["ja.jo.tsRul] P F n. bird’s nest (c.w.
from yayo bird and tsrul nest)
yäkx: [j·æk’] P F vtr. not notice, ignore, snub
yän: [j·æn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down
ye: [jE] P F adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full
ye’krr: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. early (derived from
ye’rìn soon "and krr time)
ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. soon
yehakx: ["jE.hak’] P F adj. satisfied from hunger,
full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry)
yem: [j·Em] P F vtr. put, place
yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-
ter)
yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] P F vin. dip into
liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)
yemstokx: ["j·Em.stok’] P F vtr. put on (clot-
hing), don (c.w. from yem sìn put on and to-
kx body)
yengwal: [jEN."wal] P F n. sorrow
yeväng: ["jE.væN] P F adj. satisfied from thirst by
drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from
ye satisfied and väng thirsty)
yewla: ["jEw.la] P F n. disappointment, emotional
let-down, failed expectation
yewla si: ["jEw.la s·i] P F vin. disappoint (deri-
ved from yewla disappointment)
yewn: [j·Ewn] P F vtr. express, convey (a thought
or feeling)
yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight
yeyfya: ["jEj.fja] P F n. straight line (derived
from yey straight and fya’o path)
yì: [jI] P F n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung (Can al-
so be used metaphorically to refer to the le-
vel of anything scalable - anything that can
53
have levels or degrees, highs and lows, wa-
ter level, temperature, talent, anger, etc.)
yìm: [j·Im] P F vtr. bind
yìmkxa: ["jIm.k’a] P F n. banshee catcher, mouth-
binder (c.w. from yìm bind and kxa mouth)
yll: [jl] P F adj. communal
"
ylltxep: ["jl.t’Ep^] P F n. communal fire or fire pit
(c.w. from " yll communal and txep fire)
yo: [jo] P F n. surface
yo’: [j·oP] P F vin. be perfect, flawless
yo’ko: ["joP.ko] P F n. circle (derived from yo’
perfect and ko’on ring)
yo’kofya: ["joP.ko.fja] P F n. cycle (c.w. from
yo’ko circle and fya’o path, way)
yoa–: ["jo.a] P F adp. in exchange for
yokx: [jok’] P F n. shield
yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time)
yom: [j·om] P F vtr. eat
yomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] P F vin. feed (with dative ob-
ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)
yomvey: [j·om."vEj] P F vin. dine on flesh, be
caniverous (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and vey
flesh)
yomyo: ["jom.jo] P F n. plate, (for food) (c.w.
from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita-
rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))
yomyo lerìk: ["jom.yo lE."rIk^] P F n. leaf plate
(c.w. from yomyo plate (for food) and lerìk
leafy)
yomzeswa: [j·om."zE.swa] P F vin. graze (ii)
(c.w. from yom eat and zeswa grass)
yora’: [j·o."R·aP] P F vtr. win
yora’tu: [jo."RaP.tu] P F n. winner (derived from
yora’ win)
yrr: [jr] P F adj. wild, natural (something in its
"
original, unmodified, untampered-with natural
state)
yrrap: ["jr.ap^] P F n. storm (derived from ya air
and hrrap" danger)
yuey: ["ju.Ej] P F adj. beautiful (inner beauty)
ofp.
yune: ["j·u.n·E] P F vtr. listen to (intentionally)
yur: [j·uR] P F vtr. wash
Z
za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull (derived
from ’ärìp move)
za’u: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. come
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four
zam mì zam: ["zam mI "zam] P F adv. comple-
tely, one hundred percent (derived from zam
sixty-four and mì in, on)
zamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. bring (derived
from munge bring)
zapxì: [za."p’I] P F n. front (part or section) (deri-
ved from hapxì part)
zare’: [za."REP] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from
zapxì front and re’o head)
zasrìn: [za."sR·In] P F vtr. borrow (derived from
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)
zawng: [z·awN] P F vin. scream
zawprrte’: [z·aw."pr.tEP] P F vin. be enjoyable
(derived from za’u " come and prrte’ pleasu-
rable)
zawr: [zawr] P F n. animal call
zawsena: ["zaw.sE.na] P F n. quiver (attached to
the ikran’s saddle) variant of swizawsena
zäfi: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no
longer in a natural state
zärìp: ["z·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull variant of za’ärìp
zekwä: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. finger
zel: [zEl] P F adv. then (counterfactual use)
zene: ["z·E.n·E] P F vim. must
zeng: [zeN] P F n. crest on the head of a bird or
animal
zenke: ["z·EN.kE] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w.
from zene must and ke not)
zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F vtr. remember
zeswa: ["zE.swa] P F n. grass
zeswavi: ["zE.swa.vi] P F n. blade of grass (deri-
ved from zeswa grass)
zet: [z·Et^] P F vtr. treat (emotionally), display an
attitude towards
zevakx: ["zE.vak’] P F adj. cruel ofp.
zey: [zEj] P F adj. special, distinct
zeyko: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from
zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
54
zeykoyu: [zEj."ko.ju] P F n. healer (derived from
zeyko heal)
zin: [zin] P F adj. tangled
zir: [ziR] P F n. touch, feel, texture
zìm: [z·Im] P F vtr. feel (not intentionally)
zìma’uyu: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] P F n. newcomer, some-
one who has just arrived on the scene
>
zìmtswo: ["zIm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) touch (de-
rived from zìm touch)
zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. season (derived from
zìsìt year and" krr time)
zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. year
zìsìtay: ["zI.sIt.aj] P F n. next year (derived from
zìsìt year)
zìsìtsaltrr: [zI.sIt."sal.tr] P F n. (yearly) anniver-
sary (c.w. from zìsìt" year, salew go and trr
day)
zìskrrmipaw: [zI.skr."mi.paw] P F n. spring
(c.w. from zìsìkrr" season and mipa tìpaw
new growth)
zìskrrsom: [zI.skr."som] P F n. summer (c.w.
"
from zìsìkrr season and som hot)
>
zìskrrtsawn: [zI.skr."tsawn] P F n. autumn, fall
" season and tsawn harvest)
(c.w. from zìsìkrr
zìskrrwew: [zI.skr."wEw] P F n. winter (c.w.
"
from zìsìkrr season and wew cold)
>
zìtsaltrr: [zI."tsal.tr] P F n. colloquial form of
zìsìtsaltrr (yearly " anniversary)
zo: [z·o] P F vin. be well, be intact, be as it should
be, work correctly or as nature intended
zong: [z·oN] P F vtr. save, defend
>
zongtseng: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. safe place, refuge
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult
zoslu: ["zo.sl·u] P F vin. heal, become well, get fix-
ed (ii) (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)
zum: [zum] P F n. object, thing (physical or tan-
gible)
zun: [zun] P F conj. if (counterfactual use)
zung: [z·uN] P F vin. crouch
zup: [z·up^] P F vin. fall
zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. future (c.w. from
z«us»a’u coming and " krr time)
ä
äie: [æ."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual)
äo–: ["æ.o] P F adp. under, below
ätxäle: [æ."t’æ.lE] P F n. request
ätxäle si: [æ."t’æ.lE "s·i] P F vin. request (with
tsnì clause for object) (derived from ätxäle
request)
äzan: [æ."zan] P F n. force, compulsion
äzanluke: [æ."zan.lu.kE] P F adv. voluntarily,
ìì: [I:] P F intj. um, er
ìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] PF adp. by, via, following, ìlva: ["Il.va] P F n. flake, drop, chip
according to
without force or compulsion (c.w. from äzan
force, compulsion and luke without)
äzan si: [æ."zan s·i] P F vin. force, compel (deri-
ved from äzan force, compulsion)
äzantu: [æ."zan.tu] P F n. domineering person;
one who is bossy, authoritarian, or dictatorial
(derived from äzan force, compulsion)
ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry
ìpxa: [I."p’a] RL,P F n. fern
55
A The Number System
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a
grammatical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states that
in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “You
two are teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.”
would be “Fo lu karyu.”.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63 Ordinal Numbers

5 6 7 Number + -ve
0 mrrvol puvol kivol 0 – 8 volve
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw 1 ’awve 9 volawve
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun 2 muve 10 vomuve
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey 3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve
4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng 4 tsìve 12 vosìve
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr 5 mrrve 13 vomrrve
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu 6 puve 14 vofuve
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin 7 kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:

x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam
2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

56
 Example Number
zamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100

Non-Na’vi Numbers
8 ’eyt 9 nayn

B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxon
trr’ong dawn
trr’ongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
Days of the Terrestrial Week
kxamtrrmaw after noon
Sunday trr’awve
ha’ngir early afternoon
Monday trrmuve
kaym late afternoon
Tuesday trrpxeyve
sreton’ong before nightfall
Wednesday trrtsìve
txon’ong nightfall
Thursday trrmrrve
txon’ongmaw after nightfall
Friday trrpuve
txon night
Saturday trrkive
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrr’ong before dawn
trr’ong dawn

C Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loa-
ned from Eng. English)
’Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned
" Earth)
from Eng.
Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned
from Greek Europe)
ewro: ["Ew.Ro] P F n. euro (loaned from Eng. eu-
ro)
>
hametsì: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loa-
ned from Hebrew chametz)
Jakesully: [ZEjk’."su:.li] M n. moron, toruk mak-
toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor-
mally allowable under Na’vi phonotactic
rules)
Kelnì: ["kEl.nI] P F prop.n. Köln, Cologne
kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from
Eng. gunship)
lì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (loaned
from Na’vi / Eng. word book)
>
LosÄntsyelesì: [lo."sæn.tsjE.lE.sI] P F prop.n.
Los Angeles (loaned from Eng. Los Angeles)
>
matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned
from Hebrew matsa)
nìFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] P F adv. French (loaned
from French Français)
>
nìToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] P F adv. German (loa-
ned from German Deutsche)
>
nìTsyungwen: [nI."tsjuN.wEn] P F adv. Chine-
se language (loaned from Mandarin Chinese
Zhōngwén)

57
Nìyu Yorkì: [nI.­ju "jor.kI] P F prop.n. New York
Pari: [pa.Ri] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from
French Paris)
paynäpll: ["paj.næ.pl] P F n. pineapple (loaned
from Eng. pineapple) "
päsketpol: [pæ.skEt.pol] P F n. basketball (loa-
ned from Eng. basketball)
>
pätsì: ["pæ.tsI] P F n. badge (loaned from Eng.
badge)
pensìl: ["pen.sIl] P F n. pencil (loaned from Eng.
pencil)
pìlok: [pI."lok^] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng.
blog)
postì: ["po.stI] P F n. (forum/blog) post (loaned
from Eng. post)
Poston: ["po.ston] P F prop.n. Boston
puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book)
> wep: [wEp^] LN n. web (as in world wide web,
puktsyìp: ["puk.tsjIp^] P F n. pamphlet, booklet
(derived from puk book)
pxir: [p’iR] P F n. beer (loaned from German bi-
er)
skxaypxe: ["sk’aj.p’E] P F n. Skype (loaned from
English Skype)
Sweriye: [swERijE] P F prop.n. Sweden (loaned
from Swedish Sverige)
tawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from
Eng. ship)
58
tìreyn: [tI."REjn] P F n. train (loaned from Eng.
train)
>
Toitslan: ["to.i.tslan] P F prop.n. Germany (loa-
ned from German Deutschland)
>
Toitsye: ["to.i.tsjE] P F adj. German (language)
(loaned from German Deutsch)
toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from
Eng. doctor)
>
tsyänel: ["tsjæ.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
from Eng. channel)
>
tsyìräfì: [tsjI.Ræ.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
Eng. giraffe)
>
tsyoklìt: ["tsjok.lIt^] P F n. chocolate (loaned
from Eng. chocolate)
txolar: ["t’o.lar] P F n. dollar (loaned from Eng.
dollar)
www) (loaned from Eng. web)
>
weptseng: ["wEp.tsEN] LN n. website (loaned
from Eng. / Na’vi web place)
wou: ["w·o.·u] P F vin. be amazing, fascinating
(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
Yeysu: [jEj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from
Italian Jesu)
Yuesey: [ju.E.sEj] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned
from Eng. U.S.A.)
D Na’vi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Anurai: ["a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
Aonung: [a.o.nuN] P F prop.n. male Na’vi of the
Metkayina Clan
> Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of
Artsut: [ar.tsut^] C prop.n. male Na’vi name
Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo
(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itan
son)
Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
ayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] P F prop.n.
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram
mountain and lìng hover)
ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN]
JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul
and ramunong well)
Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Entu: ["En.tu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of
the Omatikaya
Eywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL
Eywa’eveng: [­Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,P F prop.n.
Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN])
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)
Eyweveng: [Ej."wE.vEN] P F prop.n. Pandora va-
riant of Eywa’eveng
Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi
Ìstaw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Kamun: ["ka.mun] P F prop.n. male Na’vi (affec-
tionate form Kamtsyìp)
Kekunan: ["kE.ku.nan] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan na-
me
Kelutral: ["kEl.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w.
from kelku home and utral tree)
Kiri: ["ki.Ri] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and Neytiri’s ad-
opted daughter
Li’ona: [lI.Po.na] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
Lo’ak: ["loP.ak^] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and Neytiri’s
second born son
Lo’akur: [lo.Pa."kuR] P F,CdS prop.n. Toruk Mak-
to Amulet (c.w. from lo’a totem and kur
hang)
Metkayina: [mEt.ka."ji.na] JC,P F prop.n. Reef
People Clan
59
Mo’ara: [mo."Pa.Ra] P F prop.n. a valley on Pan-
dora (Note: Also the name of the Disney
Pandora location)
Mo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-
tikaya (also pronounced Moat)
Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite
daughter)
Na’vi: ["naP.vi] P F prop.n. the People, indige-
nous Pandoran sentient race
Naranawm: [naR.a."nawm] JC,P F prop.n. Poly-
phemus (derived from nari eye and anawm
great; lit. great eye)
Nawmtoruktek: [nawm."to.Ruk.tEk^] P F,CdS
prop.n. Toruk Makto Totem (c.w. from nawm
Toruk great Toruk and tekre skull)
Neteyam: [nE."tEj.am] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and
Neytiri’s first born son
Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Omatikaya Clan
Ninat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the
Omatikaya Clan
Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue
Flute Clan (Note: common misspelling as
Omaticaya, sourced by the ASG)
Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
Payakan: ["paj.a.kan] P F prop.n. name of a ro-
gue tulkun
Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Omatikaya Clan
Pongu Pongu: ["po.Nu "po.Nu] D prop.n. party
party (irregular use) (derived from pongu a
group or party of people) (Note: Name of bar
at Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar)
Ralu: ["Ra.lu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Rini: ["Ri.ni] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Ronal: ["Ro.nal] JC,P F prop.n. Female Na’vi of
the Metkayina Clan
Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
Rotxo: ["ro.t’o] P F prop.n. male Na’vi of the Met-
kayina Clan
Satu’li: [sa"tuP.li] P F,D prop.n. Canteen in the
Valley of Mo’ara (Note: From Disney’s Pan-
dora - The World of Avatar)
Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee
Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister
 >
Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Tsumongwi: [tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original
Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river name for the Omatikaya
(derived from swotu sacred place) Tuke: ["tu.kE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Swotu Wayä: ["swo.tu "waJ.æ] P F,D prop.n. Tuktirey: [tuk."ti.Rej] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and
sacred place of song (Note: From Disney’s Neytiri’s daughter
Pandora - The World of Avatar) Txärpawk: ["t’æR.pawk^] P F,CdS prop.n. Palu-
Tawkami: [taw."ka.mi] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan na- lukan Bone Horn (c.w. from txärem bone and
me (c.w. from taw sky and kame see) pawk horn, wind instrument)
Tipani: ["ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
Txewì: ["t’E.wI] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Tonowari: [to.no."wa.Ri] JC,P F prop.n. male
Txilte: ["t’il.tE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Na’vi of the Metkayina Clan
> Uniltaron: [­u.nil."ta.Ron] P F prop.n. Dream
Tsahìk: ["tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high
priestess, interpreter Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)
> Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,P F
Tsenu: ["tsE.nu] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
> prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
Tsireya: [tsi."rEj.a] P F prop.n. female of the Met-
kayina Clan and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri)
> Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Tskaha: ["tska.ha] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
>
Tsu’tey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma- Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Tree of
tikaya Clan Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)

60
E Flora and Fauna
Flora
’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik’] P F n. leaf pitcher plant
(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move)
’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] P F n. pitcher plant
’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus
(derived from ’ewll " plant)
anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral
plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral)
apxangrr: [a."p’a.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from
apxa large and ngrr " root)
atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the gre-
at tree
awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise
eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous
plant (c.w. from ean blue)
eanfwopx: ["E.an.fwop’] G,P F n. mist bloom
eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet
fkxakewll: ["fk’a.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w.
from fkxake itch and " ’ewll plant)
flefle: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic
plant
fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut’.wl] P F n. metal-
following plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and
sutx follow)
fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w.
from fwäkì mantis" and ’ewll plant)
fyìpmaut: ["fjIp.ma.ut^] P F n. squid fruit tree
(c.w. from fyìp tentacle and mauti fruit)
hiupwopx: ["hi.up.wop’] G,P F n. cloud spitter
hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant
" seze: ["sE.zE] P F,ZS n. blue flower
kllpxiwll: [kl."p’i.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from
kllte ground " and" pxiwll sharp plant)
ko’onspul: ["ko.Pon.spul] G,P F n. sunflower gi-
gantus
koaktutral: [ko."ak.tut.Ral] P F n. goblin thistle
(c.w. from koaktu old person and utral tree)
kxaylte: ["k’ajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived
from kxayl high)
>
kxetsikran: [k’E."tsik.ran] G,P F n. banshee’s tail
loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi-
ral)
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (deri-
ved from mìn turn)
mulpxar: [mul."p’aR] P F n. roosterhead plant
naritxim: ["na.ri.t’im] G,P F n. eyethorn
61
pa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant
(c.w. from pa’li" direhorse and ’ewll plant)
>
pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu-
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo" music and ’ewll
plant)
paymaut: ["paj.ma.ut^] G,P F n. fountain tree
paysyul: ["paj.sjul] P F n. water lily (c.w. from
pay water and syulang flower)
paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet
(c.w. from pay " water and ’ewll plant)
penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine,
fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap
danger)
pxayzekwä: [p’aj."zEk.wæ] P F n. spiny whips
(c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)
pxiut: ["p’i.ut^] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.
from pxi sharp and utral tree)
pxiwll: ["p’i.wl] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w.
from pxi sharp" and ’ewll plant)
pxorna’: ["p’oR.naP] P F n. episoth, exploding seed
(c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)
pxorna’lor: ["p’oR.naP."loR] P F n. sari, beautiful
exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-
ploding seed and lor beautiful)
rawp: [Rawp^] P F n. bladder polyp
rumaut: ["Ru.ma.ut^] P F n. cannonball fruit tree
(c.w. from rum ball and mauti fruit)
rumut: ["Rum.ut^] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum
ball and utral tree)
smaoe: [sma."o.E] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thor-
ned plant
sngukx: [sNuk’] P F n. grub plant
somtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty
(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)
syep’an: ["sjEp.Pan] G,P F n. lift vine, trap vine
syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] P F n. hyneman, person
trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)
tarsyu: ["tar.sju] G,P F n. tarsyu
tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw
sky and utral tree)
>
tawtsngal: ["taw.tsNal] P F n. panopyra, sky cup
(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)
tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl] P F n. spartan, pro-
tection plant (c.w. from" tìhawnu protection
 and ’ewll plant)
tompatayng: ["tom.pa.tajN] G,P F n. rain thistle
tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl] P F n. geode, rain plant
" and ’ewll plant)
(c.w. from tompa rain
torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp’am] P F n. octoshroom,
great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk
great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)
> plant (c.w. from" vä’ unpleasant and fahew
tsawksyul: ["tsawk.sjul] P F n. sun lily (c.w.
from tsawke sun and syulang flower)
> värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w.
tsawlapxangrr: ["tsaw.la.p’a.Nr] P F n. unidelta
tree, lit. tall large root (c.w." from tsawl big
and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)
> grinch tree, thousand berry tree (c.w. from vo-
tstxa’a: ["tst’a.Pa] P F n. canalyd
>
tsyorina’wll: [tsjo.Ri."naP.wl] P F n. cycad, flour
seed plant (c.w. from rina’ " seed and ’ewll
plant)
tumpasuk: ["tum.­pa.suk^] P F n. celia fruit tree
(c.w. from tun red-orange and pasuk berry)
txepvispxam: ["t’Ep.vi.sp’am] G,P F n. sparkle
pod
txll’u: ["t’l.Pu] P F n. hookagourd
"
Fauna
> >
’angtsìk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron
>
flrrtsawl: ["flrtsawl] G,P F n. sailfin goliath
"
fpxafaw: ["fp’a.faw] P F n. medusa
fwampop: ["fwam.pop^] P F n. tapirus
fwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] P F n. mantis
fyuatx: [fju."at’] P F n. anemonoid
ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee
ikranay: [ik.Ra."naj] JC,P F n. forest banshee
ilu: ["i.lu] P F,D n. large plesiosaur-like sea crea-
ture (from Disney’s Pandora Guide to the
Flora and Fauna of the Valley of Mo’ara)
kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso-
nous arachnid
kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard
kinglor: ["kiN.lor] G,P F n. kinglor
lanay’ka: [la."najP.ka] P F,ASG n. slinger
mawup: ["ma.wup^] P F,CdS n. turtapede
>
nalutsa: [na."lu.tsa] P F n. large armored whale-
like sea creature
nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer-
ratus costatus, striped armored wolf
62
txumpaywll: ["t’um.paj.wl] P F n. scorpion
thistle, poison water plant" (c.w. from txum
poison and paywll water plant)
>
txumtsä’wll: [t’um."tsæP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler,
" from tsä’ squirt
poison-squirting plant (c.w.
and ’ewll plant)
väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell
smell)
from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)
vozampasukut: ["vo.zam.pa.suk.ut^] P F n.
zam 512, equivalent in use to 1,000 and pa-
suk ut(ral) berry tree)
yawrwll: ["jawr.wl] G,P F n. feather blade
"
yìspul: ["jI.spul] G,P F n. mermaid tail
yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small ani-
mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
and hì’ang insect)
yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w.
from yom eat and ioang animal)
nantangtsyìp: ["nan.taN.tsjIp^] JC,P F n. dog
(earth animal); lit. little nantang (derived
from nantang viperwolf )
nawkx: [nawk’] G,P F n. bone helm rhino
pa’li: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse
palulukan: [­pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-
loquial [pa."lu.kan])
>
palulukantsyìp: [­pa.lu."lu.kan.tsjIp^] JC,P F n.
cat (earth animal); lit. little palulukan (deri-
ved from palulukan thanator) (colloquial
>
[pa."lu.kan.tsjIp^])
pxazang: ["p’a.zaN] P F n. akula
>
reyptswìk: ["rEjp.tswIk^] G,P F n. wolf tick
riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbat
skuka: ["sku.ka] P F n. sagittaria
>
slotsyal: ["slo.tsjal] G,P F n. stormglider
srakat: ["sRa.kat^] P F n. dinicthoid
syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris
talioang: ["tal.i.­o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived
from ioang animal)
teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larva
toruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
dow
>
tsiki: ["tsi.ki] P F n. reef tick
 >
tslikxyu latopin: ["tslik’.ju "la.to.pin] G,P F n. sus
>
chamelion crawler txeptsyal: ["t’Ep.tsjal] G,P F n. coronis
> >
tslikxyu tsawlak: ["tslik’.ju "tsaw.lak^] G,P F n. vekreng: ["vEk.rEN] G,P F n. cloaked panther
scarab crawler winzaw: ["win.zaw] G,P F n. arrow deer
>
tspìng: [tspIN] P F,CdS n. austrapede yerik: ["jE.Rik^] P F n. hexapede
>
tsurak: ["tsu.Rak^] P F n. skimwing yoten: ["jo.tEn] G,P F n. yoten
tulkun: ["tul.kun] P F n. tulkun zakru: ["zak.ru] G,P F n. zakru
txampam: ["t’am.pam] G,P F n. soundblast colos- zize’: [zi."zEP] P F n. hellfire wasp

63
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-
mes are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Dr. Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order,
but rather alphabetically.

’awa swawtsyìp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit

’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak’] P F ph. be hungry
’ivong nìk’ong: [] P F ph. slow is fine
’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: [] P F ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately?
aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?: [] P F ph. How are things in your part of the world?
ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t’æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì
smarit livonu; “Ask a thanator to release its prey”, it’s a foregone conclusion
etrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F ph. good luck
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] JC,P F ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: [] P F ph. this is Ìstaw
fnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] P F ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking
a nap. Let her rest.
ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: [] P F ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ft’Ej fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: To aim is not enough;
one must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; it’s action that counts.
fwäkì ke fwefwi: ["fwæ.kI kE "fw·E.fw·i] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle”, it’s against
someone’s or something’s nature
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F ph. next time from me
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] P F intj. thanks, thank you
kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello (casual)
kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: [] P F ph. say hello, Ìstaw
ka wotx: [ka wot’] P F ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality)
kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] P F ph. isn’t that so? right? no?
ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)
kem amuiä, kum afe’: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when
something that should have turned out well didn’t)
kenten mì kumpay: ["kEn.tEn mI "k’um.paJ] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a fan lizard in gel”, a
sense of being in an environment where you’re prevented from acting naturally or doing what you
want to do
ke pxan: [kE p’an] P F ph. I’m not worthy
ke tare: [kE "t·a.R·E] P F ph. It’s irrelevant; It doesn’t matter
ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understand
ke zene win säpivi: [] P F ph. take your time, don’t rush
kìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion
kunsìpìri txana " tìmeyp
" lu tsyal a mìn.: [] P F ph. The gunship’s main weakness is the rotor system.

64
 >
kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe: ["k’E.tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t’E] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase:
the tail and ears also speak; body language is important "
loreyu ’awnampi: [lo."RE.Ju Pawn."ampi] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a touched helicoradian”, ex-
treme shyness
ma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Newey
maitan: [ma."i.tan] P F ph. my son (form of address)
maite: [ma."i.tE] P F ph. my daughter (form of address)
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely
ne kllte: ["nE "kl.tE] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)
"
nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself
nga läpivawk nìno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with?
ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t’EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. don’t worry, may your heart be
calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society?
ngaru oeyä lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague
>
ngaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru tsul."fæ] P F ph. to you the mastery
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me
nga zola’u ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where did you come from?
ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you?
>
ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k’E.tsE l·u "wE.Ru] JC,P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “your tail is mine!”,
you’re going down!
nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato: [] P F ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the
leaders are the most beautiful
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
" sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: []
oe ’olongokx mì P F ph. I was born in a
town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar)
oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honor
oeru syaw (fko) Txewì: [] P F ph. my name is Txewì
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] P F ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t’o.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery
oeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch fish
pefya nga fpìl: [] P F ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?)
pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] P F ph. yours, I should thank you
rutxe läpivawk nì’it: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone!
Sasya!: [sa."sJa] P F ph. I’ll rise to the challenge! I can do it!
säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!”
seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k’El sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations
Siva ko!: [si."va ko] P F ph. Rise to the Challenge! Courage! You can do it!

65
sivako: [si."va.ko] P F intj. Rise to the challenge! Courage! You can do it!
smon nìprrte’: [smon nI."pr.tEP^] P F ph. nice to know you
"
Soleia!: [so.lE.i."a] P F ph. Congratulations! Nice going! You met the challenge! You did it!
srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: [] P F ph. are you good at Na’vi?
srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?
srefereiey nìprrte’: [] P F ph. looking forward to it
srefwa sngap zize’: [] P F ph. as quickly as possible (Na’vi idiom: before the hellwasp stings)
stum ke: [stum kE] P F ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.)
taronyut yom smarìl: ["ta.Ron.jut j·om smaR.Il] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter”, a
totally botched situation, chaos
tì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] P F ph. in my opinion
tì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr.æ] P F ph. forever, until the end of time
"
tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: [] P F ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?
tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: [] P F ph. what do you do in your free time?
tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: [] P F ph. I was completely swamped at work
tìkxey ngaru: [tI."k’Ej "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re wrong
tìomummì oeyä: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.jæ] P F ph. to my knowledge
tìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re right
tokx eo tokx: ["tok’ "E.o "tok’] P F ph. face to face, in person
tolätxaw nìprrte’: [tol."æ.t’aw nI"prtEP] P F ph. welcome back
tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: [] P F ph. " what does X mean?
>
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say
tsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: [] P F ph. may I interrupt a moment?
tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: [] P F ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that
further?
>
Tsun pehem?: [tsun pe.hem] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: What can one do?
txìm a’aw ke tsun hiveyn mì tal mefa’liyä.: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: One butt cannot
sit on the backs of two direhorses.; You can’t take two positions or sit on the fence; you need to
decide.
>
txo ke nìyo’ tsakrr nìyol: [t’o kE nI."yoP tsa."kr nI."yol] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “If you
can’t be flawless, at least be brief" "
txon lefpom: [t’on lE."fpom] P F ph. good night, peaceful night
X-(ì)ri peral: [] P F ph. what does X mean?
X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: [] P F ph. how do you say X in Na’vi?
Yewla!: ["jEw.la] P F conv. Bummer! That’s a shame! What a shame!
za’u nì’eng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] P F ph. share an interest in common
zola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr.tEP] P F ph. come pleasurably, welcome
"

66
G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet
’ tìFtang k KeK s Sä
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsä
ä Ä m MeM u U
e E n NeN v Vä
ew EW ng NgeNg w Wä
ey EY o O y Yä
f Fä p PeP z Zä
h Hä px PxePx
i I r ReR
ì Ì rr ’Rr

67
H Inflections
Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.
arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.
asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with intention or determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«asy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.
>
ats: [a.ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2 (INFR .): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j] LN future tense (predictive) verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I
will hunt the yerik.
äng: [æ.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).
Optionally, when «äng» occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised,
giving «eng». For example, Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute s«eng»i oe.
äp: [æ.p] P F reflexive verbal infix in position 0 (REFL .): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.
ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal infix in position 0 (CAUS .): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused him to
die.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oeyä swizaw nìngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.
iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
iyev: [i.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.
ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), deri-
ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.
ìm: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.
ìrm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.
ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

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ìsy: [I.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.
ìy: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron.
I will hunt the yerik soon.
ìyev: [I.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Na’viyä,
l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

–ä: [æ] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of yä)
(GEN .): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–it: [it^] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (va-
riant of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ìl: [Il] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(variant of l) (ERG .): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
–l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ru) (DAT.): eltur tìtxen si
intriguing
–ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet ngaru
tìng. I give food to you.
–t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat kame.
I see you.
–ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.
–y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
–ya: [ja] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.
–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of ä) (GEN .): Oel yeiom
Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may
look like –eyä)

Other Inflections

This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of
the meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,
where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they
can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech
that aren’t specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.

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–a–: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean
tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.
–am: [am] P F (pro.) previous (for time words only) for nouns (PREVIOUS): Poe nìsìlpey zimva’u
trram. I wish she had come yesterday.
–an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.
–ay: [aj] P F (pro.) next (for time words only) for nouns (NEXT): Poe nìsìlpey zìyeva’u trray. I
hope she’ll come tomorrow.
ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.
–e: [E] P F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.
fì–: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
–fkeyk: [fkEjk^] P F (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr?
What’s the condition of the river today?
fne–: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra–: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
fray+: [fRaj] P F (pro.) all of these plural for nouns (ALL OF THESE): Frayhelutral lor lu. All of
these houses are beautiful.
kaw–: [kaw] P F not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went.
–kel: [kEl] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that indicates a lack of the original noun: Tompakeltalun
zene tute Kälìforniayä payit sivar nìnän. Because of the drought, Californians have to use less
water.
–lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
munsna–: [mun.sna] P F (pro.) pair for nouns (PAIR): munsnahawnven a pair of shoes
–nay: [naj] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down
in some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc.: . .
–o: [o] P F (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone
for years.
pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw?
–pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
pxe+: [p’E] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)
sna–: [sna] P F prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro.
otherwise. : snanantang a pack of viperwolves Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groups
or sets. Use sästarsìm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person.
>
tsa–: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel tse’a tsanantangit. I see that nantang.
>
tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.
>
–tsyìp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.
Come here, little daughter.
–ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule
of living together.
–vi: [vi] P F partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they change

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the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.
>
ketsuk–: [kE.tsuk^] P F (pro.) not able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Swaw lamu
ketsuktswa’ The moment was unforgettable
le–: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.
–nga’: [NaP^] P F adjective deriving affix ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil.
nì–: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for
adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate
adjective or relative clause)
sä–: [sæ] P F instrumental noun deriving affix Sänumeri oe nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [s·i] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I
home make in Hometree.)
tì–: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.
tì– –us–: [tI us] P F (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching
is interesting.
>
tsuk–: [tsuk^] P F (pro.) able to (do the verb prefixed); widely productive, can be attached to vir-
tually any transitive verb, although also useful on intransitive verbs; deriving affix Fìioang
lu tsukyom. This animal is edible / can be eaten.
>
–tswo: [tswo] P F (pro.) suffix that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to perform
the action of the verb: Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur rolo’a nìtxan. His ability to fight greatly
impressed all the warriors.
–tu: [tu] P F person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.
–yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

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I The Changelog
Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...

• 15.6.1 - Adding nga’prrnen

• 15.6 - Added all new vocabulary from Naviteri.org, January 6, 2024 and pxoeng as well
as some proper names.

• 15.5.4 - Added olo’tu, lì’fyaolo’tu and a small fix for hapxìtu

• 15.5.3 - Added all new vocabulary from Naviteri.org, September 30, 2023

• 15.5.2 - Added -ay and -am suffix as they are productive with time words. Thanks to Tan
Jala!

• 15.5.1 - Fixed a few wrong letters. Thanks Blue Elf

• 15.5 - Added all new vocabulary from naviteri.org, February 28, 2022 to May 5, 2023

• 15.4.3 - Add Txopunil

• 15.4.2 - Fix IPA for talioang

• 15.4.1 - Updated kenong

• 15.4 - Added all new vocabulary from naviteri.org, December 31, 2021

• 15.3 - Updated part of speech for all verbs that did not previously have transitivity defi-
ned

• 15.2 - Fixed part of speech for kekem

• 15.1 - Fixed the IPA of several entries

• 15.0 - Added all new vocabulary from naviteri.org after April 2020, fixed IPA and/or part
of speech for various words

• 14.4 - Added new words from naviteri.org from October 27, 2019 to April 21, 2020

• 4.3 - Added new words from naviteri.org, July 31, 2019 and September 30, 2019

• 14.2 - Added new words from naviteri.org, August 31, 2019

• 14.1 - Removed Non-Frommerian Illegal words section

• 14.0 - Added 40 new words from naviteri.org, June 6, 2019 and several minor fixes (up-
date by Tirea Aean)

• 13.9 - Many small fixes; Added all new vocabulary from language-updates forum, navi-
teri.org August 31, 2018 and October 30, 2018

• 13.8 - Added vocabulary from naviteri.org, July 31, 2018, lesar si from 2012, fixed tons of
IPA (thanks Wllìm!)

• 13.71 - Added uolì’uvi from forever ago (thanks Tirea!)

• 13.7 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, March 31, 2018 and April 30, 2018

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• 13.63 - Added kxì from naviteri.org, February 28, 20187

• 13.62 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, December 31, 2017

• 13.61 - Added Kate Winslet’s character Ronal to the proper nouns section

• 13.6 - Added new vocabulary from the October naviteri.org posts, new character names,
linguistic terms

• 13.51 - Added Swota Wayä to proper nouns, from Disney

• 13.5 - Added new vocabulary used in Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar

• 13.421 - Corrected inconsistencies in the source field.

• 13.42 - Minor typo corrections and fixed IPA for LosÄntsyelesì. Also added tìng ontu
and tìng ftxi since they didn’t make it into the dictionary the first time, for some bizarre
reason.

• 13.41 - Added mo’ara from Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar

• 13.4 - Added new Avatar lead character name and clan, Tomowari and Metkayina

• 13.332 - Disambiguated the definition of takuk. Also changed fmetok to vtr. Getting more
precise all the time!

• 13.331 - Disambiguated the definition of pongu.

• 13.33 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, February 28, 2017.

• 13.32 - Moved Na’vi clan names to Proper Nouns block.

• 13.31 - Fixed silly typos for pllhrr and säpllhrr. Thanks elf!

• 13.301 - Typo/format corrections for several words. No visible changes to the .pdf

• 13.3 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, December 31, 2016 and January 2, 2017.

• 13.294 - Corrected stress for nìolo’

• 13.293 - Corrected infix IPA for ue’

• 13.292 - zong changed to vtr. Thanks, Plumps!

• 13.291 - Various minor corrections suggested by Plumps and eejmensenikbenhet.

• 13.29 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, June 30, 2016. Some important new words in
this one.

• 13.284 - Corrected accent for lefpomtxok and kelfpomtokx Plumps. Wou!

• 13.283 - Corrected IPA for säplltxe and säplltxevi. Plumps again. ;)

• 13.282 - Added derivatives of nguway

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