TOPIC 3

1. Sounds with vocal chord vibration are voiced and sounds without vocal chord are voiceless.
Contrast the sounds of the letters v and f. Place your fingers on your throat and make the sounds. You
should feel a vibration when you make the v sound and no vibration when you make the f sound. V is
voiced and f is voiceless.
The Voiced Sounds in English
b d g j l m n ŋ(ng) r v z ð(th in the) and all vowels
The Voiceless Sounds in English
ch f h k p s sh t θ(th in think)
2. A difference between the two is that changing the phoneme changes the meaning of the word,
whereas changing the allophone changes the sound of the realization of word but does not change the
meaning of the word. ... In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in speech.
example, the aspirated t of top, the unaspirated t of stop, and the tt (pronounced as a flap) of batter are
allophones of the English phoneme /t/. or Allophone Canadian A person whose native language is
other than French or English.
example is the English phoneme /k/, which occurs in words such as cat, kit, scat, skit.
3.phonetic transcription : The most popular system is to put a vertical line ( ˈ ) before the stressed
syllable in the phonetic transcription of the word. For example, the transcription for become is
/bɪˈkʌm/ . If a word has only one syllable (examples: pen, watch), dictionaries usually do not put the ˈ
stress mark before it.
Phonemic transcription : Phonemic transcription is the most common type of phonetic transcription,
used in many English dictionaries.
For example, saying “d” instead of “t” in the word bet changes the meaning (the word becomes bed),
therefore we use separate symbols for “d” and “t” in phonemic transcriptions. In other words, we say
that “t” and “d” are two separate phonemes.
Allophonic transcription : Allophonic & phonemic transcription A broad transcription, also called
impressionistic transcription or phonemic transcription, is one that uses a simple set of symbols and
does not show a great deal of phonetic detail. ... These aspirated, unaspirated and unreleased sound all
heard and identified as the phoneme /p/.
4. Indonesia diphthongs: ai its pronounced like the word “buy” or “nine” example :
pandai,kirai,ramai,tupai.
Au : its pronounced like the word “how”
Exmple: kau,bangau,danau.
Oi : its pronounced like the word “boy”
Example: amboi,sepoi.
English diphtong : /aɪ/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to "eye" and most often occurs with
letter combinations that include /i/, /igh/, and /y. Examples: crime, like, lime
/eɪ/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to “great” and is most often used with letter combinations
that include /ey/, /ay/, /ai/ and /a/.Examples: break, rain, weight
/əʊ/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to “boat” and most often occurs with letter combinations
that include /ow/, /oa/ and /o/. Examples: slow, moan, though
/aʊ/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to “ow!” and most often occurs with letter combinations
that include /ou/ and /ow/.Examples: brown, hound, now
/eə/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to “air” and most often occurs with letter combinations that
include /ai/, /a/, and /ea/. Examples: lair, stair, bear
/ɪə/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to “ear” and most often occurs with letter combinations that
include /ee/, /ie/ and /ea/. Examples: beer, near, pier
/ɔɪ/ This creates sounds similar to “boy” and most often occurs with letter combinations that include
/oy/ and /oi/. Examples: oil, toy, coil
/ʊə/This diphthong creates sounds similar to “sure” and most occurs with letter combinations that
include /oo/, /ou/, /u/, and /ue/. Examples: lure, pure, fur