Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROCESS
When to
Against
consume?
whom?
Segmentation
Segmentation Bases
Descriptive or customer oriented
(demographic, Psychographic etc)
Behavioral or Product oriented (benefits,
user status, usage rate, occasion of
usage & loyalty).
Criteria
Identifiability, size (substantiality), accessibility &
responsiveness (measurability)
Segmentation
Four main segments for Tooth paste
market uncovered by research.
The Sensory Segment (seeking flavour and
product appearance)
The Sociables (seeking brightness of teeth)
The Worriers (seeking decay prevention)
The Independent segment (seeking low
price)
Segmentation
Model of segments “users of a brand” – four groups
based on the strength of commitment (low to
high).
Convertible: On the threshold of change;
highly likely to switch brands
Shallow: Not ready to switch, but may be
considering alternatives
Average: Comfortable with their choice.
Unlikely to switch
Entrenched: High loyalty. Unlikely to change in
the near future.
Segmentation
“Segments forming “non-users of the brand”.
Strongly Unavailable: strongly prefer
their current brand
Weakly unavailable: preference for
current brand. But not strong enough.
Ambivalent: 50-50 preference for the
current choice as to others.
Available: prefer the other brand, but
not yet switched.
Competitor Analysis
P-O-D’S
Points of Difference Associations
POD’s are strong favourable and unique
brand associations.
May be any type of attribute or benefit
association.
Are attribute/ benefits that consumers
strongly associate with your brand,
which they will compare, evaluate and
(if found valid) believe that they will not
find the same extent in other brands.
Points of Difference Associations 2
P-O-P’S
Points of Parity Associations
These associations are not necessarily
unique to the brand, but some are typically
product category aspects shared with other
brands.
Come in two basic forms – category and
competitive
Category points of parity are those
associations that consumers view as being
necessary to be a legitimate, credible offering
within a certain product category.
Nivea
Nivea became leader in the skin cream
category on the “Gentle”, “Protective” and
“Caring” platform.
As they leveraged into categories such as
deodorants, shampoos and cosmetics, Nivea
had to establish points of parity before points
of Difference.
Gentle, caring etc are of no value unless
consumers believed that its deodorant was strong
enough, its shampoo would cleanse and its
cosmetics would be colourful enough.
Points of Parity Associations 2
When to
Against
consume?
whom?
Positioning Guide Lines
1. Defining & Communicating Competitive Frame Of
Reference
2. Choosing Points Of Parity & Points of Difference.
(Desirability Criteria & Deliverability criteria)
3. Establishing Points Of Parity & Points Of difference
4. Updating Positioning Over Time
Defining & Communicating the
Competitive Frame of Reference
Determine category membership
Indicates the products/brands with which
the brand compete.
For established category it may not be
required but for new brands it is better
to have clear category membership.
Personal Digital Assistant – either as a computer
accessory or a replacement for appointment book.
M & M Scorpio – a Luxury car
Defining & Communicating the
Competitive Frame of Reference
It is better to establish a brands category before
projecting its P-O-D’s.
By knowing the product category, consumers can
know what category it belongs to before knowing
whether they dominate over the existing brands.
Three ways to convey category membership:
Communicating category benefits (fundamental reason for
usage), comparing to exemplars (well known brands in the
category) and relying on the product descriptor (US air to US
airways, Sony camcorder for handheld video cameras)
The Exploration Phase
Finding the brand platform is not something
which you can do in one go. It takes an
iterative approach.
Positioning of Baccardi rum produced in
Cuba.
The angle of attack will differ depending on
whether the target is Smirnoff (world leader) in
mixers
Depending on the competitive position one
choose, it can be against whiskies, gin/vodka
White Mixer Dark Straight
A B C D
Mass media
Choosing P-O-P’s & P-O-D’s
Two important criteria – will consumer find the
POD desirable and deliverable believe that the firm
has the capabilities to deliver it.
Desirability Criteria: three key aspects
Relevance – Target should find the POD personally
relevant and important.
Distinctiveness – target should find the POD distinctive
and superior (& important to consumers needs).
Believability - target should find the POD believable and
credible.
Choosing P-O-P’s & P-O-D’s 2
Deliverability Criteria
Feasibility:
performance potential or capability of the brand to
perform at the level stated. (in terms of resources
affordability and time is it feasible).
Communicability:
current or future prospects of communicating
information to create or strengthen the desired
association. (can consumers be given a compelling
reason that the brand will deliver).
Choosing P-O-P’s & P-O-D’s 3