Crystal…

Presented by:
Andriana (4350407022)
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CRYSTAL

An ideal crystalline solid

is an infinite repetition of
identical structural units
in space . The repeated unit
may be a single atom or a
group of atoms . Crystals are
made of infinite number of

What Is Unit Cell?

unit cells .
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UNIT CELLS

Unit Cell
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UNIT CELLS

Unit cell is the smallest

unit of a crystal , which , if
repeated , could generate the
whole crystal .

A cr
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SHAPE OF UNIT CELLS ( Crystal System )

All the possible shapes of a unit cell are defined by 7 crystal
systems , which are based on the relationship among a , b , c and  ,
 ,  .
a ≠ b ≠ c ; α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90°

a ≠ b ≠ c ; α = γ = 90° ≠ β

a ≠ b ≠ c ; α = β = γ = 90°

a = b = c ; α = β = γ ≠ 90° From least to most symmetr

a = b ≠ c ; α = β = γ = 90°

a = b ≠ c ; α = β = 90°; γ = 120°

a = b = c ; α = β = γ = 90°
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TYPES OF UNIT CELLS ( V arious P ossible L attice C enterings )

: theBody
unitcentred
cell has
lattice
a lattice
: the point
unit cell
at each
has a corner
latticeonly
point
( P ) at each
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TYPES OF UNIT CELLS ( V arious P ossible L attice C enterings )

ce - centred
point lattice
at each : the
corner and unit
one incell has a lattice
the centre point
of one pair of at each corner
opposite faces ( Aa
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LATTICE SYSTEM

These lattice systems are a

grouping of crystal
structures according to the
axial system used to describe
their lattice . There are
seven lattice systems .

+ =

Lattice : a periodic array of

points in space . The
environment surrounding
each lattice point is
Basis identical
: the atom . or group of
atoms “ attached ” to each
lattice point in order
generate the crystal Lattice + Basis = Crystal Structure
structure .
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LATTICE SYSTEM

When the crystal systems are combined with the various possible
lattice centerings , we arrive at the Bravais Lattice . They
describe the geometric arrangement of the lattice points , and
thereby the translational symmetry of the crystal . In three
dimensions , there are 14 unique Bravais lattices . All
crystalline materials recognized until fit in one of these
arrangements . The Bravais lattices are sometimes referred to as
space lattices .
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7 LATTICE SYSTEM & BRAVAIS LATTICE

The fourteen three - dimensional lattices , classified by crystal

system , are shown bellow .
The 7 Lattice System The 14 Bravais Lattice
Triclinic

Monoclinic simple base-centered

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7 LATTICE SYSTEM & BRAVAIS LATTICE

The 7 Lattice System The 14 Bravais Lattice

Orthorhombic simple base-centered body-centered face-centered

Rhombohedral
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7 LATTICE SYSTEM & BRAVAIS LATTICE

The 7 Lattice System The 14 Bravais Lattice

Tetragonal simple body-centered

Hexagonal
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7 LATTICE SYSTEM & BRAVAIS LATTICE

The 7 Lattice System The 14 Bravais Lattice

Tetragonal (Cubic) simple body-centered face-centered
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LATTICE PLANES AND MILLER INDICES

or ions in lattices can be thought of as being connected by lattice p
lane is a representative member of a parallel set of equally spaced p

of crystallographic planes is always uniquely defined by three indice

dices ) usually written ( h , k , l )

The Miller indices are definedh =by1 ,k =

1
,l =
1
X Y Z

Note :
plane // to axis ,
intercept = ∞ and

0
( 0kl ) x
( h 0l ) y
1 /∞ =
( hk 0 ) z
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HOW TO DETERMINE MILLER INDICES

Intercept are  , 1 , 
Miller indices of the plane are :

111
  = ( 010 )
∞1∞

Intercept are  , 1 / 2 , 
Miller indices of the plane are :

1 1 1
  = ( 020 )
 ∞ 1/ 2 ∞ 
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EXAMPLES OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANES

c c c

0.5

b b b

a a a

(111) (100) (212)

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IONIC AND COVALENT CRYSTAL

Ionic Crystal Covalent Crystal

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SYMMETRY
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SYMMETRY
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