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ophthalmic ointments.
suspensions
Pulverization by Intervention
This is a process by which the solid substances are
reduced to a fine powder by mean of triturating the
solid using suitable solvent which can bee easily
removed by the end of process.
Camphor is triturated with few drop of alcohols,
ether or chloroform it can be powdered easily. The
solvent added evaporate quickly leaving behind fine
sub-divided particles of camphor.
Similarly iodine crystals may be powdered with the
help of small quantiy of ether.
Elutriation:
1- Gravitational Elutriation:
In gravitational Elutriation the fluid particles move
downward due to sedimentation (force of gravity)
while the lighter particles remain upward.
Centrifugal Elutriation:
Method:
Method consists of allowing the slurry to stand in a suitable
vessel until the solids either settle down at the bottom. Now
carefully pouring a solution from a container in order to leave
the precipitate (sediment) in the bottom of the original
container. Usually a small amount of solution must be left in
the container, and care must be taken to prevent a small
amount of precipitate from flowing with the solution out of the
container. It is generally used to separate a liquid from an
insoluble solid (e.g. in red wine, where the wine is decanted
from the potassium bi tartrate crystals).
Separation of liquid from any other
immiscible liquid can also be done by
decantation .For example,
the oil and water extracted from olives
may be decanted to obtain the olive oil.
A mixture of kerosene and water can also
be separated through decantation
CENTRIFUGATION
Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the
centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures, used in
industry and in laboratory settings.
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the
axis of the centrifuge, while less-dense components of the
mixture migrate towards the axis.
The effective gravitational force on a test tube may be
increased so as to more rapidly and completely cause the
precipitate ("pellet") to gather on the bottom of the tube. The
remaining solution is properly called the "supernate" or
"supernatant liquid".
The supernatant liquid is then either quickly decanted from the
tube without disturbing the precipitate, or withdrawn with a
Pasteur pipette.
The rate of centrifugation is specified by the
acceleration applied to the sample, typically measured
in revolutions per minute (RPM).
The particles' settling velocity in centrifugation is a
function of their
size and shape,
centrifugal acceleration,
the volume fraction of solids present,
the density difference between the particle and the
liquid,
viscosity.
VAPORIZATION
Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase that
occurs at temperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure.
Note: evaporation usually occurs on the surface.
Boiling is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase that occurs
at or above the temperature the boiling temperature.
Note: boiling occurs below the surface.