RANKINE

CYCLE
 Rankine Cycle is the ideal cycle used as the
standard of comparison for steam power plants.

T-S DIAGRAM OF RANKINE CYCLE :

PROCESSES OF RANKINE CYCLE :

1 – 2 : Isentropic expansion in the turbine
2 – 3 : Constant pressure rejection of heat in the condenser
RANKINE CYCLE PLANT LAYOUT
3 – 4 : Adiabatic pumping
4 – 1 : Constant pressure addition of heat in the boiler
ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE:
1. Heat added in the Boiler , QA :

By Energy Balance

QA = h1 – h4 ( kJ/kg)
QA = m ( h1 – h4 ) kW

where: m = mass flow rate of steam ( kg/s)

2. Turbine Work, Wt :
By Energy Balance

Wt = h1 – h2 ( kJ/kg)
Wt = m ( h1 – h2 ) kW
Note: If change in Kinetic Energy is given
Wt = h1 – h2 + KE ( kJ/kg)
Actual Turbine Work:
Wt = m [( h1 – h2 ) + (KE1 –KE2)] kW
Wta = et Wt
3. Heat Rejected in the Condenser , QR :

By Energy Balance
QR = h2 – h3 ( kJ/kg)
QR = m ( h2 – h3 ) kW

4. Pump Work , Wp :

By Energy Balance
Exact Pump Work
Actual Pump Work:
WP = h4 – h3 ( kJ/kg)
WP = m ( h4 – h3 ) kW Wpa = Wp / ep
Approximate Pump Work :
WP = vf3 (P4 – P3 ) ( kJ/kg) where:
WP = m Vf3 (P4 – P3 ) kW ep = pump efficiency
5. Net Cycle Work , Wnet : 7. Steam Rate , SR :

Wnet = Wt – Wp = QA – QR 3600 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑅 =
Wnet = h1 – h2 – Wp 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟

6. Thermal Efficiency, eth :

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑒𝑡ℎ =
𝑄𝐴
ℎ1 − ℎ2 − 𝑊𝑝
𝑒𝑡ℎ =
ℎ1 − ℎ3 − 𝑊𝑝
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5 MPa and
condenser of 50 kPa. What is the thermal efficiency of the cycle ?

Steam Properties:
@ 2.5 Mpa, hg = 2803.1 kJ/kg, Sg = 6.2575 kJ/kg-K
@ 50 kPa, Sf = 1.0910 kJ/kg-K, Sfg = 6.5029 kJ/kg-K, hf = 340.49 kJ/kg,
hfg = 2305.4 kJ/kg , vf = 0.0010300 m3/kg.
Solution: @ 50 kPa Table 2
sf = 1.0910 kJ/kg-K, sfg = 6.5029 kJ/kg-K
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 ℎ1 − ℎ2 − 𝑊𝑝
𝑒𝑡ℎ = 𝑒𝑡ℎ = hf = 340.49 kJ/kg hfg = 2305.4 kJ/kg
𝑄𝐴 ℎ1 − ℎ3 − 𝑊𝑝
vf = 0.0010300 m3/kg.

(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐) − (𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟑) s1 = s2

𝒆𝒕𝒉 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉 𝟒 s2 = sf + xsfg
6.2575 = 1.0910 + x (6.5029)
where: x = 0.7945

@ 2.5MPa Table 2
h2 = hf + xhfg
= 340.49 + 0.7945(2305.4)
h1 = 2803.1 kJ/kg, hg @ 2.5 MPa
h2 = 2172.13 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.2575 kJ/kg-K, sg @ 2.5MPa

h3 = 340.49 kJ/kg, hf @ 50 kPa

 WP = h4 – h3 ;
h4 = Wp + h3
h4 = v3(P4 – P3) + h3

= 0.00103(2500 – 50)+ 340.49

h4 = 342.98 kJ/kg

thus;

h1 = 2803.1 kJ/kg (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐) − (𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟑)

h2 = 2172.13 kJ/kg 𝒆𝒕𝒉 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉 𝟒
h3 = 340.49 kJ/kg
(2803.1−2172.13)−(342.98 −340.49)
h4 = 342.98 kJ/kg 𝑒𝑡ℎ = 2803.1−342.98
x100%

𝒆𝒕𝒉 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 %
In a Ideal Rankine cycle, the steam throttle condition is 4.10 MPa
and 440 oC. If turbine exhaust is 0.105MPa, determine the heat
added in the boiler and turbine work (in kJ/kg ).
Quiz 2 : Ideal Rankine Cycle

Problem 1:

In a Ideal Rankine cycle, the steam throttle condition is 4.10 MPa

and 450 oC. If turbine exhaust is 0.105MPa, determine the pump
work and the heat rejected from the condenser (in kJ/kg ).
In a Rankine cycle,
saturated liquid water at 1
bar is compressed
isentropically to 150 bar.
First by heating in a boiler
and then by superheating
at constant pressure of
150 bar, the water
substance is brought to
750 K. After adiabatic
reversible expansion in a
turbine to 1 bar, it is then
cooled in a condenser to a
saturated liquid. How much
work is generated in the
turbine ?

Ans. 976.9 kJ/kg

 Take Home Quiz : Ideal Rankine Cycle

Instructions:

1. Solve the following Ideal Rankine Cycle problems.

2. Draw the Schematic and Ts Diagram w/ labels.
3. Show and follow step by step procedure of solution,(refer to the solution in the
sample problems)
4. Use 1 sheet/page of paper for each problem. No erasure.
5. Submit in canvas in pdf format. Due date: Feb 11, 5pm
 Quiz 2 : Ideal Rankine Cycle

Problem 1:

In a Ideal Rankine cycle, the steam throttle condition is 4.10 MPa and 450 oC.
If turbine exhaust is 0.105MPa, determine the pump work and the heat
rejected from the condenser (in kJ/kg ).
Quiz 2 : Ideal Rankine Cycle

Problem 2:
In a Rankine cycle,
saturated liquid water at 1
bar is compressed
isentropically to 150 bar.
First by heating in a boiler
and then by superheating
at constant pressure of
150 bar, the water
substance is brought to
753 K. After adiabatic
reversible expansion in a
turbine to 1 bar, it is then
cooled in a condenser to a
saturated liquid. How much
work is generated in
turbine and how much
work is required in the
pump ?