Table of Content

Abstract
Introduction
Design of Steam Power Plant
 Layout diagram
 T-S diagram
 Design calculation
 Design discussion
Selection of boiler, turbine and pump
Environmental effect
Treatment system
Conclusion
Reference
Abstract:
The steam turbine generator is the primary power conversion component of the
power plant. The function of the steam turbine generator is to convert the thermal
energy of the steam from the steam generator to electrical energy. Two separate
components are provided: the steam turbine to convert the thermal energy to
rotating mechanical energy, and the generator to convert the mechanical energy
to electrical energy. Typically, the turbine is directly coupled to the generator

Introduction:
The process of generation of power from steam power plants, utilizing coal or
lignite fuel, essentially entails four stages. In the first stage, the chemical energy
stored in the coal is converted into heat energy in coal-fired boilers. In the second
stage, high-pressure steam, which is generated in the boilers, is passed through
turbines (through conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy), which in
turn is coupled to generators (through conversion of mechanical energy into
electrical energy), thereby generating electricity. The water steam cycle
essentially contains a coal-fired steam generator, a steam turbine with
condenser, a feed water tank, low-pressure (“LP”) heaters and high pressure
(“HP”) heaters and connecting pipe lines. The superheated steam produced in
the steam generator is supplied to the steam turbine, which drives the three-
phase AC generator. After leaving the HP turbine, the steam is reheated in the
steam generator and fed to the intermediate pressure turbine. In the turbine, the
steam coming directly from the turbine expands to condenser pressure and is
condensed in the condenser. Closed cycle water system is used for cooling the
condenser. The condensation collected in the condenser hot well is discharged
by the condensate pumps and supplied via the condensate heaters into the
feedwater tank. The feedwater is further heated by bled steam from turbine and
dissolved gases from the feedwater are liberated. The boiler feed pumps
discharge feed water from the feedwater tank via the HP heaters to the
economizer. Steaming starts from this point onwards. The high temperature
steam water mix Is further converted into steam in water walls and finally passed
through the super heaters sections for converting the saturated steam
into superheated steam.
Design of Steam power plant:

Layout Diagram:
T-S DIAGRAM:
Design Calculation:
P1 = 28MPa
T1 = 600 °C
h1 = 3463.0 KJ / kg
s1 = 6.2823 KJ / kg. K

P2 = 15bar, s2 = 6.2823
sg = 6.4448 > s2 (In dome)

x = 0.9607
h2 = 2427.32 KJ / kg

P3 = 10bar, s3 = 6.2823
sg = 6.5863 > s3 (In dome)

x = 0.9316
h3 = 2640.36 KJ / kg
P4 = 10bar
T4 = 360 °C

h4 = 3178.94 KJ / kg
s4 = 7.3349 KJ / kg. K
P5 = 3bar, s5 = 7.3349
sg = 6.9919 < s5 (Out dome)

h5 = 2877.03 KJ / kg

P6 = 0.7bar, s6 = 7.3349
sg = 7.4797 > s6 (In dome)

x = 0.9770
h6 = 2607.41 KJ / kg

h7 = 376.70 KJ / kg hf @ 0.7bar
h8 = 376.93 KJ / kg h8 = h7 +v7 (P8 -P7)
h9 = 561.47 KJ / kg hf @ 3bar
h10 = 591.19 KJ / kg h10 = h9 +v9 (P10 -P9)
h11 = 807.62 KJ / kg hf @ Tsat 190°C
h12 = 844.84 KJ / kg hf @ 15bar
h13 = 844.84 KJ / kg

y = h11 – h10 = 0.1367

h2 - h12

y’ = ( h9 – h8 )+( y ) ( h8 - h13 ) = 0.0520

h5 - h9
W t = (h1 – h2) + (1 – y) (h2 – h3) +(1 – y) (h4 – h5) + (1-y-y’) (h5 – h6)
m

W t = 1331.325 KJ / kg
m

W p = (1 – y – y’) (h8 – h7) + (h10 – h9)

m

W p = 29.91 KJ / kg
m

Q in = (h1 – h11) + (1-y) (h4 – h3) = 3120.32 KJ / kg

m

η = W t - W p / Q in = 41.7 %
ṁ ṁ

ṁ = W cycle / (WT– W p) = 230.5 kg / sec

ṁ ṁ
Design discussion:
The designed steam power plant uses the working fluid coal and it
produced the 300MW electricity and has efficiency 41.7 %. The steam
power plant has one open feed heater, one closed feed-heater and one re-
heater.
The pulverized coal is fed into the boiler where the pulverized coal is burnt into
the furnace.
Due to heat from the furnace, the water present in the boiler changes to the high-
pressure steam.
From the boiler this high-pressure steam is passed to the super heater where it is
heated up to 600 °C and its pressure comes to super critical pressure 28MPa.
Steam is extracted from the first turbine at 1.5MPa and fed to closed feed water
heater. •
The super-heated steam strikes the turbine blades with a high speed and the
turbine blades starts rotating to at high speed. Here the stored potential energy of
the steam is gets converted into mechanical energy.
A generator is coupled with the turbine rotor. As the turbine rotates, the generator
also rotate with same speed and mechanical energy of the turbine gets
converted into electrical energy.
Steam after hitting the turbines blades lost its most of the energy and leaves the
turbine with low pressure steam.
This low-pressure steam is again reheated to 360°C. After reheating, it is
expanded to 0.3MPa where it is extracted and fed to open feed heater.
The low-pressure steam enters the condenser. Cold water circulates in the
condenser from the cooling tower. Here the low pressure wet steam is converted
into water.
After that condensed water with the feed water passed to the economizer where
it gets heated up by the economizer. And finally, the feed water enters the boiler
by a feed water pump to repeat the cycle.
The burnt flue gases from the furnace passes through the super heater,
economizer and air pre-heater. This heat of the flue gases is used to heat the
steam in the super heater to its dryness, to heat feed water in the economizer
before entering the boiler and to heat air form the atmosphere in the air pre-
heater before it enters the furnace.
The ash from the furnace is transported to ash handling plant and finally to the
ash storage.

Selection of boiler, turbine and pump:

It is very important in designing of steam power plant to select a particular type of
boiler, turbine and pump. So, to make a supercritical steam power plant we have
selected Benson boiler (water tube boiler) which is capable of producing
steam at super critical pressure (> 225 bar). At super critical pressure,
water flashes into steam without any latent heat requirement. Therefore, steam
generation is faster supercritical steam generation does not have any bubble
formation.

The main purpose of feed pump is to suck the condensate return and to pump
feed water into a steam boiler. The centrifugal pump increases the pressure of
the water to the supercritical pressure and it enter the Benson boiler. The
temperature raises to the supercritical temperature. After that mixture of steam
and water enters the convective evaporator where it is completely converted into
steam and may superheat to some degree. Finally, it is passed through the
superheater to obtain the desired superheated steam.

This superheated steam is then used by turbines. The turbine type used in the
steam power plant is single cylinder, single flow reheat regenerative turbine.
High pressure uses single flow and when all stages of turbine are housed in
single casing then it is single cylinder. Regenerative turbine incorporates a
number of extraction branches, through which little proportions of the steam are
continuously extracted for the reason of heating the boiler feed water in a feed
heater in order to raise the overall thermal efficiency of the plant. Now a day, all
steam power plants are equipped with extensive reheating and regenerative
arrangement.
 Environmental effect:
Steam Power Plant electricity result from the combustion of fossil fuels such as

coal. The combustion processes produce particulate matter. These emissions

include sulfur dioxide(SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, and
hazardous air pollutants, all of which are subject to environmental regulations.

Treatment System:
A wide variety of control technologies have been
installed to reduce the emissions of these
pollutants.
 Flue Gas Desulphurization
 Electrostatic Precipitators
 The method that allow us to remove gases emitted from coal and other fossil fuel
fired power plants is Flue Gas Desulphurization because it is very efficient to
remove particulate matter.
Flue gas desulphurization system remove SO2 in contact with limestone slurry
droplets when flue gas passes through the absorber. Lime slurry absorb SO2
then it is oxidized by air to produce calcium sulphate. Calcium sulphate is
extracted from the absorber as gypsum slurry. Gypsum slurry is dewatered and
reused in the form of gypsum powder
.
In Electrostatic Precipitators The dust laden gas is passed between the
oppositely charged conductors and is becomes ionized as the voltage applied
between the conductors is sufficiently large (30kV to 60kV depending upon the
electrodes spacing). As the dust laden gas is passed through the highly charged
electrodes, both negative and positive ions are formed (positive ions will be a
high as 80%).
The ionized gas is further passed through the collecting unit which consists of set
of metal plates. Alternate plates are charged and earthed. As the alternate plates
are grounded, high intensity electrostatic field exerts a force on the positive
charged dust particles and drives them towards the ground plate. The deposited
dust particles are removed from the plates by giving the shaking motion of the
plates with the help of cams driving by external means. The dust removed from
the plates with the help of shaking motion is collected in the dust hoppers. Care
should be taken that the dust collected in the hopper should not be entrained in
the clean gas.

Conclusion:
Though the thermal power plant has so many advantages, the main
disadvantage is thermal pollution. Water mainly get polluted using thermal
energy.
However thermal plant is good to produce electricity. Overall efficiency of
designed steam power plant is 43.4%. To increase the efficiency steam power
plant, higher pressure and temperature steam conditions are desired. So
“supercritical” steam condition to achieve higher efficiency. The Benson boiler
also make it easier to generate steam at higher temperatures, further improving
 plant efficiency. A higher efficiency also reduces the production of thermal
pollutants

Reference:
https://www.scribd.com/document/231248761/Steam-Power-Plant-
Introduction#download

https://www.academia.edu/12656943/Report_on_Steam_Power_Plant_

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo9NL9TCgac

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-0427-2_8

http://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/08/steam-power-plant.html

http://electricalengineeringtutorials.com/use-of-electrostatic-precipitators-esp-in-
thermal-power-plants/

https://www.scribd.com/doc/29315004/Steam-Power-Plants

https://engramritkumar.com/benson-boiler/

https://www.slideshare.net/WaqasAbid7/classification-of-steam-turbines-
72248076
https://www.elp.com/articles/print/volume-81/issue-1/power-pointers/primer-on-
supercritical-steam.html