GRAMMAR

Nouns: a noun is the name of a person, place or thing.

 People: farmer, Bostonians, Alexander Graham Bell.

 Places: Chicago, theater, Central Park.
 Things: You can see: flowers, goldfish, poem.
You can’t see: success, revolution, fairness, health, happiness.

Collective Nouns: is a noun that names a group of individual people or things.

Ex.: team, class, crowd, flock, herd, bank (fish).

Compound Nouns: is a noun made up of 2 or more words.

Ex.: Empire State Building, mother-in-law, classroom.

Common Noun: names anyone of a class of people, places, or things.

Ex.: painter, city, story.

Proper Nouns: names a specific person, place or thing.

Ex.: Picasso, Cape Town, Cinderella.

Pronouns: pronouns are words that take the place of nouns.

Antecedent: an antecedent is the noun (or group of words acting as a noun) for which a pronoun
stands.
Ex: My father opened his mail first.

Personal pronouns: refer to (1) the person speaking, (2) the person spoken to, and (3) the person,
place, or thing spoken about.
Ex.: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours, you, your, yours, you, your, yours
(plural), he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs.
Ex.: He is tall.

Demonstrative Pronouns: points out a specific person, place, or thing.

Ex.: this, that, these, those.
Ex.: That is really big, but these are small.

Relative Pronouns: begins a subordinate clause and connects it to another idea in the same
sentence.
Ex.: that, which, who, whom, whose.
Ex.: Is this the man whom you saw earlier today?

Relative pronoun Subordinate clause

Interrogative Pronouns: is used to begin a question.

Ex.: what, which, who, whom, whose.
Ex.: What did he say?
Indefinite Pronouns: refer to people, places, or things, often without specifying which ones.
Ex.: another, anybody, each, everything, nobody, someone, both, few, several,
many, others, all, any, more, none, some.
Ex.: All the students went outside early.

Verbs: they indicate whether events are taking place in the present, past, or future.
They also express action, provide a link, or point out that something exists.

Action Verb: tells what action someone or something is performing.

Ex.: run, hear, hope, swim, wait, float, think.
Ex.: She listens to the song.

Transitive Verbs: an action verb is transitive if the receiver of the action is named in the sentence.
The receiver of the action is called the object.
Ex.: The truck suddenly hit the pedestrian.

Intransitive Verbs: an action verb is intransitive if no receiver of the action is named in the
sentence.
Ex.: The war began.

Linking Verbs: is a verb that connects a subject with a word that describes or identifies it.
Ex.: The forms of BE: am, are, is, was, were, am being, can be, have been,
would be, could have been.
Ex.: It could have been a match if it weren’t for that miss.

Helping Verbs: helping verbs are placed before other verbs to form verb phrases.
Ex.: is, was being, had been, have, shall, could, might, may.
Ex.: He had gone to France.

Adjectives: an adjective is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. They answer the

questions WHAT KIND?, WHICH ONE?, HOW MANY?, and HOW MUCH?.

Articles: the, an, a.

Nouns as Adjectives: morning appointment, pickle jar, junk food, Arizona desert, Bostonian
architecture.

Compound Adjectives: one-sided opinion, so-called expert, day-to-day activities.

Pronouns as Adjectives: if it modifies a noun.

Ex.: The President is preparing his state-of-the-union message.
I’ll vote on this issue.
What advice did he give?
Each judge writes an opinion.

Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They usually end in –ly.

Adverbs modifying Verbs: drove down, is here, report later, appeared suddenly, smiled happily,
walk quietly, nearly won, hardly counted.
Adverbs modifying Adjectives: very peaceful, almost right, not sad, unusually rich.

Adverbs modifying Adverbs: traveled less slowly, lost too easily, move very cautiously, lived
almost happily.

Prepositions: relates the noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence.

Frequently used preps: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, down, during, except, for, from,
in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, opposite, out, outside, over, past, since, through, to,
toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without.

SPELLING
1. identify 21. define 41. transfer
2. government 22. definition 42. different
3. everything 23. protect 43. conference
4. environment 24. protection 44. construction
5. probably 25. stable 45. instructor
6. really 26. stability 46. reconstruct
7. semester 27. victory 47. sensational
8. luckily 28. victorious 48. resentment
9. favorite 29. politics 49. sensitivity
10. delicate 30. political 50. consent
11. automatically 31. congratulate 51. fertilize
12. mortgage 32. congratulations 52. preferred
13. temperamental 33. graduate 53. referral
14. consequences 34. graduation 54. inference
15. trampoline 35. inspect 55. destructive
16. therapy 36. inspection 56. obstruction
17. catastrophe 37. narrate 57. structural
18. distribute 38. narrative 58. sensibility
19. criticism 39. strategy 59. consensus
20. hideous 40. strategic 60. sensitize