SMK TAMAN PELANGI

PROJECT WORK FOR

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2010

Index in our daily life

NAME : CHITRAN A/L TAMIL CHELVAN

I/C : 930629-08-5381
CLASS : 5 BESTARI
TEACHER’S NAME : PN. HANIZAH MAFOZ
 CONTENT
Introduction.......................................................1-3
Part 1............................................................4-8
Part 2............................................................9-10
Part 3...........................................................11
Further Explorations..............................................12-16
Conclusion........................................................17
Reflections........................................................18
Questions.........................................................19-23
Rubric...........................................................24
End.............................................................25
 Introduction
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to
carry out a project work while we are in Form 5. This year the
Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has
prepared four tasks for us. We are to choose and complete only one
task based on our area of interest. This project can be done in groups
or individually, but each of us is expected to submit an individually
written report. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics
Project Work, we are to gain valuable experiences and able to:

 Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve

routine and non-routine problems;
 Experience classroom environments which are challenging,
interesting and meaningful and hence improve their thinking
skills.
 Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills
are applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life problems
 Experience classroom environments where expressing ones
mathematical thinking, reasoning and communication are highly
encouraged and expected
 Experience classroom environments that stimulate and enhance
effective learning.
 Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and
writing, and to use the language of mathematics to express
mathematical ideas correctly and precisely
 Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills
through problem-solving in ways that increase interest and
confidence
 Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and
in workplace
 Realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in
solving real-life problems and hence develop positive attitude
towards mathematics.
 Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to
collaborate, to cooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging
and healthy environment
 Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively
  Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics
and to become more creative and innovative
 Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics
We are expected to submit the project work within three weeks
from the first day the task is being administered to us. Failure to
submit the written report will result in us not receiving certificate.

Appreciation
Thank you to God for giving the will to do my additional
mathematics project. Secondly, I would like to thank the principle of
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Taman Pelangi, Pn Hajah Maznah bt
Othman for giving the permission to do my Additional Mathematics
Project Work. I also like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher,
Pn. Hanizah Mafoz for the guide and giving useful and important
information for me to complete this project work. Besides that, I
would like to thank my parents for their support and encouragement.
Lastly, a special thanks to all my friends for their help and
cooperation in searching for information and completing this project
work.

History of indices
No clear consensus has emerged on who created the first price
index. The earliest reported research in this area came from
Welshman Rice Vaughan who examined price level change in his
1675 book A Discourse of Coin and Coinage. Vaughan wanted to
separate the inflationary impact of the influx of precious metals
brought by Spain from the New World from the effect due to currency
debasement. Vaughan compared labor statutes from his own time to
similar statutes dating back to Edward III. These statutes set wages for
certain tasks and provided a good record of the change in wage levels.
Vaughan reasoned that the market for basic labor did not fluctuate
much with time and that a basic laborers salary would probably buy
the same amount of goods in different time periods, so that a laborer's
salary acted as a basket of goods. Vaughan's analysis indicated that
price levels in England had risen six to eightfold over the preceding
century.

While Vaughan can be considered a forerunner of price index

research, his analysis did not actually involve calculating an index. In
1707 Englishman William Fleetwood created perhaps the first true
price index. An Oxford student asked Fleetwood to help show how
prices had changed. The student stood to lose his fellowship since a
fifteenth century stipulation barred students with annual incomes over
five pounds from receiving a fellowship. Fleetwood, who already had
an interest in price change, had collected a large amount of price data
going back hundreds of years. Fleetwood proposed an index
consisting of averaged price relatives and used his methods to show
that the value of five pounds had changed greatly over the course of
260 years. He argued on behalf of the Oxford students and published
his findings anonymously in a volume entitled Chronicon Preciosum.

Statistics today
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for
agricultural research, public health concerns (epidemiology,
biostatistics, etc.), industrial quality control, and economic and social
purposes (unemployment rate, econometry, etc.) necessitated
substantial advances in statistical practices.

Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins.
Individuals and organizations use statistics to understand data and
make informed decisions throughout the natural and social sciences,
medicine, business, and other areas.

Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of mathematics

but rather as a distinct, albeit allied, field. Many universities maintain
separate mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also
taught in departments as diverse as psychology, education, and public
health.
 PART 1

(a) After surveying on four different items

 (b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in Table 1.
Since items maybe differently packed, be sure to use
consistent measurements for each item selected so that
comparison can be done easily and accurately.

Price
Category Item
Cold Storage Giant Kedai Runcit Sri Murni
1. Self-Raising Flour RM 9.99 RM 9.65 RM 10.30
2. Sugar RM 1.65 RM 1.65 RM 2.40
Food
3. Butter RM 7.49 RM 6.99 RM 7.80
4. Eggs (Grade A) RM 3.99 RM 3.89 RM 3.80
Total Price RM 23.12 RM 22.18 RM 24.30
1. Trojan RM 10.49 RM 17.49 RM 11.20
2. Fab RM 22.99 RM 14.49 RM 15.90
Detergent
3. Breeze RM 16.94 RM 13.99 RM 10.45
4. Bio Zip RM 9.99 RM 9.49 RM 11.20
Total Price RM 60.41 RM 55.46 RM 48.75
1. Pen RM 3.29 RM 2.99 RM 1.80
2. Correction Pen RM 5.29 RM 7.99 RM 4.80
Stationery
3. Stapler Clip RM 2.29 RM 1.65 RM 3.20
4. Marker RM 7.29 RM 5.99 RM4.30
Total Price RM 18.16 RM 18.62 RM 14.10
Grand Total
RM 101.69 RM 96.26 RM 87.15
 (c) Record the items and their prices systematically as in Table
1. Since items maybe differently packed, be sure to use
consistent measurements for each item selected so that
comparison can be done easily and accurately.

FOOD

RM10.00 Self-Raising Flour

RM8.00
Sugar
RM6.00
Butter
RM4.00
Eggs (Grade A)
RM2.00
RM0.00
Cold Giant Kedai
Storage Runcit
Sri Murni

Detergent
RM25.00
Trojan
RM20.00
RM15.00 Fab
RM10.00 Breeze
RM5.00 Bio Zip
RM0.00
Cold Storage Giant Kedai Runcit
Sri Murni
 Stationery
Pen
RM8.00
RM6.00 Correction Pen
RM4.00
RM2.00 Stapler Clip
RM0.00
Marker
Cold Giant Kedai
Storage Runcit Sri
Murni

(d) Based on the graphical representations that I have constructed

in Part 1(c), it is shown that there are large and small
differences among the prices of items in each category
between the shops. In the food category, the smallest price
difference is of those of sugar, while the highest is the price
of eggs. Besides food, detergent also shows a large price
difference between its items. Among them is the price of
detergent. On the other hand, stationery items don’t have any
obvious price difference. The graph also show that most of
the items that are high priced comes from the Giant, while the
lowest price items come from the Kedai Runcit Sri Murni.
The graph 1(d) will show the conclusion of the difference
among the shops based upon the shops grand total.
 110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cold Storage Giant Kedai Runcit
Sri Murni

(e) Detergent (Fab)

Mean = 22.99+14.49+15.9
3
= 17.79

Standard deviation
= √(Σх2 – ( х )2

=√22.992 + 14.492 + 15.92 - (17.79)2

3
=
3.74

The large price difference of clothes detergent among the shops

maybe because of the standard of the shop. A high standard shop or
supermarket, the items sold intend to be much more expensive than a
regular shop or supermarket. Also, the price difference of the items
may also due to the quality of the item. A better quality means a
higher price.
 PART 2

(a) I will choose the Giant. This is because the total price of the
ingredients from this shop is the lowest from the three shops.

(b)

Price in the Price in the

Quantity per
Ingredient year 2009 year 2010
cake
(RM) (RM)
Self-raising flour 250 g 0.9 1.1
Sugar 200 g 0.35 0.55
Butter 250 g 3.3 3.5
Eggs (Grade A) 5 eggs (300 g) 1.25 1.4

i.
Price in the year Price in the year Price index for the year 2010
Ingredient Quantity per cake
2009 (RM) 2010 (RM) based on the year 2009 (Ι
Self-raising flour 250 g 0.9 1.1 122.22
Sugar 200 g 0.35 0.55 157.14
Butter 250 g 3.3 3.5 106.1
Eggs (Grade A) 5 eggs (300 g) 1.25 1.4 112

1. Self – raising flour >I = 1.1/0.9 × 100=111.22

2. Sugar >I = 0.55/0.35 × 100=157.14
3. Butter >I = 3.5/3.3 × 100=106.10
4. Eggs >I = 1.4/1.25 × 100=112
ii.
Ingredient Weighatge (w)
Self-raising flour 250 / 1000 = 1/4
Sugar 200 / 1000 = 1/5
Butter 250 / 1000 = 1/4
Eggs (Grade A) 300 / 1000 = 3/10

=1/4(122.22) + 1/5(157.14) + 1/4(106.10) + 3/10(112)

1
= 122.108
iii. On 2009, RM 15
On 2010, Price =

× 100 =122.108
15
× 100 =
122.108 × 15
= 1831.62
100
= 18.32

Composite index = 122.108, this means the food items increased by

about increased compared to the year 2009. This means the selling
price of the cake must also increased by the same margin to maintain
competitive pricing.

(c)
i. For common usage, air conditioner is rated according to horse
power (1 HP), which is approximately 850W to 1100W of
electrical power. It is suitable for a room size 1500ft3 which is
around 30m3 of volume.

ii. 7 bays
iii. 1 unit of 1HP air conditioner = RM 950
Cost for a cake = 1.1+0.55+3.5+1.4
=6.55
Selling Price = RM 23
Profit = 23-6.55
=16.45

Number of cakes to buy 1 unit of air conditioner

950 = 57.75 > 58 cakes
16.45
 PART 3
(a)

Expenditure Amount in 2009 Amount in 2010 Index Weightage

(RM) (RM)
Food 1200 1.15 x 1200 =1380 115 1380/115 = 12
Games 500 1 x 500 =500 100 500/100 = 5
Transportation 1300 1.15 x 1300 =345 115 345/115 = 3
Decorations 200 1 x 200 =200 100 200/100 = 2
Prizes 600 1 x 600 =600 100 600/100 = 6
Tents 800 1.15 x800 =920 115 920/115 = 8
Miscellaneous 400 1.3 x400 =520 130 520/130 = 4

(b)
Ī=

= 115(12) + 100(5) + 115(3) + 100(2) + 100(6) + 115(8) + 130(4)

12+5+3+2+6+8+4

= 4465 = 111.625
40
The total price for the year 2010 increase by 11.625%. This is because
some price in the year 2009 increased in the year 2010.

(c)
Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010
=111.625
Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011
=111.625

Ī2011 × 100 = Ī2010 × Ī2011

2009 2009 2010

Ī2011 = 111.625 × 111.625 ×

2009
Ī2011 = 124.6
2009
 Further Exploration
Air Pollution Index
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or
biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living
organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is
essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air
pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the
Earth's ecosystems.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution Index
(API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a number used by government
agencies to characterize the quality of the air at a given location. As the AQI
increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to
experience increasingly severe adverse health effects. To compute the AQI
requires an air pollutant concentration from a monitor or model. The function
used to convert from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant, and
is different in different countries. An agency might also encourage members of
the public to take public transportation or work from home when AQI levels are
high.

Limitations of the AQI

Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries
monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and
nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.

Causes of Poor Air Quality

The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air emissions by
fresh air. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone or temperature inversion,
or other lack of winds lets air pollution remain in a local area.
Indices by location
 South Korea
The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensice
Air-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality based on health risk
of air pollution. The index aims to help the public easily understand air quality
level and protect the health of people from air pollution. - The CAI has values
of 0 through 500, which are divided into six categories. The higher the CAI
value, the greater the level of air pollution. - Of values of the five air pollutants,
the highest is the CAI value.

CAI Description Health Implications

A level that will not impact patients suffering from
0-50 Good diseases related to air pollution.
51- A level which may have a meagre impact on patients
100 Moderate in case of chronic exposure.
101- Unhealthy for A level that may have harmful impacts on patients
150 sensitive groups and members of sensitive groups.
A level that may have harmful impacts on patients
and members of sensitive groups(children, aged or
151- weak people), and also cause the general public
250 Unhealthy unpleasant feelings.
A level which may have a serious impact on patients
251- and members of sensitive groups in case of acute
350 Very unhealthy exposure.
A level which may need to take emergency measures
351- for patients and members of sensitive groups and
500 Hazardous have harmful impacts on the general public.

 Malaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index.
Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide) are reported in PM10 particulate matter is
reported in μg m3.
Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above 500, a
state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that
non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected
area closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and
industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector.
Stock Market Index

A comparison of three major U.S. stock indices: the NASDAQ

Composite, Dow Jones Industrial Average, and S&P 500. All three have the
same height at March 2007. Notice the large dotcom spike on the NASDAQ, a
result of the large number of tech. Companies on that index.
A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the stock
market. Many indices are cited by news or financial services firms and are used
as benchmarks, to measure the performance of portfolios such as mutual funds.
Types of indices
Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A 'world' or 'global'
stock market index includes (typically large) companies without regard for
where they are domiciled or traded. Two examples are MSCI World and S&P
Global 100.
A national index represents the performance of the stock market of a
given nation—and by proxy, reflects investor sentiment on the state of its
economy. The most regularly quoted market indices are national indices
composed of the stocks of large companies listed on a nation's largest stock
exchanges, such as the American S&P 500, the Japanese Nikkei 225, and the
British FTSE 100.
The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The Dow Jones
Total Stock Market Index, as its name implies, represents the stocks of nearly
every publicly traded company in the United States, including all U.S. stocks
traded on the New York Stock Exchange (but not ADRs) and most traded on the
NASDAQ and American Stock Exchange. Russell Investment Group added to
the family of indices by launching the Russell Global Index.
More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific
sectors of the market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech Index, for example, consists
of 36 American firms in the biotechnology industry. Other indices may track
companies of a certain size, a certain type of management, or even more
specialized criteria — one index published by Linux Weekly News tracks
stocks of companies that sell products and services based on the Linux
operating environment.

Index versions
Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions. [1] These
versions can differ based on how the index components are weighted and on
how dividends are accounted for. For example, there are three versions of the
S&P 500 index: price return, which only considers the price of the components,
total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net total return,
which accounts for dividend reinvestment after the deduction of a withholding
tax. As another example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire 5000 indices have five
versions each: full capitalization total return, full capitalization price, float
adjusted total return, float-adjusted price, and equal weight. The difference
between the full capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in
how index components are weighted.
Uses and importance of air pollution index and stock market index
As everyone can see, the air pollution index is use by the government to
measure the air quality index and to detect any pollutants in our country’s air.
This is to ensure the air is clean and safe for us to inhale. Besides that, an early
warning can be given to us if the air pollution is too high for us to get out of our
homes. This warning is given based upon readings and interpretations of the air
pollution index.
As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business entrepreneurs.
This type of index is used to determine the outcome of a stock market and also
the conclusion of a stock market. The stock market index is important because a
country’s economical state sometimes depend on it.
 Conclusion
After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and some
problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics and index is important in
daily life. It is not just widely used in markets but also in interpreting the
condition of the surrounding like air. Especially in conducting an air-pollution
survey. In conclusion, statistics and index is a daily life nessecities.Without it,
surveys can’t be conducted, the stock market can’t be interpret and many more.
So, we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of making
statistics and index.
 Reflection

After spending countless hours, days and night to finish this

project and also sacrificing my time on playing video games and
reading mangas in this mid year holiday, there are several things that I
can say...

Doing this project makes me realize how important Additional

Mathematics is in our daily life and completing this project makes me
realize how fun it is and likable is Additional Mathematics. Besides, I
had learned many moral values that I practice. This project had taught
me to think rationally on doing something because can effect the
future. Remember...let the mind first before your act. I also learned to
be calm and a lot of patient for solving the problem asked.
Besides, this project prepared me for be more confident on
answering question even thou I got the weird and so on answer but it
give me confident to answer it, I become more brave. I also be
exposure to do assignment when I entering the university soon.
Lastly, not much that I can say about this project but I can
expressed it like the picture below…