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Introduction :
Indoor air pollutants are unwanted sometimes harmful materials in the air.
They range from dusts to chemicals to radon and are emitted from an incredible
variety of sources from the printer or photocopier, from building materials,
cigarette smoke etc. The result is often termed as "Sick building syndrome".
Typical symptoms may include headaches, unusual fatigue, itching or burning of
eyes, skin irritation, nasal congestion, dry or irritated throats, asthma attacks,
breathing problems, dizziness, memory loss, depression, sinus infections, colds,
flue and viruses. The EPA states that health effects from indoor air pollutants
may be experienced soon after exposure or possibly years later. EPA report also
says that "Indoor air is on average 2 to 10 times as polluted as worst outdoor air".
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contaminant levels. Further, outdoor pollution is minimized to a greater extent
due to dispersion and dilution. From a health perspective, indoor health quality is
more important as people spend more that 80% of their time indoors such as
homes, schools, office buildings, and shopping centres.
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the particular time of sampling can be obtained. Therefore, subsequent active
sampling can favorably be used to determine peak exposure in real
atmosphere with fast variations in concentrations. Diffusive samplers adsorb
the pollutants (several days to several weeks) of the entire study period and
thus can be used for the risk assessment studies of long term exposure. In
the past, most validation studies for diffusive sampling have dealt with the
analytes, concentration levels and sample composition encountered in
ambient and workplace air.
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Air Cleaners as effective control measure
Indoor air pollutants are generally of three kinds viz.; particulate, gaseous
and radon and its progeny. Gaseous pollutants have been discussed briefly
herein.
Gaseous pollutants include combustion gases and organic chemicals
which are not associated with particles. Hundreds of different gaseous pollutants
have been detected in indoor air. Sources of combustion gases (such as carbon
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide) include combustion appliances, cigarette
smoking, and the infiltration of vehicle exhaust gases from attached garages or
the outdoors. Gaseous organic compounds may enter the air from sources such
as cigarette smoking, building materials and furnishings, and the use of products
such as paints, adhesives, dyes, solvents, chaulks, cleaners, deodorizers,
personal hygiene products, waxes, hobby and craft materials and pesticides.
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(V.O.C.s) like benzene, toulene and xylene. Zeolites are a class of a naturally
occurring minerals derived from volcanic ash. Zeolites can also be reproduced
synthetically because of their consistent and predictable porous structure. One
gram of zeolite can have up to several hundred square meters of surface area.
These minerals are effective at removing V.O.C.s and ammonia compound
odors. Like carbon, gasses are trapped in the voids of the porous zeolite
structure. Chemisorbents work through binding gasses and a chemical reaction
process. These odor control substances are best for the removal of low
molecular weight gasses such as formaldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.
A binder such as activated alumina is impregnated with Potassium
Permanganate to create a chemically active media. This non-toxic media first
physically traps selected gas molecules and then chemically destroys them
through a process called oxidation .This oxidation process is media based and
no oxygen or ozone is generated. The effectiveness of odor removing media is
related to the amount and type of gasses present in the air and the quantity and
depth of the adsorbent material and the velocity of the air traveling through the
media. The location of the odor adsorbing media relative to the particle filtration
media is also important. If the odor adsorbing media is placed first, then particles
in the air will cover the porous structure of the odor adsorbing media and reduce
its effectiveness at trapping odors.
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unit efficiency and the air flow rate, and is a measure of the number of cfm of air
The factors for selection of indoor air cleaner include the following:
a Estimated capital and maintenance cost
* Installation requirements (e.g. power, access)
* Possible production or redispersal of pollutants such as ozone,
particles formulated and trapped gaseous pollutants
a Possible health effects
a Potential effectiveness of the device under the existing conditions
tv Need for routine maintenance including cleaning and replacement of
filters and sorbent.
Conclusions
Indoor air pollutants can be grouped into three categories viz; particles,
gaseous pollutants and radon and its progeny. Passive sampling appears to be
technically feasible option for monitoring indoor air pollutants. Zeolites are
proving to be the adsorbents of choice for many cost effective air pollution control
technologies treating the hazardous air pollutants and listed VOCs. The need for
technologically improved air purification systems has been indicated by keen
client interest in the use of zeolites in controlling indoor air pollutants. The issues
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to be addressed are the types of air cleaners available to the consumer,
effectiveness of air cleaners in removing indoor air pollutants, factors to consider
in deciding whether to use an air-cleaning unit etc.
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Reference:
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