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A.
1. In the
, during formation of gametes,
paired factors segregate independently.
a. The phenotype is the visible characteristic.
b. Tall and dwarf plants produce tall F1 progeny;
hence there is no blending.
c. Self-pollinating the F1 progeny produce tall and short
in a 3:1 ratio; again there was no blending and this ratio
held for crosses of six other traits6
2. 0
a. Mendel called the tall factor ; when it was present
the
factor is not expressed.
b. Recessive traits appear only when both factors are present, a
͞pure͟ condition.
c. Capitalized letters represent dominant factors, and the
corresponding lower case letter represents the recessive
alternative factors.
d. T/t represents the complete genetic constitution of the
plant͛s traits for height; T and t are the possible gametes.
e. T/t and other unlike combinations form a !
.
f. T/T and t/t are !
.
g. T/T, T/t and t/t are the possible
!.
h. A cross involving one pair of contrasting traits is a
monohybrid cross.
3. "#
" #
a. Various combinations resulting from available gametes are
shown using a Punnett square.
b. This allows a T/t x T/t cross to represent the 3:1 ratio.
c. Additional crosses of the progeny demonstrated that one-
third of the tall was TT and two-thirds were T/t.
d. The short plants, or t/t, always gave rise to short plants
when self-fertilized.
4. $
a. Products of a monohybrid cross have T/t individuals hidden
among the T/T.
b. To reveal them, a testcross mates each with a pure recessive.
c. If homozygous (T/T), the testcross yields all tall.
d. If heterozygous (T/t), the testcross yields half tall and half
short.
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1. While only two alleles can exist at one locus, more than two
types of alleles may exist in a population.
2. For instance, rabbits may possess two alleles from among
four for coat color: C (normal), cch (chinchilla), ch
(Himalayan) and c (albino).
3. Multiple alleles arise through mutations at the same locus
over time.
0 *
1. ,
a. Not all factors segregate as stated in Mendel͛s second law.
b. Genes on the same chromosome are linked, and the traits are
inherited together.
2. Traits on the same chromosome are coded as letters without a
slash mark (i.e., AB/ab).
§
/
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(0
A. *§
1. W. Johannsen coined the term ͞gene͟ in 1909 to name the
hereditary factors referred to by Mendel.
a. Originally, genes were considered indivisible units.
b. Alleles are now known to be divisible by recombination;
portions are separable.
c. Parts of eukaryote genes are separated by introns,
which are sections of DNA that do not specify a product.
B. /*3/ !4!
ë
n. RNA is similar to DNA except it has a single polynucleotide
chain, has ribose instead of deoxyribose, and has uracil
instead of thymine.
o. DNA is replicated precisely in daughter cells; each strand is
a template for the new complementary strand.
p. Ribosomal, transfer, and messenger RNAs are the most
abundant and well-known types of RNA, but many
structural and regulatory RNAs, such as micro RNAs, have
been reported
02)§
P!#ë
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*§
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$*
1.Cancer is a result of a series of specific genetic changes
that take place in a particular clone of cells.
2. These changes may include alterations of
and
3. Normally, oncogenes are in the form of +
4. One proto-oncogene code for the protein 6
(a guanosine triphosphataseͶGTP-aseͶ is located just
beneath the cell membrane).
5. When a receptor on the cell surface binds a growth factor, Ras
is activated and initiates a cascade of reactions, ultimately
leading to cell division.
6. Cellular DNA can sustain damage largely by ionizing
radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical mutagens,
all of which may result in
7. Some damaged DNA can be repaired.
8. Gene products such as p53 (for ͞53-kilodalton protein͟)
are tumor suppressors that act on cell proliferation.