Shiv Shrimant Kokate

Shivaji Rajanche Khare Shatru Kon?

àñVmdZm

NÌnVr [edmOr _hmamO ho OmJ[VH [HVuMo, Am[U HVw©ËdmMo amOo AmhoV. ^y[_nwÌm¨À`m
ghHm`m©Zo amOm¨Zr ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo. nU amOm¨Mo [Z[d©dmX M[aÌ CnbãY Zmhr ho HQygË` Amho.
H[ënVHWm, a¨OHVm ho [edM[aÌmVrb ASWio AmhoV. [edM[aÌ ho nwñVHmV Z _mdUmao OrdZHm`©
Amho. [edM[aÌmda AZoH A¨JmZr [b[hUo JaOoMo Amho. [edM[aÌ ho Hodi SmoŠ`mda KoDZ
[_adÊ`mMm [df` Zmhr, Va SmoŠ`mV KmbÊ`mMm [df` Amho. [edM[aÌmda _m[bHm, ZmQHo, [MÌnQ,
_hmZmQç [Z_m©U HaUo Am[U ì`m»`mZo XoUo hm AZoHm¨Zr Y¨Xm Hobm Amho. Aem HmimV HQwVoMm
[dMma Z HaVm lr_¨V HmoHmQo `m¨Zr AË`¨V g¨emoYZnyU© Ago ""[edmOramOm¨Mo Iao eÌy HmoU?'' ho
amOm¨À`m OrdZmVrb An[a[MV ~m~tda àHme QmHUmao nwñVH [b[hbo Amho. amOm¨Zm OmVr`-
Ym[_©H Mm¡HQrV ASHdUo, am`aoœamÀ`m _¨[XamV enW KoVbr Hr Zmhr, _hmamUr nwVim~mB©Mo gVr
OmUo, ^dmZr Vbdma, ~hwOZà[VnmbH åhUÊ`mEodOr Jm ~«m÷Uà[VnmbH åhUUo `mnmRr_mJMo
fS`¨Ì, [OOmD_m°gmho~m¨Mo [ZYZ Hgo Pmbo? amOm¨Mm IyZ Hem àHmao HaÊ`mV Ambm? _ZwdmXr
[edO`¨VrÀ`m VmaIobm [damoY Hm HaVmV? `m~m~V lr_¨VMo g¨emoYZ Zm[dÝ`nwU© Amho. `mgmRr
lr_¨V HmoHmQo `m¨Zr ~aoM l_ KoVbo AmhoV.

amOm¨Zr gd© OmVrY_m©À`m ^y[_nwÌm¨Zm gmo~V KoDZ ñdamÁ` [Z[_©Vr Hobr. Ë`m_Ü`o ~mOr
nmgbHa, HmÝhmoOr OoYo, [edmOr Hm[eX, [Odm _hmbm, ~[hOu ZmB©H, [hamoOr \OªX, ZwaImU ~oJ,
HmPr h¡Xa, bm` nmQrb, `ogmOr H¨H, [\a¨JmoOr, àVmnamd, Hmo¨SmOr \OªX, gw`©amd HmHSo, ZoVmOr
nmbHa, [g[Õ [hbmb, [g[Õ B~«m[h_, \[HamMm Imna nUOmo~m, _wamaOr d ~mOrà^y, ho à^y B.
gd© OmVr Y_m©Mo ghHmar amOm¨gmRr àmUnUmZo bTbo.

`m àg¨Jr XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod, H¥îUmOr HwbHUu, am_Xmg, _moamon¨V B. AZoH ^QOr AmSdo
Ambo. AmSdo Amboë`m¨Zm amOm¨Zr nam^yV Hobo. A\ObImZ ^oQrÀ`m àg¨Jr amOm¨da dma HaUmè`m
H¥îUmOr ^mñHa HwbHUubm amOm¨ZR Rma _mabo. amOm¨Zm AmOÝ_ Ìmg XoUmè`m eÌyMr _m[hVr Va
lr_¨VZo àñVwV nwñVHmV [XbrM, nU AmOÀ`m VmaIon`ªV [edM[aÌ, [edgyÌ Am[U [edZrVrbm
OmUrdnyd©H ~XZm_ HaUmè`m [QiH, gmdaHa, nwa¨Xao, ~oSoHa Am[U `.[X. \SHo¨Mm XoIrb nXm©\me
Hobm Amho.

_hmamOm¨Zm [Od¨VnUr Ìmg XoUmao Ogo eÌy AmhoV, VgoM Ë`m¨Mm ~XZm_rHmaH B[Vhmg
[b[hUmao \SHo, _mQo, H¨QH XoIrb eÌy AmhoV. Ë`m¨Zr amOm¨Mm d _amRm [ñÌ`m¨Mm
~XZm_rHmaH B[Vhmg n[hë`m I¨SmV [b[hbm. lr_¨VZo `m ~m~VrV [b[hbo Amho. nU à[V[H«`m
XoÊ`mV eºr IM© HaÊ`mojm Zd[Z[_©VrMr JaO Amho. ^md[ZH nmVirda boIZ Hmb~mhç RaVo.
`mgmRr eÌy¨Mm CëboI HéZ Ë`m¨Zm _moRo HaÊ`mnojm [edmOramOm¨À`m [_Ìm¨da XoIrb [bhmdo.
[edM[aÌmVrb AZoH ~m~r AZ[^kM AmhoV. Ë`m¨Mm emoY ¿`mdm.

lr_¨V hm g¥OZ[eb Aä`mgy Am[U naIS [dMmam¨Mm à^mdr dºm Amho. Ë`m_wio [dZ¨VrdOm
gyMZm Amho Hr, g¨^mOramOm¨da XoIrb [bhmdo.

nwéfmoÎm_ IoSoHa

(amï—r` AÜ`j, _amRm godm g¨K)

 boIHmMo _ZmoJV...

[edmOramOo ho [dœd¨Ú amOo AmhoV. amOm¨Mo HV©¥Ëd ho gwdUm©jam¨Zr KamKamV HmoéZ Rodmdo
Ago Amho. amOm¨Zr \º 50 dfm©À`m Am`wî`mV AeŠ` Hm`© eŠ` HéZ XmI[dbo. g_mOì`dñWoV
Am_wbmJ« n[adV©Z HaÊ`mgmRr amOm¨Zr [Z[^©SnUo Pw¨O [Xbr. `mgmRr amOm¨Zm hmVmV eñÌ Yamdo
bmJbo. nU amOm¨Zr eñÌmMo `wÕ H_rVH_r Hobo. MmVw`m©Mm dmna HéZ amOm¨Zr naMH« [ZXm©ibo.
`màg¨Jr Ë`m¨Zm Iwn [damoY Pmbm. Á`m¨Zm [damoY hmoV Zmhr Vo n[adV©Z Hé eHV ZgVmV. àg¨Jr
amOm¨da àmUKmVH hëbo Pmbo, ZmC_oX HaÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm. nU amOm¨Zr `m gd© g¨HQmda _mV
Hobr. A\ObImZ, em[hñVoImZ, [gÕrOm¡ha, [XboaImZ, Am¡a¨JOo~ `m eÌy¨Zm [edam`m¨Zr nam^yV
Hobo. HmaU Vo CKS eÌy hmoVo, CKS eÌy[déÕ bTUo \ma gmono AgVo. Ë`m¨À`m[déÕ SmdnoM AmIVm
`oVmV. nU JwßVeÌy[déÕ SmdnoM AmIVm `oV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio CKS eÌynojm JwßV eÌy \ma
IVaZmH AgVmo. Am¡a¨JOo~ Vo A\ObImZ ho amOm¨Mo CKS eÌy hmoVo. Vo amOm¨Mo HÅa [damoYH hmoVo.
`m~m~V Xw_V Zmhr. nU amOm¨À`m Aml`mbm amhUmao [_ÌËdmMo gmo¨J HaUmao Am[U g¨HQg_`r
[edam`m¨Zm Rma _maÊ`mgmRr CKS eÌw¨À`m HinmV gh^mJr hmoUmao amOm¨Mo Iao eÌy AmhoV. nU
njnmVr B[Vhmg boIZmHm¨Zr `m eÌyMm OmUrdnyd©H CëboI Qmibobm Amho. g_HmbrZ HmJXnÌ,
dñVw[Zð nwamdo AgVmZmXoIrb amOm¨À`m eÌy¨Mo CXmÎmrHaU HaÊ`mMo nmVH Hmhr [edem[ham¨Zr Am[U
HmX¨~arHmam¨Zr Hobobr Amho. na¨Vy B[VhmgmV H[dHënZm, a¨OHVm, ì`[ºJV_V, bm[bË`, ìXof,
nwd©J«hXy[fVd¥Îmr `m ~m~tZm A[O~mV ñWmZ ZgVo.

[edmOr amOm¨À`m B[VhmgmMo VQñWnUo Am[U nmaXe©H d¥ÎmrZo boIZ Hobo Va [edmOr
amOm¨Mo Iao eÌy XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod, H¥îUmOr HwbHUu, am`~mKrU Xoe_wI, _waJwSZm¨XJm¨d `oWrb Omoer,
_moamon¨V qnJio, AmÊUmOr XÎmo, C_mOr n¨[SV, amhwOr gmo_ZmW, JmJm^Å, hUy_¨Vo, am_Xmg B. AmhoV.
darb gdmªZr amOm¨Zm Hgm d [HVr Ìmg [Xbm. ñdamÁ`[Z[_©VrÀ`m Hm_mV Hgo ASWio AmUbo.
àg¨Jr amOm¨À`m A¨Jmda dma Hobo. AIoa [edam`m¨Mm IyZ XoIrb amhwOr gmo_ZmWmZo Hgm Hobm. ho
AmnUmbm àñVwV nwñVHmV dmMÊ`mg [_iobM na¨Vw AmnUmbm Hmhr ~m~r A[à` dmQVrb Am[U
IQHVrbgwÕm. nU [_Ìhmo EH ImoQ¨ hOmamo doim gm¨[JVb¨ Hr Iao dmQV AgVo, Am[U EH Iao
gwédmVrbm gm¨[JVbo Hr IQHV AgVo. nU ho Iao gm¨JÊ`mMo YmSg Am[U Am[U EoHyZ, dmMyZ,
g_OyZ KoÊ`mMo YmSg AmÎmm AmnU Hamdo. hr Z_« [dZ¨Vr HaVmo. Hmhr ~m~r IQHë`m Va [dMma
ZmdmMr Iyn _moRr eºr Amnë`m nmRrer Amho. [H_mZ AmnU [dMma Var Hamdm. àñVwV nwñVHVrb
EHhr eãX [ZamYma [b[hbobm Zmhr, àË`oH [RHmUr g¨X¨^© [Xbobm AmhoM. VgoM nmRr_mJo g¨X^©
gyMr XoIrb [Xbobr Amho. KSboë`m KQZo_mJo Vm[H©H, _mZgemñÌr`, Vm[ËdH AmYma Amho.
 amOm¨Mo eÌy Ë`m¨À`m IwZm~amo~a g¨nbo ZmhrV, Ë`m¨Mr g¨»`m nwTo PnmQçmZo dmTbr.
^w[_nyÌm¨Mo ñdamÁ` [Ji¨H¥V HaUmè`m noeì`m¨Zr amOm¨Zr ñdHV©¥Ëdmda gwé Hobobm [edeH ~¨X Hobm.
[QiHm¨Zr [edO`¨Vr ~¨X nmSÊ`mgmRr JUoemoËgd gwé Hobm. AÌo, gmdaHa, nwa¨Xao, ~oSoHa,
\SHo `m¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm ~XZm_ Hobo. Va [dœ^wfU ^maVaËZ Sm°. ~m~mgmho~ Am¨~oSHam¨Zr
[edmOramOm¨Mo [M[HËgH boIZ Hobo. amï—[nVm Á`mo[Vamd \wbo `m¨Zr [edO`¨Vr gwé Hobr. H_©dra
^mDamd nmQrb `m¨Zr AmOÝ_ _hmamOm¨Mm O`O`Hma HaV ^y[_nwÌm¨Zm [ejU [Xbo. gm[hË`aËZ Wmoa
g_mOgwYmaH AÊUm^mD gmRo `m¨À`m_wioM [edmOr_hmamO a[e`mbm g_Obo. Sm°.n¨Om~amd
Xoe_wI, à~moYZHma Hoed RmHao, H_©dra Sm°._m_mgmho~ OJXmio, ZoVmOr gw^mfM¨X« ~mog, ^JVqgJ
ho [edmOr amOm¨Mo [Zñgr_ ^º hmoVo `mgmRr AZoH dñVw[Zð g¨X^© àñVwV nwñVHmV AmhoV. `m
boIZm_mJo OmVr`ìXof qHdm ì`ºrXmof ZgyZ \º gË`g¨emoYZ Amho. gË`boIZ, gË`^mfm åhUOo
[eì`m ZìhoV. ^maVr` g_mOmda hOmamo dfm©nmgyZ HWm, HmX¨~ar, [MÌnQm¨Mm à^md Agë`m_wio
Iè`m B[VhmgmnmgyZ g_mO d¨[MV am[hbm.

dmñVd B[Vhmg g¨emoYZmg d boIZmV Am[bHSo _hmamï—mV _moRr H«m¨Vr Pmbobr Amho.
B[VhmgmMm`© àm. _m. _. Xoe_wI ho Iè`m B[VhmgmMo OZH AmhoV. JVdfu [dœd¨Ú amOm [edmOr
`m _mÂ`m nwñVH àHmeZmZo _bm A[YH boIZmgmRr _hmamï—mVrb dmMHm¨Zr ào[aV Hobo. _hmamï—mVyZ
à[V[H«`mË_H hOmamo nÌo _bm [_imbr. Ë`m nwñVHmZ¨Va [edmOramOm¨Mo Iao eÌy HmoU? ho
nwñVH Amnë`m hmVr XoVmZm AmZ¨X hmoV Amho. _mPo [_Ì àdrU Jm`HdmS d em¨Vmam_ Hw¨Ora
`m¨À`m_wio ho nwñVH dmMHm¨À`m hmVr XoVm Ambo. àñVwV nwñVH ho A[^é[Mnojm XoemÀ`m
Amdí`HVogmRr Amho. HmaU Iam B[Vhmg g_Oë`m[edm` Iam B[Vhmg KSV ZgVmo. XoemVrb
X¨Jbr, OmVr`Vm, A¨YlÕm g¨nmdr `mgmRrM ho nwñVH Amnë`m hmVr XoV Amho. `m nwñVHmMo AmnU
EHmJ«VoZo dmMZ Hamdo d BVam¨Zm dmMÊ`mg àd¥Îm Hamdo hr [dZ¨Vr. Amnë`m A[^àm`mMr à[Vjm!

lr_¨V HmoHmQ
 [edO`¨VrÀ`m VmarI-
VmarI-[VWrMm dmX HmoUr [Z_m©U Hobm

1869gmbr amï—[nVm OmoVramd \wbo `m¨Zr am`JSmdarb [edam`m¨Mr g_mYr emoYyZ HmTbr d
[edam`m¨À`m OrdZmda OJmVrb n[hbm Am[U à[XK© Agm Iam nmodmSm [b[hbm. [edam`m¨Mo
OJ[d»`mV Hm`© KamKamV nmohMmdo `mgmRr OmoVramd \wbo `m¨Zr 1870 gmbr [edO`¨Vr gwé Hobr.
[edO`¨VrMm n[hbm Hm`©H«_ nwUo `oWo nma nSbm. Vo¨ìhm nmgyZ [edO`¨Vr _moRçm Yw_YSmŠ`mV gwé
Pmbr. `màg¨Jr [QiH 12-13 dfm©Mo "~mi' hmoVo. [edO`¨VrMm dmTVm bmoHmoËgd noedmB©À`m
g_W©Hm¨Zm IwnV hmoVm. HmaU noeì`m¨Zr [edeH ~¨X HéZ _w[ñb_m¨Mm \gbr eH gwé Hobm hmoVm.
[edam`m¨Mm am`JS CÜdñV HéZ XßVaImZm Omibm hmoVm. Ë`m noedmB©Mo g_W©Z d ~«m÷Um¨Mo Ooð
nwTmar ~mi J¨JmYa [QiH `m¨Zr [edO`¨Vr ~¨X nmSÊ`mgmRr JUoemoËgd gwé HéZ [ed^ºmV
[edO`¨Vr~m~X g¨^«_ [Z_m©U HaUmao [QiH ho AmÚ ~«m÷U AmhoV. nwTo ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edO`¨Vr
[ZpíMV hmoD Z`o `mgmRr "dmX' Hm`_ Rodbm. HmaU [edO`¨VrÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo àOm EHÌ `oB©b.
Iè`m [edMarÌmVyZ h¸-A[YHmamMr _mJUr HaUmao [ed^º [Z_m©U hmoVrb, ho amoIÊ`mgmRr
~«m÷Um¨Zr [edO`¨VrMm dmX Mmby Rodbm.

hm dmX g¨nmdm `mgmRr _hmamï— emgZmZo 1966-67 gmbr dm.gr.~o¨X«o, Z.a.\mQH,

J.h.Iao, X.dm. nmoVXma, Sm°.Amßnmgmmo. ndma, ~._.nwa¨Xao `m¨Mr EH g[_Vr ñWmnZ Hobr. dmXJ«ñV
~m~tgmRr emgZ g[_Vr ñWmnZ HaVo, CXm.lrH¥îU Am`moJ, Ý`m.gmd¨V Am`moJ B.Ë`mà_mUo
[edO`¨VrMr VmarI [Z[íMV HaÊ`mgmRr emgZmZo [edM[aÌ g¨emoYHm¨Mr g[_Vr ñWmnZ Hobr. Á`m
Hm_mbm 2 df© bmJVmV VoWo Ë`m¨Zm 30 Vo 33 dfo© bmJbo, åhUOoM hm doiHmTynUm hmoVm. `m
g[_VrZo 19 \o~w«dmar 1630 hr OÝ_VmarI emgZmbm gmXa Hobr.

19\o~w«dmar hr [edO`¨VrMr VmarI Omhra Pmë`m~amo~a Hmb[ZU©` H°bo¨Sadmbo O`¨V

gmiJm¨dHa `m¨Zr [V[Wà_mUo [edO`¨Vr gmOao Hamdr Ago AmìhmZ Hobo. Ë`mgmRr dV©_mZnÌmV
OmhramVr [Xë`m. `m nmRr_mJo gmiJm¨dHam¨Mo [edam`m¨~m~V ào_ ZgyZ dmX [Z_m©U HaUo hr ^y[_Hm
hmoVr. gmiJm¨dHam¨Zr [VWrMm AmJ«h YaVmM Ë`mgmRr nwa¨Xao, ~oSoHa, _oh¨Xio `m¨Zr [VWr g_W©ZmW©
gmiJm¨dHam¨Zm nÌ [Xbr. emgZmÀ`m g[_VrV AgUmao nwa¨Xao [VWrÀ`m åhUOoM ~«m÷Um¨À`m HinmV
Kwgbo. åhUOo nwa¨Xao ho [edmOr ào_r ZgyZ [QiH, gmiJm¨dHa B.~«m÷Uào_r d [d¿Zg¨Vmofr AmhoV ho
[gÕ hmoVo. gmiJm¨dHa, nwa¨Xao, ~oSoHa Am[X ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edO`¨Vr [VWrà_mUo ìhmdr hm AmJ«h
Yabm. [edO`¨VrÀ`m VmarI-VmarI-[VWrMm dmX HmoUË`mhr amOHr` njmZo [Z_m©U Hobobm ZgyZ nwa¨Xao,
~oSoHa Am[U gmiJm¨dHa `m¨Zr [Z_m©U Hobm. nU hm dmX gd©Ì ìhmdm `mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr `mbm
amOHr` ñdén [Xbo. AZoH amÁ`HVmªZm _m[hV Zmhr Hr hm dmX ~«m÷Um¨Zr [Z_m©U Hobobm Amho.
`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr Zoh_rà_mUo Y_©-g¨ñH¥VrMo hË`ma nwTo Hobo. ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edO`¨VrÀ`m VmaIobm
[damoY Va [VWrMm AmJ«h Yabm. `m _mJrb fS`¨Ì Hm`?

VmaIoà_mUo [edO`¨Vr gmOar Pmbr Va dmX g¨nyZ XoemV d OJmV [edO`¨Vr hmoB©b, HmaU
XoemVrb J«m_n¨Mm`V, emim, Hm°boOog² nmgyZ Ý`m`mb`, g¨gX B.gd© Hma^ma VmaIoà_mUo MmbVmV.
VmarI dfm©VyZ EHXmM Am[U EHmM _[hÝ`mV `oVo. Ë`m_wio dmX g¨nVmo. gaHmar ~±Hm, Hm`m©b`o,
emim, _hm[dÚmb`mV [edM[aÌmda ^mfUo hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio [edam`m¨Mo Iao [edM[aÌ OZVobm
g_OVo. Iao [edM[aÌ g_Obo Va ~hwOZg_mO ~«m÷Umbm _m\ HaUma Zmhr, hr ^rVr ~«m÷Um¨Zm
Amho. åhUyZ ~«m÷U [edM[aÌmV, O`¨VrV dmX [Z_m©U HaVmV. åhUOo à[V[H«`m XoÊ`mVM ~hwOZ
g_mOmMr eºr IM© ìhmdr hm ~«m÷Um¨Mm Smd Amho. B¨J«Or H°bo¨Sa åhUyZ VmaIobm [damoY HaUmao
~«m÷U _mÌ ñdV: B¨J«Or [eHVmV. B¨J«Or g¨JUH, _mo~mB©b dmnaVmV. O`¨V gmiJm¨dHa H°bo¨Sa
OmZodmar EodOr M¡Ì _[hÝ`mV Hm ~mOmamV AmUrV ZmhrV? H°bo¨Sa _Ü`o VmaIoMo AmHSo _moRo d
[VWrMo bhmZ Hm QmHVmV? ~«m÷Um¨Zm AmO B¨J«Or Am[U nydu B¨J«Om¨[edm` Ha_V ZìhVo Vo AmO
[edO`¨VrÀ`m VmaIobm [damoY HaVmV.

~«m÷U [edO`¨VrgmRr [VWrMm AmJ«h Hm YaVmV? [VWrà_mUo XoemVrb HmoUVmhr Hma^ma

MmbV Zmhr. Amnbo Jm¨d, emim, Xoe [VWrà_mUo Zmhr Va VmaIoà_mUo MmbVmo. [VWr à_mUo dmX
Hm`_ amhVmo. HmaU [VWr HYr _mM©_Ü`o Va HYr E[àb-_o _Ü`o `oVo. [VWrà_mUo J«m_n¨Mm`V qHdm
àmW[_H emim XoIrb MmbV Zmhr. [edmOramOo Va [dœd¨Ú Ago `wJnwéf AmhoV. [VWrV
ASH[dÊ`mBVHo amOo bhmZ ZmhrV. [edam`m¨Zm bhmZnU XoDZ amOo Hm`_ dmXmV ahmdoV `mgmRr
gmiJm¨dHam¨Zr VmarI-[VWrMm dmX [Z_m©U Hobm. [VWr Ambr Hr n¨Mm¨J Ambo, n¨Mm¨J Ambo Hr
^QOr Ambm. ^QOrMr amoOJma h_r Mmbmdr Am[U dmXmVM [edam` d [ed^º g¨nmdoV `mgmRr
^QOr [VWrMm AmJ«h YaVmV.

VmarI [VWrMm dmX bmdyZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr [ed^ºmV XmoZ JQ nmSbo VmaIoMo Am[U [VWrMo
[ed^º Agm g¨Kf© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [Z_m©U Hobm. [edam`m¨Mr XmoZ doim O`¨Vr HéZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr
EH _hmZ amOmMr qQJb bmdbobr Amho. ~«m÷U HYr JwéZmZH, _hmdra, ~wÕ, ^maVaËZ
Sm°.~m~mgmho~ Am¨~oSHa `m¨À`m O`¨VrgmRr [VWrMm AmJ«h YaVmV Hm? Vmo g_mO OmJm Agë`m_wio
~«m÷U ho YmSg HaV ZmhrV. ~«m÷Um¨Zr Sm°. ~m~mgmho~ Am¨~oSHam¨À`m O`¨VrgmRr [VWrMm AmJ«h
Yamdm, Hm` hmoVo Vo nmhm.
 [_Ìhmo, EHm [RHmUr [edM[aÌmd ì`m»`mZmgmRr Jobmo AgVmZm VmarI-[VWrÀ`m dmXmdéZ
XmoZ njm¨À`m Hm`©HË`m©V àM¨S dmXmdmXr Mmby hmoVr hm àg¨J nmhyZ Iyn dmB©Q dmQbo. [edM[aÌmda
[dMma HaÊ`mEodOr O`¨VrMm dmX Hm`©HVo© HaV hmoVo. `m_mJo ~hwOZm¨Mo AkmZ Va ~«m÷Um¨Mm Hw«anUm
Amho. nU XmoÝhr njmÀ`m Hm`©HVmªZm [edO`¨VrÀ`m VmarI [VWrÀ`m dmXmMo _wi Ooìhm g_Obo
Vo¨ìhm gd© _V^oX [dgéZ gdmªZr 19 \o~w«dmarbm [edO`¨Vr OmoaXma gmOar Hobr.

[edmOramOm¨da dma HaUmam H¥îUm ^mñHa HwbHUu

A\ObImZ hm amOm¨À`m ^oQrÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo Rma _maÊ`mgmRr Ambobm Amho. hr

ImÌrbm`H ~mV_r éñVw_oO_mZZo amOm¨Zm gm¨[JVbr. A\ObImZ [dOmnwahyZ WoQ dmB©V Ambm. Vmo
VwiOmnya qHdm n¨Tanyabm Jobm Zmhr. (g¨X^©-goVy _mYd nJSr [b[IV [edM[aÌ EH Aä`mg)
^mdZm ^S[dÊ`mgmRr ImZmZo _wVuMr [dQ¨~Zm Hobr, Agm OmUrdnyd©H ImoQm B[Vhmg [b[hbm Jobm.
A\ObImZ dmB©V Amë`m~amo~a dVZmgmRr dmB©Mo ~«m÷U ImZmbm ^oQbo. d [edam`m¨Zm Rma
_maÊ`mgmRr gd© àHmao ghHm`© HaÊ`mMo Ë`mZr ImZmbm Z[^dMZ [Xbo, `m àg¨Jr ImZmMm dHrb
_wgb_mZ ZìhVm, Va H¥îUm ^mñHa HwbHUu hm hmoVm. Ë`mZo amOm¨Mr AZoH Jw[nVo ImZmbm gm¨[JVbr.
àË`j A\ObImZ ^oQrÀ`m àg¨Jr amOm¨À`m A¨Jmda [MbIV Agë`mZo amOm¨Mo àmU dmMbo.
amOm¨Zr ImZmbm Rma _mabo. `màg¨Jr H¥îUm ^mñHa HwbHUuZo amOm¨À`m Hnmimda VbdmarMm dma
Hobm. (g¨X^© ~._mo nwa¨Xao [b[IV- amOm [edNÌnVr) amOm¨À`m A¨JmV [MbIV Amho, `mMr ImÌr
HwbHUubm Pmbr hmoVr. åhUyZM HwbHUuZr amOm¨À`m Hnmimda dma Hobm. amOm¨À`m g¨nyU© Am`wî`mV
HmoUrhr amOm¨Zm OI_ Hé eHbm Zmhr. AmJ«m, nÝhmim, emB©ñVoImZ hëbm `m àg¨Jr amOm¨À`m
Hogmbmhr Y¸m bmJbm Zmhr. A\ObImZ, [XboaImZ, Am¡a¨JOo~, [gÕr, g¡æ`X ~¨Sm `m¨ZmXoIrb
amOm¨Zm OI_ HaÊ`mV `e Ambo Zmhr. Vo Hm_ H¥îUm HwbHUuZo Hobo. HwbHUubm ImÌr hmoVr Hr
amOm AmnUmbm Rma _maUma Zmhr. HmaU ~«÷hË`m nmn Amho. ho J¨«WmV [b[hbobo Amho. nU amOm¨Zr
Hnmimda dma HaUmè`m XheVdmXmMo _yi H¥îUm HwbHUuMo VwHSo-VwHSo Hobo. åhUOo amOm¨Zr
J¨«Wàm_mÊ` ZmHmabo. ^y[_nwÌm¨Mo ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U HaUmè`m amOm¨da HwbHUuZo n[hbm dma Hobm hmoVm.
`màg¨Jr [gÕr B~«m[h_ ho amOm¨Mo A¨JajH hmoVo. amOm¨da dma HaUmè`m gæ`X ~¨Smbm Rma _maUmao
[OdmOr _hmbo ho amOm¨Mo [Zðmd¨V A¨JajH hmoVo, åhUOo [_Ì HmoU Am[U eÌy HmoU? `mMm [dMma
dmMHm¨ZrM Hamdm. A\ObImZ H~ar~m~V Qmhmo \moSUmam¨Zr [dMma Hamdm Hr, A\ObImZmbm
àVmnJSmn`ªV `oÊ`mg HmoUr _XV Hobr? boIHm¨Zr amOm¨da dma HaUmè`m H¥îUm HwbHUuMm H¥îUmOr
Hobm Va amOm¨Mo ajH HaUmè`m [OdmOr _hmbo¨Mm [Odm Hobm.

[edam`m[déÕ bTUmar am`~mKrU Xoe_wI

[edmOramOo nÝhmiJSmda ASHë`mZ¨Va emB©ñVoImZ nwUo `oWo Ambm. emB©ñVoImZbm [dO`

[_i[dÊ`mgmRr am`~mKrU Xoe_wI(~«m÷U) hr HmaVb~ImZmÀ`m Im¨Úmbm Im¨Xm bmdyZ amOm¨À`m
[déÕ bTbr. C_aqISrV amOm¨À`m g¡[ZHm¨Zr [VMm nam^d Hobm. VarXoIrb am`~mKrU _`on`ªV
amOm¨À`m [déÕ bTbr. `mMm AW© ~«m÷Um¨Zm amOm¨À`m ñdamÁ`mnojm Am¡a¨JOo~-AmXrbehmMo amÁ`
hdo hmoVo.

am`~mKrUMm nVr CXmam_ Xoe_wI hm XoIrb _moKbm¨Mm gaXma hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m AHmbr
[ZYZm_wio am`~mKrUrbm _moKbm¨Zr gaXmaHr ~hmb Hobr hmoVr. åhUyZM am`~mKrU _moKbm¨Mr _Ou
amIÊ`mgmRr amOm¨Zm [damoY HarV hmoVr. HmaVb~ImZmÀ`m Im§Úmbm Im¨Xm bmdyZ bTUmar
am`~mKrU emB©ñVoImZmMr [hVqMVH hmoVr.

[XboaImZmÀ`m `emgmRr HmoQrM¨Sr`k HaUmao 400 ~«m÷U

[edmOramOm¨Mm nam^d HaÊ`mgmRr O`qgJgh [XboaImZ bmImo g¡[ZH KoDZ nwa¨Xabm

Ambm. [XboaImZmbm `e [_imdo `mgmRr nwUo `oWo 400 ~«m÷U [XboaImZmbm ^Qbo d HmoQrM¨Sr`k
HaÊ`mMm gëbm [Xbm. amOm¨Mo ñdamÁ` g¨nmdo Am[U [XboaImZMm [dO` ìhmdm `mgmRr 400
~«m÷U HmoQrM¨Sr `kmÀ`m AZwðmZmg ~gbo. `mdoir [XboaImZmHSyZ 2 HmoQr hmoZ (ghm HmoQr é.) `m
~«m÷Um¨Zr KoVbo. åhUOo [dO` HmoUmMm Hm hmoB©Zm Amnë`mbm n¡gm [_imdm d [edmOr-[XboaImZ
`m¨Mo `wÕ ìhmdo hr d¥Îmr AgUmao ~«m÷U hoM amOm¨Mo eÌy hmoVo. `m `km_wioM [XboaImZmbm àoaUm
[_imbr d amOm¨Mm XméU nam^d Pmbm. (g¨X^©-g^mgX [b[IV lr.[edà^w¨Mo M[aÌ)

`m [RHmUr [edam`m¨Mr AË`¨V _hËdmMr ^y[_Hm àHfm©Zo OmUdVo, Vr åhUOo amOm¨Zr

HmoQrM¨Sr`k Hobm Zmhr. nwÊ`mVrb ~«m÷Um¨Zm [XboaImZmnojm amOm¨À`m amOJSmMo A¨Va Odi hmoVo,
nU [XboaImZmMr ^oQ Ë`m¨Zr Hm KoVbr? `mMm AW© amOm¨Zr `k Hamdm Agm à`ËZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr Hobm
Agmdm. nU amOm¨Zr `k HaÊ`mg gm\ ZHma [Xbm. `mMm AW© amOm¨Mm `m IwiMQ [dYrda [dœmg
ZìhVm, ho ñnï hmoVo. `k, A[^foH, gË`Zmam`U, nwOm-AMm©, J¨«W nRUmZo g_ñ`m gwQUma ZmhrV.
`mMr nyU© OmUrd amOm¨Zm Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio amOm¨HSyZ n¡gm CHiÊ`mMm nwamo[hVm¨Mm Smd `eñdr
Pmbm Zmhr. åhUOo ~«m÷Um¨Mo bj n¡gm, gÎmm Am[U g¨nÎmrda AgVo. Ë`mgmRr Vo HmoUmMrhr ~mOy
KoVmV Am[U ^m¨SU bmdyZ ñdV:Mo [hV gmYVmV. åhUyZM [edmOramOm¨Zm g¨n[dÊ`mgmRr nwÊ`mVrb
~«m÷Um¨Zr [XboaImZmMr ~mOy KoVbr. HmaU Ë`m¨Zm dmQbo Agmdo Hr, [XboaImZ-O`qgJmÀ`m
P¨PmdmVmnwTo amOm¨Mm [Z^md bmJUma Zmhr. åhUyZ `eñdr _moJbm¨ZmM ghHm`© Hamdo. nU amOm¨Zr
VhmÝd`o [dO` [_idbm. Am[U nwTo Ooìhm amOm¨Mm `emMm AmboI dmTV Jobm. Voìhm ~«m÷Um¨Zr
amOm¨Mr ~mOy KoVbr. nU `m ghHm`m©_mJo nyU© Tmo¨JrnUm hmoVm. ho amÁ`[^foHmÀ`m àHfm©Zo OmUdbo.

Am¡a¨JOo~mÀ`m nXar AgUmè`m O`qgJmMm g[Md CX`amO

CX`amO ZmdmMm ~«m÷U amOm O`qgJmMm g[Md hmoVm. Ë`mZo O`qgJmbm [df XoDZ _mabo.
O`qgJmMo _hÎdmMo XßVa Ë`mZo nidbo. Vmo nwTo Am¡a¨JOo~mHSo Jobm Am[U _wgb_mZ Pmbm.
CX`amOMm Vm[b`maImZ Pmbm. `mMmM _wbJm [hXm`VImZ nwTo _moJbm¨À`m nXar hmoVm. Imo~ao
[VHSo Mm¨J^bo hr ~«m÷Um¨Mr g¨ñH¥Vr Amho.

Am¡a¨JOo~mMm àYmZ aKwZmWXmg

aKwZmWXmg ZmdmMm ~«m÷U Am¡a¨JOo~mMm àYmZ hmoVm. [edam`m¨Mo amÁ` g¨nmdo `mgmRr Vmo
Zoh_r à`ËZ[eb hmoVm. Am¡a¨JOo~m~Ôb ào_ åhUyZ Vmo ~mXehmHSo ZìhVm. nX Am[U n¡gm [_imdm
åhUyZ Vmo ~mXehmHSo hmoVm. ~«m÷Um¨Mo ào_ \º n¡gm Am[U ~«m÷Ur ì`dñWoda AgVo, Ë`mgmRr
~«m÷U dmQob Vr ZmQHo HaVmV. à[VJm_r ~amo~aM nwamoJm_rnUmMo XoIrb Vo ZmQH HaVmV, nU
AmVyZ nwamoJm_r, à[VJm_r, [dkmZdmXr, X¡ddmXr Ago gd© ~«m÷U EHM AgVmV.

Am¡a¨JOo~mMm [edZoardarb [HëboXma Am~m^Q

Am~m^Q ZmdmMm ~«m÷U Am¡a¨JOo~mÀ`m nXar [edZoarMm [HëboXma hmoVm. [edam`m¨Zr

[edZoar qOHÊ`mgmRr Am~m^Qmda hëbm Hobm. Vo¨ìhm àmU dmM[dÊ`mgmRr [Hëbm Vmã`mV XoVmo
Ago Vmo amOm¨Zm åhUmbm. Am~m^QmZo [Hëbm Va [Xbm ZmhrM `mCbQ Vmo Am¡a¨JOo~mHSo niyZ Jobm
Am[U _wgb_mZ Pmbm. Am~m^QmMm AãXwb AOrP Pmbm nU AmOMo ~«m÷U àMma HaVmV Hr,"
AJa [edmOr Zhr hmoVo Vmo g~Hr gwÞV hmoVr'! _J gm¨Jm, [edmOramOo AgVmZm Am~m^QmZo gwÝVm Hm
Hobr? [edmOramOm¨Mo Zmd KoDZ ^maVr`m¨Zm ^rVr XmIdm`Mr Am[U ñdV: AmVyZ _w[ñb_m¨er g¨~¨Y
Rodm`Mm hr hOmamo dfm©nmgyZ ~«m÷Um¨Mr Mmb Amho. Ë`m_wio _w[ñb_, ~m¡Õ, [I«íMZ Amnbo eÌy
ZgyZ ~«m÷U hoM ^maVr`m¨Mo Iao eÌy AmhoV.

[gÕrbm
[gÕrbm _XV HaUmao _waJwS Zm¨XJm¨d `oWrb Omoer

[edam`m¨À`m OrdZmVrb gdm©V _moRo eë` åhUOo amOm¨Zm O¨[Oam [Hëbm HYrM qOHVm
Ambm Zmhr. amOm¨Zr AZoH doim à`ËZ Hobm. nU amOm¨Zm `e Ambo Zmhr. Varhr amOo ZmC_oX Pmbo
ZmhrV. O¨[Oam [Hëbm amOm¨Zm Hm qOHVm Ambm Zmhr? Ë`m_mJo Hm` HQHmañWmZ [eObo hmoVo? `mMm
WmoSm emoY KoUo AË`¨V _hËdmMo Amho. _waJwS Zm¨XJm¨d `oWrb Omoer hm [g[ÕÀ`m nmRrer hmoVm.
åhUyZM amOm¨Zm O¨[Oam qOHVm Ambm Zmhr. Ë`m OmoerZo [gÕrbm [Hëbm ~m¨YÊ`mMm gëbm [Xbm
hmoVm d Ë`mbm nm`m^aUrMm _whyV© gm¨[JVbm. Ë`mà_mUo [gÕrZo (h~erZo) Hobo. OmoerZo h~erbm
gm¨[JVbo, Hr "Vy [Hëbm _whyVm©da ~m¨Ybm AmVm O¨[Oam 300 dfo© VwÂ`mHSoM amhrb. HmoUmbmhr Vmo
qOHVm `oUma Zmhr!' åhUOo X[jUoÀ`m énmZo A_mn n¡gm [_i[dUmè`m Omoerbm amOm¨nojm [gÕrMr
OmñV HmiOr hmoVr. HmaU Ë`m OmoerZo [Xboë`m daXmZm_wioM O¨[Oè`mMm [gÕr [ZTm©dbm hmoVm.
Ë`mZo g¨^mOramOm¨Zm XoIrb Iyn Ìmg [Xbm. OmoerÀ`m daXmZm_wioM [gÕrMm AmË_[dœmg dmTbm.
Va ñdamÁ`mV [^Vr [Z_m©U Pmbr. HmaU Ë`m HmimV amOo [dkmZ[Zð hmoVo, nU gm_mÝ` OZVoda
Xodm-Y_m©Mm nJSm hmoVm. åhUyZM O¨[Oam qOHVmZm _mdiçm¨À`m (g¡[ZHm¨À`m) _ZmV ^rVrMo
dmVmdaU hmoVo. [^Vr AgUmao g¡[ZH OmñV g¨»`oZo Am[U eñÌgÁO Agbo Varhr [dO` [_idy
eHV ZgVmV. amOm¨Zm OmoerMr HQHmañWmZo _m[hVr hmoVr Var XoIrb amOm¨Zm `m WmoVm¨SmHSo Xwb©j
Hobo. Am[U O¨[Oè`mda hëbm Hobm. nU amOm¨Zm O¨[Oam qOHVm Ambm Zmhr. O¨[Oè`mnojm [HVrVar
HRrU [Hëbo amOm¨Zr qOHbo hmoVo. nÝhmbm Va Hmo¨SmOr \OªXZr \º 50 _mUgo KoDZ qOHbm hmoVm,
nU O¨[Oam qOHÊ`mgmRr bmImo én`o IM© Hobo, hOmamo g¡[ZH YmamVrWu nSbo, nU [Hëbm
[gÕrHSoM am[hbm, `m An`emMo HmaU Amho _yaJwS Zm¨XJm¨dMm Omoer! [gÕrbm `e [_iÊ`mgmRr
à`ËZ HaUmam d g_mO_Zmda ^rVrMo dmVmdaU [Z_m©U HéZ Ý`yZJ¨S [Z_m©U HaUmam Omoer hmM
ñdamÁ`mMm d [edmOramOm¨Mm Iam eÌy hmoVm.
 _waJwS Zm¨XJm¨d `oWrb OmoetMo Ogo amOm¨da ào_ ZìhVo, VgoM [gÕrda XoIrb ZìhVo.
VarXoIrb [gÕrbm O¨[Oam ~m¨YÊ`mgmRr OmoeZo _whyV©-n¨Mm¨JmìXmao _XV Hobr. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ
Omoerbm Iyn YZg¨nÎmr [_imbr, åhUyZM Ë`mZo [gÕrbm _XV Hobr. åhUOo ~«m÷U \º AW©gÎmm
_O~yV HaUo hm CÔoe AgVmo. Ë`mgmRr OmoerZo n¨Mm¨JmìXmao ~«m÷Ur ì`dñWm KQQ² HaÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Hob. 500 dfo© [Hëbm AqOŠ` amhrb Ago daXmZ XoUmè`m OmoerZo EHm AWm©Zo ^[dî`emñÌmMo
_hËd nQdyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Hobm. ^[dî`emñÌ ho ~«m÷Um¨Zm OJÊ`mMo d ~hwOZ g_mOmbm Hm`_Mo
Jwbm_ ~Z[dÊ`mMo emñÌ Amho. åhUOo OmoerZo [gÕrHSyZ A_mn g¨nÎmr Va CHirM, nU ~hwOZ
g_mOmbm 500 dfmªMr [^Vr OmoerZo XmI[dbr. [edmOramOm¨ZmM Hm` nU Ë`m¨À`m HmoUË`mhr
[nTrbm O¨[Oam qOHVm `oUma Zmhr hm [dfmar ~«m÷Ur [dMma ~hwOZm¨À`m _mZJwQrda OmoerZo Hm`_Mm
~g[dbm.

nU `m [RHmUr AË`¨V _hËdmMr ~m~ åhUOo [Hëbm qOHÊ`mgmRr [edmOramOm¨Zr à`ËZ

Hobo. Ë`mZ¨Va g¨^mOramOm¨ZrXoIrb O¨[Oè`mMr _hËdmHm¨jr `moOZm hmVr KoVbr. nU
AMmZH Am¡a¨JOo~mMo _hmamï—da AmH«_U Pmë`m_wio g¨^mOramOm¨Zm hr _mohr_ AÜ`m©da gmoSmdr
bmJbr. AWdm g¨^mOramOm¨Zr `m Hw«a ~«m÷Ur ì`dñW[déÕ bTm C^mabm AgVm.

_WwaoVrb ~«m÷Um¨Zm [edmOramOm¨Zr "X_' [Xë`m_wioM g¨^mOramOo gwa[jV

[edmOramOo AmJ«m H¡XoV ASHë`mZ¨Va _hmamï—mV Wm¨~bobo d [XboaImZ `m¨Zm ~«m÷Um¨Zr Iyn
_XV Hobr. Var XoIrb Aem H[RU àg¨Jr [OOm_mVm¨Zr I¨~ranUo ñdamÁ`mMo ajU Hobo. EHhr
[Hëbm O`qgJmbm qOHVm Ambm Zmhr. B¨M^a ^y[_XoIrb _moJb-AmXrbehm `m¨Zm qOHy Z
XoUmè`m [OOmD _m°gmho~m¨gma»`m [Z^uS _mVm amOm¨À`m nmRrer hmoË`m åhUyZ amOo AmJ«m `oWyZ
dofm¨Va HéZ [ZgQbo. (amOo noQmè`mVyZ Zìho, Va dofm¨Va HéZ [ZgQbo.) `màg¨Jr amOm¨À`m _Zmda
[HVr XSnU Agob? XyaMo A¨Va, àdmgmMr gmYZo ZmhrV, nmdbmonmdbr eÌy AmhoV, gmo~V
ZD dfm©À`m gwnyÌ g¨^mOr Amho. Aem àg¨Jr g¨^mOrbm Rodm`Mo HmoRo? hm àíZ amOm¨nwTo hmoVm.
Ë`mdoiog _moamon¨V qnJioMo ZmVodmB©H _WwaoV hmoVo. VoWo g¨^mOrbm RodÊ`mMm [ZU©` amOm¨Zr KoVbm.
nU amOm¨Zm [^Vr hmoVr Hr n¡emÀ`m A[^bmfoZo ho ~«m÷U HXm[MV g¨^mOrbm eÌyÀ`m ñdmYrZ
HaVrb. HmaU amOo ~«m÷Um¨Zm Mm¨JboM AmoiIyZ hmoVo. [HVrhr [OdbJ _¡Ìr Agbr Var ñdmWm©gmRr
~«m÷U Hgm Jim KmoQVmV hm Ë`m¨Mm àmMrZ HmimnmgyZMm B[Vhmg amOm¨Zm Mm¨JbmM _m[hV hmoVm.
amOm¨Zr g¨^mOrbm [ÌH_bÀ`m ñdmYrZ Hobo. Ë`m àg¨Jr amOm¨Zm [Ì_b ~¨Y¨yZm "g¨^mOrÀ`m Ordmg
YmoHm Pmë`mg Vw_Mm àmU KoB©Z' Agm Bemam amOm¨Zr Ë`m¨Zm [Xbm. Ë`mMà_mUo g¨^mOrbm XoIrb
EHm¨VmV ~aoM _mJ©Xe©Z Hobo Am[U amOo naV Ambo. A\ObImZ, emB©ñVoImZ, O`qgJ Am[U
Am¡a¨JOo~mMr \[OVr HaUmao [edmOramOo Amnbm d¨ehr [eëbH RodUma ZmhrV `mMr [^Vr [Ì_b
~¨Yy¨Zm dmQV hmoVr. åhUyZM g¨^mOramOm¨er Ë`m¨Zr XJm \SHm Hobm Zmhr. åhUOo [Ì_bm¨Zr
g¨^mOramOm¨Zm ào_m_wio Zmhr Va [^Vr_wio gm¨^mibo hmoVo. (g¨X^©-N.g¨^mOr ñ_maH J«¨W, n¥.178-
Sm°. O`qgJ ndma)

amOmam_mÀ`m OÝ_mdoir [edam`m¨Zm ^rVr XmI[dUmao Y_©_mVªS

[edam`m¨Zm gmo`am~mB©À`mnmoQr 24/2/1670 amOmam_ ZmdmMm _wbJm Pmbm. _wbmMm OÝ_

nmbWm Pmbm hmoVm. Ë`màg¨Jr EHm n¨[SVmZo amOm¨Zm ^rVr KmVbr Hr, nmbWo OÝ_Uo Aew^ Amho.
amOm¨Zm ^rVr KmbyZ `k, A[^foH, gË`Zmam`U, nyOm-AMm©, AZwðmZ Hamd`mg bmdm`Mo d
amOm¨HSyZ n¡gm, gmoZo CHim`Mo hm Smd Ë`m n¨[SVmMm hmoVm. nU amOo ho IaoM OmUVo (OmUUmao) amOo
hmoVo. Ë`m¨Zr Ë`m n¨[SVmMm Jw[nV Hmdm AmoiIbm. amOo Ë`m n¨[SVmbm åhUmbo, Á`mAWu _mPm
_wwbJm nmbWm OÝ_bm Ë`mAWu Vmo [XëbrMr nmVemhr nmbWr KmVë`m[edm` amhUma Zmhr. Ago
amOo åhQë`mda Vmo n¨[SV W¨SM nSbm. HmaU amOo Amnë`mbm de hmoV ZmhrV `mMr Ë`mbm ImÌr
nQbr. nU amOm¨Zm nmdbmonmdbr ^rVr KmbÊ`mMm d ZmC_oX HaÊ`mMm à`ËZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr Hobm Amho.
Am¡a¨JOo~, AmXrbehm, [gÕr, nmoV©wJrO, SM, A\ObImZ, [XboaImZ, emB©ñVoImZ ho amOm¨Mo CKS
eÌy hmoVo, Vo amOHr` eÌy hmoVo (Ym[_©H Zìho). Ë`m¨À`m [déÕ amOo SmdnoM AmIV hmoVo. Ë`m¨Zm
amOm¨Zr AZoHdoim nam^yV Hobo. nU [_ÌmMo gmo¨J KoDZ ~hwOZà[VnmbH NÌnVr [edam`m¨Mm HmQm
HmTUmao ~«m÷U hoM amOm¨Mo Iao eÌy AmhoV. HmaU Ë`m¨À`m[déÕ amOm¨Zm SmdnoM AmIVm `oV ZìhVo.
åhUyZM Ë`m¨Zr amOm¨Mm AdgmZKmV Hobm. åhUyZM amOm¨Zm nwa¨XaMm Vh Hamdm bmJbm d AmJ«m `oWo
Omdo bmJbo. Am[U H¡XoV ASHmdo bmJbo.

~mnyImZmbm _XV HaUmam ZmJmoOr n¨[SV

~mnyImZ hm AmXrbehmMm nÝhmiçmdarb [HëboXma hmoVm. nÝhmim qOHÊ`mgmRr

[edam`m¨Zr Hmo¨SmOr \OªX `m¨Zm nmR[dbo. Hmo¨SmOtZr ~mnyImZmda hëbm Hobm Ë`m àg¨Jr ZmJmoOr
n¨[SV ZmdmMm ~«m÷U AmXrbehmÀ`m nXar ~mnyImZmMm _XVZrg åhUyZ Hm_ HaV hmoVm.
~mnyImZmMm nam^d Pmë`mMo g_Oë`m~amo~a ZmJmoOr n¨[SV nimbm. Mam`bm nwTo Am[U _am`bm
_mJo Ë`mbm n¨[SV åhUVmV. n¡gm Am[U nXmgmRr ~«m÷U HmoUerhr VSOmoSr HaVmV d XoemV X¨Jbr
KS[dVmV.

[edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm qhXyY_m©Mm C\

C\© ~«m÷UY_m©Mm [damoY

_moJb, AmXrbehm, B¨J«O Am[U nmoVw©Jmb `m¨À`m OmoISmVyZ Xoe~m¨Ydm¨Zm _wº Hoë`mZ¨Va
[edam`m¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmMm [ZU©` KoVbm. naHr` gÎmm amOm¨Zm ehmOramOo `m OhmJraXmamMm ~¨SImoa
nwÌ g_OV. Va ~«m÷U amOm¨Zm amOm _mZmd`mg V`ma ZìhVo. BVa amOm¨er Vh-dmQmKmQr HaVmZm
ASMUr `oV. `m ASMUr Xya HaÊ`mgmRr d ~hwOZ XoIrb ñdV:Mo ñdV¨Ì amÁ` d amOm [Z_m©U Hé
eHVmV. hm AmË_[dœmg [Z_m©U HéZ hOmamo dfm©Mr Jwbm_[Jar g¨n[dÊ`mgmRr [edam`m¨Zr
amÁ`m[^foHmMm [ZU©` KoVbm.

[edam`m¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmMr KmofUm Hoë`m~amo~a amOm¨Zm qhXwY_m©Zo HSmSyZ [damoY Hobm.

AmVm qhXyY_© åhUOo Hm`? ho g_OyZ KoUo _hËdmMo Amho. qhXyY_m©Mo _wiMo Zm¨d d¡[XH Y_© Amho.
doX ho qhXyY_m©Mo Y_©J«¨W Amho. Oo doX ~«m÷U gmoSyZ BVam¨Zm dmMÊ`mg ~¨Xr hmoVr. d¡[XH Y_m©bmMm
nwTo ~«m÷UY_© Ago hr åhQbo OmD bmJbo. g¨nwU© ~hwOZm¨Mo gd© joÌmVrb ZoV¥Ëd HaÊ`mgmRr
~«m÷Um¨Zr ~«m÷UY_© `m ZmdmMm Ë`mJ Hobm d qhXy ho Zm¨d YmaU Hobo. AmO Omo qhXyY_©. hm _wiMm
~«m÷UY_©-d¡[XH Y_© Amho. åhUyZM qhXyY_m©À`m HmoUË`mhr J¨«WmV qhXy `m eãXmMm CëboI Zmhr.
nU doX, d¡[XH, ~«m÷U ho CëboI gd©Ì gmnSVmV. qhXwY_m©Vrb à_mU^yV J¨«W ~«m÷Um¨Zr [b[hbobo
AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Vo ~«m÷Um¨À`m \m`XmMo d ~hwOZm¨Mr ~XZm_r HaUmao AmhoV. qhXyËd åhUOo Iao
~«m÷UËd Amho. qhXyËdmgmRr Omoer, HwbHUu, Xoenm¨So, [^So, RmHao, EH~moQo HYrM _aV ZgVmV. nU
qhXwËdmÀ`m Zmdm¨Imbr Oo¨ìhm gÎmm `oVo Vo¨ìhm gd© _w»` OmJm ~«m÷U ~iHmdVmV. _am`bm _amRo
Am[U Mam`bm _ZwdmXr gamQo åhUOoM qhXwËd hmo`. qhXy hr naHr`m¨Zr nam^yV ^maVr`m¨Zm
[Xbobr CnmYr Amho. qhXy `mMm AW© Xmg, Jwbm_ Am[U nam^yV! åhUyZ Am¡a¨JOo~mZo Oo¨ìhm
^maVr`m¨Zm [O[P`m Ha gwé Hobm Voìhm ~«m÷Um¨Mo EH [eï_¨Si Am¡a¨JOo~mbm OmDZ ^oQbo Am[U
åhUmbo, Amåhr [O[P`m Ha ^aUma ZmhrV Voìhm Am¡a¨JOo~mZo [dMmabo, Hm?> Voìhm ~«m÷U åhUmbo
Amåhr ^maVr` Zmhr. Amåhr XoIrb Vw_À`mgmaIo naXoemVyZ Ambobmo AmhmoV. Ë`m_wio Amåhr
^maVr` åhUOoM qhXy Zmhr. \ma Va Amåhr Vwåhmbm [O[P`m Ha qhXyHSyZ dgyb HéZ XoVmo! åhUOo
nhm, Á`m ~«m÷Um¨Zr Amnë`m nyd©Om¨HSyZ [O[P`m Ha dgwb HéZ _moJbm¨Zm [Xbm. VoM ~«m÷U AmO
qhXwËdmMo RoHoXma AmhoV. Vo Zoh_r Amnë`mnwTo `oDZ åhUVmV Jd© go Hhmo h_ qhXy h¡! åhUOo Jd© go
Hhmo h_ nam^yV h¡& Xmg h¡& Jwbm_ h¡& ho Amnë`mbm åhUm`bm bmdVmV.

åhUyZM ~mimgmho~ RmHao `m¨Mo dSrb à~moYZHma RmHao åhUVmV. qhXyY_© ho [~Z [~Z~w~wSmMo
[nMHo JmSJo Amho. qhXyY_© ho EH ^Qr Jm¡S~¨Jmb Amho. ~hwOZm¨Zm \g[dUmam Y_© åhUOo qhXyY_©
Amho. ~hwOZm¨Zm bwQUmgmRr qhXyY_m©Vrb _¨Xram¨Mm Z¨~a n[hbm Amho. qhXyY_m©Vrb nwamU¨ åhUOo
em¡MHyn (g¨Smg) Amho. ~hwOZm¨Zm Jwbm_ HaÊ`mgmRr qhXyY_m©V ^Qm¨Zr AZoH J¨«W [b[hbo. (g¨X^©-
XodimMm Y_© Am[U Y_m©Mr Xodio) VmËn`© qhXyËd åhUOo ~«m÷UËd Amho. Á`mdoiog AmnU Iar
gÎmm [_idVmo. Vo¨ìhm qhXyÎddmXr åhUOoM ~«m÷U Vr gÎmm dmnaÊ`mg [damoY HaVmV.

[edam`m¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmMr KmofUm HaVmM gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm eyX« åhUyZ [damoY
Hobm. naeyam_ ZmdmÀ`m ~«m÷Um¨Zo n¥Ïdrdarb gd© j[Ì` 21 doim Rma _mabobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio
EHhr j[Ì` [eëbH Zmhr. ~«m÷U gmoSyZ gd©OU eyX« AmhoV. eyX«mbm amOm hmoÊ`mMm A[YHma Zmhr.
Aer AmoaS ~«m÷Um¨Zo _w[ñb_ amOmbm [damoY Hobm Zmhr. `mCbQ _w[ñb_m¨À`m Xa~mamV ~«m÷U
A[YHmè`m¨Mm ^aUm hmoVm. åhUOo _w[ñb_m¨Zm AmZ¨XmZo amÁ` Hé XoUmao ~«m÷U [edam`m¨À`m [déÕ
EHOmV CRbo. Voìhm [edam`m¨Zm dmQbo, gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [damoY Hobm Var ghHmar [_Ì AgUmao
_moamon¨V qnJio, AÊUmOr XÎmmo B. ~«m÷U [_Ì _¨Ìr ghHm`© HaVrb. nU amOm¨Mm Anojm^¨J Pmbm.
_moamon¨V qnJio ^a Xa~mamV amOm¨Zm åhUmbm, Vwåhm eyX« _amRçm¨À`m hmVmImbr Amåhr ~«m÷Um¨Zr
Hgo Hm_ Hamdo? ghHmar AgUmè`m ~«m÷Um¨Zr XoIrb [edam`m¨Zm Vmo¨SmdaM [damoY Hobm. åhUOo
~«m÷U hm ~«m÷UM AgVmo. ho gd© n¨VmZo XmIdyZ [Xbo. ~«m÷U [_Ì Oar Agbm Var AmUr~mUrMm
àg¨J `oVmM ~«m÷U nmRrV I¨Ora IwngVmo. ho _moamon¨VmZo XmIdyZ [Xbo. gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm
Ìmg Úm`bm gwédmV Hobr. Á`m [edam`m¨Zr gd© ~«m÷U ghHmè`m¨Zm [OdmnmS Onbo, g¨HQg_`r
àË`oHmbm _XV Hobr. VoM ~«m÷U [edam`m¨er d¡è`mgmaIo dmJw bmJbo. ñdamÁ`mVrb d ~mhoarb
gd© ~«m÷U EH Pmbo. åhUOo ~«m÷U HmoUË`mhr JQmV, njmV, g¨KQZoV, g¨ñWoV, n¨WmV Agbo Var
AmVyZ gd© ~«m÷U EH AgVmV. ho amÁ`m[^foHàg¨Jr [gÕ Pmbo. naXoemVyZ Amboë`m ~«m÷Um¨Zr
ñdV:À`m [hVmgmRr [b[hboë`m ~ZmdQ nmoÏ`m-nwamUm¨Mm AmYma KoDZ [edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm
[damoY Hobm. [edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm Y_©g¨[hVm d nwamo[hVM [_iy Úm`Mm Zmhr Agm M¨J
XoemVrb gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr ~m¨Ybm. VarXoIrb amÁ`m[^foHmMm [ZU©` amOm¨Zr Rm_nUo KoVbm.
 Aem àHmao [edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm ~«m÷UY_m©Zo åhUOoM qhXyY_m©Zo HSmSyZ [damoY
Hobm. Am[U déZ [edam`m¨Zm qhXyY_©ajH, qhXdr ñdamÁ` g¨ñWmnH åhQbo OmVo. hr [edam`m¨Mr
Hy«a Moïm Amho. Á`m¨Zr [damoY Hobm. Ë`m¨Mo amÁ` amOm¨Zm Ano[jV Agob Hm? [edam`m¨Mm qhXw, qhXdr,
qhXwËd `mMoer A[O~mV g¨~¨Y Zmhr. [edM[aÌmV HmoRohr qhXy, qhXdr Am[U qhXwËd `mMm CëboI
Zmhr. [edam`m¨Mm dmna HaÊ`mgmRr Z¨Va Vo [edM[aÌmV KwgSÊ`mV Ambo. [edam`m¨Zr ~hwOZm¨Mo
ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo. [edmOramOo Oa qhXyËdmgmRr bTbo, Va _J qhXw¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmbm [damoY Hm
Hobm? amÁ`m[^foHmbm gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [damoY Hobm Vo¨ìhm gd© ~hwOZ g_mO [edam`m¨À`m nmRrer
C^m am[hbm. gd© _amRo XoIrb [edam`m¨À`m nmRrer I¨~ranUo C^o am[hbo. EHhr _amRm amOm¨À`m
[damoYmV ZìhVm. åhUOo `mnwdu [edam`m¨Zm Á`m _amRçm¨Zr [damoY Hobm Vmo AkmZm_wio Hobm.
am_XmgmMo EoHyZ Hobm.

amÁ`m[^foHàg¨Jr qhXyY_m©Zo [edam`m¨

[edam`m¨Mm Hobobm Ni

1668 nmgyZ [edmOramOm¨Zr am`JSmda amOYmZr Hobr hmoVr. am`JS hm AË`¨V HRrU d
gwa[jV Agm [Hëbm Amho. HSo Vmerd d C¨M AmhoV. JSmMr bm¨~r 4 [H. _r. d é¨X 1 [H. _r.
Amho. JSm^modVr HRrU Smo¨Jaam¨Jm AmhoV. HmoUË`mhr eÌybm am`JS qOHUo AeŠ` Amho. Agm
am`JS [edam`m¨Zr amOYmZrgmRr [ZdSbm. JSmdarb ~m¨YHm_ [edam`m¨Zr ñdV: HéZ KoVbo.
ñdamÁ`mVrb AZoH [Hëbo [edam`m¨Zr ñdV: ~m¨Ybo. [edmOramOo CÎm_ ñWmnË`Vk (B¨[O[ZAa)
hmoVo.

Aem am`JSmda amÁ`m[^foH HaÊ`mMm amOm¨Zr [ZU©` KoVbm. amÁ`m[^foH[XZ Ogm Odi
`oD bmJbm. Ver ~«m÷Um¨Mr HQHmañWmZo gwé Pmbr. nU amO_mVm [OOmD_m±gmho~ [edam`m¨À`m
nmRrer I¨~ranUo Cä`m hmoË`m. `màg¨Jr [OOmD¨Mo d` 76 dfm©Mo hmoVo. `m d`mVhr [OOmD¨Mo Y¡`©,
HamarnUm VoOñdr hmoVm. amÁ`m[^foHmbm EHhr nwamo[hV [_iy Úm`Mm Zmhr. Agm M¨J XoemVrb gd©
~«m÷Um¨Zr ~m¨Ybm. `màg¨Jr Hm`ñW à^y AgUmao ~mimOr AmdOr `m¨Zr nwamo[hVmMm emoY gwé Hobm.
~«m÷U-Hm`ñWm¨Mo hmSd¡a Agë`m_wio Hm`ñW amOm¨À`m ~mOwbm hmoVo. ~mimOr AmdOrZo _hmamï—
mVrb gd© ^QOtZm nm¡amo[hË`mgmRr [dMmabo, gdmªZr [edmOr eyX« Amho. Amåhr `oUma Zmhr Ago
Hi[dbo. Vo¨ìhm ~mimOr AmdOrZo JmJm^Åmbm ~mobm[dÊ`mgmRr Hoed^Q, ^mbM¨X«^Q Am[U
gmo_ZmW `m VrZ ~«m÷Um¨Zm Hmerbm nmR[dbo. JmJm^ÅmZo `m [VKm¨Odi [edmOr eyX« Agë`m_wio
_r `oUma Zmhr, Ago ñnï Hi[dbo. ([_Ìhmo, ~«m÷U Amnë`m XoemV `oÊ`mnydu HmoUrhr hbHo ZìhVo,
HmoUrhr gdU© ZìhVo, gd©OU g_mZ hmoVo. nU Amnë`mda amÁ` HaÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr dU©, OmVr
[Z_m©U Hoë`m d ñdV:HSo loðËd KoVbo. `mMm àgma HaÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr J¨«W [b[hbo. Ë`mbmM
qhXyY_m©Mo J¨«W åhUVmV. `m J¨«WmZrM [edam`m¨Zm eyX« Ra[dbo. ~«m÷U, j[Ì` Am[U d¡í` ho [dXoer
Am`mªMo dU© AmhoV. _wiMo ^maVr`m¨Zm Am`mªZr eyX« KmofrV Hobo.)

Hoed^Q, ^mbM¨X«^Q, gmo_ZmW^Q Am[U JmJm^Q `m Mma ^QmV JwßV HQ Pmbm

Agë`m_wio ~mimOr AmdOrZo Amnë`m [dœmgmVrb Hm`ñW AgUmè`m [Zimo `ogmOrbm nwÝhm:
JmJm^ÅmHSo nmR[dbo. `màg¨Jr [edam`m¨Mo _yi KamUo CX`nyaMo Agë`mMr ~ZmdQ HmJXnÌo
~mimOrZo JmJm^ÅmHSo nmRdbr. [edmOramOm¨À`m ^mogbo KamÊ`mMm amOñWmZmer Hgbmhr g¨~¨Y
ZgyZ ^mogbo KamUo _wiMo _hmamï—mVrb doéiMoM Amho. ho ~mimOrbm Am[U JmJm^Åmbm Mm¨Jbo
_m[hV hmoVo. ~mimOrZo n¡emMo Am[_f XmI[dVmM JmJm^Å gd©J¨«W Jw¨SmiyZ am`JSmÀ`m
nm`Ï`mOdirb nmMmSmV Ambm. ~«m÷U ho J¨«Wm¨Mo d Xodm¨Mo ~mn ([Z_m©Vo) Agë`m_wio JmJm^Åmbm
J¨«Wàm_mÊ`mnojm n¡gm _hÎdmMm dmQbm.

JmJm^Å nmMmSmV Amë`m~amo~a _moamon¨V qnJioZo JmJm^ÅmMr ^oQ KoVbr d

amÁ`m[^foH Pmbm Va ~«m÷Um¨Mo dM©ñd g¨nob d [edmOr loð Raob, Ë`m_wio amÁ`m[^foH Hé Z`o.
Agm gëbm JmJm^Åmbm [Xbm. JmJm^ÅmZo bJoM gaSçmgmaIm a¨J ~Xbbm. [edam`m¨Zm
amÁ`[^foH HaÊ`mg ZHma [Xbm.

[edmOramOo ewX« Agë`m_wio Ë`m¨À`m EodOr ~mimOr AmdOrbm amÁ`m[^foH HaÊ`mMm

JmJm^ÅmZo [ZU©` KoVbm. åhUOo amÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo [edam`m¨Zr d [ZU©` KoVmo ^QOr. Hm`ñWm¨Mr
amOm¨da [ZVm¨V lÕm Agë`m_wio [edmOramOo Am[U Hm`ñWmV \yQ nmSÊ`mgmRr JmJm^ÅmZo hm Smd
QmHbm. ~hwOZm¨Vrb HV¥©ÎdmZ ZoV¥Îd g¨n[dÊ`mgmRr [Z[îH«` _mUgmbm ZoVo nX XoUo d gyÌ hmVmV KoUo.
hm EH ~«m÷Um¨Mm Zoh_rM Smd AgVmo. `mgmRr JmJm^ÅmZo ~mimOr AmdOrMo Zm¨d nwTo Hobo. nU
_moamon¨V qnJio¨gh gd© ~«m÷Um¨Mo Am[U Hm`ñW ~mimOr AmdOrZo hmSd¡a Agë`m_wio ~mimOr
AmdOrMohr Zm¨d _mJo nSbo. amÁ`m[^foHmgmRr ~mimOrAmdOrnojm [edmOramOm¨HSyZM A[YH n¡gm
[_iob d ~mimOr AmdOrbm amÁ`m[^foH Hobm Va [edmOramOo d gd© àOm ~«m÷Umbm
Hmnë`m[edm` amhUma ZmhrV `m [^Vr_wio d n¡emÀ`m A[^bmfoZo [edam`m¨Zm amÁ`m[^foH HaÊ`mMo
[ZpíMV Pmbo. àW_ ~mimOr AmdOrbm j[Ì` åhUyZ amÁ`m[^foH HaÊ`mMm [ZU©` KoUmè`m
JmJm^ÅmZo Hm`ñW Hgo hbHo AmhoV ho gm¨JÊ`mgmRr JmJm^År` Zm¨dmMm J§«W [b[hbm. åhUOo
_moamon¨V qnJioÀ`m Vmbmda ZmMUmam JmJm^Å nXmonXr nJSr [\adyZ gaSçmgmaIm a¨J ~XbV hmoVm.
 [edam`m¨Zr aºmMo nmUr HéZ ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo. nU amOo loð Hm H[Zð AmhoV. ho
Ra[dÊ`mMo Hm_ ~«m÷U HaV hmoVo. amÁ`m[^foHmMm AmZ¨XXm`r gmohim nU ~«m÷Um¨Zr dmX CnpñWV
Hoë`m_wio JSmda d ñdamÁ`mV AË`¨V qMVoMo d VUmdmMo dmVmdaU hmoVo. Á`m¨Zm AmnU Amnbo
åhUVmo Aem ^Qm¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm àW_mnmgyZM [damoY Hobm hmoVm. AmVm Va Vo amOm¨À`m
amÁ`m[^foHmÀ`m [damoYmV EHOmV gd©OU C^o am[hbo.

~mimOr AmdOrZo n¡emMo Am[_f XmI[dVmM JmJm^Å amÁ`m[^foH HaÊ`mg V`ma Pmbm.
Amnë`m~amo~a AZoH ^Qm¨Mm \m`Xm hmoB©b Aer ì`dñWm JmJm^ÅmZo Hobr. amÁ`m[^foHmMm [Xdg
[ZpíMV Pmbm. [edam`m¨Mo gd© ~hwOZ ghHmar amÁ`m[^foHmÀ`m V`marbm bmJbo. [hamoOr \OªX,
_Xmar _ohÎma, h¨[~aamd _mo[hVo, ZmJmoOr OoYo, `ogmOr H¨H BË`mXr ghHmar Amboë`m nmhwÊ`m¨Mr
ì`dñWm HaUo, gm[hË` AmUUo B. Hm_o Hé bmJbo. [OOmD ñdV:OmVrZo bj XoV hmoË`m.
[edam`m¨Zr [OOmD¨Mo Xe©Z KoVbo. amÁ`m[^foHmgmRr gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr KmVbobm Kmoi d Hobobm [damoY
`m_wio [OOmD_m±gmho~ àM¨S [MSbobm hmoË`m. Y_©- g¨ñH¥VrÀ`m Zm¨dmImbr ^Qm¨Zr [edam`m¨Mm gwé
Hobobm Ni `m_wio ~hwOZ g_mO AñdñW Pmbm hmoVm. ñdV:Mr ñdV¨Ì Y_©g¨[hVm Zgë`m_wio
d¡[XHm¨À`m C\© ~«m÷Um¨À`m åhUOoM qhXyÀ`m Y_©J«¨Wmda amOm¨Zm Adb¨~yZ ahmdo bmJbo (åhUyZM
AmO [edam`m¨À`m àoaUoVyZ [edY_mªMr ñWmnZm Pmbobr Amho. 17ì`m eVHmV [edY_© AgVm Va
^Qm¨Mm [damoY HaÊ`mMo HmaUM ZìhVo. (qhXy) Y_© hm ^Qm¨Mm Agë`m_wio amÁ`m[^foH àg¨Jr
amOm¨Mm Ni Hobm d A_mn n¡gm bwQbm.)

amÁ`m[^foHàg¨Jr d«mË`mñVmo_ HaÊ`mgmRr JmJm^ÅmZo 7000 (gmV hOma) hmoZ KoVbo. Va

BVa ~«m÷U nwamo[hVm¨gmRr 17000 hmoZ KoVbo. amOm¨À`m 5 OyZÀ`m ñZmZmÀ`m doir Cn[ñWV
AgUmè`m àË`oH ~«m÷Umbm 100 hmoZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. amÁ`m[^foHmbm 50,000 (nÞmg hOma)
~«m÷U Cn[ñWV hmoVo. Ago g^mgX [b[hVmo. åhUOo \wHQ AÞ d hmoZ [_iUma åhUyZ HmoUVrhr
àdmgm¨Mr AmYw[ZH gmYZo ZgVmZm XoemVyZ nÞmg hOma ~«m÷U am`JSmgma»`m H[RU [RHmUr
Ambo hmoVo. [edam`m¨Mr gwdU©Vwbm HaÊ`mV Ambr. amOm¨Mo dOZ 160 nm¡¨S åhUOo 17000 hmoZ
Pmbo. Vo hmoZ, Vyn, bmoUr, gmIa, \io, gwnmar, éno, Vm¨~o, bmoI¨S ~«m÷Um¨Zr KoVbo. `mgmRr A¨XmOo
50000 hmoZ Jobo.

7 OyZ amÁ`m[^foHmÀ`m Xwgè`m [Xder àË`oH ~«m÷Umbm 2 hmoZ d ~«m÷UñÌr d ~«m÷U

_wbo `m¨Zm àË`oHr 1 hmoZ KoVbm. (EH hmoZ åhUOo 3 én`o) åhUOo Á`m¨Zr [edam`m¨À`m
amÁ`m[^foHmbm [damoY Hobm. Ë`m¨ZrM ñdamÁ`mMr byQ Hobr. amÁ`m[^foHmg EHyU 4 HmoQr 26 bmI
én`o IM© Pmbm. [edam`m¨À`m g¨nwU© Am`wî`mV ñdamÁ`[Z_m©U HaÊ`mgmRr OodTm n¡gm IM© Pmbm
Zmhr. Ë`mnojm A[YH n¡gm ~«m÷Um¨Zr bwQbm. [edam`m¨À`m _mdiçm¨Zr aºmMo nmUr HéZ H_mdbobo
hmoZ _ZwdmXr Hmdiçm¨Zr Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr amOamognUo ni[dbo.

[edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm ew^oÀNm XoÊ`mgmRr SM, \o«¨M, nmoVw©Jmb, B¨J«O, _moJb,

AmXrbehm, HwVy~ehm `m¨Mo à[V[ZYr _m¡ë`dmZ ^oQdñVy d ZOamUo KoDZ Ambo hmoVo. Á`m B¨J«Om¨À`m
gm_«mÁ`mdaMm gw`© HYrhr _mdiV Zmhr Ago åhQbo OmVo Aem B¨J«Om¨Mm à[V[ZYr hoÝar Am°qŠPSoZ
amÁ`m[^foHmbm ew^oÀNm XoÊ`mgmRr C¨MrdñÌo d A_wë` ^oQdñVy KoDZ amOm¨nwTo ZV_ñVH hmoDZ
Ambm. ^oQdñVy [Xë`m d amOm¨Zm _wOam HéZ _mJë`m nmdbmZo Xa~mamVyZ ~mhoa nSbm. amOm¨HSo
Ë`mZo nmR Hobr Zmhr. nU Amnbo åhUyZ Amnë`m HinmV Kwgboë`m ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edam`m¨Mm Ni
Hobm. [edam`m¨Zr hm [damoY _moSyZ amÁ`m[^foH nma nSbm. Amnë`m AmB©bm, gd© _hmamÊ`m¨Zm,
Jmoa-Jar~m¨Zm amOm¨Zr Xa~mamVm gÝ_mZmZo ~g[dbo. ñdamÁ`mV amÁ`m[^foH gdmªZm nhmVm `mdm
`mgmRr amOm¨Zr g¨H[ënV doiobm gd© JSmda Vmo\m¨Mm AmdmO Hobm. hm AmdmO a`VoÀ`m
HU©nQbmda-_ZnQbmda d Z¨Va ZoÌnQbmda C_Qdbm. Hy«a [damoYmVyZ XoIrb amOm¨Zr amOm¨Zr
amÁ`m[^foH Hobm d hmVmV Ý`m`X¨S d amOX¨S KoVbm. àOobm Iyn AmZ¨X Pmbm. ~«m÷Um¨Mo Ym~o
XUmUbo.

amÁ`m[^foHmnmgyZ [edam`m¨Zr Zdm [edeH gwé Hobm. gd© Hma^ma [edeHmà_mUo gwé
Pmbm. (hm [edeH nwTo noeì`m¨Zr ~¨X Hobm Am[U _wpñb_m¨Mm \gbr eH gwé Hobm. [edmOrnojm
noeì`m¨Mo _w[ñb_g¨ñH¥Vrda OmñV ào_ hmoVo. åhUOo _wpñb_m¨Mm AZwZ` d Ë`m¨À`m XmTçm
HwadmiÊ`mMo Hm_ ~«m÷Um¨Zr (noeì`m¨Zr) Hobo. Aem noeì`m¨Mm e[ZdmadmSm _hmoËgd gmOam HaUo
åhUOo XoeX«moh Amho HmaU e[ZdmadmSm hm ^maVr`m¨À`m nam^dmMo d noeì`m¨À`m ì`[^MmamMo
à[VH Amho.)

[edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmZ¨Va JmJm^ÅmMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. Ë`mMo àoV EHm em¡MHynmV

(g¨SmgmV) gmnSbo. Vo¨ìhm XoemVrb gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr àMa gwé Hobm Hr, [edmOramOo eyX« AgVm¨Zm
XoIrb JmJm^ÅmZo amÁ`m[^foH Hobm åhUyZM JmJm^ÅmMm em¡MHynmV nSyZ _¥Ë`y Pmbm. [edam`m¨HSyZ
[_imboë`m n¡em_wio JmJm^Å _mVbm d Ë`mZo ImUo d Xmé [nUo gwé Hobo. ZeoV Vmo _obm. Var
XoIrb [edam`m¨Zm H_r boIÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr darb àMma gwé Hobm.
 [edmOramOo qhXyY_m©Mo Hr [edY_m©
[edY_m©Mo?

[edOramOm¨Zr AWH n[al_mZo ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo. OJmVrb HmoUË`mhr Y_m©À`m ì`ºrbm
qHdm amOmbm Ë`mÀ`m Y_m©Mo [dYr HaÊ`mg [damoY Hobm OmV Zmhr. g_Vm ho Y_m©Mo _hÎdmMo _yë`
Amho. EHmM Y_m©Vrb loð Am[U H[Zð ì`ºrbm Y_m©Mo AmMma, [dMma, AÜ``Z HaÊ`mMr
nadmZJr AgVo. [edam`m¨Zr Va Amnbo HV¥©Ëd A[daV HïmZo, Mm[aÍ`mZo, [ZîHb¨H d¥ÎmrZo [gÕ
Hobobo hmoVo. Var XoIrb Ë`mM Y_m©Vrb ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm [damoY Hm Hobm?
`mdéZ EH ~m~ [gÕ hmoVo Hr [edam`m¨Mm d ~«m÷Um¨Mm Y_© EH Zmhr. Y_© EH AgVm Va
~«m÷Um¨Zr AmZ¨XmZo Am[U \wHQ amÁ`m[^foH Hobm AgVm. `mDbQ Ë`m¨Zr amOm¨Zm Iyn Nibo. VoM
qhXyËddmXr (~«m÷U) AmO [edam`m¨Mo ^m¨Sdb HéZ OJVmV.

[edmOramOo _hmZ namH«_r, ~wÕr_mZ, Mm[aÍ`g¨nÞ, àOm[hVXj Am[U Ý`m`r AgVmZm

XoIrb HmoUË`m Y_m©Zo amOm¨Zm eyX« Ra[dbo? Ë`m¨Zm eyX« RadyZ Ë`m¨Mo HV©¥Ëd ZmHmaUmam d naXoemVyZ
Amboë`m Am`©~«m÷Um¨Zm loð Ra[dUmam qhXyY_© amOm¨Mm Y_© Agy eHVmo Hm?

qhXyY_m©Zo ^maVr`m¨À`m g¥OZ[ebVoda HSH [Z~ªY KmVbo. g_wX« Amobm¨SUo, eñÌ YmaU
HaUo, [ñÌ`m¨Zm ñdmV¨Í` XoUo, [ejU XoUo, g_Vm nmiUo `mda qhXyZr (~«m÷Um¨Zr) HSH ~¨YZo
KmVbr. [edam`m¨Zr hr ~¨YZ VmoSbr. [edam`m¨Zr g_wX« Amobm¨Sbm, Ama_maXb C^mabo,
~hwOZm¨À`m hmVmV AÝ`m`m[déÕ bTÊ`mgmRr eñÌo [Xbr, [ñÌ`m¨Zm ñdmV¨Í` [Xbo, ñdV: AmB©HSyZ
[ejU KoVbo, g¨^mOramOm¨Zm [ejU [Xbo. qhXyMo J¨«Wàm_mÊ` ZmHmabo d g_Voda AmYmabobo
ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo. _J gm¨Jm [edmOramOo Hgo qhXy RaVmV?

qhXyËd åhUOo ~«m÷UÎd Amho ho AmoiIUmao O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, [eI hr Amnbr ^md¨S AmhoV.
Ë`m¨Zr d¡[XHm¨Mm åhUOoM ~«m÷Um¨Mm Hw«anUm AmoiIbm d O¡Z, ~m¡Õ Am[U erI ho ~«m÷Ur
Y_m©nmgyZ ñdV¨Ì Pmbo. O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, erI Y_m©V ~«m÷Um¨Zm ZmH IwngÊ`mMr g¨Yr Zmhr. åhUyZM
`m XoemV O¡Z, ~m¡Õ Am[U [eIm¨Mr àJVr Pmbr. [edmOramOm¨Zr XoIrb ñdV¨Ì hmoÊ`mgmRr à`ËZ
gwé Hobo hmoVo. amÁ`ì`dhma HmoemMr [Z[_©Vr Hobr. [edeH gwé Hobm, ñdV¨Ì [edamB© hmoZ hr MbZ
nÕVr gwé Hobr. ñdV¨Ì amÁ`Hma^ma, Ý`m`nm[bHm gwé Hobr, [ednyÌ g¨^mOramOm¨Zr Y_©[M[HËgm
gwé Hobr. ^Qm¨Mr gd© HQHmañWmZo bjmV Amë`m~amo~a amOm¨Zr ñdV¨Ì ì`dñWm[Z[_©Vr gwé Hobr.
[edmOramOo OJbo AgVo Va Ë`mMdoir [edam`m¨Zr [edY_m©Mr ñWmnZm Hobr AgVr. Ë`m_wioM 3
E[àb 1680 amoOr _moamon¨V qnJio Am[U AÊUmOr XÎmmo `m¨Zr amOm¨Mm IyZ Hobm.
 [edmOramOm¨Zm amÁ`m[^foH HaUo AË`mdí`H hmoVo. nU ñdV:Mr Y_©g¨[hVm Zgë`m_wio
amOm¨Zm ~«m÷Um¨À`m åhUOoM qhXy Y_m©da Adb¨~yZ ahmdo bmJbo. [edam`m¨Zm ñdV:Mm Y_© AgVm
Va ~«m÷Um¨Zr amÁ`m[^foH àg¨Jr Ni Hobm ZgVm. amOm¨À`m Hma^mamV ZmH Iwngbo ZgVo.
[edam`m¨Mr Ym[_©H ~mOy gm¨^miUmao g¨V VwHmam_ _hmamO `m¨Mm ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edam`m¨À`m ~mbnUr
IyZ Hobm. AÝ`Wm g¨V VwHmam_m¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmn`ªV ñdV¨ÌY_© ñWmnUo Hobm AgVm. Am[U
~«m÷Um¨Zr åhUOoM qhXyY_m©Zo [edam`m¨Mm Hobobm Ni, Hobobm [damoY, eyX« åhUyZ Hobobr AdhobZm
`mMm ~Xbm KoVbm AgVm hr JaO AmoiIyZ XoemVrb AZoH Aä`mgHm¨Zr, g¨emoYHm¨Zr,
[dMmad¨Vm¨Zr, Xoe^º g_mO gwYmaHm¨Zr [edam`m¨À`m [dMma àoaUoMm [edY_© ñWmnZ Hobobm Amho.

[edY_© hm [edam`m¨Mm Y_© Amho. [ed åhUOo [edmOr! [ed åhUOo gË`, _¨Jb_` Am[U
CXmÎm! [edY_m©V AgË` Hmhrhr Zmhr. g¨V VwHmam_ _hmamO, ehmOramOo, g¨^mOramOo, VmamamUr
`m¨À`m HV©¥ËdmMm d [dMmam¨Mm A_yë` Rodm åhUOo [edY_©! ñdmV¨Í`mMr AmÚOZH amO_mVm
[OOmD_m±gmho~ `m¨Zm àoaUm ñÌmoV _mZyZ EH_od Am[U n[hbmMm Y_© Amho. Á`m¨Zr Amnë`mgmRr
g¨nwU© Am`wî` Kmb[dbo. VoM [edY_m©Mo Xod AmhoV. ~«m÷U[Z[_©V ImoQo, Hmën[ZH Xod Am[U J¨«W
`mbm [edY_m©V A[O~mV ñWmZ Zmhr. [edam`m¨Zm NiUmè`m ~«m÷Um¨Zm [edY_m©V A[O~mV àdoe
Zmhr.

AmVm dmMHm¨Zr Radmdo hr [edam`m¨Zm eyX« Ra[dUmam, amÁ`m[^foH ZmHmaUmam, A_mn n¡gm
KoDZ amÁ`m[^foH àg¨Jr NiUmam qhXyY_© [edam`m¨Mm Hm [edam`m¨À`m [dMma àoaUoVyZ [Z_m©U
Pmbobm [edY_© [edam`m¨Mm?

[edmOramOo Y_©[ZðqhXy AgVo Va amOm¨Zr amÁ`m[^foH Hobm ZgVm, HmaU ~«m÷UoÎmam¨Zm

amÁ`m[^foH HaÊ`mg ~¨Xr hmoVr. amOo Y_©[Zð qhXy åhUOoM ~«m÷U[Zð AgVo Va amOm¨Zr g_wX«
Amobm¨Sbm ZgVm, H¥îUm HwbHUubm Rma _mabo ZgVo, eyX«m[VeyX«m¨Zm A[YHma nXmda Zo_bo ZgVo,
amOo Y_©[Zð qhXy AgVo Va gË`Zmam`U, `k, A[^foH Hobm AgVm. _whyV© nm[hbm AgVm, amoO ^Q
[Z[_©V J¨«Wm¨Mr nmam`Uo Hobr AgVr. `m CbQ amOm¨Zr ^Q[Z[_©V gd© qhXyJ«¨Wm¨Zm bmW _mabr. amOo
Y_©[Zð qhXy AgVo Va Ë`m¨Zr amoO ~«m÷Um¨Mm gëbm KoVbm AgVm, `mCbQ amOm¨Zr AZoH ~«m÷U
Hmnbo d åhUmbo ~«m÷U åhUyZ HmoU _wbm[hOm Hé nhmVmo? `mdéZ [gÕ hmoVo Hr [edmOramOo
[edY_m©Mo AmhoV.
 qhXyY_m©
_m©À`m Nim_wio [OOmD_m±gmho~mMo Xw:IX [ZYZ

[edmOramOm¨Zm eyX« åhUyZ amÁ`m[^foH ZmHmabm. Y_©-g¨ñH¥VrÀ`m ZmdmImbr JmJm^ÅmZo

[damoY Hobm. `m An_mZm_wioM [OOmD _m±gmho~m¨gmaIm ñdamÁ`mMm AmYmadS 17 OyZ 1674
amoOr Hmogibm. amÁ`m[^foH Pmë`mZ¨Va bJoMM 10 [Xdgm¨Zr [OOmD¨Mo Z¡g[J©H [ZYZ hmoUo eŠ`
Zmhr. åhUOo ~«m÷Ur ì`dñWoZo _m±gmho~m¨Mm XoIrb ~ir KoVbm. namH«_r, [dìXmZ, àOmdËgb
AgUmè`m _m±gmho~m¨Mm ~ir KoUmam Y_© _m±gmho~m¨Mm Y_© hmoDM eHV Zmhr. `mgmRrM _amRçm¨Zm
[edY_m©Mr JaO Amho.

[edam`m¨Mm Xwgam amÁ`m[^foH-[edY_m©

[edY_m©Mr nm`m^aUr

[edam`m¨Mm 6 OyZ 1674Mm amÁ`m[^foH åhUOo `m XoemVrb ~«m÷Um¨Zr n¡gm [_idyZ

amOm¨Mm d ~hwOZm¨Mm Hobobm \ma _moRm Ni hmoVm. nU Amnbm Y_© Zgë`m_wio ~«m÷Um¨À`m
qhXyY_m©da [edam`m¨Zm Adb¨~yZ ahmdo bmJbo. ho eë` amOm¨Zm hmoVoM. åhUyZM [edam`m¨Zr 24
gßQo¨~a 1674 amoOr Xwgam amÁ`m[^foH Ad¡[XH nÕVrZo Hobm. `mgmRr [ZíMbnwar Jmogmdr `m¨Zr
nm¡amo[hË` Hobo. `mgmRr A[YH à[gÕr qHdm IM© Ambm Zmhr. `m amÁ`m[^foHàg¨Jr EHhr
An_mZmñnX KQZm KSbr Zmhr.

[edam`m¨Zr Hobobm Xwgam amÁ`m[^foH åhUOo Ë`m¨Zr ~«m÷UrY_© (qhXyY_©) ZmHmaë`mMo

[gÕ hmoVo. qhXyY_m©Vrb J¨«W ~«m÷Um¨À`m [hVmMo d ~hwOZm¨À`m KmVmMo AmhoV ho amOm¨Zr hoabo.
qhXwËd åhUOo ~«m÷UËd Amho ho amOm¨Zr AmoiIbo. åhUyZM amOm¨Zr Xwgam amÁ`m[^foH Hobm.
[edam`m¨À`m OrdZmV Xwgè`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm \ma _moRo _hËd Amho. Xwgam amÁ`m[^foH Amnë`mbm
Iam Y_© gm¨JVmo. åhUyZ ~«m÷U Xwgam amÁ`m[^foH gm¨JV ZmhrV. Xwgam amÁ`m[^foH åhUOo
[edY_m©Mr nm`m^aUr Amho. Xwgam amÁ`m[^foH 24 gßQo¨~a hm [edY_©[XZ (~hwOZ_wºr[XZ) Amho.

[edam`m¨Mo _wi amOñWmZ Hr _hmamï—

_hmamï—

[edmOr _hmamOm¨Mo nwd©O amOñWmZ _Yrb [ggmo[X`m d¨emVrb hmoVo. Agm J¡ag_O
AZoH bmoHm¨Mm Amho. Á`mdoiog amOm¨À`m amÁ`[^foHmbm ~«m÷Um¨Zr eyX« åhUyZ [damoY Hobm. Voìhm
~mimOr AmdOr `m¨Zr ZHma XoUmè`m JmJm^Åmbm [Z_¨[ÌV HaÊ`mgmRr MmVw`© dmnabo d ImoQr
d¨emdi [Xbr. Voìhm JmJm^Å n¡emÀ`m A[^bmfoZo amÁ`m[^foHmgmRr Ambm. åhUOo
amÁ`m[^foHmÀ`m nwV©VogmRr ~mimOr AmdOr `m¨Zr [Xbobr [dg¨JV d¨emdi `mbm à_mU^yV _mZyZ
[edam`m¨Zm [ggmo[X`m d¨emVrb Ra[dbo. ho AZ¡[Vhm[gH Amho.

[edmOramOm¨Mo nyd©O _hmamï—mVrbM _yb [Zdmgr AmhoV. Ë`m¨Mm CXonyaÀ`m KamÊ`mer

Hgbmhr g¨~¨Y Zmhr. Aer dñVwpñWVr AgVmZm amOm¨Zm amOñWmZ_Yrb Radm`Mo d _hmamï—mVM
Ë`m¨Zm Cnao Radm`Mo ho ~«m÷Ur fS`¨Ì Amho.

[edmOr-
[edmOr-ì`¨HmoOr `m¨À`m_Ü`o ^m¨SUo bmdUmam hZw_¨Vo

aKwZmWn¨V hZw_¨Vo hm EH ^«ïmMmar d MhmSImoa A[YHmar V¨Omdabm ì`¨HmoOramOm¨À`m nXar

hmoVm. Ë`mZo àemgZmV Hoboë`m J¨^ra MwHm¨_wio ì`¨HmoOramOm¨Zr Ë`mbm ~SV\© Hobo hmoVo. Vmo
Vm[_iZmSwVyZ WoQ am`JSmda Ambm. Am[U ì`¨HmoOr amOm~m~V AZoH MhmSçm gm¨Jy bmJbm. nU
amOo XyaX¥ïrMo Am[U MmUmj amOo hmoVo. amOm¨Zr hZw_¨VoMm Smd AmoiIbm. hZw_¨Vobm dmQbo
ì`¨HmoOramOo amOm¨Mo gmdÌ ^mD AmhoV. Ë`m_wio amOo ì`¨HmoOrÀ`m [damoYmV ^y[_Hm KoVrb. nU
amOm¨Zr `m gd© ~«m÷Um¨Mo gd© Hmdo AmoiIbobo hmoVo. amOm¨Zr X[jU _mo[h_ HmTbr. Vr ì`¨HmoOrda
hëbm HaÊ`mgmRr Zìho, Va X[jUmË` amOHË`mªMr `wVr Hamdr Am[U [XëbrMo qghmgZ qOHmdo `m
[demb X¥ïrHmoZmVyZ HmTbr hmoVr. aKwZmW hZw_¨Vo `m¨Zr amOm¨Mo ì`¨HmoOrer ^m¨SU bmdyZ nmoir
^mOÊ`mMm à`ËZ Hobm hmoVm. nU amOm¨À`m XyaX¥ïr_wio hZw_¨Vobm Ë`mV `e Ambo Zmhr.

[edam`m¨Mm AdgmZKmV HaUmam Hw_¨Ìr _moamon¨V

_moamon¨V qnJio `m¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm Iyn Ìmg [Xbm. JmJm^Åmbm [\Vdbo d amÁ`m[^foHmgmRr
AZoH ASMUr [Z_m©U Hoë`m. åhUyZM _moamon¨Vm¨Mm CëboI AZoH [RHmUr _`wamXr Hw_¨Ìr HaÊ`mV
Ambobm Amho. [edam`m¨Zr ñdamÁ`mV [Hëbo ~m¨YÊ`mg gwédmV Hobr. Voìhm _moamon¨V Am[U
[Zimon¨VmZo [Hëbo ~m¨YÊ`mg [damoY Hobm. amOo Iyn n¡gm IM© HaVmV, Agm AnàMma _moamon¨VmZo gwé
Hobm. ho Ooìhm amOm¨Zm g_Obo Voìhm amOm¨Zr _moamon¨Vm¨Mr Mm¨JbrM IaSnQ²Qr Hobr. amOo åhUmbo,
_bm _m[hV Amho Vwåhr [HVr ehmUo AmhmV Vo? _r [Hëbo Hm ~m¨YVmo? Ogm eoVHar eoVmV _mim
~m¨YyZ eoVrMo ajU HaVmo. ZmdmSr Ogo [Iio _méZ Zmd _O~yV HaVmo. Ë`mà_mUo [Hëbo ~m¨YyZ
^y[_nwÌm¨Mo ñdamÁ` ^¸_ Hamd`mMo Amho. Am[U Vwåhr _bm ehmUnUm [eH[dVm? Ago amOo
_moamon¨Vmbm åhUVmM _moamon¨V Vmo¨S PmHyZ KamV [ZKyZ Jobm. HmaU Ë`mMm An_mZ AmOn`ªV HmoUrhr
Hobm ZìhVm. (g¨X^©- dm.gr. ~o¨X«o [b[IV NÌnVr g¨^mOr _hmamO- n¥ð-84)

[edmOramOm¨Zm amÁ`[^foHmÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo ~«m÷Um¨Mm Hy«anUm àHfm©Zo OmUdbm. [HVrhr

ào_mZo dmJ[dbo, Odi Hobo, _XV Hobr Var ~«m÷U [HVr XJoImoa AgVmV. `mMm àË`j AZw^d
amOm¨Zm Ambm. Voìhm amOo ~«m÷Um¨Zm CÔoeyZ åhUmbo, "" EdTr ham_Imoar Vwåhr Hamb. ~«m÷U åhUyZ
HmoU _wbm[hOm Hé nmhVmo? Oo J[Z_m¨Mo, J[Z_ Vo VgmM Z[VOm nmdUma!'' [edam`m¨gma»`m
[dœd¨Ú amOmZo XoIrb eodQr ~«m÷Um¨Zm ham_Imoa åhQbo d ~«m÷U åhUyZ Vw_Mr J` Hobr OmUma
Zmhr. Agm Bemam [Xbm `mMm AW© amOm¨Zm [HVr Ìmg [Xbm Agob? amÁ`m[^foHmZ¨Va
[edmOramOm¨Mo ZoV¥Ëd [Z[d©dmX Pmbo. gdm©Zm g_mZ Ý`m`, h¸ àñWm[nV Pmbo. ~«m÷Um¨Mo dM©ñd
g¨nbo.J¨«Wm¨Mo amÁ` g¨nbo. HV©~Jma HwidmSr^yfU [edmOramOm¨Mo amÁ` Ambo. Ë`m_wio ~«m÷Um¨Mo
[nÎm Idibo. amOm¨Zm Rma _maÊ`mMo à`ËZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr gwé Hobo. åhUyZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr amOm¨À`m KamV
^m¨SUo bmdÊ`mg gwédmV Hobr.

~«m÷Um¨Zr g¨^mOramOm¨Mr ~XZm_r gwé Hobr

[edmOramOo X[jUoV Joë`mZ¨Va [edmOramOo Am[U g¨^mOramOo `m¨À`m_Ü`o [dVwï [Z_m©U

HaÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr AZoH HQHmañWmZo aMbr. `m àg¨Jr g¨^mOramOo e¨¥Jmanwa `oWo gmgadmSrbm
hmoVo. [edam`m¨À`m IyZmZ¨VaM g¨^mOramOo am`JSmda Jobo. nU _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr XÎmmo `m¨Zr
[edmOramOo Am[U g¨^mOramOo `m¨À`m_Ü`o \wQ nSmdr, `mgmRr g¨^mOramOo a`Vobm HamV gdbV
XoVmV, g¨^mOramOo ì`gZr AmhoV, Vo ì`[^Mmar AmhoV Aem A\dm CRdm`bm gwédmV Hobr.
g¨^mOramOm¨Mr ~XZm_r HaÊ`mgmRr C_mOr n¨[SV àMmaHmgmaIm g¨nwU© _hmamï—mV [\abm.
[edam`m¨À`m HmZmda hm d¥Vm¨V Aer ì`dñWm amOm¨À`m ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zr Hobr. g¨^mOr-[edmOr
`m¨Mm ~o~Zmd Pmbm Hr, `m g¨Kfm©Mm \m`Xm ¿`mdm hm ~«m÷Um¨Mm Smd hmoVm. ~«m÷U WoQ HYrM
bTV ZmhrV Zo Zoh_r ~hwOZmV OrdKoUr ^m¨SUo bmdVmV. Vgm à`ËZ Ë`m¨Zr amOm¨À`m KamVM gwé
Hobm nU amOm¨Zr ~«m÷Um¨Mm Smd AmoiIbm hmoVm. HmaU amOm¨Mm g¨^mOramOm¨À`m Mm¨JwbnUmda
[dœmg hmoVm.
 g¨^mOramOm¨Zr g¨nwU© Am`wî`mV _Úmbm ñne© Hobm Zmhr. Ë`m¨Zm gwnmarMo gwÕm ì`gZ ZìhVo.
Ë`m¨Zr ~wÕ^wfU, gmVgVH, Zm[`Hm^oX, ZI[eI ho Mma J¨«W [b[hbo. Vo HV©ì`Xj hmoVo åhUyZM Vo
bmoH[à` hmoVo. Ë`m¨Zr EHmhr ~«m÷Umbm HYrhr _wOam Hobm Zmhr. åhUyZM ~«m÷U Ë`m¨À`mda
[MSbobo hmoVo. Vo g¨ñH¥V [eHbo, Ë`m¨Zr J¨«W [b[hbo hm àñWm[nV ~«m÷Um¨da Ë`m HmimV _moRm hëbm
hmoVm. åhUyZM ~«m÷Um¨Zr g¨^mOramOm¨gma»`m Ydb M[aÌmÀ`m amOnwÌmMr ~XZm_r HaÊ`mg gwédmV
Hobr. gmo`am~mB©bm hmVmer YaÊ`mMm à`ËZ Hobm. amOmam_bm JmXrda ~g[dÊ`mMo Am[_f
gmo`am~mB©bm XmI[dbo. [VMo gmdÌ _mV¥Ëd OmJo Hobo. nU gmo`am~mB©Mo g¨^mOramOm¨da
amOmam_mà_mUoM ào_ hmoVo. gB©~mB©À`m AHmbr [ZYZmZ¨Va gmo`am~mBªZr g¨^mOramOm¨Zm OrdmnmS
Onbo. [OOmD_m±gmho~m¨À`m Hweb _mJ©Xe©Zm_wio g¨nwU© HwQw¨~ ñdamÁ`àmßVrgmRr Ü`o`doSo Pmbo hmoVo.
Ü`o`dmXr HwQw¨~mV jU^¨Jwa gwImgmRr HYrhr J¨«hHbh ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio gmo`am~mB© `m [ZîHb¨H d
ñdamÁ`[Zð hmoË`m. åhUyZM Ë`m eodQn`ªV ~«m÷Um¨À`m gÎmm¨VamÀ`m HQmV gh^mJr Pmë`m ZmhrV.
Ë`m HQmV gh^mJr Pmë`m AgË`m Va gmo`am~mBªMo g»Io ^mD h¨~raamd `m¨Zr _mo[hVo `m¨Zr
gmo`am~mB©Mr ~mOy KoVbr AgVr. nU h¨~raamd _mo[hVo _aon`ªV g¨^mOramOm¨À`m nmRrer I¨~ranUo
C^o hmoVo. gmo`am~mBªMo g¨^mOrda gwnyÌm¨à_mUoM [ZVm¨V ào_ hmoVo. Va g¨^mOramOm¨Zr XoIrb
amOmam_bm g»`m ^mdmà_mUo d gmo`am~mB©bm AmB©à_mUo gm¨^mibo hmoVo. amOmam_mMo VrZ [ddmh
g¨^mOramOm¨Zr HéZ [Xbo. g¨^mOramOo
^mOramOo gmo`am~mBªZm ñ\
ñ\[QHmgma»`m [Z_©i _ZmMr _mVm Ago åhUV.
`mMm AW© g¨^mOramOo Am[U gmo`am~mB© `m¨Mm Hgbmhr A¨JV©V Hbh ZìhVm. `mCbQ gmo`am~mB©,
amOmam_, [edmOramOo `m¨Zm Ìmg XoUmè`m ~«m÷Um¨ZmM amOm¨Zr Rma _mabo. amOo [ZîHb¨H Am[U
ñdamÁ`[Zð AgVmZmXoIrb amOm¨Mr gmVË`mZo ~XZm_r Hm HaÊ`mV Ambr? HmaU amOo ì`dñWoÀ`m
~¨YZmV amhUmao ZìhVo. Vo ñdV¨Ì [dMmagaUrMo hmoVo. na¨naoZo Jwbm_[Jar gmaIo qghmgZmda AméT
hmoÊ`mMr ñdmWu d¥Îmr amOm¨Mr ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio g¨^mOramOm¨Mr C_oX Zï HaÊ`mgmRr Ë`m¨Mr ~XZm_r
HéZ Ë`m¨Mm _mZ[gH Ni HaÊ`mV Ambm. Vo Mm[aÍ`g¨nÞ Am[U ñdamÁ`[Zï hmoVo `m~m~V Xw_V
Zmhr. VarXoIrb g¨^mOramOm¨Mr _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr XÎmmo, àëhmXn¨V, C_mOr n¨[SV B. ~«m÷Um¨Zr
~XZm_r Hm Hobr? HmaU g¨^mOramOm¨Zr ~«m÷Ur ì`dñWobm O~aXñV hmXam [Xbm hmoVm. Ë`m¨Zr
g¨ñH¥V ^mfoda à^wËd [_i[dbo hmoVo, 4 J¨«W [b[hbo hmoVo. åhUOo g¨^mOramOm¨Zr gm[hË` joÌmVrb
_ºoXmarda àhma Hobm. ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Mo g¨^mOramOm¨Zr HYrhr dM©ñd [ñdHmabo ZìhVo. Jmoa-Jar~
~hwOZ OZVobm AZoH gdbVr [Xë`m. Ë`m¨Zr. ~«m÷Um¨Mr Aaoamdr Zï Hobr. Ë`m_wioM
[edmOramOm¨À`m Aml`mbm AgUmè`m gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr g¨^mOramOm¨Mr ~XZm_rbm gwédmV Hobr.
 HV¥©Ëdg¨nÞ YmSgr, namH«_r, [dìXmZ ~hwOZm¨Zm g¨n[dÊ`mgmRr Ë`m¨Zr gd© ~mOy¨Zr ~XZm_r
HaUo ho ~«m÷Um¨Mo [dfmar hË`ma Amho. EImÚm [ZîHb¨H [dìXmZ ~hwOZm¨Mr ~XZm_r gwé Hobr Va Vmo
d¡\ë`J«ñV hmoVo. qMVmJ«ñV hmoVmo. AmnU Mm¨Jbo AgVmZm Amnbr ~XZm_r Her? `m [dMmamZo HVm©
nwéf d¡\ë`J«ñV hmoVmo d Ë`mMr hiyhiy C_oX g¨nVo. amOm¨Zm ZmC_oX HaÊ`mgmRrM gd© _¨Í`m¨Zr
Ë`m¨Mr ~XZm_r gwé Hobr hmoVr. g¨^mOramOm¨Zr gmo`am~mB©bm AmXamZo dmJ[dbo. VarXoIrb Aer
A\dm CR[dbr Hr, am`JSmda g¨^mOr Amë`mda Ë`m¨Zr gmo`am~mB©bm [MUyZ _mabo. nU gmo`am~mB©
Ë`mdoiog [Od¨V hmoË`m. Ë`mZ¨Va gìdm dfm©Zo åhUOo 27 Am°ŠQmo.1681bm gmo`am~mBªMo [ZYZ
am`JSmda Pmbo. Ë`mdoir amOo nÝhmiçmda hmoVo. g¨^mOramOm¨Mr Á`m pñÌ`m¨er Zmdo OmoSbr OmVmV.
Ë`m JmoXmdar, H_im, `m [ñÌ`m Va B[VhmgmV Pmë`mM ZmhrV. ~Ia, ZmQH d HmX¨~arHmam¨Zr `m
[ñÌ`m¨Zm OÝ_ [Xbm. amOm¨Mr AemàHmao ~XZm_r HaUmao ho eÌy _moJbm¨nojm Hy«a AmhoV.

h¡X«m~mXÀ`m ~mXehmMo A[YHmar _mXÊUm-

_mXÊUm-AmHÊUm

_mXÊUm Am[U AmHÊUm ho ~«m÷U h¡X«m~mXÀ`m nXar A[YHmar hmoVo. qhXyËddmXr ~«m÷U
_w[ñb_ gÎmm[YemMo A[YHmar Hgo? n¡gm-gÎmm hmM ~«m÷Um¨Mm Iam Y_© Amho. Ë`mgmRr Vo Zoh_r
à~i Y_©gÎmoV AgVmV. ~«m÷U naHr` Agë`m_wio Ë`m¨Zm Xoe Am[Y Y_© `m~m~V Hgbohr gmo`a-
gwVH Zmhr. AmO ^maVmV ~hwOZ g_mO A[YH Amho. Ë`m¨Mo ZoV¥Ëd HaÊ`mgmRr Vo qhXyËdmMm
O`O`Hma HaVmV. g_Om ^maVmV _w[ñb_ OmñV AgVo Va gJiçm ~«m÷Um¨Zr _w[ñb_m¨Mm
O`O`Hma Hobm AgVm hm Ë`m¨Mm B{Vhmg Amho. AH~a, Am¡a¨JOo~, B¨J«Om¨À`m HmimV ~«m÷U
Ë`m¨MoHSo hmoVo.

[edmOramOm¨Mm _¥Ë`y Hr IyZ?

An`e Ambo Var _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr, amhyOr gmo_ZmW Wm¨~bo ZmhrV. ZmZmàHmao [edam`m¨Zm
g¨ndm`MoM hm n¸m [ZíM` Ë`m¨Zr Hobm hmoVm. Ë`m Xaå`mZ g¨^mOramOo _moJbm¨HSyZ `odyZ nÝhmim
`oWo Wm¨~bo hmoVo. h¨~raamd _mo[hVohr am`JSmda ZìhVo. _moamon¨Vm¨Zm Í`¨~oHoœabm nmR[dbo hmoVo.
AÊUmOr XÎmmo am`JSmÀ`m nm`Ï`mer AgUmè`m nmMmSmV Wm¨~bm hmoVm. Va JSmda amhyOr gmo_ZmW
hm ~«m÷U A[YHmar hmoVm. Vmohr `m hQmV gh^mJr hmoVm. amOm¨Zm Hgë`mhr n[apñWVrV Rma _mam`Mo
hm HQ _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr XÎmmo, amhyOr gmo_ZmW `m¨Zr Hobm. am`JSmMr g¨nyU© ZmHo~¨Xr HaÊ`mV Ambr.
Hgë`mhr àHmaMm gwJmdm bmJUma Zmhr, `mMr XjVm `m {VKm¨Zr KoVbr. åhUyZ `m HQmMm g¨e`
`oD Z`o `mgmRr _moamon¨V Am[U AÊUmOr XÎmmo KQZmñWimnmgyZ Xya Wm¨~bo hmoVo. IyZ HaUmam
nmRr_mJo HmoUVmhr nwamdm amhUma Zmhr `mMr I~aXmar KoV AgVmo. `m àg¨Jr amÁ`mVrb AË`¨V
_hËdmMr _mUgo am`JSmda ZìhVr. g¨^mOramOo nÝhmiJSmda hmoVo. g¨^mOramOm¨Zm [edmOramOm¨Zr
nÝhmiJSmÀ`m gw^oXmanXr Zo_bo hmoVo. goZmnVr h¨~raamd _mo[hVo Vi~rS `m [RHmUr hmoVo. Vi~rS ho
nÝhmiJSmnmgyZ Odi Va am`JSmnmgyZ 250 [Hbmo_rQa Amho. [edmOramOm¨À`m HwQw¨~mVrb gd©
ZmVodmB©H nmMmSmV hmoVr. am`JSmda amhyOr gmo_ZmW hmoVm. Vmo Hw«a, ñdmWu, nmVmi`¨Ìr hmoVm. Agm
ñnï CëboI [ed^maVmV Amho. (g¨X^©- dm.gr. ~o¨X«o [b[IV- lr. N. g¨^mOr _hmamO) `m àg¨Jr
gmo`am~mB©da àM¨S X~md hmoVm. nU Ë`m Aghmæ` Agë`m_wio Hgbmhr à[VHma Hé eHë`m ZmhrV.
Ë`m doiog amOmam_ \º Xhm dfm©Mo hmoVo.

3 E[àbMm [Xdg COmSbm. amOm¨À`m ^modVr ~«m÷Um¨Mo db` hmoVo. amhyOr gmo_ZmWZo
JSmdaMo gd© XadmOo ~¨X Hobo. JSmdaMr HmoUVrhr ~mV_r \wQy Z`o `mMr XjVm amhyOr gmo_ZmWZo
KoVbr hmoVr. HXm[MV [edmOramOm¨Zm `m HQmMm gwJmdm bmJë`m_wio [edmOramOm¨Zr
AmßVñd[H`m¨Zm ~mobmdyZ KoÊ`mgmRr nÌ nmR[dbr. na¨Vy Vr nÌ HmoUmbmhr [_imbr ZmhrV. HmaU
JSmMr gd© gwÌo gmo_ZmWÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVr. Ë`m_wioM JSmda ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zr [edmOramOm¨Mm IyZ
HaÊ`mMm HQ aMbm. `màg¨Jr [edmOram`m¨Mo Ooð nwÌ g¨^mOramOm¨Zm hr ~mV_r g_OUma Zmhr, `mMr
O~m~Xmar KoÊ`mV Ambr. gagoZmnVr Am[U [edam`m¨Mo _ohwUo h¨~raamd _mo[hVo ho XoIrb
A¨Ë`[dYrbm Cn[ñWV ZìhVo. Odi HmoUrhr ZmVodmB©H ZìhVo ZmVodmB©H ZìhVo åhUyZM
gmo`am~mBªZr à[VHma Hobm Zgmdm. Am[U hm IyZ gmo`am~mBªZr Hobm Aer A\dm ~«m÷Um¨Zr CR[dbr.
gËVm àmßVrgmRr ho H¥Ë` gmo`am~mBªZr Hobo Agmdo AZo AZoHm¨Zm dmQbo. HmaU amOmam_mbm bJoMM
gd© ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zr qghmgZmda ~g[dbo. nU gmo`am~mBªZr amOmam_mbm JmXrda ~g[dÊ`mMm
AmJ«h Hobm ZìhVm. amOmam_ Xhm dfm©Mo Agë`m_wio Amnë`m V¨ÌmZo amÁ`Hma^ma Hamdm Ago
[Z`moOZ ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Mo hmoVo. [edmOramOm¨À`m IyZmZ¨Va g¨^mOramOm¨Mm IyZ Ham`Mm d Z¨Va bhmZ
amOmam_Mm IyZ Ham`Mm d gd© gÎmm Vmã`mV ¿`m`Mr Agm HwQrb Smd ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Mm hmoVm.
åhUyZM Vo g¨^mOramOm¨Zm AQH HaÊ`mgmRr Jobo hmoVo. nU h¨~raamd _mo[hVo `m¨À`m XyaX¥ïr_wio hm
AZW© Qibm. h¨~raamd _mo[hVo ho amOmam_mMo g»Io _m_m hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Vo AmnUmbm nyU© ghHm`©
HaVrb Aer Amem ~«m÷Um¨Zm hmoVr. nU h¨~raamdm¨À`m ñdamÁ`[Zðo_wio XJm~mO ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨ZmM
AQH Pmbr.

Á`mdoiog _hmamOm¨Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm, Voìhm amOm¨Mo d` \º 50 dfmªMo hmoVo. amOm¨Zm HmoUVmhr
AgmÜ` amoJ ZìhVm qHdm Vo àXrK© AmOmar ZìhVo. amOm¨Mr àH¥Vr [ZamoJr hmoVr. Agm ñnï CëboI
"Hm°ñ_m Xr JmSm©' hm naHr` B[VhmgHma HaVmo. d`mÀ`m 50ì`m dfu amOm¨Zm Z¡g[J©H _¥Ë`y `oUo
HXm[nhr eŠ` Zmhr.

amOm¨Mo g_mOn[adV©ZmMo Hm`©, am`JSmdarb ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Mm A¨VJ©V [damoY, 3 E[àbMo

JSmdarb g¨e`mñnX dmVmdaU, _hmamOm¨Zr nmR[dbobo nU Z [_imbobo nÌ, amOm¨Mm KmB©-KmB©Zo
CaHyZ KoVbobm A¨Ë`[dYr, hr ~mV_r HmoUmbmhr g_OUma Zmhr `mMr AÊUmOr XÎmmo, amhyOr
gmo_ZmW, _moamon¨V `m¨Zr KoVbobr XjVm. namH«_r, [dìXmZ, Mm[aÍ`g¨nÞ Am[U Ooð nwÌ
g¨^mOramOm¨EodOr 10 dfm©À`m H[Zð nwÌ amOmam_mbm JmXrda ~g[dÊ`m_mJMr ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Mr
^y[_Hm Am[U g¨^mOramOm¨Mo gm¨ËdZ HaÊ`mEodOr Ë`m¨Zm AQH HaÊ`mg Jobobo AÊUmOr XÎmmo,
_moamon¨V `m gd©M ~m~t_wio [edmOramOm¨Mm ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zr IyZ Hobm ho [gÕ hmoVo.

g¨^mOramOm¨Zm AQH (Rma) HaÊ`mg [ZKmboë`m _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr, àëhmXn¨V `m _¨Í`m¨Zm

dmQoVM h¨~raamd _mo[hË`m¨Zr AQH Hobr. g¨^mOramOo am`JSmda Jobo. Ë`m¨Zr gd© _mVm¨Mo gm¨ËdZ Hobo.
`màg¨Jr gmo`am~mBªZo [edam`m¨Zm [df [Xbo Aer A\dm hmoVr. `mMr OmUrd HXm[MV gmo`am~mBªZm
gwédmVrbm Zgmdr, na¨Vw gmo`am~mB© [ZXmo©f hmoË`m ho [gÕ HaUmam EH ^¸_ nwamdm Amho. g¨^mOramOo
24 Am°JñQ 1680 amoOr åhUVmV Hr, ""gmo`am~mB© ñ\ ñ\[QHmgmaIr [Z_©i _ZmMr Amho''. `mMm AW©
gmo`am~mB© [ZXmo©f Va hmoË`mM, nU g¨^mOramOm¨Zm gmo`am~mB© AmXañWmZr hmoË`m. Hw_¨Í`m¨ZrM
gmo`am~mB©bm g¨^mOramOm¨[déÕ ^SHm[dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Hobm hmoVm. (g¨X^©-N. g¨^mOr-221
dm.gr.~o¨X«o) gmo`am~mB©-g¨^mOr _mVmnwÌm¨Mo g¨~¨Y Iwn ào_i hmoVo. g¨^mOramOm¨Zr YmHQçm amOmam_
`m ^mdmbm [OdmnmS Onbo. g¨^mOramOm¨ZrM amOmam_mMr Z¨Va VrZ b¾o HéZ [Xbr. (Vmam~mB©-
_mo[hVo, amOg~mB©-JmSJo, Am¨[~Hm~mB©-ImZ[dbHa) `mMm AW© g¨^mOr Am[U gmo`am~mB©
`m¨À`m_Ü`o gÎmogmRr Hgbmhr g¨Kf© ZìhVm. Ë`m¨Zm gÎmm[^bmfm ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio gmo`am~mBªZr
[edmOramOm¨Zm [df [Xbobo Zmhr. gmo`am~mB© IyZ HQmV A[O~mV ZmhrV. `mMm gai AW© amOm¨Mm
IyZ àëhmX [ZamOr, _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr XÎmmo `m ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zr Hobm Amho, ho [Z[d©dmX gË` Amho.
ho gd© _¨Ìr IyZ HQmMo gwÌYma AmhoV. àË`j IwZmMr A¨_b~OmdUr _mÌ amhyOr gmo_ZmW `m¨Zr
Hobr.

AmVm AmnU [edmOramOm¨À`m _¥Î`y~Ôb Xoer Am[U naXoer gmYZm¨Mm dmna Hé. nwTrb
g¨X^© gmYZm¨Mr [M[HËgm HaÊ`mnwdu Ë`m gmYZm¨Mm Hmi d HVm© `mMmhr [dMma HaUo AË`¨V
_hËdmMo Amho. _amRr Am[U g¨ñH¥V gmYZm¨Mo boIH ho ~«m÷U Agë`m_wio ~è`mM gË` emoYÊ`mg
ASMUr `oVmV. VarXoIrb AnamYrnUmMr OmUrd g¨X^© gmYZmV àHfm©Zo OmUdë`m_wio amOm¨À`m
IyZmMo _hmHmoSo gwQÊ`mg _moRr _XV Pmbr Amho. gwédmVrbm AmnU A_amRr g¨X^© gmYZm¨Mm [dMma
Hé.

B¨J«Om¨Mo nÌ- ""[edmOr_hmamOm¨Mm _¥Ë`y aºm[VgmamZo Pmbm''.

nmaer HmJXnÌ (_m[gao Amb_[Jar-gmHr_wñVoXImZ)- "" [edmOr ho KmoSçmdéZ

CVabo Ë`m¨Zm A[VCî_o_wio XmoZ doim aºmÀ`m CbQçm Pmë`m. Ë`m_wio Ë`m¨Mm _¥Ë`y
Pmbm.''

[^_goZ gŠgoZm (Am¡a¨JOo~mMm A[YHmar)- ""[edmOramOo AmOmar nSbo Hmhr

[XdgmÀ`m AmOmamZ¨Va Vo _¥Ë`y nmdbo.''

Im[\ImZ (_moJbgm_«mÁ`mMm B[Vhmg)- ""[edmOramOm¨Zr OmbÝ`mda ñdmar

Hobr `mMdfu Vo AmOmar nSyZ Vo _¥Ë`y nmdbo.''

[ZHmobmAmo _ZwMr (Ago hmoVo _moJb)- "" [edmOramOo Zoh_r _mo[h_oda [\aV, `m
XJXJrZo WHyZ Am[U aºmÀ`m CbQçm hmoDZ Ë`m¨Zm _aU Ambo''.

XmK a[OñQa (SM HmJXnÌ)- ""[edmOramOm¨À`m Xwgè`m ~m`HmoZo amOm¨da [df

à`moJ Hobm Agdm''. (XmK a[OñQa- 1680. n¥ð 724.29, g¨X^©-na[H`m¨À`m
X¥ïr.)

darb gd© g¨X^© gmYZo ~mVå`m qHdm A\dm EoHyZM amOm¨À`m _¥Ë`y~Ôb [b[hVmV.
darb gmYZm¨À`m boIHm¨n¡Hr HmoUrhr am`JSmda qHdm Amgnmg ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio darb
gmYZm¨À`m boIHm¨Mr gmYZo g¨[X½Y, A[dœgZr` AmhoV. [edmOramOm¨Zr amOmam_mMm
[ddmh 15 _mM© 1680 amoOr àVmnamd JwOa `m¨Mr HÝ`m OmZHr~mB©er bmdyZ [Xbm.
Ë`mZ¨Va ARam [Xdgm¨ZrM [edmOramOm¨Mm IyZ Pmbm. 18 [XdgmV amOo AmOmar nSUo
Am[U AmOma [dHmonmbm OmUo HXm[nhr eŠ` Zmhr. darb gmYZm¨n¡Hr Amb_[JarHma
_wñVoXImZ, _ZwMr Am[U B¨J«O ho amOm¨Zm aºmÀ`m CbQçm Pmë`m Ë`m_wio Ë`m¨Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm,
Vo gm¨JVmV. nU aºmÀ`m CbQçm Hm Pmë`m? ho Ë`m¨Zm _mhrV Zmhr. [df [Xë`mZoM CbQçm
Pmë`m. [^_goZ gŠgoZm Am[U Im\rImZ ho amOo AmOmar nSyZ _obo gm¨JVmV. nU AmOmar
Hm nSbo? ho Ë`m¨Zm _m[hV Zmhr. AmOmar Hm hmoVo?> ho XoIrb Ë`m¨Zm ImÌrbm`H _m[hVr
Zmhr. XmK a[OñQa_Ü`o _mÌ [df à`moJmMm CëboI Amho. na¨Vw Ë`m¨Zrhr A\doda [dœmg
Rodbobm Agë`m_wio ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨ZrM amOm¨Zm [df à`moJmZo Rma _mabo Ë`mEodOr amOm¨À`m
nËZrMm CëboI Hobobm Amho. gmo`am~mBªMr A\dm hmoVr. nU ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨ZrM amOm¨Zm [df
à`moJmZo Rma _mabo. ho XmK a[OñQa [Zg¨[X½YnUo [gÕ HaVo.

AmVm AmnU _amRr-g¨ñH¥V g¨X^© gmYZm¨Mm Aä`mg Hé-

`m gmYZm_Ü`o g_HmbrZ, CÎmaHmbrZ gmYZo Ago àHma AmhoV. gwédmVrbm AmnU

CÎmaHmbrZ gmYZm¨Mr [M[HËgm Hé.

91 Hb_r ~Ia- ""amOm¨Zm ZdÁdamMr ì`Wm Pmbr Am[U amOo ñdm_rg

H¡bmgdmg Pmbm''.

[ed[X[½dO`- ""gmo`am~mB©HSyZ amOm¨Zm [dfà`moJ Pmbm''.

[MQUrg ~Ia- ""gmo`am~mB©daM Amamon RodVo''.

[ed^maV- (AnwU© Hmì`)

OoYo eHmdbr- M¡Ì ewÕ nm¡[U©_m e[Zdmar (3 E[àb1680) [Xdgm XmoZ àhar
am`JSmda [edmOramOm¨Mo [ZYZ Pmbo. h¨~raamd _mo[hVo `m¨Zr _moamon¨V noedo
AÊUmOrn¨V Am[U àëhmXn¨Vm¨Zm H¡X HéZ nÝhmiJSmda g¨^mOramOm¨HSo Zobo.

[edmnwa eHmdbr- M¡Ì nm¡[U©_og [edmOr amOo g_mßV Pmbo.

[MQUrg ~Ia d [ed[X[½dO` 1818 gmbMr Agë`m_wio g_HmbrZ Zmhr. nU

gmo`am~mBªZr [dfà`moJ Hobm hm CëboI Amho. `mMm AW© amhyOr gmo_ZmWmZo
[dfà`moJ Hobm hmoVm. ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zr amOm¨Mm [dfà`moJmZo IyZ Hobm. nU gd©Ì
gmo`am~mB©Zo IyZ Hobm Aer A\dm ngadbr. åhUyZM gmo`am~mB©Zo [dfà`moJ Hobm
Ago Xoer d naXoer boIHm¨Zr [b[hbo. Ë`m¨À`mn`ªV A\dm ngabr hmoVr. Iar
KQZm nmohmoMbr ZìhVr.

[ed^maVHma HqdX« na_mZ¨XMo AHmbr [ZYZ Pmë`m_wio HmaVb~ImZmMo
C_aqISrVrb `wÕ `oWn`ªVMmM CëboI Amho.

OoYo eHmdbr - hr eHmdbr åhUOo X¡Z¨[XZr Agë`m_wio ñnïrHaU Zmhr. Ë`m_wio

\º [ZYZ Pmbo EdTmM CëboI OoYoeHmdbrV Amho. nU Ë`mZ¨Va bJoM h¨[~aamd
_mo[hVo `m¨Zr _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr d àëhmX `m¨Zm H¡X Hoë`mMm CëboI Amho. Ë`m¨Zr
IyZ Hobm åhUyZM Ë`m¨Zm AQH Hobr Agm ñnï AW© [ZKVmo. åhUOoM OoYo
eHmdbrgwÕm _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr, àëhmX d amhyOr gmo_ZmW `m¨Zr IyZ Hobm Ago
[gÕ HaVo.

AmVm eodQMo d AË`¨V _hËdmMo gmYZ åhUOo g^mgX ~Ia.

`m ~IarMm HVm© H¥îUmOr AZ¨V g^mgX `m¨Zr amOm¨À`m Hma^mamV ñdV: ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m ~IarVrb A[Va¨[OV d lÕmiy ^mJ dOm Hobm Va ~arMer dñVw[ZðVm Amho. g^mgX
_¥Ë`y~Ôb nwTrbà_mUo dU©Z HaVmV.

"_J Hmhr [Xdgm¨Zr amOmg ì`Wm ÁdamMr Pmbr. amOm nwÊ`íbmoH Hmb-kmZ OmUo. [dMma
nmhVm Am`wî`mMr _`m©Xm Pmbr ho HiyZ Odirb HmaHyZ d hwOao bmoH hmoVo. Ë`m_Ü`o gä`
bmoH ~mobmdyZ AmUbo ~mo[bbo Hr Vwåhr MwHya hmoD ZHm. hm Vmo _¥Ë`ybmoHM Amho. `m_mJo [HVr
CËnÞ Pmbo [HVr Jobo AmVm Vwåhr [Z_©i gwIén ~wÕrZo AgUo. AmVm AdKo ~mhoa n¡gm. AmnU
ltMo ñ_aU H[aVmo åhUmoZ Ad[K`m¨g ~mhoa ~¡gdbo. Am[U am[O`m¨Zr lr ^m[JaWrMo CXH AmUyZ
ñZmZ Hobo. ^ñ_ YmaU HéZ éX«mj YmaU Hobo. Am[U `moJmä`mg HéZ AmË_m ~«÷m¨Sm¨g ZoDZ
XeìXmao \moSyZ àmUà`mU Hobo. em[bdmhZ eHo 1602 am¡X«_mZ g¨dËgao M¡Ì ewÕ nm¡[U©_m, e[Zdma
XmoZ àhar Hmi am`JSr Pmbm. Ë`mZ¨Va [edXyV [d_mZ KoDZ Ambo. Am[U amOo [d_mZr ~gyZ
H¡bmgmg Jobo. ho OS eara _¥Ë`ybmoHr Ë`mJ Hobm. amOmMo XohmdgZ Ë`m [Xder n¥ÏdrH¨n Phmbm.
JJZr Yw_HoVy CXobm CëHmnmV AmHmemhyZ Ambm. amÌr OmoS B¨X«YZwî` [ZKmbr. Aï[Xem [XJXmh
hmoDZ Jobm. lre¨^y _hmXodr ViçmMo CXH aºm¨~a Ambo. nmÊ`mVrb _ÀN ~mhoa nSyZ A_mgdmUr
CXH Pmbo. Eogr A[aïo Pmbr. _J amOo`m¨Mo Hboda M¨XZHmïoda d ~obHmïo AmUyZ X½Y Hobo. [ñÌ`m
amÁ`nmb»`m HmaHyZ hyOar gd© bmoHm¨Zr gm¨[JVbo Hr, YmHQm nwÌ amOmam_ [H«`m Hamdr. gdmªZr IoX
Hobm amOmam_ `m¨Zr AË`¨V emoH Hobm. Ë`mZ¨Va CÎmaHm`© H[Zðm¨Zr Hamdo Ago [gÕ Hobo. d[Sb nwÌ
g¨^mOramOo doiog ZmhrV. `mOH[aVm YmHQçmZo [H«`m Hobr Ago amOm¨Mo M[aÌ Am»`mZ CËnÞ
HmimnmgyZ XohmdgmZmn`ªV Omhbo.'

qOOr `oWo amOmam_mgmo~V AgVmZm g^mgXm¨Zr ~Ia [b[hbr. g^mgX ho amOmam_m¨À`m

nXar Amë`m_wio gmo`am~mB©da Omo Ami Ambobm hmoVm Ë`mMm CëboI Ë`m¨Zr Hobobm Zmhr. VgoM
g^mgX ho ñdV: ~«m÷U Agë`m_wio Ë`m¨Zr gË`HWZ HaÊ`mMo Qmibobo Amho. g^mgX ho Xod^moio
Agë`m_wio àñVwV M[aÌmV AZoH [RHmUr A[Va¨[OV Am[U M_ËHm[aH dU©Z g^mgXm¨Zr Hobobo
Amho. AnamYrnUmMr ^mdZm àIa Pmbr Hr, A[Va¨[OV ñnïrHaU Hobo OmVo. CXm. g¨V VwHmam_m¨Mm
IyZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr Hobm ho bn[dÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr VwHmam_ _hmamO gXoh d¡Hw¨Rmbm Jobo Ago [bhyZ
Rodbo. AJXr VgmM àHma amOm¨À`m~m~V KSbobm Amho. g^mgXm¨Zr Hoboë`m dU©ZmMo AmnU AmVm
ñnïrHaU Hé.

[edmOramOm¨Zm Áda Pmbm, Ago g^mgX gm¨JVmV. Áda Pmbm AgVmZm amOm¨Zr `moJmä`mg Hobm, ho
HXm[n eŠ` Zmhr. amOm¨Zr Am`wî`mV HYrhr `moJgmYZm Hobobr Zmhr. _J 3 E[àb 1680 `m
[XderM amOm¨Zr AmË_m ~«÷m¨Smg bmdUo d XeìXmao \moSyZ àmUË`mJ HaUo Ago YmXm¨V ImoQo [b[hUo.
åhUOoM amOm¨Mm IyZ Pmbm ho [gÕ hmoVo. `moJ gmYZoZo em[aarH d _mZ[gH g¨VwbZ amhVo. `m~m~V
Xw_V Zmhr, nU `moJgmYZoZo _¥Ë`y, A_aËd, [gÕr [_iVo `m ^mHS HWm AmhoV. [edmOramOo Hmhr
Jm^mè`mV ~gyZ qHdm AaÊ`mV ~gyZ `moJgmYZm HaUmao ^mo¨Xy _hmamO ZìhVo. HwQw¨~ ñdamÁ`, g_mO
dmè`mda gmoSyZ AmË_m ~«÷m¨Smbm bmdÊ`mMo XoeX«mohr CÚmoJ _hmamOm¨Zr Hobo ZmhrV. hmVmV Vcdma
KoDZ ñdamÁ` [Z[_©Vr `m [Z`moOZmgmRr Am`wî`mVrb àË`oH jUmMm gXwn`moJ Hobm Am[U gdm©V
_hËdmMo åhUOo `moJ gmYZm åhUOo \º EHm [XdgmV gmÜ` hmoUmar gmYZm Zìho. g^mgX åhUVmV
Hr, amOm¨Zr gd©© gä` OZm¨Zm ~mhoa ~gÊ`mg gm¨[JVbo. `mMm AW© IyZ Pmbm. Ë`màg¨Jr amOm¨Odi
EHhr gä` qHdm OdiMm ZmVodmB©H ZìhVm. _hmamUr gmo`am~mB© amUr_hmbmVM hmoË`m.
[edmOramOm¨Mo Ka åhUOo 1010 Mr Imobr Zìho. [enmB©, A[YHmar, _¨Ìr, gaXma Am[U _hmamUr
`m¨À`mgmRr ñdV¨Ì Hm`m©b`o Am[U [ZdmgñWmZmMrhr ì`dñWm am`JSmda Amho. ([Okmgy¨Zr am`JS
Adí` nhmdm) gmo`am~mB© ñ\[QHmà_mUo ñdÀN _ZmÀ`m AmhoV. Agm A[^àm` g¨^mOramOm¨Zr
[edmOr_hmamOm¨À`m IyZmZ¨Va 5 _[hÝ`m¨Zr [Xbobm Amho. `mMm AW© gmo`am~mB© [ZXmo©f åhUOoM
gä` AmhoV Am[U g^mgX åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo gmo`am~mB© (IyZ Pmbm Ë`màg¨Jr) gä` Agë`m_wio
amOm¨Odi ZìhË`m. BVa gd© ZmVodmB©H Imbr nmMmSmV hmoVo. `m g¨YrMm \m`Xm KoDZM AÊUmOr
XÎmmo, _moamon¨V `m¨Zr amhyOr gmo_ZmW _m\©V amOm¨Zm [df XoDZ IyZ Hobm. IyZm~m~V g¨e` `oD Z`o
`mgmRr doJdoJiçm A\dm CR[dë`m.
 [edmOramOo [d_mZmV ~gyZ H¡bmgmg Jobo Ago g^mgX åhUVmV, Am[U bJoMM nwTrb
n[aÀNoXmV amOm¨À`m àoVmMo XhZ amOmam_mZo Hobo Ago [b[hVmV. [d_mZmV ~gyZ H¡bmgmg Joë`mZ¨Va
nwÝhm A¨Ë`[dYr HaÊ`mMr JaOM Hm`? åhUyZM ~«m÷Um¨Zr ~hwOZ g_mOmbm Hgbmhr g¨e`
`oD Z`o `mgmRr \ma nwdu OSXoh, gwú_Xoh, AmË_m, na_mË_m, ñdJ©, ZaH `m HënZm [Z_m©U Hoë`m.
amOo [d_mZmV ~gyZ Jobo Ago g^mgXm[edm` HmoUrhr gm¨JV Zmhr, `mMm AW© VwHmam_
_hmamOmà_mUoM amOm¨Mm IyZ HéZ [d_mZmMr HWm Ë`m¨À`m M[aÌmV KwgSÊ`mV Ambr. n[adV©ZmMo
Hm_ HaUmè`m ~hwOZ g_mOmVrb _hmnwéfm¨Zm AemàHmao g¨n[dÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. Aem àHmao
amhyOr gmo_ZmWZo amOm¨Mm IyZ Hobm. amOm¨Mm IyZ Pmbm ZgVm Va OJmV amOm¨Zr ñdmV¨Í`, g_Vm,
~¨Yy^md àñWm[nV Hobr AgVr. Aem [dœd¨Ú amOm¨Mm IyZ HéZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr Hodi [edmOramOm¨MoM
Zìho Va g¨nyU© OJmMo ZwHgmZ Hobobo Amho.

[edam`m¨À`m IyZm_wio am`JSmda nyU©V: VUmdmMo Am[U [^VrMo dmVmdaU hmoVo. hr ~mV_r
\wQUma Zmhr `mMr nwU© XjVm ~«m÷Um¨Zr KoVbr hmoVr. amOm¨Mm IyZ Pmë`mMr ~mV_r g_Obr AgVr
Va XoemV EHhr ~«m÷U Ë`mhr HmimV ~hwOZ g_mOmZo [Od¨V Rodbm ZgVm, nU Ë`m¨Zr OZVoMr
[Xem^yb Hobr. amOm¨Mm _¥Ë`y JwSKr amoJm_wio Pmbm, Aer A\dm ngadbr. hrM ~mV_r gd©Xya
nmohMbr. nU [_Ìhmo, OJmÀ`m B[VhmgmV nwdu Am[U AmOXoIrb JwSKramoJ HmoUmbmhr Pmë`mMo
CXmhaU gmnSbobo Zmhr. åhUOoM ~«m÷U SmdnoM ~XbVmV, CÔoe ~XbV ZmhrV. amOm¨Mm IyZ
gmo`am~mBªZr Hobm Agmhr àMma ~«m÷Um¨Zr gwé Hobm. amOm¨Mm _¥Ë`w A±W«°ŠgZo Pmbm Agmhr
AnàMma AmOXoIrb [ZZmX ~oSoHagmaIo amOm¨Mo eÌy HaVmV (B¨[S`Z EŠgàog Zmoìho¨.2001)
åhUOoM amOm¨Mm IyZ HaUmao Iao Amamonr [ZXmo©f gwQmdoV `mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr AZoH A\dm nga[dë`m
d AmOXoIrb ngadV AmhoV.OZVobm Iao JwÝhoJma g_Oy Z`oV, `mgmRr bj doYyZ OZVoMr
[Xem^yb HaUo d AmnU Hgo [ZanamY AmhmoV `mMm Amd AmUÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Ur àMma AmOXoIrb
doJdoJiçm dmdSçm CSdV AmhoV. amOm¨Mm IyZ Hoë`m~amo~aM amOmam_mbm ~«m÷Um¨Zr qghmgZmda
~g[dbo, HmaU amOmam_ bhmZ hmoV, amOmam_mbm Zm_Ymar amOm Ham`Mo Am[U amÁ`Hma^mamMr gd©
gwÌo hmVr ¿`md`mMr Am[U bdHaM amOmam_Mmhr HmQm HmTm`Mm Agm Smd `m _¨Í`m¨Mm hmoVm. Va
g¨^mOr hwema, MmUmj, namH«_r, YmSgr hmoVo. åhUyZ g¨^mOramOm¨Zm _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr XÎmmo
AQH HaÊ`mg nÝhmiJSmHSo [ZKmbo. dmQoVM h¨~raamd _mo[hVo `m¨Zr Ë`m¨Zm AQH Hobr, Am[U
g¨^mOramOm¨Mm am`JSmda A[^foH Hobm. g¨^mOramOo JmXrda `oVmM g¨^mOramOm¨Zm Rma _maÊ`mMm
~«m÷Um¨Zr Mma doim à`ËZ Hobm, nU VrZ doim g¨^mOramOm¨Zr Ë`m¨Zm _m\ Hobo hmoVo. Mm¡Ï`m doiog
g¨^mOramOm¨Zr gd© ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zm Rma _mabo, Am[U [edam`m¨À`m IyZmMm ~Xbm KoVbm.
 _hmamUr nwVim~mB© gVr Hr IyZ?

[edam`m¨Mm IyZ Hoë`mZ¨Va amOm¨Mm A¨Ë`[dYr KmB©-KmB©Zo CaHÊ`mV Ambm. amOm¨À`m

IyZmZ¨Va EHhr nËZr gVr Jobr Zmhr. HmaU amOm¨Zr gVràWm ~¨X Hobr hmoVr. nU nwTo nwVim~mB© gVr
Hm Joë`m? Ë`mZ¨Va ~«m÷Um¨Mo àñW dmTbo, Am[U Ë`m¨Zr amOm¨À`m g_mOgwYmaUobm
Hb¨H bmdÊ`mgmRr nwVim~mBªZr gVr Omdo `mgmRr Xod-Y_© `m¨À`m Jmo¨Sg ZmdmImbr ~«m÷Um¨Zr
nwVim~mB©Mm Ni Hobm. åhUyZM nwVim~mB© amOm¨À`m A¨Ë`[dYrZ¨Va 85 [Xdgm¨Zr gVr Joë`m.
åhUOoM amOm¨Zr Hoboë`m H«m¨Vrbm Ë`m¨À`m KamVM Hmir_m \mgÊ`mMm ~«m÷Um¨Zr à`moJ Hobm.

^maVmVrb gVr àWobm àIa [damoY HaUmao [edmOramOo ho n[hbo amOo AmhoV. amOm¨Zr
ehmOramOm¨À`m AnKmVr [ZYZmZ¨Va gVr Mmbboë`m ñdV:À`m _mVmolr [OOmD_m±gmho~ `m¨Zm gVr
OmÊ`mg [damoY Hobm d `m Hy«a na¨naobm [Vbm¨Obr [Xbr. Aem amOm¨À`m _hmamOr nwVim~mB© gVr
OmÊ`m_mJMr HmaU[__m¨gm ñnï hmoUo AË`¨V _hËdmMo Amho, Am[U nwVim~mB© amOm¨À`m IyZmZ¨Va
85 [Xdgm¨Zr gVr Joboë`m AmhoV `mMm AW© nwVim~mBªZm gVr OmÊ`mg àd¥Îm Hobo, `mgmRr g¨ñH¥Vr
ho hË`ma ~«m÷Um¨Zr dmnabo. na¨Vw gVr OmUo hm g¨ñH¥VnUm Zmhr, Va A_mZwfnUm Amho. hm CKS-
CKS IyZ Amho. nVr[ZYZmZ¨Va gVr OmÊ`mMr A[Zï àWm éT Pmbr. nU nËZr[ZYZmZ¨Va EHhr nwéf
gVm Jobm Zmhr. `mMo HmaU Hm`? nwéfmbm gm¡^m½` gwdUm©b¨Hma ZgVmV. nU [ñÌ`m¨Zm gm¡^m½`
Ab¨Hma AgVmV. nVr[ZYZmZ¨Va nËZrZo C¨Mr dñÌo n[aYmZ HéZ gmoÝ`mMo Ab¨Hma A¨Jmda KmbyZ
nVrÀ`m àoVm~amo~a Omdo d [MVoOdi Joë`mda ~«m÷U nwamo[hV [dYrdV nËZrbm [MVoda ~gdV
AgV. nU Ë`mnwdu gVr OmUmè`m ñÌrMo gd© Ab¨Hma Ë`m ~«m÷U nwamo[hVmbm XoUo ~¨YZHmaH Ago
Am[U Z¨Va [MVm noQdbr OmV Ago. gVr OmUmar ñÌr àmU dmM[dÊ`mgmRr VS\SV Ago Am[U
Ë`mZ¨Va [MVm noQdbr OmV Ago. nU [VZo ~mhoa `ody Z`o `mgmRr hmVmV bm¨~bm¨~ HmRçm KoDZ [Vbm
THUmao nwéf [MVo^modVr C^o AgV. [VÀ`m qHMmiÊ`mMm AmdmO `oD Z`o `mgmRr HU©HH©e dmÚm¨Mm
AmdmO Hobm OmV Ago d ho gd© [ZX©`H¥Ë` Y_© d g¨ñH¥VrÀ`m ZmdmImbr Hobo OmV Ago. ho gd©
HemgmRr? Va Ë`m ñÌrÀ`m A¨JmdaMo gmoZo ~«m÷Umbm [_imdo, `mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr gVràWm gwé Hobr.
åhUOo g¨nÎmrgmRr Xodm-Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr amOamog IyZ HaÊ`mMr A[Zï na¨nam ~«m÷Um¨Zr gwé
Hobr. `m àWobm nwVim~mB© ~ir nSë`m. nwVim~mB©HSyZ gmoZo-g¨nÎmr [_i[dÊ`mgmRr g¨ñH¥VrÀ`m
ZmdmImbr nwVim~mB©Mm ~«m÷Um¨Zr ~ir KoVbm. ~hwOZ[ñÌ`mà_mUo ~«m÷U[ñÌ`mXoIrb ~ir
nSboë`m AmhoV. dU©ì`dñWoV ^maVmVrb HmoUË`mhr [ñÌ`m¨Zm ñWmZ ZìhVo. ~«m÷U na[H` AmhoV Vo
\º nwéfM ^maVmV Ambo. ~«m÷U[ñÌ`m ~hwOZm¨À`m Agë`m_wio ~«m÷Um¨Zr Ë`m¨À`m [ñÌ`m¨Mm
XoIrb Ni Hobm. åhUyZM nwÊ`mVrb [dYdm ~«m÷U _wbtZm Omoer, Xoenm¨So, Aä`¨Hamnojm amï—[nVm
Omo[Vamd \wbo Amnbo dmQbo d Ë`m Omo[Vamdm¨À`m Aml`mbm Amë`m.

[edmOramOm¨À`m Ooð _hmamUr gB©~mB© `m¨Mo 5 gßQo¨. 1659 amoOr AmOmanUmV [ZYZ Pmbo
hmoVo. [edmOr_hmamOm¨À`m IyZmZm¨Va \º nwVim~mB© gVr Joë`m. nwVim~mB©[edm` HmoUrhr gVr Jobo
Zmhr. `m àg¨Jr ~«m÷Um¨Zr X~mdV¨ÌmMm dmna Hobm. `m gd© KQZm ~«m÷Um¨Zr g¨^mOramOo ZgVmZm
Hoë`m. (_moR_moRçm KamÊ`mV [ñÌ`m¨À`m Mm¨JwbnUmMm J¡a\m`Xm KoDZ Ë`m¨Zm AZoH [dYr HaÊ`mg
~«m÷U àd¥Îm HaVmV. nwéfm¨À`m nañna [ñÌ`m JwnMwn `k-`mJ, A[^foH, gË`Zmam`U HéZ A_mn
YZ XoVmV.) XodmY_m©À`m ZmdmImbr Hw«a d¡[XHm¨Zr nwVim~mB©gma»`m AmXe© _hmamUrMm IyZ Hobm ho
_mÌ [Z[íMV. nwVim~mB© 27 OyZ 1680 amoOr amOm¨À`m IyZmZm¨Va 85 [Xdgm¨Zr gVr Joë`m, Zìho Va
d¡[XHm¨Zr n¡emgmRr nwVim~mB©Mm IyZ Hobm. nwVim~mB©À`m g_mYrda OmUrdnyd©H Hw Ìm C^m
HaÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

am_Xmg
am_Xmg g¨V Zìho Va ñdamÁ`mVrb O¨V hmoVm

[edmOramOm¨Mm gdm©V IVaZmH eÌy åhUOo am_Xmg. Ë`mbm amOm¨Mm Jwé HaÊ`mMm
AZ¡[Vhm[gH à`ËZ OmVr`dmXr B[VhmgHmam¨Zr Hobm. Iao Va amOo Am[U am_Xmg `m¨Mr HYrM ^oQ
Pmbr Zmhr. åhUyZ am_Xmg hm amOm¨Mm Jwé ZìhVm ho [gÕ hmoVo. nU am_Xmg amOm¨Mm eÌy hmoVm ho
~hwVm¨er bmoHm¨Zm _mhrV Zmhr.

am_Xmg hm AmXrbehm Am[U Am¡a¨JOo~mMm JwßVhoa hmoVm. A\ObImZmMm [_Ì ~mOr

KmoanSo `mÀ`m Aml`mbm am_Xmg hmoVm. EHm ~mOybm amOo JS qOHVmV. [Hëbo ~m¨YVmV, Va am_Xmg
g_mOmV ^moionUm nga[dÊ`mMo Hm_ HaV hmoVm. nwamo[hV ^Qm¨Zm OJÊ`mgmRr am_Xmgm¨Zr _¨[Xao
C^mabr. am_ hm Am`© åhUOoM ~«m÷U hmoVm. åhUyZM am_Xmgm¨Zr [edmOr_hmamOm¨EodOr am_mMm
O`O`Hma Hobm. amOo [Hëbo ~m¨YV hmoVo. Á`mMo [Hëbo Ë`mMo amÁ` hm Vmo Hmi hmoVm. am_Xmg _mÌ
_¨[Xa ~m¨YV hmoVm. HmaU OoWo _¨Xra VoWo ~«m÷Um¨Mo amÁ`. amOo Va à`ËZm¨Mr namHmïm HaUmao
[dkmZ[Zð amOo hmoVo. amOm¨À`m `m H«m¨VrHm`m©bm [damoY HaÊ`mMo Hm_ `m am_XmgmZo Hobo.

am_Xmg hm ñdV:À`m b¾àg¨Jr gmdYmZ åhUVmM ~mohë`mdéZ nimbm. niÊ`mnydu Vmo

~mohë`mda ZdaXod åhUyZ C^m hmoVm. åhUOo Ë`mZo _wbJr ng¨V Hobr hmoVr. b¾ Rabo hmoVo. dèhmSr
_¨Sir Ambr hmoVr. dYy Ë`mÀ`m g_moa C^r hmoVr. _¨JbmïHo gwé Pmbr. gd© _¨JbmïHo Pmbr Am[U
eodQMo _¨JbAïH åhUOo "AmVm gmdYmZ' åhUVmM am_Xmg ~mohë`mdéZ niyZ Jobm. ho EH Va
_wI©nUmMo qHdm g_mOX«mohrnUmMo bjU Amho. HmaU Ë`m HmimV A¨Jmbm hiX bmJbr Am[U b¾
_moSbo Va _wbtZm nwÝhm AmOÝ_ A[ddm[hV ahmdo bmJV hmoVo. Ë`m HmimV dYyÀ`m ^[dVì`mMm
Am[O~mV [dMma Z HaVm b¾ _¨SnmVyZ niyZ OmUmam am_Xmg [edmOramOm¨gma»`m gm_Ï`©embr
g_«mQmMm Jwé hmoDM eHV Zmhr. Iao Va Vmo g_mOX«mohr hmoD eHVmo. HmaU Ë`m dYyÀ`m OmJr Amnbr
~hrU qHdm _wbJr AgVr Va Amnë`mbm Hm` dmQbo AgVo? nwTo am_Xmgmbm [dYdm VéUrer
ì`m[^Mma HaÊ`mMr MQH bmJbr. doÊUm Am[U Am¸m `m¨À`mer am_XmgmMo AZ¡[VH g¨~¨Y hmoVo.
am_Xmg hm a¨Job Am[U ì`m[^Mmar hmoVm. (g¨X^©-am_Xmg Am[U noedmB©) Aem ñÌrb¨nQ
am_XmgmMm amOm¨Zr AZwJ«h KoVbm Aer HënZm HaUogwÕm Ajå` JwÝhm Amho. Agm ñÌrb¨nQ
am_Xmg g_moa Oar Ambm AgVm Var Ë`mbm amOm¨Zr PmoSnboM AgVo åhUyZM Ë`mZo amOm¨Mr HYrM
^oQ KoVbr Zmhr. amOm¨À`m OrdZmV Amboë`m HmoUË`mhr _hËdmÀ`m d amo_m¨MHmar àg¨JmModoir
am_XmgmZo amOm¨Zm àË`j qHdm AàË`jnUo _XV Hoë`mMm HmoRohr B[VhmgmV CëboI Zmhr.
A\ObImZ ^oQrÀ`màg¨Jr nÝhmimdoTm, emB©ñVoImZmda hëbm, AmJ«m H¡X, amÁ`m[^foH `m
HmoUË`mhr àg¨Jr am_Xmg amOm¨Zm _XV HaÊ`mgmRr Ambobm ZìhVm. g_HmbrZ OoYo eHmdbr,
g^mgX ~Ia, [ed^maV BVa HmoUË`mhr J¨«WmV am_XmgmMm gmYm Zm_moëboI XoIrb Zmhr.
([Okmgw¨Zr g¨X^© J¨«W dmMmdoV hr [dZ¨Vr)

am_Xmg åhUVmo,

Xodr ~«m÷Ur gÎmm Har& Vmo EH _wI©&&68&& (Xmg~moY-2:1:68)

åhUOo Omo ~«m÷Umda amÁ` HaVmo Vmo _wI© AgVmo. Ago Ë`mMo _V Amho. åhUOo ~«m÷UoVamZo
\º MmHarM Hamdr hm Ë`mMm AmJ«h hmoVm. [edmOramOo amÁ`m[^foHmZo amOo Pmbo. Ë`m_wio ~«m÷Um¨Zm
XoIrb [ejm HaÊ`mMm A[YHma amOm¨Zm àmßV Pmbm. `m_wio Vmo AñdñW Pmbm Am[U amOm¨Zm _wI©
åhUÊ`mn`ªV Ë`mMr _Ob Jobr. nwTo Vmo åhUVmo

[ZM àmUr JwéËd nmdbm& VoWo AmMaMr ~wSmbm

doXemñÌ ~«m÷Umbm & HmoU nwgo && (Xmg~moY-14:7:29)

am_Xmgmbm ~hwOZ g_mOmV [ejUmMm àgma Pmë`mZo H_mbrMo Xw:I Pmbo. AÜ``Z ho
\º ~«m÷Um¨ZrM Hamdo hm Ë`mMm AmJ«h Amho. g_mOmV AZmMma Hm dmTbm Va eyX«m¨Zr [eHÊ`mg
gwédmV Hobr åhUyZ. AmMma ~wSmbm Aer VH«ma Vmo HaVmo. ~hwOZ g_mO [ejU KoD bmJë`mZo
doXemñÌmV nma¨JV Agboë`m ~«m÷Umg HmoUr [dMmaV Zmhr `mMoM Ë`mbm dmB©Q dmQVo. åhUOo Vmo
Om[V`dmXr Va hmoVmM nU dU©ì`dñWoMm HÅa g_W©H hmoVm, HSdm ~«m÷Ê`dmXr hmoVm. åhUyZM
eyX«m¨Zr [ejU KoVë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m nmoQmV XwIw bmJbo. åhUyZ Vmo nwTo åhUVmo

amÁ` Zobo åbo¨ÀN joÌr & JwéËd Zobo HwnmÌr &&

AmnU AaÌr Zm naÌr & HmhrM Zmhr (Xmg~moY-14.7.36)

amÁ` _wgb_mZ Am[U j[Ì`m¨HSo Jobo. [edmOramOm¨Mo JwéËd g¨V VwHmo~mam`m¨HSo Jobo
Amnë`m ~«m÷Um¨À`m hmVr HmhrM am[hbo Zmhr åhUyZ Vmo AmaSm AmoaSm HaV hmoVm. ho Hmhr g¨VmMo
bjU Zìho. g¨VmÀ`m Hm`m©bm OmV, nmV, Y_©, n¨W, àm¨V, ^mfm, Xoe Am[U Y_m©Mo ~¨YZ ZgVo. g¨V
ho gd© g[Odm¨À`m Hë`mUmHaVm PQUmao AgVmV. nU Vmo \º ~«m÷Um¨gmRrM PJSV hmoVm åhUyZM
am_Xmg hm g¨V Zìho Va ñdamÁ`mVrb O¨V hmoVm. Vmo ~«m÷Um¨À`m CÜXmamgmRr d ~hwOZm¨À`m
èhmgmgmRr Hgm PQV hmoVm `mMo nwamdo Xmg~moYmVM AmTiVmV.

Jwé Vmo gHimgr ~«m÷U & Oar Vmo Pmbm [H«`mhrZ

am_Xmg åhUVmo ~«m÷U [Z[îH«`-[H«`mhrZ Agbm Var gd© Om[V Y_m©À`m OZVoZo
~«m÷UmbmM Jwé Hamdo. åhUOo ~«m÷Ur dM©ñd amhmdo d ~«m÷Um¨Zm [~Ja l_mMo YZ [_imdo. hr
Ë`mMr AmoT hmoVr. [ejH ~«m÷Um¨[edm` HmoUr hmoD Z`o hr Ë`mMr BÀNm hmoVr.

gHim¨er nyÁ` ~«m÷U & ho _w»` doXmkm à_mU

~«m÷U doX _w[V©_¨V & ~«m÷U Vmo[M ^Jd¨V

~«m÷Umbm gdmªZr Xod _mZmdo ho doX gm¨JVmV. ~«m÷U hmM doX Am[U Xod Amho Ago am_Xmg
åhUVmo. åhUOo gdmªZr ~«m÷Um¨Mr nyOm Hamdr hm AmJ«h am_XmgmMm hmoVm/

bj^moOZr ~«m÷U & AmZ OmVrg nwgo HmoU

bj^moOZ hm ~«m÷Um¨Mm h¸M Amho. BVa OmVrbm [dMmaÊ`mMo HmaUM Zmhr. Ago Ë`mMo
_V Amho. åhUOo ~«m÷Um¨Zm \wHQmV ^moOZ Úmdo Ago Vmo åhUVmo.
 Agmo ~«m÷U gwada d¨[XVr & VoWo _mZd ~mnwSo {HVr

AmVmVa am_Xmg ~hwOZ g_mOmbm ^rVrM XmI[dVmo Hr ~«m÷Umbm Xod d¨XZ HaVmV, Va
_mUgmMr Hm` JV Amho.

Oar ~«m÷U _wT_Vr & Var Vmo OJXd¨Ú

AmVm Va am_XmgmZo HhaM Hobm Vmo åhUVmo ~«m÷U _wI© Agbm Var Mmbob Vmo OJmbm
d¨X[Z` AgVmo. (Sm°. Am¨~oSHam¨À`m KQZoZo ~ao Pmbo ZmhrVa gd© _yI© ~«m÷U gd© nXm¨da am[hbo
AgVo.)

A¨Ë`O eãXkmVm ~adm & nar Vmo ZoDZ Hm` Hamdm

~«m÷U g¨[ÞY nyOmdm & ho Vmo Z KSo Hr &

X[bV hm eãX CÀMmam`bm ~am, nU ~«m÷Um¨Mr Vmo ~amo~ar Hé eHV ZgVmo. Ago åhUyZ
Ë`mZo Om[V`dmXmMo QmoHM JmRbo Amho.

A¨Va EH Vmo Iao & nar gm¨JmVo KoD Z `oVr _hmao

n¨[SV Am[U MmQo nmoao & EH H¡gr & &&3&&

_Zwî` Am[U JYSo & amOh¨g Am[U Hmo¨~So

amOo Am[U _mHSo & EH H¡gr& &&4&&

^mJraWrMo Oi Amn & _moar g¨dXUr Vmohr Amn&

Hw[íMi CXH Aën& goddoZm &&5&&

~«m÷U Am[U _hma `m¨Mm AmË_m EH Agbm Var Ë`m¨Mr Am[U ~«m÷Um¨Mr ~amo~ar hmoD eHV Zmhr.
(`m [RHmUr am_XmgmZo `_HmgmRr _hma `m¨Mo CXmhaU KoVbo Agbo Var gd© OmVr ZrM AmhoV,
\º ~«m÷UM loð AmhoV Ago Ë`mMo Rm_ _V Amho.) ~«m÷U gmoSyZ gd© OmVrbm Vmo JmTd, _mHSo,
Hmo¨~Sçm, MmdQ, JQmarMo nmUr `m Cn_m XoVmo. Va ~«m÷Umbm Vmo amOm, h¨g, J¨JoMo nmUr `m Cn_m
XoVmo. Aem ~hwOZìXoïçm am_XmgmÀ`m Xmg~moYda _hmamï— emgZmZo ~¨Xr Kmbmdr. am_Xmg d
am_Xmgr g¨àXm`mÀ`m gd© dmL_`mda ~hwOZ g_mOmZo ~[HîHma QmHmdm. OJmVrb gd© _mUgo g_mZ
AmhoV. OJmVrb gd© OmVr, Y_©, n¨W, àm¨V, ^mfm, Xoe ho _mZd[Z[_©V AmhoV. Var XoIrb Om[V^oX
nga[dUmè`m am_Xmgr gm¨àXm`mda "A°Q—m°m[° gQr A°ŠQ' Imbr IQbm ^amdm.

[edmOramOm¨Zr ~m~m `mHyV, _m¡Zr~m~m, g¨V VwHmam_ `m¨Mm gëbm KoVë`mMm AZoH [RHmUr
CëboI Amho. HmaU Vo g¨V Mm[aÍ`g¨nÞ, [Z:ñdmWu Am[U ~hwOZ g_mOmMo CÜXmaH hmoVo, åhUwZM
amOm¨Zm Ë`m¨À`m~Ôb [ZVm¨V AmXa hmoVm. nU amOo am_XmgmÀ`m ^oQrbm HYrM Jobobo ZmhrV. nU
Ë`mMo [eî` AZoH doim _hmamOm¨HSo ^rH _mJÊ`mgmRr Ambo hmoVo. `màg¨Jr amOo Ë`m¨Zm [dMmaVmV
"HmoU hm am_Xmg?' `mM AW© amOo am_Xmgmbm AmoiIV ZìhVo. (A[YH _m[hVrgmRr ~mMm
B[VhmgmMm`© àm. _m._. Xoe_wI [b[IV am_Xmg Am[U noedmB©)

ha ha _hmXod hr amOm¨Mr qghJO©Zm hmoVr. HmaU _hmXod ~hwOZ g_mOmMm AmÚ

H«m¨VrHmaH hmoVm. _hmXod hm Xod Zìho. d¡[XHm¨Zr _hmXodmMohr X¡dVrHaU Hobobo Amho. am_XmgmMr
KmofUm O` O` aKwdra g_W© Aer hmoVr. am_Xmg Am[U [edmOramOo `m¨À`m KmofUoVhr gmå` ZìhVo.
am_Xmg hm [hado HnSo n[aYmZ HarV hmoVm. am_Xmgmbm CÎm_ CXy© `oV hmoVr. Am¡a¨JOo~mbm am_Xmg
AZoHdoim ^oQbobm hmoVm. XmoKm¨Zr [_iyZ ^moOZ Hobo hmoVo. `mMm AW© am_Xmg Am[U Am¡a¨JOo~mMo
K[Zð g¨~¨Y hmoVo. [Xëbr `oWo am_XmgmZo Am¡a¨JOo~m~amo~a ^moOZ Hobo hmoVo hr dñVw[ñWVr Amho.

[edmOramOm¨Zm Hoear (^Jdo) [ZemU Am[U amO_wX«m ehmOr amOm¨Zm [Xbobr hmoVr. åhUOo
Jwé åhUyZ am_XmgmMo amOmbm Hgbohr ghHm`© Zmhr. [edam`m¨À`m AZoH JwßV `moOZm Ë`mZo
Am¡a¨JOo~mbm-Am[Xbehmbm gm¨[JVë`m hmoË`m. ~mOr KmoanSo¨Zm [edam`m¨[déÕ [MWmdbo hmoVo.
amOm¨À`m [déÕ _amRçm¨Zm ^SH[dÊ`mMo Hm_ am_XmgmZo Hobo. ~«m÷Um¨À`m CÕmamgmRr Vmo _aon`ªV
[PObm `mV Hmhr J¡a Zmhr. nU ñdV:À`m OmVrgmRr Hm_ HarV AgVmZm ~hwOZg_mOmbm Am[U
[edam`m¨Zm am_XmgmZo Iyn Ìmg [Xbm. eodQr Ë`mZo ~«m÷Um¨À`m ^[dVì`mgmRr Xmg~moY J¨«W
[b[hbm.

EdTo _mÌ [Z[íMV Hr, g¨V VwHmam_mgma»`m Mm[aÍ`g¨nÞ, g_mOgwYmaH Jwébm

g¨n[dÊ`mgmRrM d¡[XHm¨Zr am_Xmg hm [edM[aÌmV Kwgdbm. am_Xmgmbm amOm¨Mm Jwé Ra[dÊ`mgmRr
~«m÷Um¨Zr AZoH ImoQo nwamdo, XmIbo, ñWio, [MÌo [Z_m©U Hobr.
 Am[XbehmMm _moHmer XmXy Hmo¨SXod HwbHUu

XmXy Hmo¨SXodMo Iao Zm¨d XmXy Hmo¨SXod HwbHUu Ago Amho. XmXy HwbHUu hm AmXrbehmMm
_moHmer åhUOoM ZmoHa hmoVm. VwHmo~mam`m¨Zm NiUmao ho XmXy HwbHUuMo g_W©H hmoVo. åhUOo XmXy
HwbHUu `m [edam`m¨Mm eÌy hmoVm. eÌy AgUmè`m XoIrb ~«m÷Um¨Zr Jwé Hobo. XmXy HwbHUuMm
[edM[aÌmer Hmhrhr g¨~¨Y Zmhr. XmXy HwbHUu hm `wÕHboV AHweb hmoVm. [edam`m¨Zm `wÕHboMo
[ejU ehmOramOm¨Zr {Xbo, Ë`mMm gamd [OOmD_m±gmho~m¨Zr KoVbm. HmÝhmoOr OoYo, `ogmOr H¨H,
_w¨Tì`mMo Jm`HdmS, Vwno, _moPo, nm`JwSo B. ehmOramOm¨Mo n[hë`m \irVrb Hm`©HVo© AmhoV. dra
~mOr nmgbHam¨Zr ~mi [ed~m¨Zm nwUo d n[agamV _mobmMr _XV Hobr. ~«m÷U Jwé Agë`m[edm`
HmoUrhr _moRo hmoV Zmhr ho q~~[dÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr XmXy HwbHUu [edM[aÌmV Kwg[dbm.
[edM[aÌmÀ`m HmoUË`mhr g¨X^© gmYZmV XmXy HwbHUuMm gmYm CëboI XoIrb Zmhr.

[edmOramOm¨Mo Jwé g¨V VwHmo~mam`m¨Mm Ni

g¨V VwHmo~mam` ho [edmOramOm¨Mo Iao Jwé AmhoV `m~m~V HmoUmMohr Xw_V Zmhr, nU
VwHmo~mam`m¨Mo JwénU g¨n[dÊ`mgmRr am_Xmg [edM[aÌmV Kwg[dbm. Ë`m¨À`m à~moYZm_wioM
[edam`m¨Mo _mdio à^m[dV Pmbo. amOm¨Zr VwHmo~mam`m¨Mr AZoH [HV©Zo àË`j EoHbobr hmoVr. Ë`m¨À`m
Iè`m [HV©Zm_wio ^Qemhr hmXabr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m¨Zr VwHmo~mam`m¨Zm Ìmg XoUo gwé Hobo. Ë`m¨Mr ~XZm_r
_¨~mOr ^Q, am_oœa^Q `mZo Hobr. Ë`m¨À`m A^¨JmMr JmWm Ë`m¨Zr nmÊ`mV ~wSdbr. Ë`m¨Zm [ejm
Hamdr Aer _mJUr Aer _mJUr XohyÀ`m XmoZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr Am[XbehmMm _moHmer XmXy Hmo¨SXod `mMoHSo
Hobr. eodQr Ë`m¨Mr hË`m HéZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr gXoh d¡Hw¨RJ_Z Agm AnàMma gwé Hobm. (_hmnwéfm¨Mr
hË`m Pmbr åhUyZ Ë`m¨À`m `mo½`Vobm VSm OmV Zmhr. OJmVrb AZoH _hmnwéfm¨À`m hË`m Pmboë`m
AmhoV åhUyZ Ë`m¨Zm OZVoZo ZmHabo Zmhr.) amÁ`m[^foHàg¨Jr XoIrb ~«m÷U [edam`m¨er C_©QnUo
dmJV hmoVo. VoWo VwHmo~mam`m¨À`m hË`oàg¨Jr ~«m÷Um¨Mr H«waVm [eJobm nmohMbr hmoVr. [edam`-
VwHmo~mam` `m¨Mo Am¨XmobZ g¨n[dÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr _w[ñb_m¨Zm hmVmer Yabobo hmoVo.

VwHmo~mam`m¨À`m hË`oZ¨Va noeì`m¨Zr JmWm Omibr. Ë`m¨Mo A^¨J åhUÊ`mda noeì`m¨Zr ~¨Xr
KmVbr. [ZénUmgmRr Oa HmoUr A^¨J åhQbo Va noedmB©V [ejm Hobr OmV Ago. AmOXoIrb
kmZoœam¨À`m nmbIrnwTo VwHmo~mam`m¨Mr AmaVr åhUÊ`mg [damoY Hobm OmVmo. Xohy Am[U Ami¨Xr
`m¨À`m [dHmgmVrb \aH àHfm©Zo OmUdVmo. Ami¨XrMo CXmÎmrHaU Va Xohy Cno[jV RodÊ`m_mJrb
fS`¨Ì HmoUmMo? _hmamï—mV HmoUVmhr ZdrZ nmhyUm Ambm Hr Ë`m¨Zm Ami¨Xrbm Zobo OmVo nU Xohybm
Zobo OmV Zmhr. åhUOo VwHmo~mam`m¨Zm d [edam`m¨Zm [damoY HaUma EHM AmhoV.

ZoVmOr nmbHam¨À`m Y_mªVambm [damoY HaUmao ~«m÷U J¨JmYa HwbHUuÀ`m Y_mªVa àg¨Jr Jßn Hm?

ZoVmOr nmbHa ho [edmOramOo [Zðmd¨ goZmnVr hmoVo. nU Ë`m¨Mo gºrZo Y_mªVa HaÊ`mV Ambo.
Vo _h¨_XHwbrImZ Pmbo. Am¡a¨JOo~mMo ZoVmOtZm A\Jm[UñVmZmV nmR[dbo. ZoVmOtMo Zmd ~Xbbo
nU _Z ~Xbbo ZìhVo. Y_© ~Xbbm nU amOm¨darb [Zðm A^¨J hmoVr. amOm¨HSo `mdo `mgmRr
ZoVmOtZr AZoH doim niyZ `oÊ`mMm n«`ËZ Hobm. nU Ë`m¨Zm nmR \wQon`ªV _mabo, nU EHo [Xder
ZoVmOr nmbHa amOm¨HSo Ambo Am[U ào_mZo Vo amOm¨Zm HSmSyZ ^oQbo. Ë`m¨Zr ñdY_m©V `oÊ`mMr BÀNm
ì`º Hobr. Hobr ho ~«m÷Um¨g g_Obo Voìhm Ë`m¨Zr ZoOmOtZm ñdY_m©V `oÊ`mg HSmSyZ [damoY Hobm.
Voìhm amOo ^Qm¨Zm åhUmbo [ZamlrVm¨Zm Odi KoUo hmM Y_©
Y_© Amho. Am[U Ë`m¨Zm Xya bmoQUo hm AY_©
Amho. ZoVmOtZm _r Y_m©V KoUma. Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr [damoY Hobm Var Vwåhr Am[U Vw_Mm Y_©
Jw¨SmiyZ Rodm. Agm gUgUrV Bemam amOm¨Zr [Xbm. amOm¨Zr Y_©_mVªS nwamo[hVm¨Mr hm¨Or-hm¨Or Hobr
Zmhr. g¨ñH¥VrÀ`m ZmdmImbr Hobr OmUmar [nidUyH Wm¨~[dÊ`mgmRr amOm¨Zr d¡[XHm¨Mm [damoY
PwJméZ [Xbm d ZoVmOr nmbHam¨Zm ñdY_m©V KoVbo.

AmVm Xwgar AË`¨V _hËdmMr KQZm åhUOo g¨^mOramOm¨À`m HmimV Am¡a¨Jm~mX àm¨VmVrb
Hg~o hagwb `oWrb J¨JmYa a¨JZmW HwbHUu `mZo Y_mªVa Hobo hmoVo. Ë`mZo ñdIwerZo _wgb_mZ Y_©
pñdHmabm hmoVm. gºrZo Ë`mMo Y_mªVa Pmbo ZìhVo. nU nwTo J¨JmYa HwbHUubm naV Y_mªV `oÊ`mMr
BÀNm Pmbr. J¨JmYa^mB© HwbHUu g¨^mOramOm¨HSo Ambm d Ë`mZo amOm¨Odi ñdY_m©V `oÊ`mMr BÀNm
ì`º Hobr. (g¨X^©: N.g¨^mOr ñ_maH J¨«W. n¥.183) nU ZoVmOr nmbHam¨Zm ñdY_m©V KoVmZm Ogm
[damoY Hobm hmoVm Vgm J¨JmYa HwbHUubm ~«m÷Um¨Zr [damoY Hobm Zmhr. `m àg¨Jr gd© ^Q-nwamo[hV
_yJ [JiyZ Jßn ~gbo. ZoVmOtMo gºrZo Y_mªVa Hobo hmoVo Vgo J¨JmYaMo gºrMo Y_mªVa ZìhVo. Var
ZoVmOr nmbHa d amOm¨Zm ~«m÷Um¨Zr d¡[XH Y_m©Vrb AZoH HmaUo gm¨JyZ àIa [damoY Hobm. _J
J¨JmYa HwbHUuÀ`m doiog HwRo Jobm Y_© Am[U g¨ñH¥Vr?

ZoVmOr nmbHam¨À`m Y_mªVambm d¡[XH Y_©J¨«WmVrb à_mUmìXmao HSmSyZ [damoY Hobm

`mnmRr_mJo ZoVmOr nmbHam¨HSyZ Y_mªVa [dYrgmRr YZ-g¨nÎmr [_i[dÊ`mÀ`m ~«m÷Um¨Mm hoVy Agmdm.
åhUyZM ZoVmOr nmbHam¨À`m Y_mªVamg gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [damoY Hobm. åhUOo J¨«Wm¨Mm AmYma KoDZ
[damoY HaÊ`m_mJo Y_©, g¨ñH¥Vr Am[U VËdkmZ `m~m~V ~«m÷Um¨Zm lÕm Va \º n¡gm-g¨nÎmr
[_imdr Am[U dU©ì`dñWoìXmao ~«m÷Um¨Mo dM©ñd gd© OmVtda ahmdo `mgmRrM Vo Y_©J¨«WmMm dmna
HaVmV. `mMm AW© Y_©J¨«WmMo XmoZ ^mJ nSVmV. ~«m÷Um¨Mo Y_©J¨«W d ~hwOZm¨Mo Y_©J¨«W. `mdéZ [gÕ
hmoVo Hr, ~«m÷Um¨Zm d«Vd¡Hë`o d J¨«Wm¨Mo àm_mÊ` _mÝ` Zmhr. nU Ë`m¨Zr ~hwOZm¨Zm _mÌ nmn-nwÊ`mMr
[^Vr XmIdyZ AW©gÎmm àñWm[nV Hobr Amho. Y_mªVa àg¨Jr ZoVmOr nmbHam¨À`m n¡emda ~«m÷Um¨Mm
Smoim hmoVm nU J¨JmYa HwbHUuÀ`m HSyZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr n¡emMr Hm Anojm Rodbr Zmhr? `mMm AW©
~«m÷Um¨Mm Am[U ~hwOZg_mOmMm Y_© EH Zmhr. VgoM ~«m÷U ho Xod, Y_© Am[U g¨ñH¥Vrbm _mZV
ZmhrV. ~«m÷U ho ñdV: Xod _mZV ZmhrV \º Xod _mZÊ`mMo ZmQH HaVm. gwg¨ñH¥VnUmMo
ZmQH HaVmV. åhUOo ~hwOZg_mO XodmY_m©À`m ZmXr bmJmdm hm Ë`m¨Mm hoVy AgVmo. Xod hm
~«m÷Um¨Zr ~hwOZ g_mOmbm JmSÊ`mgmRrM [Z_m©U Hobm Amho. Ë`m_wio ~«m÷U XodmÀ`m Xa~mamV
C_©QnUo n¡gm CHiVmV, ImoQo ~mobVmV, ^ºm¨Zm X_XmQr HaVmV, Xodmbm An©U Hoboë`m gd© dñVw
Am[U n¡gm ñdV: KoVmV, _J `m [RHmUr Xod _yJ [JiyZ Hm Jßn ~gVmo? `mM AW© ~«m÷U X¡ddmXr
ZmhrV. ^maVr` g¨ñH¥VrMo Vo nmbZ HarV ZmhrV. nU ~hwOZg_mOmZo Hamdo `mgmRr Vo ~hwOZm¨Zm
Xodm-Y_mªMr [^Vr KmbVmV. åhUyZ ZoVmOr nmbHam¨À`m Y_mªVamg ~«m÷Um¨Zr [damoY Hobm nU
J¨JmYa HwbHUubm Ë`m¨Zr [damoY Hobm Zmhr.

g¨^mOramOm¨Zm _moJbm¨À`m Vmã`mV XoUmam [dœmgKmVHr H[d Hwboe

[edmOramOo Am[U g¨^mOramOo `m [nVm nwÌmV ^m¨SU bmdÊ`mMm _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr XÎmmo
`m¨Zr HgmoerZo à`ËZ Hobm. `mgmRr Ë`m¨Zr g¨^mOramOm¨[déÕ ImoQçm A\dm ngadë`m. "[edam`m¨Zm
g¨^mOr~Ôb ào_ Zmhr, Vo amOmam_mbm dmagXma HaUma AmhoV' Aem àHmaÀ`m A\dm ngadyZ
g¨^mOramOm¨Zm ^SH[dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Hobm. `m_Ü`o ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zm `e Ambo Zmhr. XmoKm [nVm nwÌm¨Zr
~«m÷Um¨Zm Mm¨JboM AmoiIbo hmoVo. [XboaImZmMr AmH«_HVm amoIÊ`mgmRr [edam`m¨Zr
g¨^mOramOm¨Zm _moJbm¨HSo nmR[dbo hmoVo. nwTo ho [XboaImZmÀ`m bjmV `oVmM [edam`m¨Zr g¨^mOrbm
gmoSdyZ AmUbo. Am[U g¨^mOramOm¨Zm nÝhmiçmMo gw^oXma Hobo. H[d Hwboe `m ~«m÷UmZo g¨^mOrer
_¡Ìr g¨nmXZ Hobr. g¨^mOramOo Am[U gd© _amRo gaXma `m¨À`mV ^m¨SU bmdÊ`mMm HwboemZo à`ËZ
Hobm. g¨nÎmr Am[U nXmÀ`m bmbgoZo Vmo amOm¨À`m Aml`mbm Ambm. ñdHV©¥ËdmZo _moRo Pmbobo
~hwOZ ZoVo qHdm amOmÀ`m Odi ~«m÷U `oVmV. Jar~m¨Mr Vo HYrM hm¨Or-hm¨Or HaV ZmhrV. nU ZoVo
Am[U amOo `m¨À`mOdi Vo nwU© ñdmW© gmYÊ`mgmRr amhVmV. nU OmñV g¨nÎmr Xwgè`m ~mOyHSyZ
[_iVmM Vo Amnë`m ZoË`mMmhr KmV HaVmV. AJXr AgmM àg¨J g¨^mOramOm¨À`m OrdZmV KSbm.
Am¡a¨JOo~mZo Hwboembm g¨nÎmr XoVmM Ë`mZo Am¡a¨JOo~mbm nwU© ghHm`© Hobo. Am[U g¨^mOramOm¨Mm KmV
Hobm. Á`m Hwboembm amOm¨Zr N¨XmoJm_mË` (_w»` àYmZ) Hobo CÎma ^maVmVyZ Amboë`m Hwboembm
[OdmnmS Onbo. Ë`mZo amOm¨Mm Ord KoVbm. Hwboemda amOm¨Zr g¨nwU© [dœmg QmHbm. Ë`mZoM amOm¨Mm
[dœmgKmV Hobm. Am¡a¨JOo~mZo Hwboembm n¡gm XoVmM Ë`mZo amOm¨er Vm~SVmo~ JÔmar Hobr. `mMo
Hwboembm Hmhrhr dmQbo Zmhr. åhUOo X`m HaUmamer XoIrb [ZX©`nUo dmJUo hm `m¨Mm ñWm`r ^md
Amho.

am`JSmda hëbm HaÊ`mMr Am¡a¨JOo~mMr _mohr_ hmoVr. nU Ë`mgmRr Am¡a¨JOo~mbm am`JS

_m[hV Zgë`m_wio JSmMr à[VH¥Vr (_m°Sob) hdr hmoVr. hr à[VH¥Vr V`ma HaÊ`mMr OmoIr_ HwboemZo
KoVbr. Ë`m ~Xë`mV Am¡a¨JOo~mZo Hwboembm Iyn n¡gm [Xbm. HwboemZo ho Hm_ Ë`mÀ`m _wbmHSo
gmon[dbo. åhUOo Hwboe g¨^mOrgmo~V amhyZ Am¡a¨JOo~mbm _XV HarV hmoVm. amOm¨À`m [Z_©i Am[U
ào_i _ZmMm HwboemZo J¡a\m`Xm KoVbm. åhUOo H[d Hwboe hm Am¡a¨JOo~mMm [hVqMVH hmoVm Am[U
amOm¨Mm eÌy hmoVm. amOm¨Zm nHSyZ XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H[d HwboemZoM [ñdHmabr. Am¡a¨JOo~mZo H[d
Hwboembm Iyn n¡gm [Xbm. amOo am`JSmda OmÊ`mgmR [ZKmbo, dmQoV g¨J_oœa `oWo Wm¨~bo. Voìhm amOo
H[d Hwboembm åhUmbo, " AmnU bdHa am`JSmHSo OmD. `m [RHmUr YmoHm hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.'
Voìhm Hwboe åhUmbm, ""`oWo HmoUrhr `oUma Zmhr.' Am[U H[dHwboe AZwðmZmg ~gbm. Voìhm amOm¨Zr
H[dHwboembm bdHa [ZKÊ`mMm AmJ«h Hobm na¨Vy H[dHwboemZoM AZwðmZmV OmUrdnwd©H dmT Hobr.
g¨^mOramOm¨Zm H[dHwboemZo g¨J_oœa `oWo amoIyZ Yaë`mMr ImÌrbm`H ~mV_r Am¡a¨JOo~mbm
g_Obr. Am[U bJoM Am¡a¨JOo~mZo _wHa©~ImZ Am[U BIbmgImZmbm HmoëhmnwamdéZ g¨J_oœabm
nmR[dbo. Ë`m¨Zr VmVSrZo `oDZ g¨^mOramOo d Hwboembm nHSbo. nU `m àg¨Jr amOo KmoSçmda [ZgQbo
hmoVo nU Hwboe AmoaSbm "_hmamO _¡ [Ja J`m'! [ZgQbobo amOo H[d Hwboembm dmMdÊ`mgmRr naV
[\abo Am[U bJoM Ë`m¨Zm nHSÊ`mV Ambo (g¨X^©- [ZHmobmAmo _ZwMr [bIrV Ago hmoVo _moJb-
n¥.288) Ooìhm amOm¨Zm nHSÊ`mV Ambo Voìhm Vo nwU© gmdY hmoVo. amOo HmoUË`mhr [dYrV _½Z ZìhVo.
`m CbQ amOo bdHa [ZKÊ`mMm AmJ«h Hwboembm HaV hmoVo. åhUOo amOm¨Zm XwaX¥ïr hmoVr. nU
HwboemZo AZwðmZmMo [Z[_Îm HéZ amOm¨Zm Am¡a¨JOo~mMo g¡Ý` `oB©n`ªV ASdyZ Yabo hmoVo.
g¨^mOramOm¨gma»`m gai _ZmÀ`m amOmMm Aem àHmao H[dHwboemZo HmQm HmTbm d ~XZm_ Hob.o
amOm¨À`m JUmoOr [eHo© d ZmJmoOr [eHo© `m _ohwÊ`m¨Zr. Hwboembm [ZXmo©e gmoSÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Ur
B[VhmgHmam¨Zr amOm¨Zm JUmoOr Am[U ZmJmoOr [eHo© `m¨Zr nHSyZ [Xbo Ago YmXm¨V ImoQo [b[hbo.
amOHmaUmV [HVrhr ñdmW© Agbm Varhr Amnë`m ~[hUrMo Hw¨Hy nwgmdo Ago HmoUË`mhr ^mdmbm
dmQV ZgVo. JUmoOr-ZmJmoOr ho `ogw~mB©Mo ^mD hmoVo. Ë`m¨ZrM amOm¨Zm nHSyZ [Xbo Agm AnàMma
~«m÷Ur boIHm¨Zr Hobm. åhUOo Hw«a, ñdmWu, b~mS H[dHwboembm [ZXmo©f gmoSÊ`mgmRr ZmJmoOr-
JUmoOrbm ~XZm_ HéZ ~[hU-^mdmMo n[dÌ ZmË`mbm XoIrb AZoH njnmVr boIHm¨Zr
Hb¨H bmdbm Amho. (H[dHwboe `mÀ`m [\Vwar_wioM g¨^mOramOm¨Zm Am¡a¨Jo~mZo nHSbo Agm ñnï
CëboI B©œaXmg ZmJa, am°~Q© Am_©, [ZHmbmAmo _ZwMr `m naHr` boIHm¨Zr Hobobm Amho. g¨X^©- N.
g¨^mOr ñ_maH J¨«W-n¥. 170, 194, 195, 171)

Am¡aJOo~mZo g¨^mOramOm¨Zm _Zwñ_¥Vrg¨[hVoà_mUo Rma _mabo

Am¡aJOo~mZo g¨^mOramOm¨à_mUo AmOnªV HmoUmbmhr Rma Hobo ZìhVo. amOm¨Zm EHm KmdmV Rma
_maÊ`mEodOr doJir [ejm Hm XoÊ`mV Ambr Agmdr? àW_ amOm¨Mr Or^ HmnÊ`mV Ambr. `mdéZ
Ago AZw_mZ [ZKVo Hr g¨^mOramOm¨Zr g¨ñH¥Vda à^wËd [_i[dbo hmoVo. Ë`m¨Zr Mma J¨«W [b[hbo hmoVo
åhUyZM àW_ Ë`m¨Mr Or^ HmnÊ`mMm gëbm ~«m÷U gëbmJmam¨Zr [Xbm. Z¨Va amOm¨Mo H«_e: HmZ,
Smoio, ËdMm HmTÊ`mV Ambr. hr [ZX©` [ejm _Zwñ_¥Vr g¨[hVoà_mUo XoÊ`mV Ambr. åhUOoM
Am¡a¨JOo~mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOm¨Zm hr [ejm ~«m÷Um¨Zr [Xbr. H[dHwboembm XoIrb Am¡a¨JOo~mZo
[Od¨V Rodbo Zmhr. HmaU [OdmnmS ào_ HaUmè`m amOm¨gma»`m ñdm[^_mZr, ào_i, [Z_©i Am[U
[OdbJ [_Ìmda CbQbobm Hwboe Amnbm HYr KmV Harb ho gm¨JVm `oUma Zmhr. åhUyZM
Am¡a¨JOo~mZo HwboembmXoIrb Rma _mabo. HmaU Am¡a¨JOo~mMm hm MmbVm ~mobVm B[VhmgM hmoVm.
Am¡a¨JOo~mZo g»Io ^mD VgoM [OdbJ gaXma [XboaImZ, [_Pm©amOo, O`qgJ `m [dœmgy
gaXmam¨Zmhr Rma _mabo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _XV HaUmè`m H[dHwboembm Am¡a¨JOo~mZo [Od¨V RodUo eŠ`
ZìhVo. HmaU Hwboembm Ë`mMm _mo~Xbm Am¡a¨JOo~mZo [Xbm hmoVm.

Am¡a¨JOo~mZo g¨^mOramOm¨Zm Y_© ìXofmZo Rma _mabo ZgwZ amOHr` g¨Kfm©_wio Rma _mabo.
Am¡a¨JOo~mZo amOm¨Zm \ŠV XmoZM àíZ [dMmabo. Vw_À`m I[OÝ`mÀ`m Mmì`m HmoRo AmhoV?> Am[U
_mÂ`m gaXmam¨n¡Hr Vwåhmbm HmoU [\Vya Amho? åhUOo Am¡a¨JOo~mZo amOm¨Zm Y_mªVamMm AmJ«h Yabm
ZìhVm d g¨^mOramOm¨Zr Y_mªVamgmRr _wbrMr _mJUr Hobr ZìhVr. amOm¨Mr hË`m Pmë`mZ¨Va
~«m÷Um¨Zr AmZ¨XmoËgd åhUwZ JwTrnmSdm gwé Hobm.

[edeH ~¨X HéZ _moJbm¨Mr \gbreH gwé HaUmao noedo

[dœd¨Ú [edam`m¨À`m IwZmZ¨Va N. g¨^mOramOo, amOmam_, Vmam~mB© Am[U emhwamOm¨Zr

^y[_nwÌm¨À`m ñdamÁ`mMo g¨ajU d g¨dY©Z Hobo. 1713 gmbr emhwamOm¨Zr HmÝhmoOr Am¨J«o _mo[h_oda
~mimOr [dœZmW ^Q `mbm OmÊ`mg gm¨[JVbo. nU Ë`mZo _bm gdm©[YHma [Xë`m[edm` _r
_mo[h_oda OmUma Zmhr Ago ~mimOr ^Q emhyamOm¨Zm C_©QnUo åhUmbm. emhyamOm¨Zm ASMUrV nHSyZ
~mimOr ^QmZo noedonX KoVbo. Am[U Aem àHmao [edmOr_hmamOm¨Zr HïmZo C^mabobo J[a~m¨Mo
ñdamÁ` aºrnmgy, AË`mMmar, OmV`dmXr, XoeX«mohr Am[U [edmOrX«mohr noeì`m¨À`m hmVmV Jobo.
noeì`m¨À`m hmVmV gÎmm `oVmM noeì`m¨Zr [edam`m¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmnmgyZ gwé Hobobm [edeH ~¨X
Hobm. g¨nwU© _hmamï—mMm Hma^ma [edeHmà_mUo MmbV hmoVm. Vmo [edeH noeì`m¨Zr ~¨X HéZ
Ë`mEodOr _moJb ~mXehmMr \gbreH gwé HaUmao noedo `m¨Zr [edmOramOm¨À`m gd© nmDbIwUm Zï
HaÊ`mg Ama¨^ Hobm. [edmOramOm¨Mo g¨nyU© Hm`© nwgÊ`mMm gnmQm noeì`m¨Zr gwé Hobm. noeì`m¨Zr
AÝ`m`mMm Hig JmRbm. dU©^oX d OmVr^oXmMr noeì`m¨Zr nwZ©ñWmnZm Hobr. QmoHmMm Y_©_mVªSnUm
gwé Pmb. ho amï—[nVm Omo[Vamd \wbo `m¨Zr nm[hbo.

gd© OJmbm [edmOramOm¨À`m Hm`m©~Ôb H_mbrMm AmXa AgVmZm amOm¨À`m JmXrda

A[VH«_U Hoboë`m noeì`m¨Zr _mÌ [ed[eH ~¨X HéZ _moJb ~mXehmMm \gbreH gwé HaÊ`m_mJo
_wbb_mZm¨Mm AZwZ` HaÊ`mMm noeì`m¨Zr à`ËZ Hobm. [edmOramOm¨~Ôb noeì`m¨Zm AgUmar K¥Um
`m [RHmUr ñnï OmUdVo. ^maVmgh gd© OJmVrb _wgb_mZm¨Zm Iwf HaÊ`mgmRr noeì`m¨Zr
ñdamÁ`mda Zm¨Ja [\adbm. [OOmD_m±gmho~m¨Zr ~m¨Ybobm ^ì`-[Xì` bmb_hmb nmSyZ Ë`m [RHmUr
e[ZdmadmSm ~m¨Ybm.

[edeH ~¨X HéZ \gbreH gwé HaÊ`m_mJo noeì`m¨Mm EH Smd hmoVm, Vmo åhUOo
_wgb_mZm¨Mo amÁ` g¨nwU© ^maVmV `oB©b Am[U Ë`m¨Mm daXhñV AmnUmda Hm`_Mm ahmdm `mgmRr
noeì`m¨Zr \gbreH gwé Hobm. na¨Vw B¨J«Om¨Zr AmKmSr _mabr Am[U g¨nyU© ^maV B¨J«Om¨Zr qOHbm.
Voìhm B¨J«Om¨Zr noeì`m¨Zm XoIrb nam^yV Hobo. noeì`m¨Mm \gbreH gwé HaÊ`m_mJMm Smd \gbm.
Ë`mZ¨Va ~«m÷Um¨Zr [J«Jo[a`Z H°bo¨Sa (OmZodmar- [Sgo¨~a) [ñdHmabo. HmaU ho nm[íM_mË`m¨Mo H°bo¨Sa
Amho. åhUOo B¨J«Om¨Mr gÎmm ^maVmV Amë`m~amo~a gd© B¨J«Or ^mfm, H°bo¨Sa, [ejU, ZmoHar d
B¨J«Om¨er _¡Ìr ~«m÷Um¨Zr [ñdHmabr. åhUOo YZ, g¨nÎmr Am[U gÎmogmRr [edmOramOm¨À`m
ñdamÁ`mbm noeì`m¨Zr gwé¨J bmdbm. (g_wX« Amobm¨SUo nmn Amho, Ago q~~dUmè`m ~«m÷Um¨ZrM
b¨SZ `oWo OmDZ [ejU KoVbo. ~hwOZg_mOmbm OJmMo kmZ hmoD Z`o `mgmRrM ~«m÷Um¨Zr qgYw~¨Xr
gwé Hobr. B¨J«O[damoY `mnmRr_mJo ~«m÷Um¨Mm ñdmW© hmoVm. gmdaHam¨Mo [ejU b¨SZ `oWo Pmbo.
dmgwXod ~id¨V \SHo, _¨Jb nm¨So ho XoIrb B¨J«Om¨HSo ZmoHarbm hmoVo. ~«m÷U ñdV:Mr _wbo B¨J«Or
emioV KmbVmV Varhr B¨J«Orbm [damoY HaVmV. HmaU ~hwOZg_mO B¨J«Or ^mfm [eHbm Va Ë`m¨Mr
_wbo ~«m÷U _wbm¨Mr ñnY©H hmoVrb åhUyZ ~«m÷U B¨J«Or ^mfobm [damoY HaVmV. ~«m÷Um¨Mo _amRr
^mfodarb ào_mMo \º Tmo¨J Amho. OJmV ñnYo©V [QHÊ`mgmRr B¨J«Or ^mfm [eHmdr. HmaU B¨J«Or
OJmVrb gdm©V gmonr ^mfm Amho. B¨J«Or hr kmZ, g¨nH©, d¡[œH ^mfm Amho.)
 [edO`¨Vr ~¨X nmSÊ`mgmRr [QiHmZo JUoemoËgd gwé Hobm

noeì`m¨Zr am`JSmdarb XßVaImZm Omibm, amUrdgm nmSbm, amOXa~ma VmoSbm, g_mYr

CÕñV Hobr, amOm¨Zr _wpñb_ g¡[ZHm¨gmRr ~m¨Ybobr _[eX nmSbr, nU OJ[XœamÀ`m _¨[Xambm hmV
bmdbm Zmhr. åhUyZM AmO am`JSmdarb _¨[Xa Mm¨Jbo Amho nU amOXa~ma Zï Pmbobm Amho. amï—
[nVm Omo[Vamd \wbo `m¨Zm [edam`m¨À`m ñdamÁ`mMr d¡[XHm¨Zr Mmbdbobr [dQ¨~Zm nmhdoZm, åhUyZ
amï—[nVm \wbo 1869 gmbr am`JSmda Jobo. [edO`¨Vr gwé HaÊ`mgmRr Ë`m¨Zr amOm¨À`m g_mYrMm
Vnmg Hobm, nU Ë`m¨Zm g_mYr gmnSoZm. VrZ [Xdg amï—[nVm OmoVramd \wbo VWm VmË`m `m¨Zr dobr
VmoSyZ KmUoar HmTbr d g_mYrMm emoY KoVbm. VmË`mamdm¨Zr g_mYr YwdyZ ñdÀN Hobr. amOm¨À`m
g_mYrg VmË`mamdm¨Zr ^ºr^mdmZo A[^dmXZ Hobo Am[U g_mYrda \wbo dm[hbr. VmË`m
[edam`m¨À`m g_mYrMr nwOm Hoë`mMo J«m_Omoerg g_Obo Voìhm OmoetÀ`m Vinm`mMr AmJ
_ñVHmbm Jobr. Vmo g_mYrOdi Ambm Am[U g_mYrdarb \wbo bmWoZo ~mOybm gmabr Am[U
VmË`m¨Zm åhUmbm "Aao HwU~Qm! Ë`m eyX« [edmOrMr Vy nyOm HaVmog Hm`? Vmo Hm` amOm hmoVm hmo`'?
Ago Adm©À` ^mfoV ^Q Omoer amï—[nVm \wbo Am[U [edam`m¨Zm ~moby bmJbm. VmË`m¨Zm Iyn Xw:I
Pmbo. Ë`mZ¨Va VmË`m¨Zr [edam`m¨Mm Iyn Mm¨Jbm nmodmSm [b[hbm. VmË`m¨Zr [edO`¨Vrbm gwédmV
Hobr. (1870) nwÊ`mgh g¨nyU© _hmamï—mV am. \wbo `m¨Zr [edO`¨Vr _moRçm CËgmhmZo gwé Hobr.
noeì`m¨Zm `mMr MrS Ambr, nU Vo [edO`¨Vrbm WoQ [damoY Hé eHV ZìhVo. HmaU am.\wbo `m¨Zr 24
gßQo¨~a 1873 amoOr ñWmnZ Hoboë`m gË`emoYH g_mOmZo _hmamï—mV \ma _moRr OmJ¥Vr Hobr hmoVr.
[edO`¨Vrbm WoQ [damoY HaUo AeŠ` Agë`mZo Ë`m¨Zr n`m©` [Xbm. Vmo n`m©` åhUOo JUmoËgd!
JUnVr hm noeì`m¨Mm Xod Amho. ~hwOZg_mOmMm JUnVrer Hmhrhr g¨~¨Y Zmhr. nU noedo H¡dmar
~mi J¨JmYa [QiHmZo [edO`¨Vrbm amoIÊ`mgmRr noeì`m¨À`m ImOJr JUnVrMm gmd©O[ZH CËgd
Hobm. åhUOo [QiHmZo [edO`¨Vr g¨nmdr `mgmRr 1893 gmbr JUmoËgd gwé Hobm.

bmbm bOnVam`m¨Zr [gdmoOr ZmMmMo CXy©_YyZ [edM[aÌ [b[hbo. Ë`m_wio amOo n¨Om~-qgY
(AmVmMo nm[HñVmZ) n`ªV g_Obo. aqdX«ZmW QmJmoa, ZoVmOr gw^mfM¨X« ~mog `m¨Mo [edmOramOo ho
AmamÜ` X¡dV hmoVo. H_©dra ^mDamd nmQrb åhUmbo Hr àg¨Jr OÝ_XmË`m ~mnmMo Zmd ~XboZ nU
Hm°boObm [Xbobo [edmOramOm¨Mo Zmd _r HYrM ~XbUma Zmhr. Vo ^mDamd nmQrb O¡Z hmoVo.
Ë`m¨À`m_wio [edmOramOm¨À`m a`Vobm [ejU [_imbo. H_©dra Sm°._m_mgmho~ OJXmio, Sm°.n¨Om~amd
Xoe_wI, amOfu emhy _hmamO, H«m¨Vrqgh ZmZm nmQrb, g¨V JmSJo~m~m, à~moYZHma Hoed gr. RmHao B.
g_mOgwYmaHmMr [edam`m¨da AZÝ`[Zðm hmoVr. ^maVr` amÁ`KQZoMo [eënHma [dœ^yfU ^maVaËZ
Sm°.~m~mgmho~ `m¨Mm [edM[aÌmMm gImob Aä`mg hmoVm. Ë`m¨Zr ewX« nwdu HmoU hmoVo? `m J«¨WmV
[edmOramOm¨~m~V Iyn gImob _m[hbr [b[hbobr Amho. [edmOramOm¨À`m [ÌeVmãXr CËgdmÀ`m
[Z[_ÎmmZo ~Xbmnwa `oWo Am`mo[OV Hoboë`m g_ma¨^mÀ`m AÜ`jñWmZr Sm°.~m~mgmho~ Am¨~oSHa hmoVo.
`m àg¨Jr amOm¨À`m OrdZmda Aä`mgnwU© Am[U à^mdr ^mfU Hobo. Ë`m_wio amOm¨Mo An[a[MV én
OZVobm g_Obo. [edmOramOm¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm ~«m÷Um¨Zr Hoboë`m [damoYmMm ~Xbm
Sm°.Am¨~oSHam¨Zr KoVbm. Sm°.Am¨~oSHam¨Zr ~hwOZ g_mOmbm amOm hmoÊ`mMo ñdV¨Ì [Xbo, Vwåhr eyX«
AmhmV Ë`m_wio _w»`_¨Ìr hmoVm `oUma Zmhr. Ago AmO HmoUrhr ~«m÷U åhUUma Zmhr. hm A[YHma
gd© ~hwOZ g_mOmbm Sm°.Am¨~oSHam¨Zr [Xbm. amï—[nVm Á`mo[Vamd \wbo `m¨Zr [edO`¨Vr gwé Hobr.
åhUOo \wbo, Am¨~oSHa `m Jwé [eî`m¨Zm [edmOramOm¨Mm gmW© A[^_mZ hmoVm. Ë`m¨Mo amOm¨da Smoig
ào_ hmoVo. Am¨Yio ào_ ZìhVo.

[edmOramOm¨Mo ^m¨Sdb HéZ \wbo-Am¨~oSHam¨Zr g_mOm_Ü`o Ym[_©H d OmVr` X¨Jo [Z_m©U

Hobo ZmhrV. qHdm [edmOramOm¨À`mìXmao Ë`m¨Zr ~hwOZ g_mOmMo d¡[XHrHaU Hobo Zmhr. \wbo-
Am¨~oSHam¨Zr [edmOramOm¨Mm Iam B[Vhmg Xoembm gm¨[JVbm. Sm°.Am¨~oSHa boQahoSda O` [edam`
[bhm`Mo.

gm[hË`aËZ Wmoa Xoe^º Am[U g_mOgwYmaH AÊUm^mD gmRo `m¨Zr JUnVrbm d¨XZ
AgUmam nma¨nm[aH JU ~Xbbm. JUmMm Ama¨^ [edNÌnVtZm d¨XZ HéZM gwé Hobm. AÊUm^mD¨Zr
[edam`m¨da _hmamï—mMr na¨nam hm nmodmSm [b[hbm AmÊUm^mD a[e`mV Joë`mZ¨Va Ë`m[RHmUr
[edM[aÌmda a[e`Z àm.Mo[b[ed AmÊUm¨Zm ^oQbo. AmÊUm¨Zr Ë`m¨Zm [edam`m¨À`m~m~V Iyn Xw[_©i
_m[hVr gm¨[JVbr. åhUOoM AmÊUm^mD¨_wioM a[e`Z OZVobm [edam`m¨Mo Hm`© _m[hV Pmbo.
[edam`m¨Mo Hm`© Am¨Vaamï—r` d amï—r` ñVamda nmohM[dÊ`mgmRr ~hwOZ g_mOmVrb [dMmad¨Vm¨Zr
_mobmMo Hm`© Hobo Amho.

[edam`m¨Zm _`m©[XV HaUmao AÌo-_hmOZ

ñdmV¨Í`àmßVrZ¨Va [edmOramOm¨Mo OrdZ d Hm`© amÁ`ñVamda d OmVrñVamda RodÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷U

ZoË`m¨Zr OmUrdnwd©H à`ËZ Hobo. g¨`wº _hmamï—mÀ`m Am¨XmobZàg¨Jr à.Ho. AÌo `m¨Zr BVa amÁ`mda
[QHm HaVmZm [edmOramOm¨Mm dmna Hobm. BVa amÁ`m¨Zm \ŠV ^yJmob Amho. nU _hmamï—mbm
^yJmobmgh B[Vhmg Amho. Ago Qmo_Uo _maV amOm¨Mo Zmd KoVbo. Ë`m_wio [edam`m¨À`m à[V_obm
_`m©Xm nSë`m amOHmaUmV [edam`m¨Mm dmna gwé Pmbm. amOHr` njm¨Mr ~m¨YUr [edam`m¨À`m
ZmdmZo Pmbr. na¨Vw à~moYZHmam¨Mm [edmOr OZVobm gm¨[JVbmM Zmhr. à~moYZHma Hoed gr.RmHao ho
Wmoa B[Vhmg g¨emoYH d g_mOgwYmaH hmoVo. Ë`m¨Zr [edam`m¨Mm Iam B[Vhmg OZVobm gm¨[JVbm..
à~moYZHma RmHao åhUV Hr, [edmOramOo 33 HmoQr Xodm¨nojm _hmZ AmhoV. SmoŠ`mVyZ X¡ddmX HmTyZM
[edam`m¨Mm Aä`mg Hamdm.