àH aU Mm¡Wo

lr g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_r ñWm[nV AH am _méVr

A.H« . [df` nmZ Z§.

4.1 lr g_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr : 113
EH AmoPaVr ZOa
4.2 _méVr ñWmnZoMm hoVy 114
4.3 lr g_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr 115
4.3.1 ehmnyaMm MwÝ`mMm _méVr 115
4.3.1.(A) nmíd©^_y r 116
4.3.1.(~) gVr~mB©gmRr _méVr 118
4.3.2 _gya `o[Wb _hméÐ hZw_mZ 119
4.3.2 (A) MwÝ`mMm _méVr 119
(~) lr g_WmªZm [_imbobo [eî` 119
(H ) nwOm-AMm© d CËgd 119
4.3.3 Mm\ iMo XmoZ _méVr 120
4.3.3.(A) nmíd©^_y r 120
4.3.4 [e§JUdmSrMm ISrMm _méVr 121
4.3.5 C§~«O `o[Wb _RmVrb _méVr 122
4.3.5.(A) nmíd©^_y r 123
4.3.6 _mOJmdmVrb _méVr 124
(111)
A.H« . [df` nmZ Z§.
4.3.7 ~ho - ~moaJm§d `o[Wb _méVr 125
4.3.7.(A) nmíd©^_y r 126
4.3.8 _ZnmSio `o[Wb PmoirVrb _méVr 127
4.3.9 nmaJmdMm _méVr 128
4.3.10 ~Îmrg [eamio `o[Wb _méVr 129
4.4 _y[V© [dkmZmMm B[Vhmg d [dñVma 130
4.5 [ZJw©Umbm gJwUmÀ`m gr_oV 130
4.6 n«[V_oMr _mÜ`_o 130
4.7 ÜdOm§J CÜd© Vmo ~mho & 131
4.8 [eënH mam§Mr _Vo 131
4.9 MnoQ XmZ _méVr 132
4.10 ñWm[nV _méVrMo ñdén 133
4.11 nwN V§o _wS ubo _mWm§ & 134
4.12 AH am _méVrMr JwáVm 135
4.13 Jwá g§XoemMo ñWmZo 136
4.14 _Vo - _Vm§Vao 136
4.15 _yë`_mnZ 137
4.16 [ZîH f© 138
g§X^© 140

(112)
 àH aU Mm¡Wo
lrg_W© am_Xmgñdm_r ñWm[nV AH am _méVr

amÁ`H Vo© naY_u` Agë`mZo n«Oobm ñdmñÏ` [_iob. Aer Amem ~miJUo gwÜXm
MwH rMo hmoVo. ñdY_m©Mm bmon Pmbm hmoVm. Xodr-XodVm§Mm CÀNoX [ZË` [XZr MmbyM hmoVm.
Y_m©Mo AmMaU hmoV Zgë`mZo XodVm§Mm H mon Pmbm. AI§S Adf©U nSbo. bmMmaVm dmTbr.
Hw b[ó`m ~mQë`m Joë`m. VrWo©, d«Vo Ë`m§Mr CÚmnZo dJ¡ao gd© OrdZmbm nmofH Ago ì`dhma
Wßn Pmbo hmoVo. Xm[aÐ`mbm gr_mM amhrbr ZìhVr.
nXmW© _mÍm [VVwH m Jobm & ZwñVm Xoe[M Cabm &
`oUo H [aVm ~hwVmbm & g§H Q Ambo && (1)

gd© g§nÎmr [ZKyZ Jobr AWm©V g§nbr. gd©Ím [nidUyH Pmë`mZo Xoe[M Cabm. _moR o
g§H Q [Z_m©U Pmbo. `m ÍmmgmZo [H Ë`oH m§Zr Xoh Ë`mJbm. H moUr ñdV:g A¾rÀ`m Vm§oS r KmVbo.
Va [H Ë`oH m§Zr ObmV Amnbm Xoh g_[n©V H obm.
Aem ^`mZ n[a[ñWVrV g_mO [Z_m©ë`dV² Pmbm hmoVm. Ë`m§V MoVZm ZìhVr.
~b^r_mÀ`m CnmgZo IoarO ho eŠ` ZìhVo. bmoH g§KQZoVyZ g_mOmV MoVZm [Z_m©U ìhmdr
åhUyZ _méVram`mMr ñWmnZm H obr.

4.1 lr g_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr : EH AmoPaVr ZOa :

Mm\ i, _gya Vo Á`moVr~m (H moëhmnya) `m [ÍmH moUmH¥ Vr QmnyVM ho g_W© ñWm[nV
AH am _méVr AmhoV.
Mm\ im _mOr XmoZ C~ǤOogr EH &
nmaJmdr XoI MdWm Vmo &&
nmMdm _gyar ehmanwar ghmdm &
(113)
 OmU Vmo gmVdm [eamiçm§V &&
[g§JUdmSr AmRdm _ZnmSio Zddm &
Xhmdm OmUmdm _mOJm§dr§ &&
~mømV AH amdm `oUoarVr§ Jmdm &
gd© _Zmo^mdm nwadrb &&
doUr åhUo ñdm_r am_Xmg g_W© &
[H [V© JJZm§V Z g_mdo && (2)

Mm\ ibm am_mÀ`m _mJo dra _méVr, Va am_mÀ`m nwT o Xmñ` ^mdZoV C^m Agbobm
Xmg _méVr. VoWwZ nmD U _¡b A§Vamda n[íM_oÀ`m ~mOyg ISrMm AWmªV [e§JUdmSrMm
_méVr. Ago EHy U VrZ, _mOJm§d, C§~«O, _gya d ehmnya Ago Mma, ~ho ~moaJm§d, ~Îmrg
[eamio, _ZnmSio d nmaJm§d (H moëhmnya) Ago EHy U ho AH am _méVr AmhoV.

4.2 _méVr ñWmnZoMm hoVy :

lrg_WmªÀ`m [eî`m gVr~mB© `m§À`m H [aVm lrg_WmªZr ehmnya (_gya Odi) `oWo
n[hbm _méVr ñWmnZ H obm. 1566 _Ü`o n[hbm hm ehmnyaMm _méVr ñWmnZ H oë`mMo Zm§oXr
AmhoV.
Mm\ i `o[Wb am_mÀ`m _mJrb _méVr hm dra _méVr, hm lrg_WmªZr Jmdm§À`m
ajUmgmRr ñWmnZ H oë`mMo ~mobbo OmVo. Ë`mbm ^r_ Ago åhQbo OmVo. lram_mÀ`m nwT o
Xmñ` ñdénmV _méVr ñWmnZ H obm.
[e§JUdmSr-am_KirH So OmVmZm lrg_W© g§Ü`o H [aVm ISrda ~gV. VoWo bhmZer
_méVrMr _yVu ñWmnZ H obr.
eH o 1571 _Ü`o lrg_W© Mm\ iH Sy Z C§~«Obm ñZmZmgmRr OmV AgV dmQoV
_mOJm§d `oWrb J«m_ñWm§Zm lrg_WmªZr [dMmabo, `oWo _méVr H m Zmhr? J«m_ñWm§Zr CÎma

(114)
[Xbo, doernwT o Omo Ym§oS m Amho, Ë`mbmM Amåhr _méVr åhUVmo.
lrg_WmªZr Ë`m§M Ym§oS `mg _méVrMm AmH ma XodyZ ñWmnZ H oë`mMo ~mobbo OmVo.
VmoM hm _mOJmdMm _méVr.
Va C§~«O `oWo [ZË` ñZmZmg OmV Agë`mZo H Yr H Yr Ë`m§Mo VoWo amhmUo gwÜXm hmoV
Ago. åhUyZ VoWo _méVrMr ñWmnZm H obr.
~ËÎmrg [eamio `oWo h[an§V d _hmXOr Xoenm§S o dJ¡ao [eî` _§S irÀ`m [dZ§VrdéZ
[eamio `o[Wb _méVrMr ñWmnZm H obr.
nmaJm§d d _ZnmSio hr XmoÝhr Jm§do Á`moVr~mÀ`m Sm§oJamÀ`m CÎma ~mOyÀ`m nm`Ï`mgr
Amho. amOH r` ÑïrH moZmVyZ VoWo lr g_WmªZr _méVr ñWmnZ H obo.
~ho-~moaJm§d `oWo H¥ îUm ZXrÀ`m _Ü`^mJr ~oQ Amho. `m ~oQ mda lrg_WmªZr _méVrMr
_y[V© ñWmnZ H obr Amho. lr g_W© ñWm[nV _méVrn¡H r hr ~mho-~moaJm§dMr _méVrMr _y[V©
[^Þ Amho. `m _y[V©Mo XmoÝhr hmV Imbr gmoS bobo AmhoV.
Ago ho g_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr. `m _méVrÀ`m ñWmnZoZo lr g_WmªZr bmoH m§Zm
CnmgZobm bmdbo. Ë`m§M_wio ~bembr hZw_mZmÀ`m godoZo bmoH _mZ[gH Ñï`m gm_Ï`©
g§nÞ Pmbo.

4.3 lr g_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr :

4.3.1 ehmnyaMm MwÝ`mMm _méVr :
H èhmS-_gya añË`mda 8 Vo 9 [H bmo_rQa A§Vamda ehmnyaMm \ mQm Amho. _méVrMo
_§[Xa _w»` \ mQ`mnmgyZ EH Vo [XS [H bmo_rQa A§Vamda Amho. ehmnya JmdmÀ`m EH m
QmoH mbm ZXrVramda ho _méVrMo _§[Xa Amho.
`oWrb _méVrMr _y[V© Zo_H r H emMr ~Z[dbobr Amho, ho gm§JVm `oV Zmhr, nU Vr
MyÝ`mMr ~Z[dbobo Amho Ago åhUVmV. _y[V©Mr C§Mr gw_mao 6 \y Q AgyZ øm _méVrbm

(115)
ehmnyaMm MwÝ`mMm _méVr Ago åhUVmV. _y[V©Mm Moham CJ« Amho. _méVrÀ`m SmoŠ `mbm
Jm§oS `mMr Qmonr AgyZ Xodimbm VrZ Mm¡H Qr Amho. XoD i Ë`mM n«_mUo _y[V© nydm©[^_wI Amho.
_y[V©À`m nyOoMr ì`dñWm ehmnyaH a Hw iH Uu KamÊ`mH So Amho. `oWo M¡Ím ew. 15 øm VrWrbm
Xadfu hZw_mZO`§VrMm CËgd gmOam H obm OmVmo.
g_WmªÀ`m AH am _méVrn¡H r øm _méVrg n[hbm _mZbm OmVmo. eH o 1566 _Ü`o
Ë`mMr ñWmnZm Pmbr.
4.3.1 (A) nmíd©^y_r :
øm _y[V©À`m ñWmnZo~Ôb EH A»`m[`H m Amho, Vr Aer ehmnya ho Jmd Am[XbemhrV
hmoVo. VoWrb ~mOrn§V Hw bH Uu ho Xod^º hmoVo. Hw iH Uu Amnë`m H m_mV MmoI AgV.
g_WmªMm _wŠ H m_ Ë`mdoir VoWyZM Odi Agboë`m M§Ð[Jar Sm§oJamda Agm`Mm Vo ehmnwamV
_mYwH ar _mJm`bm `m`Mo. g_W©, ~mOrn§V Hw iH Ê`mªÀ`m Kamg_moa O` O` aKwdra
g_W© Ago eãX CƒméZ [^jm _mJm`bm C^o ahmV, Voìhm ~mOrn§Vm§Mr nËZr gVr~mB© [hbm
Vo AmdSV Zgo. Vr g_WmªZm JmogmdSm åhUm`Mr Am[U [^jm Úm`Mr doi Ambr Va H odi
EH ZmB©bmO åhUyZM Vr [^jm dmTV Ago.
~mOrn§Vmg [dOmnyabm Zobo
hm H« _ AgmM Mmbbm AgVm EH [Xdg g_WmªZm Ë`m KamVbo dmVmdaU Xw:Ir
dmQbo. ~mB© gwÜXm VUVUV Amë`m ZmhrV. g_WmªZr Mm¡H er H obr. Voìhm Ë`m§Zm KamVë`m
_§S itZr gm§[JVbo H r ~mOrn§V Hw iH Ê`mªZm JmdH rÀ`m [hemo~mÀ`m g§~§YmV _wgb_mZm§Zr
nH Sy Z [dOmnwamg Zobo Amho, åhUyZ gd© _§S ir H miOrV AmhoV. Voìhm g_W© gVr~mBªZm
åhUmbo, AmOnmgyZ nmMì`m [Xder ~mOrn§V gwIén naV Ambo Va Vwåhr am_Zm_mMm On
H amb H m`? gVr~mB© åhUmë`m, ~m~mao, Vgo Pmbo Va _r am_Zm_mÀ`m On EH XmM
H m`, hOmaXm H arZ.

(116)
am_XmgmMo Xmgmon§V
g_W© [ZKyZ Jobo. Vo H maHw ZmÀ`m dofmV Am[Xbehm g_moa hOa Pmbo d åhUmbo,
~mOrn§Vm§À`m ídewam§H Sy Z d nËZrH Sy Z _r ~mOrn§Vm§Mm JmdH rMm [hemo~ g_OmdyZ gm§Jm`bm
d nwam H am`bm Ambmo Amho. _mPo Zmd Xmgmon§V .
Ë`m§À`m VoOñdr ì`ŠVr_ËdmMm n«^md Am[Xbehmda nSbm. Ë`mZo Amnë`m EH m
A[YH mè`mbm XmgmonV§ m H Sy Z [hemo~ g_OmdyZ ¿`m`bm gm§[JVbo. g_Wmª Zr Ë`m A[YH mè`mbm
[hemo~ ZrQ g_OmdyZ [Xbm d ~mOrn§Vm§Mr gwQ H m H éZ KoVbr.
gwQ H m Pmë`mZ§Va ~mOrn§V d XmgmonV§ ehmnyabm `m`bm [ZKmbo. ~mOrn§V, XmgmonV§ m§Zm
EH gmaIo [dMmarV, Vwåhmbm H moUr nmR[dbo? ídewam§À`m Vm§oSy Z Vw_Mo Zmd H Yr EoH bo
Zmhr . g_W© Ë`m§Zm åhUmbo, Kar Mbm. gJir bmoH Vw_Mr dmQ ~KV AmhoV. VoWo JobmV
H r H iob . JmdmÀ`m doern`ªV ~mOrn§V d lrg_W© ~amo~arZo MmbV hmoVo. Z§Va lrg_W©
hiyM _mJÀ`m _mJo [ZKyZ Jobo. ~mOrn§V _mJo diyZ nmhmVmV Vmo Xmgmon§V AÑí` ! Kar
`oD Z Ë`m§Zr Mm¡H er H obr, Vwåhr H moUr Xmgmon§V ZmdmMm H maHy Z Am[XbehmH So nmR[dbm
hmoVmV H m` ? gVr~mB© AmíM`©MH rV Pmë`m. Ë`m§Zr Va H moUmbmM nmR[dbo ZìhVo, _J hm
M_ËH ma H m` Pmbm ? VodT`mV Ë`m§Zm Xmamda [^jm _mJm`bm `oUmè`m Jmogmì`mMr AmRdU
Pmbr. Ë`mZo gm§[JVbobo eãX AmRdbo. Ë`mZo gm§[JVboë`mM Zo_Š`m [Xder ~mOrn§V
gwIén Kar Ambo hmoVo. AmVm Ë`m§À`m _Zmbm dmB©Q hr dmQbo.
Xe©Zm[edm` ^moOZ Zmhr
gVr~mBªZr d ~mOrn§Vm§Zr AmoiIbo H r Vmo Jmogmdr H moUr gmYmgwYm _mUyg ZìhVm,
H moUrVar [gÜX nwéf hmoVm. gVr~mB© Am[U ~mOrn§Vm§Zr Ra[dbo H r Ë`m gmYyMo nwÝhm Xe©Z
hmoB©n`ªV ^moOZ ¿`m`Mo Zmhr. VrZ [Xdg AgoboM Jobo. g_WmªZm A§Vkm©ZmZo ho H ibo.
Ë`m§Zm Ë`m XmoKm§Mr X`m Ambr, Mm¡Ï`m [Xder Vo Ë`m Kar Ambo d Ë`m§Zr Kmof H obm, O`
O` aKwdra g_W© gVr~mB© YmdV Amë`m d g_WmªÀ`m nm`m nSë`m. Ë`m XmoKm§Zr g_WmªZm

(117)
AË`§V AmJ«h H éZ ^moOZmg RodyZ KoVbo, g_WmªMr nyOm H obr d Ë`m§À`mH Sy Z AZwJ«h
KoVbm.
gVr~mBªMm [Z`_
`mZ§Va gVr~mBªZr [Z`_M H obm H r g_WmªMo Xe©Z Pmë`m[edm` ^moOZM ¿`md`mMo
Zmhr. na§Vw g_WmªMr Zoh_r ^«_§Vr Mmby Ago, Ë`m_wio gVr~mBªZm dma§dma Cnmg KSy bmJbo.
EH Xm Va gVV gmV AmR [Xdg g_WmªMo Xe©Z Pmbo Zmhr. gVr~mB© Cnmer AdñWoVM
g_WmªZm emoYrV Sm§oJamda Joë`m. VoWo Ë`m§Zm JwhoV g_W© ^oQ bo. g_WmªZr Ë`m§Zm VoWo
Oodm`bm RoD Z KoVbo. ^moOZ V`ma H éZ Z¡doÚ XmI[dÊ`mnydu Ë`m§Zr gVr~mBªZm nmR_moao
~gm`bm gm§[JVbo, na§Vw gVr~mBªZr _Ü`oM diyZ nm[hbo, Vmo g_WmªÀ`m [RH mUr Ë`m§Zm
VoOñdr _méVrMr n«M§S _y[V© [Xgbr. Vo VoO Ë`m§Zm ghZ Z Pmë`mZo Ë`m _y[ÀN© V nSë`m.
Ë`m ewÜXrda Amë`mda g_W© Ë`m§Zm åhUmbo, Vw_À`m Wmoa nyd©nwÊ`mB©_wio Vwåhmbm AmO
_méVram`m§Mo [Xì` Xe©Z Pmbo.
4:3:1 (~) gVr~mB©gmRr _méVr
Ë`m§ZVa g_Wmª Zr EH MwÝ`mMr _méVrMr _yVu V`ma H obr d gVr~mB©À`mM JmdmV
EH m `mo½` [RH mUr [VMr n«[VðmnZm H obr. Vo gVr~mBªZm åhUmbo, Vwåhmg Á`m§Mo n«Ë`j
Xe©Z Pmbo Ë`m _méVram`m§À`m øm _wVuMo Vwåhr amoO Xe©Z ¿`m d ^moOZ H am, _mÂ`m
Xe©ZmgmRr CnmofU H arV OmD ZH m .
gVr~mBªZm g_WmªZr ñWmnZ H éZ [Xbobr VrM hr ehmnyaÀ`m XodimVrb _méVrMr
_yVr©.
gÜ`m ehmnyaH a (Hw bH Uu) ho _§[XamMr XoI^mb H arV AgyZ, [ZË` nyOm Ë`m§M
n«_mUo Z¡[dÚ d gm`§nyOm Agm [ZË`H« _ Amho.
hZw_mZ O`§Vr hm CËgd _moRçm CËgmhmV gmOam H obm OmVmo.

(118)
 _§[XamV Xmg~moYdmMZ, H éUmïH o d _ZmMo íbmoH åhUÊ`mMm n«KmX Amho.
4.3.2 _gya `o[Wb _hméÐ hZw_mZ :
_gya `oWrb ~«÷nwar ^mJmVrb Hw bH Uu KamÊ`mbm lrg_WmªZr AZwJ«h [Xbm hmoVm.
åhUyZ Ë`m ~«÷nwar ^mJmVM eH o 1567 _Ü`o _méVrMr ñWmnZm H obr. hm _méVr _gyaMm
_méVr åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. Ë`mbm _hméÐ hZw_mZ Agohr åhUVmV.
ehmnyanmgyZ _gya eha \ º XmoZ ASrV _¡bm§da Amho. nwUo-[_aO _mJm©da _gya
aoëdoñQoeZ Amho. JmdmOdi XmoZ AmoT o EH Ím `oVmV. ~«÷nwar ^mJ AmoT `mnbrH So Amho.
4.3.2. (A) MwÝ`mMm _méVr :
hr _y[V©gwÜXm MwÝ`mMr Amho. _y[V©Mr C§Mr gw_mao 5 \y Q A mho. _y[V© nydm©[^_wI Amho.
lrg_WmªÀ`m AH am _méVrV gdm©V XoIUr hr _y[V© AgyZ, _y[V© gw§Xa a§J[dbobr Amho.
_y[V©Mr _wÐm gm¡å` n«gÞ Amho, SmoŠ `mda gwaoI _wHw Q. Ji`mVrb _mi, hma, OmZdo, H [Q-
_oIbm, b§JmoQ mMo H mR, hmVmMr ~moQ o hr gd© ~maH mì`mZo a§J[dbobr AmhoV.
XodimMm g^m_§S n gw_mao 13 \w Q bm§~ré§XrMm Mm¡ag Amho d ghm XJSr Im§~mda
AmYabobo nŠH o NV Amho. XodimeoOmarM Zmam`U _hmamOm§Mm _R Amho.
XodimMr _mbH r lram_ _§[Xa, Mm\ i Am[U lrg_W© godm _§S i g‚mZJS øm XmoZ
g§ñWm§Mr Amho. XodimMr d CËgdmMr ì`dñWm lrZmam`U _hmamO, am_Xmgr godm g[_Vr,
_gya, ho nmhVmVm.
4.3.2. (~) g_WmªZm [_imbobo [eî`
`oWoM lr g_WmªZm H ë`mU hm [eî` [_imbm. Ë`m§M n«_mUo lr g_WmªZm ~wYH a,
nmoao BË`mXr KamÊ`mVrb [eî` `oWoM [_imbo.
4.3.2. (H ) nyOm AMm© d CËgd
_§[XamÀ`m nyOoMr ì`dñWm hr Am\ io KaÊ`mH So Amho. Va lr. emaXm am_M§Ð WmoamV
ho ì`dñWmnH Amho. A[^foH , nwOm, Z¡[dÚ, AmaVr, Aem ñdénmV øm _méVrMr [ZË`
nwOm H obr OmVo.
(119)
 ^OZ, gdB©, H éUmïH mMo [ZË` dmMZ _méVr _§[XamV H obo OmVo.
hZw_mZ O`§Vr, Zmam`U _hmamOm§Mr nwÊ`[VWr, AmXr CËgd `oWo hmoV AgyZ lmdU
_mgmV A[^foH , [^jm d ^§S mamMo Am`moOZ H obo OmVo.
4.4.3 Mm\ iMo XmoZ _méVr
lram_mÀ`m g_moa XmoÝhr H a OmoS mo[Z hm _méVr C^m Amho. lram_mg_moa Z_« Xmñ`
^mdZoVrb hZw_V§ mMr _y[V© nm[hOo, åhUyZ g_WmªZr gwX§ a XJSr _§[Xa ~m§YZy Ë`mV Xmg_méVrMr
ñWmnZm H obr. hr _y[V© gw_mao 6 \w Q C§M Amho. Mohè`mda AË`§V [dZ_« ^md, g_moa
Agboë`m n«^w lram_mÀ`m MaUm§da [dgmdbobo ZoÍm, Aer hr _y[V© Amho. [VMo Ad`d aoIrd
d n«_m~ÜX AmhoV. øm Xmg_méVrgmRr g_WmªZr ~m§Ybobo _§[Xa AmO gw_mao gìdmVrZeo
dfm©Z§Vahr CÎm_ [ñWVrV Amho.
øm _§[XamMo nwOmar lr. XÎmmÍm` Hw bH Uu ho AmhoV. Va lram_ _§[XamÀ`m _mJo VrZeo
\y Q A§Vamda n«Vmn_méVrMo _§[Xa Amho. øm _méVrbm ^r_ _méVr n«Vmn _méVr [H§ dm
dra _méVr Aer VrZ Zmdo Amho. ho _§[Xa XoIrb Ogo g_WmªZr ~m§Ybo Ë`mM [ñWVrV AmO
Amho. øm _§[Xambm 50 \y Q C§M [eIa AgyZ Ë`m [eIamMo [eënH m_ SmoiçmV ^aUmao
Amho.
dra _méVrMr C§Mr gw_mao gmV Vo AmR \y Q Amho. _yVu AË`§V ^ì`, C§M d aoIrd
Amho. ^r_énr _hméÐm øm ñVmoÍmmV g_WmªZr dU©Z H oë`mn«_mUo nwN V§o _wS ubo _mWm§ Aer
_méVram`mMr eonyQ Amho.
_ñVH mda _wHw Q, H mZmV Hw§ Sbo. H [Q^modVr gwdUm©Mr H mgmoQ r d [Vbm éUPwU
H aUmè`m K§Q `m. QH mamMo RmU _moSy Z ~gbobr hr _y[V© ZoQ H r d gSnmVi Amho. g_WmªZr
Amnë`m [d[eï e¡brV RgH o~mO dU©Z H obobr hr _yVu nwÊ`dmZ ^º m§Zm n[aVmof[dUmar
d Xwï m§Zm H mim¾r d H miéÐm¾r gmaIr ^mgVo.
øm _§[XamMo nwOmar lr. dmgwXod ~id§V nwaH a ho AmhoV. nhmQo 5 dmOVm H mH S

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AmaVrZo gwédmV hmoUmè`m [ZË`nwOoV, nwOm, A[^foH , am_Zm_, Z¡[dÚ eoOAmaVr AmXr
[ZË` CnmgZoMm ^mJ Amho.
H éUmïH o, gdB©, am_ajm, _méVr ñVmoÍm, AmaVr, Xmg~moY dmMZ ho [ZË`mMo Amho.
_§[XamV am_Zd_r d hZw_mZ O`§Vr CËgd _moRçm WmQm_mQmV g§nÞ hmoVmV.
Mm\ i ho nmQU VmbwH m, gmVmam [OëømV `oVo.
Xadfu lmdU _[hÝ`mV øm _hméÐ _y[V©bm _hméÐm[^foH H aÊ`mV `oVmo d Ë`m
AZwð mZmMr gm§JVm lmdU dÚ V¥Vr`mbm `Wmgm§J gmOar H obr OmVo. hZw_mZ O`§VrMm
CËgd Va AË`§V WmQmZo gmOam H obm OmVmo.
4.3.3.(A) nmíd©^y_r
Á`mdoir n«^w am_M§Ðm§Zr g_WmªZm A§JmnyaÀ`m SmohmVrb _y[V©[df`r ÑïmÝV [Xbm
Ë`mM doir _méVrZohr g_WmªZm Xe©Z XoD Z gm§[JVbo H r øm am_mÀ`m g_moa _mPr _y[V©
ñWmnZ H éZ Vy Ë`m _y[V©V n«doe H a Am[U _mPr ^r__y[V© am_mÀ`m XodimÀ`m _mJo ñWmnZ
H a . _méVrÀ`m øm AmXoemn«_mUo g_WmªZr am__§[XamÀ`m nwT o hmV OmoSy Z C^m Agbobm
Xmg_méVr Am[U _§[XamÀ`m _mJo n«Vmn_méVr Aem XmoZ _y[V©Mr ñWmnZm eH o 1570 _Ü`o
H obr.
4.3.4 [e§JUdmSr `o[Wb ISrMm _méVr
Mm\ iÀ`m Z¡F Ë` [Xeog AÜ`m© _¡bmda [e§JUdmSrMr QoH Sr Amho. [e§JUdmSrbm
[g§JUdmSr [H§ dm [g§KUdmSr Aerhr Zmdo AmhoV. VoWrb JwhoV lrg_W© am_Xmg On Omß`
H am`bm OmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m AmamÜ` X¡dVmMr åhUOoM _méVrMr _y[V© V`ma H éZ
[VMr ñWmnZm H obr.
eH o 1571 _Ü`o, øm _y[V©Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. Mm\ i `oWo _w»` _R ñWmnZ
H aÊ`mnydu g_WmªMm _R `oWo hmoVm. [edmOr _hmamO d lrg_W© am_Xmgñdm_r `m§Mr ^oQ
Pmbr Vr øm _RmbJVÀ`m ~mJoV Pmbr.

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 [e§JUdmSrÀ`m QoH Srdarb øm _méVrbm ISrMm _méVr AWdm ~mb_méVr Ago
åhUVmV. gw_mao 6 \w Q bm§~ré§XrÀ`m XodimV gmSoVrZ \w Q C§MrMr hr _y[V© CÎmam[^_wI
C^r Amho.
øm _méVrÀ`m Smì`m hmVmV [Ímewim gmaIr ^mgUmar ÜdOm Amho. Va COdm hmV
CJmabobm Amho.
ho _§[Xa C§Mmda Amho d Ë`mÀ`m H igmg Vm§~Sm a§J [Xbobm Amho, Ë`m_wio
Mm\ iÀ`m n[agamVyZ Vo [XgVo. XwéZ nmhUmè`mbm EImXm XJm© [H§ dm _erXM Agmdr Ago
dmQVo.
øm _méVrMr ñWmnZm Mm\ iÀ`m _méVrÀ`m _mJmo_mJM Pmë`m_wio d Mm\ iÀ`m
\ maM Odi hm _méVr Agë`m_wio H mhr bmoH ømbm Mm\ iMmM [Vgam _méVr g_OmV.
øm _méVrMr nyOm-AMm© d hZw_mZO`§VrMm CËgd øm ~m~VMr gd© ì`dñWm
Mm\ iÀ`m lram_ XodñWmZmH Sy ZM H obr OmVo.
gÜ`mMo _§[XamMo nwOmar lr. _hoe O§J_ ho AmhoV.
hZw_mZ O`§VrMm CËgd J«m_ñW gmOam H aVmV. Ë`m [Xder ^§S mè`mMo Am`moOZ
AgVo.
4.3.5 C§~«O `o[Wb _RmVrb _méVr
C§~«O ho _gyaÀ`m n[íM_og Mma _¡bmda Amho. C§~«O d _gya Ë`m§À`m_YyZ H¥ îUm
ZXr dmhmVo. nwUo ~§Jbmoa _hm_mJ© C§~«O_YyZ OmVmo.
lrg_WmªZm eH o 1570 _Ü`o C§~«Om_Ü`o H mhr O_rZ BZm_ åhUyZ [_imbr hmoVr.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr `oWo _méVr _§[Xa d Ë`mnmRmonmR _Rhr ñWmnZ H obm.
`oWrb _méVrMo XoD i nydm©[^_wI Amho. XodimMm n[aga AmH f©H dmQV Zgbm Var
_y[V© Mm§Jbr Amho. hm _méVr g_WmªÀ`m AH am _méVrV gdm©V d`mZo bhmZ, ~mb ñdénmMm
dmQVmo. øm _yVr©bm Mm§XrMo Smoio AmhoV. øm _wVr©Mr C§Mr gw_mao 6 \y Q AgyZ hr _yVr© MwZm,

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dmiw d VmJ øm [Ím^mJmnmgyZ ~Z[dbobr Amho.
øm _méVrg C§~«OMm _méVr AWdm _RmVrb _méVr Ago åhQbo OmVo. _§[Xa
nwdm©[^_wI AgyZ _§[Xamg H ig Zmhr.
4.3.5.(A) nmíd©^y_r
øm _§[XamÀ`m g§~§YmV XmoZ A»`m[`H m AmhoV. n[hbr A»`m[`H m Aer H r EH
[Xder ñZmZ H arV AgVmZm g_W© ~wS mbmo, ~wS mbmo Ago AmoaSbo. n«dmhmV ImbÀ`m ~mOyg
ñZmZ H arV Agboë`m [eî`_§S irMr JS~S CSmbr. [eî`_§S ir _XVrbm `oÊ`mnyduM
_méVram`m§Zr ISH mdéZ ZXrÀ`m nmÍmmV CSr _mabr d g_WmªZm ~mhoa H mTbo. lram_m§Zr
VwPm gm§^mi H aÊ`mMr _bm Amkm H obr Amho. Ago lrg_WmªZm _méVram` åhUmbo.
ISH mdéZ OoWyZ _méVram`m§Zr CSr _mabr VoWo _méVram`m§Mo nmD b C_Qbobo Amho Ago
åhUVmV, na§Vy gÜ`m VoWo dmiy Amho.
Xwgar Am»`m[`H m Aer H r EH ~«m÷U g_WmªMm [eî` ~ZyZ Ë`m§À`m ~amo~a amhmV
hmoVm. Ë`mbm dmQbo hmoVo H r Amnë`mbm _RmV Amam_mV amhm`bm [_iob. na§Vw g_W© Ë`mbm
Amnë`m~amo~a KodyZ [h§S V AgV.
Voìhm Vmo H§ Qmibm d lrg_WmªZm gmoSy Z VwH mam_~wdm§H So Ambm. Vmo VwH mam_~wdm§H So
AZwJ«h _mJw bmJbm. Voìhm VwH mam_~wdm§Zr nwdu H moUmMm AZwJ«h KoVbm hmoVm H m` Aer
Mm¡H er H obr. Ë`mZo AmnU lrg_WmªMm AZwJ«h KoVbm hmoVm nU Vmo gmoSy Z Ambmo AmhmoV
Ago VwH mam_~wdm§Zm gm§[JVbo. VwH mam_~wdm åhUmbo, lrg_WmªH So Om d Ë`m§Mm AZwJ«h naV
H éZ `o . Vmo ~«m÷U lrg_WmªH So Jobm d AZwJ«h naV KoÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm [dZ§Vr H é bmJbm.
g_WmªZr Ë`mbm gm§[JVbo, nmÊ`mMr EH Myi ^éZ d AZwJ«hmMm _§Ím åhUyZ Ë`m g_moaÀ`m
ISH mda QmH , åhUOo AZwJ«h naV H oë`mgmaIo hmoB©b . Ë`m ~«m÷UmZo Mwi ^éZ
ISH mda QmH br Voìhm VoWo am_mÀ`m Ím`moXemjar _§ÍmMr lram_ O`am_ O` O` am_ hr
Ajao C_Qbr. Ë`mM jUr Ë`m ~«m÷UmMr dmMmhr Jobr. Vmo AË`§V Xw:Ir hmoD Z nwÝhm

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VwH mam_~wdm§H So Ambm. Voìhm Ë`mMr X`m `oD Z VwH mam_~wdm Ë`mbm KoD Z lrg_WmªH So
Ambo d Ë`mMr dmMm naV H aÊ`m[df`r Ë`m§Zr lrg_WmªH So [dZ§Vr H obr. Voìhm g_WmªZr Ë`m
~«m÷Umbm gm§JrVbo, ISH mda C_Qbobr Vr Ím`moXemjar _§ÍmmMr Ajao MmQ, åhUOo VwPr
Jobobr dmMm naV `oB©b . Ë`m ~«m÷UmZo Vgo H oë`m~amo~a Ë`mMr dmMm Ë`mbm naV [_imbr.
hZw_mZmMo nmD b Am[U ISH mda C_Qbobm Ím`moXemjar _§Ím øm Xmohm§À`m IwUm
AOyZ VoWo AmhoV Ag§ åhUVmV. gÜ`m nmÍmmV ~arM dmiw Agë`mZo Ë`m IyUm [XgV Zmhr.
`o[Wb n[hbo _RmYrnVr H oedñdm_r ho hmo`. gmSonmM dmOVm H mH S AmaVrZo
_méVram`mg OmJo H obo OmVo. nyOm, Z¡[dÚ, eoOAmaVr Agm _§[XamV nyOm [dYrMm [ZË`H« _
Amho. Va gm`§H mir H éUmïH o, gd`m d Xmg~moYmMo dmMZ hmoVo.
am_Zd_r, hZw_mZO`§Vr, Xmg~moYO`§Vr, XmgZd_r VgoM lrH eo dñdm_tMr nwÊ`[VWr
gd©[nÍmr A_mdñ`og gmOar H obr OmVo.
hZw_mZ O`§VrÀ`m AmXë`m [Xder gm§n«Xm[`H [^jmMm H m`©H« _ hmoVmo.
`o[Wb _RmYrnVr hZw_mZ O`§VrÀ`m [Xder AÞXmZmMr ì`dñWm ~KVmV.
gÜ`mMo _§[XamMo nwOmar lr. aKwdra am_H¥ îU am_Xmgr ho Amho.
øm _y[V©Mr ñWmnZm eH o 1571 _Ü`o Pmbr. _y[V©À`m ñWmnZoZV§ a lrg_W© am_Xmgm§Zr
gVV 13 [Xdg [H V©Z H obo.
4.3.6 _mOJm§dmVrb _méVr
Mm\ ihyZ C§~«OH So OmVmZm nydo©g XrS _¡bmda _mOJmd `oVo. Ago åhUVmV H r, øm
JmdÀ`m [edoda gmYmaU KmoS `mÀ`m AmH mamMm EH _moR m Ym§oS m hmoVm. bmoH Ë`m Ym§oS `mbmM
J«m_ajH _méVr åhUyZ ny[OV AgV. EH Xm lrg_W© Ë`m Jmdr Jobo AgVm Ë`m§Zm
JmdH è`m§Zr Vmo Ym§oS m XmI[dbm d Vw_À`m n[dÍm hmVm§Zr øm _méVrMr n«[VðmnZm ìhmdr Aer
[dZ§Vr H obr. JmdH è`m§Mr hr lÜXm nmhyZ lrg_WmªZr Ë`m Ym§oS `mda _méVrMr n«[V_m H moéZ
KoVbr d eH o 1571 _Ü`o Ë`m _méVrMr CËgdnyd©H ñWmnZm H obr d VoWo XoD ihr C^o

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H obo.
gÚmMo _méVrMo XoD i lrYañdm_tZr ~m§Ybobo Amho Ago åhUVmV. øm XodimMr
[H§ dm _y[V©Mr gÜ`mMr [ñWVr Mm§Jbr Zmhr. _y[V© Amo~Ymo~S dmQVo. _y[V© gw_mao 5 \w Q
C§MrMr Amho.
_méVr n[íM_m^r_wI åhUOoM MmniÀ`m am_mH So Vm§oS H obobo Amho.
_§[Xa H m¡bmé AgyZ _mVr [dQmMo Amho. _§[XamÀ`m O[_Zrbm \ aer Va ZmhrM nU
_§[Xamda ÜdO gwÜXm Zmhr.
Mm\ iÀ`m lram_ XodñWmZmH So øm _méVr XodñWmZmMr ì`dñWm Amho Ago g_OVo.
_mOJm§d ho nmQU VmbwŠ `mV gmVmam [OëømV `oVo lr. gw[Zb AZ§V Hw bH Uu ho gÜ`mMo
nwOmar AmhoV.
^OZ, AmaVr, Z¡[dÚ Agm nwOoMm [ZË`H« _ Amho. Va am_Zd_r d hZw_mZ O`§Vr
ho CËgd _§[XamV gmOao H obo OmVmV.
øm _méVrg _mOJm§dMm _méVr åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
4.3.7 ~ho-~moaJmd `o[Wb _méVr
~ho (~mho) dmido VmbwŠ `mV H¥ îUm ZXrÀ`m H mRr ~moaJmd Odi Amho, åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm
CëboI ~ho ~moaJm§d Agm H obm OmVmo. ~ho `o[Wb ZXrÀ`m n«dmhmV am_[b§J ZmdmMo ~oQ Amho.
`m ~oQ mda am__§[Xa AgyZ Ë`m§À`m nwT `mV [ed[b§J Amho Va am__§[XamÀ`m _mJo _méVrMr
_y[V© ñWmnZ H obr Amho. øm _méVrMo XmoÝhr hmV H¥ îUoMm n«dmh ASdÊ`mÀ`m n[dÍ`mV
_m§S `mÀ`m ~mOyg AmhoV. SmoŠ`mda C§M _wHw Q AgyZ, hr a§JrV ^ì` _yVu ^r__yVr© Amho.
lrg_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tZr `m _y[V©Mr ñWmnZm eH o 1973 _Ü`o H obr.
dmidm VmbwH m, gm§Jbr [Oëh`mV `oUmè`m øm ~ho-~moaJm§dMm _méVr gd© _méVrnojm
[Zamim Am[U ^ì`-[Xì` Amho.
lr. bú_U XÎmmÍm` ~Sdo ho `m _§[XamMo nwOmar AmhoV.

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 [demi `mÍmm, am_Xmg Zd_r, hZw_mZ O`§Vr, am_Zd_r AmXr CËgd `oWo gmOao
H obo OmVmV. øm CËgdm[Z[_Ë` _méVrg Mohè`mgJQ ^ì` Qmon KmVbm OmVmo.(n«H me[MÍm H« . 65)
4.3.7. (A) nmíd©^y_r
~ho `oWrb ZXrÀ`m n«dmhmV EH ~oQ Amho. Ë`mMo Zmd am_[b§J `m ~oQ mda EH n«mMrZ
am__§[Xa Amho. am_mÀ`m nwT `mV [ed[b§J Amho. øm ~oQ mda am__§[XamÀ`m _mJo _méVrMr _y[V©
ñWmnZ H obobr Amho. øm _méVrMo hmV H¥ îUoMm n«dmh AS[dÊ`mÀ`m n[dÍ`mV, _m§Sçm§À`m
XmoÝhr ~mOyg Yabobo Ago AmhoV. SmoŠçmda C§M _wHw Q. hr _y[V© ^ì`, ^r__y[V© Amho, a§JrV
Amho. g_WmªZr øm _y[V©Mr ñWmnZm eH o 1573 _Ü`o H obr Ago _mZbo OmVo.
øm _y[V©À`m ñWmnZo~Ôb _moR r _Zmoa§OH Am»`m[`H m Amho. amdUdY H éZ grVogh
naV `oV AgVmZm, am_bú_Um§Zr ~ho `m Jmdr _wŠH m_ H obm. grVm_mB©Zm Ë`m§Zr JmdmV
Rodbo d Vo H¥ îUoÀ`m n«dmhmV ñZmZmgmRr Ambo. lram_M§Ðm§Zr ñZmZ H obo d VoWo [ed[b§J
ñWmnZ H obo. Vo [ed[b§JmMr nyOm H aÊ`mV _¾ AgVm H¥ îUobm Cëhmg `oD Z [VMm n«dmh
EH X_ dmTy bmJbm. _méVram`m§Zr lram_M§Ðm§À`m _mJo C^o amhyZ XmoÝhr hmVm§Zr H¥ îUoMm
n«dmh AS[dbm d H¥ îUobm XmoZ ~mOyZr dmhm Ago gm§[JVbo. _méVrZo H¥ îUoMm n«dmh
Wm§~[dë`m_wio VoWo ~oQ V`ma Pmbo d Smohhr V`ma Pmbm. _méVrÀ`m ~mhy§_wio H¥ îUoMo Pmbobo
XmoZ n«dmh nwT o OmD Z nwÝhm EH Ím Ambo. Aem VèhoZo _méVrZo n«^w am_M§ÐmÀ`m Ü`mZmV `oD
KmVbobo [d¿Z Xya H obo. XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zr n«dmh nwT o Joë`m_wio øm ñWmZmMo Zmd ~ho (~mho) Ago
nSbo. lrg_W© a[MV AH am _méVr ñVmoÍmmVrb ^wO§Jn«m` d¥Îmm_Ü`o aMbobo ~io gd©
g§hm[ab§o amdUmbm `m _méVr ñVmoÍmmV `m gd© Jmoï rMm CëboI lr g_WmªZr H obm.
lrg_W© am_Xmg `oWo Ambo Voìhm bmoH m§H Sy Z hr hH rJV Ë`m§Zm H ibr. øm [RH mUr
n«^w am_M§ÐmMm H mhr H mi dmg Pmbm hmoVm, Voìhm `oWo _méVr AgUmaM Ago g_Wmª Zr
_mZbo. _méVr SmohmV ~wS r _méZ ~gbm Amho Ago Jm§dH ar åhUV. lrg_WmªZr SmohmV ~wS r
_mabr. H mhr n«ha Vo SmohmV hmoVo. lrg_WmªZr SmohmVyZ _méVrMr _y[V© ~mhoa H mTbr. na§Vy

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Voìhm _méVrbm XmIdmd`mÀ`m Z¡doÚomMr, nyOoMr dJ¡ao V`mar Jm§dH è`m§H Sy Z Pmbr ZìhVr.
Voìhm _méVram`m§Zr lrg_WmªZm gm§[JVbo H r, gm§n«VH mir ~mhoa amhmUo `mo½` hmoUma Zmhr.
Ago gm§JyZ _méVram` SmohmV nwÝhm bwá Pmbo. lrg_WmªZr _mé[Vam`m§Mo Vo én AmRdyZ
Xwgar _y[V© V`ma H obr.
4.3.8 _ZnmSio `o[Wb PmoirVrb _méVr
_ZnmSio ho g_WmªÀ`m AH am _méVrñWmZm§nH¡ r gdm©V X[jUoH SMo ñWmZ. Á`mo[V~mMm
Sm§oJa Am[U nÝhmiJS `oWyZ Odi AmhoV. nÝhmiJS [H ëë`mMo amOH r` _hÎd bjmV
KoD Z lrg_W© am_Xmgm§Zr `oWo [eî`g§n«Xm` dmTdbm. eH o 1573 _Ü`o øm _y[V©Mr
ñWmnZm lrg_Wm©À`m hñVo Pmbr.
ho _méVr_§[Xa AJXr EH m QmoH mda ZXrÀ`m H mRr Amho. _§[Xa H m¡bmé Amho.
_§[XamOdiyZ AmoT m dmhmVmo. _§[XamÀ`m Amgnmg PmSr Amho. _§[XamMm Jm^mam 7 \y Q x6
\y Q AgyZ Ë`m^modVr 26 \y Q x 15 \y Q Agm g^m_§S n Amho. g^m_§S nmMo ~m§YH m_
ZdrZ AgyZ Vo gw[ñWVrV Amho.
_§[Xa d AmVrb _méVrMr _y[V© CÎmam[^_wI AgyZ, _y[V© gw_mao 5&& \y Q C§MrMr
Amho. _y[V© gmYr na§Vw gw~H Amho. _y[V©Odi gw_mao XrS \y Q C§MrMr Hw ~Sr Amho. VgoM
lrg_WmªMr Pmoir gwÜXm Amho.
hm _méVr dra _méVr AgyZ, `m _méVrMm COdm hmV da SmoŠ `mÀ`m ~mOyg PwH bm
AgyZ, Smdm hmV nmoQ mda Amho. eonyQ COì`m ~mOwZo gwé hmoD Z SmoŠ`mdéZ Jobr Amho.
eonQrMm PwnH m Mm§JbmM CRy Z [XgVmo. XmoÝhr hmVmV d X§S mV H§ H Uo AmhoV. nm`mV VmoaS
AgyZ _mZ da CMbyZ SmoH o _mJo PwH bobo dmQVo.
_§[XamMo nwOmar lr. gw[Zb eerH m§V am_Xmgr ho AmhoV. Va ì`dñWmnH `ed§V
e§H a am_Xmgr ho AmhoV.
AmaVr, nwOm, Z¡[dX` Agm `o[Wb [ZË`H« _ AgyZ, XmgZd_r d hZw_mZ O`§Vr ho

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CËgd _§[XamV gmOao hmoVmVm.
XmgZd_rg Jmd OodUmMr na§nam Amho.
4.3.9 nmaJm§dMm _méVr
H èhmS-H moëhmnya añË`mdarb dmRma øm JmdmnmgyZ dmaUm gmIaH maImÝ`mH So
OmUmè`m añË`mda Zdo nmaJmd Amho d Ë`mÀ`m CÎmaog XmoZ _¡bmda OwZo nmaJmd Amho øm
OwÝ`m nmaJmdMm _méVr hmM lrg_W© ñWm[nV _méVr. øm _y[V©Mr ñWmnZm eH o 1574
_Ü`o Pmbr.
nmaJmd ho gwÕm nÝhmi JSmOdiMoM Jmd Agë`m_wio lrg_WmªZr Ë`mMo amOH r`
_hËd bjmV KoD Z ~hwYm `oWo _méVr _y[V©Mr ñWmnZm H obr Agmdr.
øm _§[XamMr _yi Kw_Qr 8 \y Q bm§~é§X Amho. Ë`m^modVr 1972 gmbr 40 \y Q x
16 \y Q Agm g^m_§S n ~m§Ybm Jobm. na§Vw ho ~m§YH m_ ~mhoéZ XoD i Z dmQVm EImÚm
hm°bgmaIo dmQVo. øm XodimÀ`m [^§Vrda XodimMm Zm_\ bH Zmhr, ÜdOhr Zmhr.
lrg_WmªZr ñWm[nboë`m AH am _méVrVbm hm _méVr eodQMm Ago _mZbo OmVo.
AH am _méVrn¡H r hr gdm©V bhmZ _y[V© Amho. øm _y[V©Mr C§Mr \ º XrS \w Q Amho. BVa
_méVtn«_mUo hr _y[V© eoUmMr [H§ dm MwZm _mVrMr Zmhr. EH m gnmQ XJSmda hr _y[V© H moabobr
Amho. _y[V©da e§oXyahr MT[dbobm Zmhr. `m _méVrZo H ogm§Mr e§oS r ~m§Ybobr Amho. Vmo SmdrH So
Vm§oS H éZ YmdV [ZKmboë`m AmdoemV Amho.
H moëhmnya [Oëh`mVrb hmV H U§Jbo VmbyŠ`mV ho nmaJm§d `oV.o `m _méVrg PmoirVrb
_méVr Ago gwÜXm åh§Q bo OmVo.
øm _y[V©Mr ñWmnZm [Xdg COSVm§Zm Pmbr Ago J«m_ñW åhUVmV. _§[XamMo nwOmar
åhUyZ `oWo H moUrM Zmhr. nmaJm§d_Ü`o hZw_mZ [_Ím _§S i ZmdmMo EH _§S i Amho. VoM
_méVram`mMr nyOm-AMm© H [aVmV.
\ ŠV hZw_mZ O`§VrMm CËgd `oWo gmOam H obm OmVmo.

(128)
4.3.10 ~Îmrg [eamio `o[Wb _méVr
[eamio `oWrb _hmXOr gm~mOr Xoenm§S o ho lrg_WmªMo [eî` ~Zbo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m
AmJ«hmñVd lrg_WmªZr eH o 1576 À`m gw_mamg `oWrb _méVrM ñWmnZm H obr.
XoD i CÎmam[^_wI Amho d _y[V©Mo Vm§oS hr CÎmaoH So Amho. hm dra_méVr Amho. Ë`mMr
C§Mr gw_mao gmV \y Q AgyZ, _yVuÀ`m H§ ~a nÅ`m§Vë`m K§Q `m, H [Qdó d Ë`mMm Jm§oS m
gwaoI [MVmabobm Amho. _y[V©À`m _ñVmH mÀ`m Smì`m COì`m ~mOybm PamoH o AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ
Ë`m dm`wnwÍmm^modVr gVV hdm IoiVr amhmVo. gy`mo©X` gy`m©ñVmÀ`m doir øm PamoŠ`mVyZ
_y[V©da n«H me nSVmo.
nyOm-AmMo©Mr O~m~Xmar g_WmªZr Xoenm§S o `m§À`mda gmon[dbr. AH am _méVtÀ`m
Xodim§V gdm©V gwaoI XoD i [eamiçmÀ`m _méVrMo Amho. XodimMm daMm H ig \ ma Mm§Jbm
a§J[dbm Amho. lrg_WmªZr _wimV EH H _mZ ~m§YyZ VrV _méVrMr ñWmnZm H obr hmoVr. Z§Va
Ë`m§Mo [eî` O`am_ñdm_r `m§Zr H m¡bmé _§[Xa ~m§Ybo. gw_mao e§^a dfm©nydu ORma ZmdmÀ`m
_méVr^º _m_boXmam§Zr XJSr XoD i ~m§YyZ KoVbo. gw_mao VrZ dfm©nydu gÜ`mÀ`m Q—ñQtZr
H ig, _§S n dJ¡a§oMr XwéñVr H éZ KoVbr.
_méVrÀ`m nyOMo r ì`dñWm VgoM CËgdmMr ì`dñWm n«Ë`oH dfu Xoenm§S o Hw Qw§ ~r`m§nH¡ r
EH oH mH So dmQy Z [Xbobr Amho.
nyOm, Z¡dÚ, _hmZ¡[dÚ Am[U gm§` nyOm Aem ñdénmV _méVrMr nyOm H obr OmVo.
hZw_mZ O`§Vr hm _hËdmMm CËgd _mZbm OmVo. ~Îmrg [eamim ho [eamim VmbwH m
gm§Jbr [Oëh`mV `oVo.
Mm\ i `oWrb XmoZ _méVr d AÝ` [RH mUr Agbobo ZD _méVr AgoM lrg_WmªZr
AH am _méVr ñWmnbo Amho. `mbmM lrg_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr åhQbo OmVo.

(129)
4.4 _y[V© [dkmZmMm B[Vhmg d [dñVma
~«m÷U, ~m¡ÜX d O¡Z `m [VÝhr Y_mªÀ`m _y[V©emómMm nm`m hm Hw fmU H mim nmgyZM
[dñVmabm Jobm. Hw fmU Zm_H amOm hmodyZ Jobm Ë`mZo ^mJdV Y_m©Mm n«gma d n«Mma H obm.
øm amOmMm H mbI§S hm B. g. nyduMm _mZbm OmVmo. _y[V© KSdÊ`m g§~§Yr [Za[Zamio n«`moJ
gwé Pmbo. n«Ë`oH _y[V©Mo Ü`mZmMo ñdén Rady bmJbo. `mVyZM ~m¡ÜXm§Zr ~wÜX Am[U ~m¡[YgËd
`m§Zm n«Ë`j Zmdménmbm AmUbo. O¡ZmMm`mªZr VrW©H amÀ`m n«[V_m KSdë`m, VgoM gZmVZ
bmoH m§Zr [dîUy Ë`m§Mo AdVma, [ed d [ed[b§Jo, XwJm©, bú_r, fïr, _mV¥XodVm dJ¡ao XodVm§Mr
[Z[_©Vr H obr.

4.5 [ZJw©Umbm gJwUmÀ`m gr_oV

[ZJw©Umbm gJwUmÀ`m gr_oV ~m§YwZ QmH Uo, H moUr hr Z nm[hbobm _mZd n«[V_oÀ`m
énmZo gmH ma H éZ gdmªÀ`m g_moa d§XZr` d nyOZr` åhUyZ Cn[ñWV H aUo gmono d
ghOgmÜ` ZìhVo. nU AZoH n«`ËZmZ§Va Vo gmÜ` H obo Jobo. Ago H [aV AgVm§Zm
n«[V_oÀ`m [Z_m©Um[df`r d [VÀ`mV XodËd AmÊmÊ`mH [aVm AZoH [Z`_ ~m§Ybo Jobo. (3)
Am[U
Ë`mMo ñdén, X¡dV åhUyZ _mZdr _ZmV éObo Jobo.

4.6 n«[V_oMr _mÜ`å`o

X¡dVm§Mr n«[V_m [Z_m©U H aÊ`mgmRr [d[dY _mÜ`_mMm Cn`moJ H obm OmVmo. `mV
n«m_w»`mZo 1) [ebm 2) aËZo 3) YmVy 4) bmHy S 5) _mVr 6) VmËH m[bZ _mÜ`_o `m§Mm
g_mdoe Amho.
lrg_WmªÀ`m ~m~VrV `m§Vrb [ebm d _mVr `m§Mm Cn`moJ, lrg_WmªZr lr_méVram`mMr
_y[V© ñWmnZogmRr H oë`mMo [XgVo. Va `m§V AOyZ MwÝ`mMm _méVr gyÜXm Amho. Vmo `mVrb
VmËH mbrZ _mÜ`_o `mV _moS Vmo.
(130)
4.7 ÜdOm§J CÜd© Vmo ~mhmo & dm_ hñV H Qmdar &&
lrg_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVrMo ZrQ [ZarjU H oë`mg, lrg_WmªZr hZw_§Vm
am_XyVm & dm`wnwÍmm _hm~br & `m ñVmoÍmmV ~mamì`m MaUmVrb ÜdOm§J CÜd© Vmo ~mhmo & dm_
hñV H Qmdar & `m Amodr n«_mUo V§VmoV§V OwiVo.
lrg_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVrMm COdm hmV SmoŠ `mÀ`m [XeoZo AWm©V da C§Mmdbobm
AgyZ Smdm hmV H§ ~aoda Amho.
ehmnya, _gwa, Mm\ i, C§~«O, _mOJm§d, _ZnmSio, ~[Îmg [eamio. øm _méVrMm
COdm hmV C§Mmdbobm AgyZ Vmo SmoŠ `mH So PwH bobm Amho. Va [e§JUdmSr Am[U Mm\ i
`o[Wb dra _méVr `m§Mm COdm hmV lrg_WmªÀ`m åhUÊ`mZwgma C§Mmdbm AgyZ Vmo
_ñVH mda Amho.
nmaJm§d `o[Wb _méVrÀ`m H ogmMr e§oS r ~m§Ybr Amho Vmo _méVr SmdrH So Vm§oS H éZ
YmdV Amho. øm _méVrMm COdm hmV Im§X`m nmgyZ CMbobm AgyZ, Smdm hmV H Qmda
Amho.

4.8 [eënH mam§Mr _Vo

g_W© ñWm[nV _méVrMm Omo COdm hmV Im§X`mnmgyZ da CMbbm Jobm Amho. hm
C§Mmdbobm hmV H m` gw[MV H aVmo. hm hmV A^` XoUmam Amho H r AOyZ `m hmVmVyZ H mhr
~moY hmoVmo H m ? `m ~m~mV _m[hVr OmUyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo Zm[eH `o[Wb _y[V©H mam§À`m
^oQ r KoVë`m. øm§À`mer H oboë`m MMo©Mm Vn[eb nwT rb n«_mUo,
_wVuH ma lr. n«gÞ Vm§~Q - øm gmè`m _y[V© namH« _, dra _y[V© AmhoV. hm
CJmabobm hmV hm X¡Ë` g§hmamgmRr AgyZ `m _méVrMm AmH ma (eon) hm V (B§J«Or ìhr)
AmH mamV AWm©V [niXma ñdénmV Amho.
_y[V©Mm Omo COdm hmV CJmaboë`m ñdénmV Amho, Ë`m_wio øm gmè`m _y[V© H _ao
(131)
nmgyZ [H§ [MVí`m COì`m ~mOyg PwH boë`m [XgVmV. (n[a[eï H« . 10)

[eënH ma lr. am_ AZ§V WÎmo åhUVmV,(n[a[eï H« . 11) hmV [H§ [MV CMbyZ hÎmrÀ`m
gm§oS o n«_mUo H aUo, åhUOoM WßnS [H§ dm MmnQr _maÊ`mgmRr hmV CJmaUo hmo`.
`mbm MnoQ XmZ _méVr AgoM [eënH boV Zm§d AgyZ `mV Xwgè`m hmVmMr [ñWVr
hr NmVr Odi [H§ dm H _aodaM gmnSob.
_mÂ`m `m [dYmZmg lr. J. h. Iao [b[IV ^ma[V` _y[V©emó `m nwñVH mV nmZ Z§.
321 da n¥ï r Amho.
Va [eënH ma lr. lo`g JJo© åhUVmV (n[a[eï H« . 12) _y[V©Mm EH§ XarV Amdoe ~KVm,
_y[V©Mm COdm hmV hm Im§X`mnmgyZ da CMbobm AgyZ Vmo SmoŠ`mÀ`m ~mOyg PwH bm Amho.
åhUOoM Vmo MmnQ _maÊ`mÀ`m AmdoemV Amho. åhUyZ Ë`mbm MnoQ XmZ _méVr Ago åhUVm
`oB©b.
_méVrÀ`m nm`mImbr Omo amjg Amho, Ë`mbm amjgr én AWm©V AH« mi-[dH« mi
én XoÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ, Ë`mbm nZdVr AgoM åhUmdo bmJob. hr nZdVr H moUË`mhr
ñdénmMr Agy eH Vo.
dmñVdrH hr _y[V© Ago gw[M§V H aVo H r, Oa ~bX§S eara Pmbo. Va øm ^m¡[VH énr
Á`m ndZVr AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm MmnQ _maÊ`mMo Y¡`© Vw_À`mV `oB©b. MmnQ _méZ gwÜXm H mhr
Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr Va Aí`m nZdVrg nm`Xir VwS dÊ`mMo gmhg Vw_À`m A§Jr `oB©b. na§Vy
`m gdmªgmRr n«m_w»`mZo ~bX§S eara ho hdoM.

4.9 MnoQ XmZ _méVr

`m gd© [eënH mam§À`m [dMmam§Mm gmam§e H mTbm Va, Ago bjmV `oVo H r, lrg_W©
am_Xmg ñdm_tZr Á`m AmdoemV _méVram`m C^mabm Amho. Vmo Amdoe Ë`m§ n[a[ñWVrer
gm_Zm H aÊ`mg n«moËgm[hV H aVmo. g_mOmV ñ\w aU OmJ¥V ìhmdo hm lrg_Wmª Mm _wi hoVy.
(132)
 n«W_ Xe©Zr lrg_WmªZr ñWmnZ H obobo ho _méVr dra _méVr Oar Agbo Var,
n«[VH mamË_H åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m A§Jr WßnS _maÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© gwÜXm Amho. Ago lrg_W©
gy[MV H aVmV.
n[a[ñWVrg Z Ow_mZVm Ë`m§À`mda _mV H aÊ`mgmRr lrg_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tZr øm
MnoQ XmZ _méVrMr ñWmnZm H obr.
_¥VdV nSboë`m g_mOmV, M¡VÝ` OmJ¥V ìhmdo hmM `m MnoQ XmZ AmdoemVrb
_méVrÀ`m ñWmnZo _mJrb _w»` CÔoe Amho.

4.10 ñWm[nV _méVrM ñdén

lr g_W© ñWm[nV _méVr_Ü`o Mm\ iMm Xmg _méVr hm Xmñ` ñdénmV C^m Amho.
Va ~ho-~moaJm§dMm _méVr Amnbo XmoÝhr hmV g_m§Va aofoV Imbr gmoSy Z C^m Amho.
[e§JUdmSrÀ`m QoH Srdarb øm _méVrbm ISrMm _méVr AWdm ~mbm_méVr Ago
åhUVmV. gw_mao 6 \w Q bm§~r é§XrÀ`m XodimV gmSoVrZ \w Q C§MrMr hr _yVu CÎmaoH So Vm§oS
H éZ C^r Amho. øm _méVrÀ`m Smì`m hmVmV [Ímewim gmaIr dñVw Amho. Vr ~hyYm ^Jdr
ÜdOm Agmdr. Mm\ iMm n«Vmn _méVr d nmaJmdmMm _méVr `m§À`m Smì`m hmVmVhr AerM
ÜdOm Amho. (4)

øm AH am _méVr _[Yb Mm\ iMm dra _méVr, [e§JUdmSrMm _méVr d nmaJmdMm

_méVr `m§À`m Smì`m hmVmV Am`wÜ` AmhoV. øm Am`wÜ`mg H mhr [RH mUr ^Jdr ÜdOm Ago
gwÜXm åhQbo Amho.
Mm\ iÀ`m dra _méVrÀ`m Smì`m hmVmV ~mU Agë`mMo [XgVo. [e§JUdmSrÀ`m
_méVrÀ`m Smì`m hmVmVrb [Ímewi MQH Z ÑïrjonmV `oVo. Va nmaJmdÀ`m _méVrÀ`m Smì`m
hmVmV JXoÀ`m ñdénmV Am`wÜ` [XgVo.

(133)
4.11 nwN V§o _w[S© bo _mWm§ &
lrg_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVrMo EH Img d¡[eï Amho Vo åhUOo nwN V§o _wS ubo
_mWm§. _méVram`mMr eonyQ hr COdr H Sy Z [ZKyZ Vr SmoŠ`mdéZ SmdrH So Ambr Amho.
lrg_W© ñWm[nV 11 _méVrÀ`m eonQrMo ~maH mB©Zo [Z[ajU H obo Voìhm Ago
[ZXe©Zmg Ambo H r,
* ehmnya `o[Wb _méVrMr eonyQ Smì`m JwS ¿`m n`ªV `odyZ eonQr Oamer da dimbobr
Amho.
* _gya, _ZnmSio d nmaJm§d `o[Wb _méVrMr eonyQ Smì`m Im§X`m n`ªV Ambr Amho.
`mV _gya `o[Wb _méVrÀ`m eonQrMm Jm§oS m Oamgm da dimbm Amho.
* Mm\ i, C~«§O d _mOJmd `o[Wb _méVrMr eonyQ Smì`m X§S mn`ªV Ambr Amho. `mnwT o
OmdyZ Mm\ i `o[Wb _méVrÀ`m eonQrMm Jm§oS m WmoS mgm da dimbm Amho. C§~«O `o[Wb
_méVrMr eonyQ Smì`m X§S mn`ªV `odyZ naV SmoŠ `mn`ªV da OmdyZ Oamer Imbr PwH br
Amho.
* Mm\ i `o[Wb Xmg _méVrMr eonyQ H _aon`ªV Ambr Amho, Va ~ho-~moaJmd `o[Wb
_méVrMr eonyQ H _aon`ªV `odyZ Oamer da Jobr Amho.
* [e§JUdmSr `o[Wb _méVrMr eonyQ Smì`m H mZmÀ`m Odi B§J«Or U AmH mamV
dimbobr Amho.
* Va ~[Îmg [eamio `o[Wb _méVrMr eonyQ _m§S r n`ªV Amho.
nwN V§o _wS ubo _mWm§ hr Or n«[H« `m Amho. Vr åhUOo [H« `m[ebVm Xe©dUmar Amho.
lrg_WmªZr ñWmnZ H obobo _méVr ho [H« `m[eb AmhoV. åhUyZM Ë`m§Mr eonyQ QUËH mabobr
Amho. BVH M H m` Va Vr eonyQ Amnë`m _mÏ`mda KoÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© Ë`m§À`mV Amho. _méVr
hm Mni Va AmhoM. na§Vy øm MninUmV gwÜXm Ë`m§À`m gd© JmÍmmda Ë`m§Mo [Z`§ÍmU Amho.
`mM MaUmMo VmËn`© H WZ H [aVmZm boIH åhUVmo H r, nwN V§o _wS ubo _mWm§§, `m eãXm§ìXmao

(134)
lr g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_r g_ñV ^m¡[VH OZmg gm§Jy B[ÀNVmV, H r hZw_§VmMo Amnë`m
n«Ë`oH Ad`mdmda (B§[Ð`mda) g§`_ AWm©V [Z`§ÍmU hmoVo. (5)

4.12 AH am _méVrM JwáVm

_gyaMo Am\ io, ~wYH a KamUo. ehmnyaÀ`m gVr~mB© Ë`m§Mo nVr H _imOrn§V, nwÍm
Jmonmi, MwbV ^mdmMm _wbJm ^r_, dmiì`mÀ`m A§~rH m~mB©, H èhmSÀ`m AŠH m, [_aOÀ`m
doUm~mB©, _hm~ioídaMo [XdmH a, H moëhmnyamV H ë`mU d Ë`m§Mo ~§Yy XÎmmÍm` `m gdmªZm
_méVrÀ`m CnmgZobm bmdbo. [RH [RH mUr Ë`m§Zr _méVrMr ñWmnZm H obr.
lrg_WmªZr ñWmnZ H obobo Ag§»` _méVr Oar Agbo Var AH am _méVr n«[gÜX
AmhoV.
lrg_WmªZr Oar AZoH _méVr ñWmnZ H obo Agbo Var, `m AH am _méVtZm [deof
_hËd H m ? `mMo CÎma [H§ dm `m H moS `mMm CbJSm lrg_W© dmL ²_`mV Hw Rohr AmTiV
Zmhr.
Ë`m§_wioM lrg_WmªÀ`m Jwá Aem amOH maUmMo ho AH am _méVr AYmaml_ Agmdo.
`m JwáVo _wioM Vo AkmZ ñdénmV am[hbo Agmdo.
NÍmnVr [edmOr _hmamOm§Zm Pmboë`m amÁ`[^foH gmohi`mZ§Va lrg_WmªZr [b[hboë`m
AmZ§XdZ^wdZr `m H mì`mVrb gVamì`m MaUm åhQbo Amho.
AH« m AH« m ~hw AmH« m & H m` AH« m H io[MZm &
Jwá V§o Jwá, OmUmd§o & AmZ§XdZ^wdZr
`m MaUmVyZ AH am _méVr Jwá ñdénmV am[hbo BVH mM AW© ~moY hmoVmo. na§Vy ho Jwá
H m `mMm CbJSm hmoV Zmhr.

(135)
4.13 Jwá g§XoemMr ñWmZo :
ehmOramOo d lrg_W© am_Xmg ñdm_r `m§Mr ^oQ lrg_WmªMo nwaíMaUmÀ`m CÎmamY©
Pmbr hmoVr. lrg_WmªÀ`m n¥Ïdr n«X[jUo Z§Va lrg_WmªZr H¥ îUm ZXrÀ`m [VamdaM Amnbo
OJXwÜXmamMo H m`© H obo.
Mm\ i, [e§JUdmSr, _mOJm§d, C§~«O, _gya, ehmnya, ~ho-~moaJm§d, ~Îmrg [eamio,
_ZnmSio d nmaJm§d hm ^mJ Am[XbemhrÀ`m A_bmImbr hmoVm. [dOmnyaÀ`m Xa~mamV ehmOr
amOm§Mo Mm§JboM dOZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `mM ^mJmV lrg_WmªZm _méVr ñWmnZ H aUo [hVmMo
dmQbo.
g_W© dmL²_` Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Ago ÑïrjonmV `oVo H r, H¥ îUmVramda `oVmV lrg_WmªZr
n«W_ _hm~ioída, Oa§S m `m [RH mUr Amnbr n«Mma `§ÍmUm am~dbr Am[U _gyamg Vi
RmoH bm. VoWoM am_am`mMm CËgd gwé H obm. Z§Va Mm\ i `oWo lram_ _§[Xa ~m§Ybo Am[U
am_amÁ`mÀ`m ñdßZmMr _whwV©_oT aMbr.

4.14 _V-_Vm§Vao :
am_Xmgm§À`m [d[eï AH am _méVrn¡H r H mhtZm H Xm[MV amOH r` Ñï`m _moŠ `mÀ`m
ñWmZm_wio _hËd [Xbo Jobo Agob .
H Xm[MV g_WmªZr AZwJ«h [Xboë`m [eî`m§À`m AmJ«hmñVd Ë`m§Vrb H mhrMr ñWmnZm
H obr Jobr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm _hËd [Xbo Jobo Agob .
na§Vy EH Jmoï _mÍm bjmV `oÊ`mgmaIr Amho H r, Á`m AH am _méVtZm [deof
_hËd [Xbo Jobo Amho Vo gd© _méVr H¥ îUoÀ`m n[agamV AmhoV. H¥ îUmVrar OJX²ÜXma H a
øm X¡dr ÑïmÝVm_wio øm H¥ îUmVrat À`m _méVtZm [deof _hËd [Xbo Jobo.(6)
øm VrZhr \ ŠV eŠ`Vm dV©[dë`m OmVmV. `m ~m~V boIH Rmog Ag§ Amnbo _V
_m§S V Zmhr.
(136)
 Va AmÊUgmho~ H mbJm§dH a åhUVmV, H¥ îUmVrar [deof H m` hmoVo? ehmOr amOo
`m§À`m AZw_VrZo [edmOr _hmamOm§Zr [h§Xdr amÁ` ñWmnÝ`mMm M§J ~m§Ybm hmoVm. ehmOr
_hmamOm§Mr Am[U lrg_WmªMr AZwð mZ H mimVM n[hbr ^oQ QmH irg Pmë`mMo B[VhmgH ma
[b[hVmVM. Ë`m_wio g_WmªZm hm n«m§V gwa[jV dmQbm Am[U Ë`mMo H m`© gwé Pmbo. (7)

4.15 _yë`_mnZ
AmB©À`m Am[edm©X KodyZ g_W© Om§~ohyZ bmoH ÜXma H m`m©W© [ZKmbo Vo VmaU Zm_
g§dËgar, _hmamï— VmaÊ`mgmRr, eH o 1566 À`m d¡emIm§V H¥ îUmVrar Ambo. [egmo[X`m§Mo
d§er gm§~da§o H éZ (e§H amÀ`m n«gmXmZ§o) d XodrÀ`m da§o H éZ (^mogë`m§Mr Hw bñdm_rZr
^dmZr Xodr [hÀ`m Am[edm©XmZ§o) [edZm_m amOm Pmbm Amho, ì`mg CnmgZm gm§JyZ Ë`m§Mo
H Sy Z Y_©ñWmnZm H amdr, Aer lram_M§ÐmMr g_Wmª g Amkm nyduMo (eH o 1554) Pmbr
hmoVr.(8)
`m CVmè`mVrb gdm©V _hËdmMo åhUOo lrg_WmªZm Pmbobr n«^yam_M§ÐmMr Amkm. `m
Amko~m~V dmH oZrgr [QnU§o [h _hËdmMr dmQVmV.
H ë`mUñdm_r, CÜXd Jmogmdr, doUm~mB©, ~mOrn§V, [Ím§~H Jmogmdr, [XdmH a Jmogmdr
øm g_W© g§JVrV dmTboë`m Ë`m§À`m n«_wI [eî`m§Zr [b[hboë`m g_W© brbm§Mo CëboI
n«ñVwV dmH oZrgr [QnUm§V Amho.
ho [QnU AË`§V [dídgZr` Ago Amho. g_WmªÀ`m n«`mUm Z§Va AJXr Mma
[Xdgm§Zr hr g_W© M[aÍmmMr O§Ímr AJa AZwH« _[UH m [b[hbobr Amho Am[U Vr H moUr
[b[hbr Va [XdmH a Jmogmdr `m§Zr gm§[JVë`m déZ A§VmOr Jmonmi dmH oZrg XoeHw iH Uu
Hw SmiH a `m§Zr [b[hbr. (9)

`m [QnUm§V g_W© d [edmOr _hmamO `m§À`m ^oQ r [df`r Omo CëboI Ambm Amho Vmo
nwT rb n«_mUo -
(137)
 _méVrÀ`m Xodmb`r aKwnVtZt `oD Z AZwJ«h H éZ am_Xmg ho Zm_ Ro[db§o.
H¥ îUmVrar OmD Z OJXmoÜXma H amdm, [egmoXo `m§À`m d§er gm§~da§o H éZ d XodrÀ`m da§oH éZ
[edZm_m hmoUma Amho Ë`mg CnmgZm gm§Jmdr, Y_©ñWmnZm H admdr, åhUm¡Z Amkm Omhbr.
daXhñV _ñVH r RodyZ AÑí` Ombo. eHo 1538 ZiZm_ g§dËgao _mÜ`mÝht XmoZ n«hat
lmdU ewÜX Zd_rg _méVrÀ`m Xodmb`r AZwJ«h Ombm .
g_WmªMo d` Ë`m doir AdKo 8 dfmªMo hmoVo d [edam` OÝ_bo ZìhVo. (10)

`mMmM AW© Agm [ZKVmo H r, lrg_W© am_Xmg ñdm_r ho am_mMo [eî` am_mMo dmŠ`
am_ dmŠ` Vo [eag§Ym§Z _mZZo ho lram_Xmg ñdm_tMo AmX` H V©ì`. `m H V©ì`mMr nwVu
H aÊ`mgmRr åhUOoM lrg_WmªZm, n«^y am_am`m§Zr d`mÀ`m AmRì`m dfu Or Amkm H obr
hmoVr. Ë`m AmkmMo nmbZ H aÊ`mgmRr lrg_W© ho H¥ îUmVrar Ambo.
hm Pmbm Ë`m§Vrb EH ^mJ Va Xwgam ^mJ hm H r, ehmOramOo `m§À`m AZw_VrZo
[edmOr _hmamOm§Zr [h§Xdr amÁ` ñWmnZoMm M§J ~m§Ybm hmoVm. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm _XV H amdr hm
CÔoí`.
dmñV[dH [edmOr _hmamO Am[U am_Xmgñdm_r `m§Mr ^oQ Pmbr Ë`mAmYr lrg_WmªZr
ehmnya, _gya, Mm\ i_Ü`o XmoZ _méVr d [g§JUdmSrMm _méVr Ago 5 _méVr ñWmnZ H obo
hmoVo.
4.16 [ZîH f© :
lrg_WmªÀ`m AH am _méVrMr dJ©dmar H obr Va, `mV ZD ho dra _méVr AmhoV. Va
EH Xmg _méVr. ~ho-~moaJm§dÀ`m _méVrMo XmoÝhr hmV ho Imbr AmhoV. Ë`mZo lram_mÀ`m
godoV `oUmè`m ~mYog (ASWiog) Amnë`m XmoÝhr hmVm§Zr AmSdbo Amho, åhUyZ hm ~ho
JmdmMm _méVr hm Xmg _méVr åhUVm `oB©b. åhUOoM ZD dra d XmoZ Xmg _méVr.
`m lrg_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr n¡H r ehmnya, [e§JUdmSo d Mm\ iMm dra _méVr
`m§Mm _méVr Smdm hmV NmVrda Amho. ehmnyaMm _méVr lrg_WmªZr gVr~mB© Hw bH Uu

(138)
`m§À`mgmRr ñWmnZ H obm. [e§JUdmSrMm _méVr hm lrg_WmªZr ñdV:gmRr ñWmnZ H obm.
Va Mm\ iMm dra _méVr, _méVrZo Xe©Z XoD Z gm§[JVbo H r, am_mÀ`m g_moa _mPr _yVu
C^r H a d Ë`mV Vy n«doe H a . øm VrZhr _méVrV lrg_WmªMr Amnbr COm© Amho åhUyZM
`m VrZ _méVrg COm© (ñd gËd [H§ dm ñd A[ñVËd) _méVr Ago åhQbo OmD eH Vo.
n«^y am_M§ÐmÀ`m AmkodéZ lrg_W© ho H¥ îUmVrar Ambo Agbo Var, Ë`m§Zr n«m_w»`mZo
hm [dMma H obm H r, am_amÁ`mMr JwT r C^maÊ`mgmRr JwáMa `§ÍmUm AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Oar
hm ^mJ ehmOramOm§À`m A_bmImbr Agbm Var gÎmm[Ye ho `m¡dZM hmoVo. Aemdoir JwánUo
H mamo^ma H aUo Bï Amho. `mbm XwOmoam amOH maU ~hwV H amd§o & nU H io[M ZoXmd§o && [H§ dm
AH« m AH« m ~hw AH« m & H m` AH« m H io[MZm & Jwá V§o Jwá, OmUmd§o & AmZ§XdZ^wdZr AmXr
g_W© dmL²_`mVyZ [_iVmo. hm JwánUm amIÊ`mgmRrM lrg_Wmª Zr H¥ îUmVrar n[hbm _méVr
_hm~ioída `oWo ñWmnZ H obm. na§Vy _hm~ioída ho [VW©ñWmZ Agë`mZo VoWo daXi Amho
ho g_WmªZr hoabo.
JwáVm amIUo hmM _wb^yV CÔoe Agë`mZo lrg_WmªZr øm 11 _méVrMr [ZdS
H obr. øm AH amhr Jmdm§g Ver VwaiH dñVr, Ë`m§Mon«_mUo Vgo hr Jm§do Xwb©jrV, ømM
Jmoï rMm lrg_WmªZr \ m`Xm KodyZ `oWo _méVram`mMr ñWmnZm H éZ Y_mªMr JwT r C^mabr.
hr AH am ñWmZo åhUOo lrg_WmªÀ`m g§Xoe dhZmMo _yi hmoVo. `oWyZM [Z`moOZmMr
Ywam g_W©nUo gm§^mibr OmV hmoVr.
Va OJXwÜXmamÀ`m H m`m©V Á`m ñWimMm _w»`Ëdo H éZ lrg_WmªZr \ m`Xm H éZ
KoVbm. Ë`m AH am Jmdmg Am[U Ë`m _méVrg AmO [deof _hËd n«má Pmbo.

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 g§X^©

(1) Xod e§H a lrH¥ îU, lrg_Wm©dVma, n«H meH - H oed [^H mOr Tdio,
Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr 2006, nmZ Z§. 186
(2) Xod e§H a lrH¥ îU, lrg_Wm©dVma, n«H meH - H oed [^H mOr Tdio,
Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr 2006, nmZ Z§. 202
(3) Sm°. Omoer Zr. nw., ^maVr` _y[V©emó, n«H meH - A. A§. Hw bH Uu ,
n«W_md¥Îmr 1979, nmZ Z§. 24
(4) hfo© nw. [d., g_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr, n«H meH - H oed [^H mOr Tdio,
Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr XmgZd_r 1998, nmZ Z§. 40-41
(5) _wio amO§oÐ H ., gmW© _méVr ñVmoÍm, n«H meH - n«H me `. Hw§ Xya (_o. emaXm
gm[hË`) Zmair nm¡[U©_m 2004, nmZ Z§. 27
(6) hfo© nw. [d., g_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr, n«H meH - H oed [^H mOr Tdio,
Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr XmgZd_r 1998, nmZ Z§. 27
(7) H mbJm§dH a AmÊUm~wdm, lrg_W© ñWm[nV AH am _méVr, n«H meH - am. Zm.
JmoS~mobo, nwZ_w©ÐU [Vgao 1987, nmZ Z§. 3
(8) nmJm§aH a bú_U am_M§Ð, O` O` aKwdra g_W©, n«H meH - H oed [^H mOr Tdio,
Amd¥Îmr 2 ar, Owb¡ 2001, nmZ Z§. 206
(9) nmJm§aH a bú_U am_M§Ð, O` O` aKwdra g_W©, n«H meH - H oed [^H mOr Tdio,
Amd¥Îmr 2 ar, Owb¡ 2001, nmZ Z§. 233
(10) nmJm§aH a bú_U am_M§Ð, O` O` aKwdra g_W©, n«H meH - H oed [^H mOr Tdio,
Amd¥Îmr 2 ar, Owb¡ 2001, nmZ Z§. 233-34

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