The Problems and Adjustments

Encountered by the Nursing Sophomore

Students of Calamba Doctors Colleges
School Year 2009-2010
Chapter 1
The Problems and Its Background
Introduction:
Nursing is generally defined as caring for the sick and disabled and
promoting good health practices. It is one of the health care professions.
Nurses administer treatments as prescribed or authorized by physicians.
Nursing care ranges from simple tasks to complex procedures.
Compared to other fields such as engineering, nursing has lots of special
areas where nurses can enhance potentials, skills and abilities. There are
staff nursing, operating room nursing, public or community health
nursing, occupational or industrial nursing, military nursing and school
nursing. All of these special areas have one and only one focus and it is
the welfare of an individual. Therefore, the goals of nursing practices are
not only to promote health, prevention of illness, alleviation of sufferings
but also restoration of health to a highest possible level.
Entering and choosing nursing as a course is not that easy, one should
complete the requirements before being admitted to take the course. A
student should pass the examination and interviews conducted by one of
the members of the administration. Moreover, one should have also
passed the other medical requirements or physical tests.
Nursing as a course requires a lot of time, effort, and money.
Financial problem for the nursing student is not new. It is
a big barrier or hindrance. For instance, failure to send
himself to the affiliation program required by the school in
order to enhance his skills and abilities in clinical area
might develop for him negative attitudes towards work
and studies. Different references, paraphernalia’s as well
as affiliation fees are required in this course. One should
learn to budget his money and prioritize his needs
accordingly. Another area of conflict is on schedules.
Students should learn hoe to adjust their schedules. The
nursing course follows a very hectic schedule and includes
a lot of activities among these are paper works, actual
demonstrations, research as well as nursing related
learning experience (or clinical duty). On the whole,
nursing students should know how to cope with these
various problems and to make the necessary adjustments.
Calamba Doctors Colleges sees to it that its students are properly equipped
with knowledge, training and experience. The College sends students to
medical related establishments. Where it is affiliated like Philippine
Orthopedic Center, National center for Mental Health and San Lazaro
Hospital. In these areas, students easily correlate theories to actual
situations. In this way, students enhance and widen their knowledge for
future needs. Society nowadays keeps changing. Calamba Doctors
Colleges sees to it that their students are up-to-date with these changes.
The College sponsor educational programs which can enrich the
knowledge of their students. However, despite the concentrated efforts
of the administration, teaching and non-teaching staff, student’s still
encounter problems which can affect their studies and personalities.
Level 1 or the first year of college education is just like their senior year in
high school. Level 2, however, is considered as the most critical period.
Most of the sophomore students fall under the period of adolescence. At
this stage “storm and stress” came out. As such problems greatly affect
their performance in school and off-school. Moreover, when problems
arise they cannot separate home from school and affiliated hospitals
which unknowingly affected their performances.
This was the basic reason why the researchers selected the sophomore
nursing students as their subjects for the study.
Theoretical Framework
All person experience conflicts in life. In fact they produce some coping mechanisms
in order to treat these conflicts. In this study; the researchers were only
interested to know the problems which the adolescents encounter. They
particularly chose the Sophomores among our nursing students because it is on
this level of the nursing students curriculum where the students are for the first
time exposed to the hospital setting where problems are most likely to occur.
In 1950, Ross L. Mooney assisted by Leonard Gordon, both working with the
Bureau of Educational Research of Ohio State University studied the problems
affecting the college students. According to Mooney, students in college often
face trouble, some problems in areas of health, money, social life, relations with
people, religion, studying, selecting courses, and the like. They come up with the
Mooney Problem Checklist. This was adapted by Layog, Peconcillo in his study
on the Adjustments of Selected Sophomore Nursing Students of Ortañes
University and likewise used by the researchers in this study.
When problems/conflicts arise different coping mechanisms are done so as to treat
these problems. Murphy emphasized that coping process vary with what is
called for in the coping adjustment process. Achieving gratification, eliminating
threat, overcoming frustrations or making the most of challenge require
appropriate action of some sort.
Conceptual Framework
In this conceptual model two boxes can be
seen, one on the left and the other is on
the right. The left one contained the
problems which were classified into
eleven areas. The arrow pointing towards
the student which means that these
problems.
Statement of the Problem
The present study attempted to investigate the problems and
adjustments encountered by the Sophomore Nursing Students in
various areas for the school year 2009-2010.
Specifically it aimed to answer the following questions.
1.What are the problems encountered by Sophomore Nursing Students
along the following areas:
1.1 Adjustments to College Work (ACW)
1.2 Social Psychological Relations (SPR)
1.3 Home and Family (HF)
1.4 Curriculum and Teaching Procedures (CTP)
1.5 Social Recreational Activities (SRA)
1.6 Personal Psychological Relations (PPR)
1.7 Health and Physical Development (HPD)
1.8 Courtship, Sex and Marriage (CSM)
1.9 Finances and Living Conditions (FLC)
1.10 Morals and Religions (MR)
1.11 Future, Vocational and Educational (FEV)
2. What adjustments do the Sophomore nursing Students make with regards to their problem on:
2.1 Adjustments to College Work (ACW)
2.2 Social Psychological Relations (SPR)
2.3 Home and Family (HF)
2.4 Curriculum and Teaching Procedures (CTP)
2.5 Social Recreational Activities (SRA)
2.6 Personal Psychological Relations (PPR)
2.7 Health and Physical Development (HPD)
2.8 Courtship, Sex and Marriage (CSM)
2.9 Finances and Living Conditions (FLC)
2.10 Morals and Religions (MR)
2.11 Future, Vocational and Educational (FEV)
3. is there any significant difference in the problems encountered by the Sophomore Nursing
Students when grouped according to their:
3.1 Age;
3.2 Sex:
3.3 Birth order; and,
3.4 Number of Siblings in the family
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the problems encountered by the Sophomore Nursing
Students when grouped according to their:
1. Age;
2. Sex:
3. Birth order; and,
4. Number of Siblings in the family
 Scope, Delimitations and Limitations of the
Study
The study focused on the problems and adjustments encountered by the
Sophomore Nursing Students of Calamba Doctors’ College. The
respondents were limited only to thirty (30) Sophomore Nursing
Students of Calamba Doctors’ College who shared their perceptions
about their problems and how they adjust to them.
The problems were on the following areas: a)Adjustments to College Work
(ACW) b)Social Psychological Relations (SPR) c)Home and Family
(HF) d)Curriculum and Teaching Procedures (CTP) e)Social
Recreational Activities (SRA) f)Personal Psychological Relations (PPR)
g)Health and Physical Development (HPD) h)Courtship, Sex and
Marriage (CSM) i)Finances and Living Conditions (FLC) j)Morals and
Religions (MR) k)Future, Vocational and Educational (FEV). Moreover
the present study is focused only for the school year 2009-2010.
The interview and the questionnaire prepared did not affirm to give exact
findings the only purpose is to give results that could serve as basis for
further researcher in this matter. The study wished to determine
various problems of the Sophomore Students and their ways of
adjusting to each problem. It did not promise to give generalized results
since the respondents are in themselves limited.
Significance of the Study
The researchers decided to present this study in order to
serve as a mediator among the students, clinical
instructors and academic instructors to build a
harmonious relationship among themselves. Moreover,
when conflicts in the clinical area and academic subjects
are pin pointed and identified, the College of Nursing
maybe able to present a program that would help nursing
students to adjust or cope with their problems.
This study can also serve as a guide for future studies related
to nursing and nursing education as it will involve their
responsibilities they have to face. Hence, this study serves
as a fitting manifestations for all the hopes, dreams and
goals of a typical nursing students. The said study also
contains the fruitful years that we had in this institution
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents various studies and
literature both local and abroad.
Researchers went to various places and
establishment to gather some information
related to the present study.
 RELATED STUDIES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
According to Mendoza (2003), conflicts and frustration may causes a
person to develop feelings of tensions and anxieties. In dealing with
these problems an individual must try to adjust to various situation.
The data gathered by the researcher revealed that nursing students are
not exceptions to this problem.

Mendoza conducted a study on the problems met by the student nurses in

the clinical areas at the University of Santo Tomas. The most serious
problem met by the students was unprepared ness in handling hospital
equipment. He also observed that the students complained of knowledge
and inability of personal to demonstrate to them how to use hospital
equipment. students became tense and nervous in the clinical area.
Genciana (2005) states that the other problems met by the students nurses
in the clinical area during affiliation were the big contrast between the
theories learned and the work required in the clinical area, fear of
trying out different techniques in nursing procedures, fear of being
reprimanded by superior infant of the patients, and feeling of insecurity
regarding heavy work assignments.
 In 2004-2005, Tesaluna conducted a study on the
problems of high school students of Collegio de San
Jose Recoletes in Cebu City. The study revealed that
the greatest number of problems of the respondents
was found in the area of adjustment to school work.
Based on her findings, she recommended that the
teachers must give their full support to the students by
showing approval of well-coordinated projects by
encouraging students become independent thinkers and
through skillful questioning and proper motivation.
Likewise, Algoet (2006), in her study of problems and
solutions of the junior and senior nursing students of
Saint Theresa’s College, discovered that the greatest
number of student problems were in the areas of
personal adjustment, school life and the future.
RELATED STUDIES ABROAD
The concept of defense mechanism is referred to as
unconscious Psychological process. Defense
mechanism may be regarded as a coping process, just
as avoidance because it is psychological method in
dealing with threats and frustrations. Implied in
defense that the threat is reduced only in the mind of
the individual and not in reality (Freud, 1959).
Conn and Crowne (2002), interpreted this defense
against the threat of disapproval. The question is
extremely difficult to answer because self-awareness is
hard to evaluate except by asking the person and he
may be unwilling unable to tell us about it.
Theoretically, the person attempts to deceive himself
and those in which the aim is to deceive others.
RELATED STUDIES ABROAD
College students are prone to stress due to the transitional nature of
college life. High levels of stress are believed to affect students' health
and academic functions. If the stress is not dealt with effectively,
feelings of loneliness, nervousness, sleeplessness and worrying may
result. Effective coping strategies facilitate the return to a balanced
state, reducing the negative effects of stress.
Sophomore nursing students are exposed to a variety of stressors.
Establishing a student support system during the first year and
improving it throughout nursing school is necessary to equip nursing
students with effective coping skills. Efforts should include counseling
helpers and their teachers, strategies that can be called upon in these
students' future nursing careers.
Stress has been identified as a 20th century disease and has been viewed
as a complex and dynamic transaction between individuals and their
environments. Stressors can be broadly defined as situations or events
that have the potential to affect health outcomes .Stress can be
regarded as a psychological threat, in which the individual perceives a
situation as a potential threat .
Academic stress among college students has been a topic of interest for many years. College students,
especially freshmen, are particularly prone to stress due to the transitional nature of college life.
For example, many college students move away from home for the first time, which can
necessitate leaving all previously learned support systems such as parents, siblings and high
school friends. Students may need to develop entirely new social contacts and are expected to
take responsibility for their own needs. They may have difficulty adjusting to more rigorous
academic expectations and the need to learn to deal with individuals of differing cultures and
beliefs. Thus, stress may result from being separated from home for the first time, the transition
from a personal to an impersonal academic environment, and the very structure of the academic
experience at the college level. Significant changes in living conditions, the novel demands of the
college academic environment, and the large change in social surroundings are just a few of the
potential sources of stress for a college student. College students experience high stress at
predictable times each semester due to academic commitments, financial pressures, and lack of
time management skills. Moreover, regardless of year in school, college students often deal with
pressures related to finding a job or a potential life partner. These stressors do not cause anxiety
or tension by themselves. Instead, stress results from the interaction between stressors and the
individual's perception and reaction to those stressors. Other potential sources of stress for
college students include excessive homework, unclear assignments, and uncomfortable
classrooms. In addition to academic requirements, relations with faculty members and time
pressures may also be sources of stress.
Stress-inducing academic demands include grade competition; lack of time and issues relating to
time or task management, the need to adapt to new learning environments in terms of the
increased complexity of the material to be learned and the greater time and effort required to do
so; and the need to constantly self-regulate and to develop better thinking skills, including
learning to use specific learning techniques. Another category that evokes stress is social
adjustment, particularly adjusting to university life and separating from family and friends.
Finally, there are financial pressures and other technical difficulties. Archer and Lamnin (1985)
found that tests, grades, competition, time demands, professors and the class environment, and
concern about future careers were major sources of academic stress .
Stress and the identification of potential stressors among nursing students have received much
attention in the literature .Nursing students have the same
academic stressors as other college students, such as midterm and final examinations, research
papers and other assignments. In addition, nursing students experience a clinical
component, which is highly stressful. Students have a large amount of preparatory work
before their clinical assignments. They often must travel long distances to clinical sites and
use highly technical equipment . In addition, they must perform procedures that can cause
serious harm to their patients, thus enhancing their fear of making mistakes. Studies
indicate that nursing students may be more prone to stress than other students. Beck and
Srivastava (1991) performed a study to investigate the perception level and sources of stress
across academic years in 94 nursing students enrolled in a baccalaureate nursing program
at one university. Psychiatric symptoms were more prevalent in these students than in the
general population. Many of the items ranked as stressful by the nursing students were also
identified by other populations, such as amount of material to learn, examinations and lack
of timely feedback from faculty. In addition, the nursing students identified feelings of
inadequacy in dealing with acutely ill patients and difficulty in relationships with faculty.
Nursing students had to devote long hours to study, were given multiple assignments, and
lacked free time, timely feedback and faculty response to student needs.
In college and university students, some stress is motivating, whereas too high a level interferes
with teaching . Excessive stress can be harmful to a student's academic performance and
students who perceive their stress levels as very high may often become depressed. This
depression can lead to other mental health problems, such as excessive drinking or
indiscriminate use of other substances . Thus, academic stressors cover the whole area of
learning and achieving, as well as adjusting to a new environment, in which a great deal of
content must be assimilated in a seemingly inadequate period of time. Moreover, excessive
stress may lead a student to drop out of college . If stress is not dealt with effectively,
feelings of loneliness and nervousness, as well as sleeplessness and excessive worrying, may
result. It is important that stress intervention programs be designed to address stress in
college students. To design effective intervention programs, it is necessary to identify the
stressors specific to college students.
 Student perception of high stress levels can lead to poor academic performance,
depression, attrition and serious health problems. Methods to reduce student stress
often include effective time management, social support, positive reappraisal, and
engagement in leisure pursuits .Therefore, studying student stress and the methods
students use to deal with it can have important implications for higher education
administrators .Although students cannot avoid these stressors, their ability to adjust
to demands and cope with these stressors are important in achieving success in the
college academic and social environments .
Coping has been viewed as a stabilizing factor that may assist individuals in maintaining
psychosocial adaptation during stressful events. The process of coping is a very
complex response that occurs when an individual attempts to remove stress or a
perceived threat from the environment. Thus, the actual reaction to an environmental
event may be as important as the event itself .
Coping responses can be described as positive or negative and as reactive (i.e. reacting to
an individual's own thoughts and feelings) or active (dealing with actual stressful
situations or events). Active or reactive coping responses can be positive or negative,
depending on the situation and the content of the response . The individual may deal
with stress through several methods, including removing the stressor through
manipulating the environment, developing specific responses to help deal with the
stressor or seeking diversion from the stressor . Researchers have found that ethnic,
cultural and even socioeconomic characteristics influenced coping behaviors .
Failure to resolve student stress in the long term could have serious professional and
personal consequences .The primary objective of the present study was to identify the
sources of stress in undergraduate nursing students. We also wished to assess whether
there were any differences between students in different years of nursing school in
their experience of stress sources and to determine the most and least common coping
strategies used by these nursing students.
 RELATED LITERATURE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
The articles and readings related to mental health were reviewed because of their
relevance to the present study. The following factors affects in every individual as
he/she undergoes the different stages of life.
A.HOME
The home is the cradle of the child. It is the basic foundation for the child’s growth and
development. It is the first and foremost agency that conditions or take care new
born before any institutions can have a chance to make an impression upon him.
Satisfactory family life is absolutely necessary to the adequate development of the child.
It is the emotional atmosphere of the home that the child initially encounters and
will determine his feelings of personal security, safety, and acceptance or of anxiety
and defiance of authority.
Personality and environment are quite mutually inclusive and that Family cohesion and
disruption are of fundamental importance to adjustment and personal
development. As such break of home can be most damaging influence on the
psychological well-being of the child. The saying “a broken home results in a
broken child “, has been found to be true in a majority of instances Patterns of
adjustment, from simple symptomatic behavior such as nail biting, thumb-sucking
to the most serious delinquencies are associated with the break up of the home.
Hence, it is necessarily that the child develops on deeps sense of inner security and
belonging which only an affectionate home atmosphere can provide for the child to
achieve a wholesome adjustment and psychological stability. The inadequate
parent-child relationship and detrimental practices common among parents in the
home may be characterized as follows:
Emotional rejection of the child
Rejection may be defined as an overt behavior toward an individual which leads
him to believe that he/she is neither loved nor valued
Rejection causes the child to fear those who willing to abandon him.
The following are parental practices indicative of parental rejection:
Emphasis on the children’s short coming
Severe punishment and negative responses (scold, ridicule, threats)
Rigid discipline
Desertion
Eviction (to expel by a legal process)
Unfavorable comparisons with other children
Deliberate statements to the indicating that he is unwanted
Domination of the parents
Some parents are so rigid and uncompromising with their standards that
considerable anxiety is created in the child. Thumb-sucking, nail biting and
bed-wetting which frequently are the results of anxiety and tension in the
child. He feels increasingly rejected and is likely to continue is thumb sucking.
Submission to the child
A submissive parent is defined as one who capitulates to unrealistic demands
and request, usually following pressures and teasing on the part of
child. An illness of severe nature usually renders the mastering his
parents. The strategy most frequently used is that of temper tantrums
particularly that type of tantrum in which the child holds his breath to
the point becoming blue in the face or other display of emotions he
gets what he wants.
Overprotection of the child
Overprotection by a parent involves excessive attention and pampering of
the child without offering opportunities to make decisions or to assume
responsibilities. Usually, the child is given everything they wants and
lets them every they catered to. Children who are thus spoiled are
likely to fail in becoming self-reliant and in coping with even minor
frustrations they have to face I life. Over solicitude, over protections
are usually due to maladjustment on the part of the parents. There are
four factors which appear to account for such overindulgence;
Absence of love and affectionate in the parents own
childhood
Inharmonious marital relationship
Frustrations of personal achievement or wanting of vocational aspirations
Loss of mate or of another child
B. SCHOOL
Education starts from birth and continues until life. It embraces Individual the ability to be
flexible and responsible with the changing folkways and more. Teachers and students
should learn how to adopt themselves to constant charge and free themselves of rigidity.
The objectives of personal development are the following:
To develop a well-adjust personality
To present personality maladjustment
To help in the readjustment of these who have already
developed personality maladjustment
Sound thinking and effective learning characterized by adequate practical knowledge of
the world are the major aspects that sustain the mental health of both the child and
adult. The assist the child with his mental health problems just as it endeavors to keep
the child well-informed. The school curriculum is from the time being redesigned in
ways that can better promote intellectual development and personality adjustment.
(Gaerlan et al, 2006)
Emotional disturbances may occur in any stage of person’s development and in any part of
the school system. Some have this origin or at least became more pressing in the
secondary school. Physiological bringing with increased size and strength, sex impulses,
responsibilities resulting from approaching maturity-all are very important instability.
Such emotional conditions are after the cause of maladjustment and in the growth toward
“optional maturity” that is in the ability to direct his strong basic emotions into
channels that lead to the attainment, of ends that are socially desirable and individual
satisfying. (Cardovan, 2004)
 RELATED LITERATURE ABROAD
When thousands of freshmen arrive at college and
Universities, many problem an adjustment confront them
in their new environment. Most students adjust
satisfactorily they find new activities develop new interest
and participate in new activities which serve as the outlets
for their needs. The analysis of adjustment however is not
yet complete. It is not enough merely to know that a
person’s copes with threats or frustration. Such as
variations in the ways people cope with threat and
frustration must be examined carefully in an attempt to
understand them.

Luis Murphy and her colleges used the meaning of the concept
of coping more understandably. The new situation Murphy
referred to were such experience as going to school or
having to deal with the demand as strange laboratory test.
She also recognized four interfering psychological condition Such as threat,
challenge, frustration and gratification. She emphasized that coping /
adjustment process. Achieving gratifications, eliminating threat,
overcoming frustration or making the most of challenge appropriate of
some sort. (Murphy et al,2005)
Positive adjustment should be learned by an individual to alternatives
which must be attractive as much as possible. One most work in a
relaxed non-threatening environment. As presented by Lewin,
adjustment process is instigated by a deficit mean which procedures
disagreeable tension. To reduce the tension, person must react in some
ways thus, action is usually an attempt to overcome a thwarting object
or circumstances. After various attempts to reduce tension, sooner or
later the person is driven to make a choice. When a person decide to
choose a less appealing substitute, goal is not satisfying original choice.
The needs a defense mechanism to soothe his age.
There is a lot of defense mechanism that can be used. The most common is
“RATIONALIZATION” whereas we give socially acceptable reasons
for our behavior. Another natural reaction to a frustrating situation is
to simply leave the field”. This aspect of reaction is not really a solution.
Tension remains which lead to undesirable behavior. An individual
must build up enough confidence to deal to his own problem.
(Lewin,2005).
SYNTHESIS
Home and school are the factors which have significant
effects on the development of an individual. The home
is the basic foundation for the child’s growth and
development the school on the other hand assist the
child with his mental health and keeps him well-
informed. Almost all freshmen and neophytes in college
or University are confronted with many problems on
adjustment. Conflicts and frustration may causes a
person to develop feeling of tensions and anxieties. In
dealing with these problems an individual must try to
adjust to various situations. Positive adjustment should
be learned.
CHAPTER 3
Methodology
This Chapter presents the research design
subjects of study, descriptions of instrument
used, data gathering procedures, validation
of questionnaires and statistical instrument
used.
Research Design
This study used the descriptive method of
research. The descriptive type of
research encompasses several steps. It
goes beyond mere gathering and data
tabulation. It involves interpretation of
meaning, implication and significance of
what is being described. Moreover, the
present study aimed to determine the
problems and adjustments of sophomore
nursing students both home and school.
The Sample
The researchers employed thirty (30) sophomore nursing
students who were enrolled in the college of nursing
school year 2009-2010 only one of these nursing
students is male their age ranged 17 to 19 years old.
The survey questionnaires revealed that 27 of them
were first born in the family. They were affiliated in
Calamba Doctor’s College in 2009-2010. Since
sophomores are first timer in the clinical area which is
the foundation are Related Learning Experience (RLE)
the researchers believed that they have problems and
adjustments pertaining to their studies and affiliation.
Instruments and Data gathering Procedure
A. Questionnaire
Based on the researchers reading on related studies and issues,
gathering instruments was partly based. A questionnaire was
formulated and submitted to a committee for approval, Permission of
the College of Nursing in order to conduct the study.
The data gathering instruments consist of two specific ranged of their
answer which is represented by parts. The first part requires some
personal information and questions which require the respondents to
choose the number 1 to 3. The other half of the questionnaire
requires the respondents to choose one appropriate adjustments they
do in specific area.

B. Observation
The researches like wise observe the attitudes and behavior of the
respondents towards their relationships with their classmates and
peers. Most of the students willingly expressed their emotions
towards their problems.
VALIDATION OF QUESTIONAIRES
The 300 problems in the Masteral Thesis of Peconcillo Layog
(1986) was used in the study. These were presented to the
third year nursing students for pre-testing . they were asked
to underline the problems which a student encounters. Then
they were asked to encircle the number of problems which
they think affected them most. The researchers then tallied
and classified these into eleven (11) areas. Each was then
trimmed down to five (5) sub problems. The final draft for
the questionnaire about the problems encountered by the
Sophomore Nursing Students was written with the following
options whether the student encounters the problem always,
sometimes, or never. Likewise, the second set questionnaire
was prepared which is about the adjustments made by the
students regarding each problem are this is in the form of
checklist.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

To give valid interpretation of the data, the following statistics were employed.
Weighted Mean
This was used to determine the gravity of the problem and area presented. To interpret
data from responses on the problems encountered by the nursing Students, the
following choices were: 1-Always, 2-Sometimes, and 3-Never. To interpret the results
verbally, the following scale and categories were used.
Ranking
This was used to find out which of the problems of the nursing students are more likely to
be encountered always.
This was also used in ranking the adjustments.
Percentage
This was used as a descriptive measure together with the frequency distribution to show
the relationship between the magnitude of the item being described and its relation to
the whole. The formula is P= x (100/n) where P stands for percentage value, x the
number to be computed, 100 is a constant number and n is the total number of cases.
Scale Verbal Description
2.51- 3.00 Never
1.51- 2.50 Sometimes
1.00- 1.50 Always
One-Way ANNOVA- This is used to test the null hypothesis.