GPON Fundamentals 11-06-09 Final

GPON/FTTH
PTCL Training & Development

Content Development Team
• Muhammad Usman Senior Instructor, PTC Lahore

• Muhammad Pervaz Ahmad Senior Instructor, PTC Faisalabad
• Muhammad Zeeshan Senior Instructor, PTCL Staff College, Haripur
• Nasir Mahmood, Lecturer, PTCL Academy, Islamabad
• Muhammad Pervez, Lecturer, PTCL Staff College, Haripur
• Jamil Ahmed, Lecturer, PTC Peshawar
• Jamil-ud-din, Instructor, PTC Multan
• Muhammad Zaheer, Instructor, PTC Quetta
• Muhammad Umer Farooq, Junior Instructor, PTC Karachi
• Ahmad Ali Shah, Junior Instructor, PTC Peshawar
• Ghulam Mustafa, Junior Instructor, PTC Sukkur
2 PTCL Training & Development

Objectives
After completion of this course, the participants will
be able to:
– List the limitations of traditional copper based
access network and explain how GPON addresses
these limitations
– Describe the Architecture of an optical access
network
– Identify the components and operation of GPON
– Describe Key GPON technology.

Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Standards
4. GPON Reference Model
5. GPON Key Technologies
6. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
7. Basic Services over GPON Network

Overview of Access Network

Definition (AN)
It is access of customer to the telecommunication
services or vice versa.
Traditionally it was called OSP (Outside Plant)

or LN (Local Network) or Local Loop.
Access Network is a network that connects a

user to the telecommunication services.

Access Network
EX
Access Network
LE
END USER
AN is called “the last mile of Telecom Netw

EX

Role of AN in the Operator’s Business
• Final tool for service delivery to the end users

Quality & flexibility of AN determine the speed and quality of
service to the end users • Major cost factor for the
operator
Accounts for about 40~50% of total telecom
network investment • Very important in
a competitive
End user environment
oriented, generates revenue for operators
Services
Services
Access Network
node
End user
Motive: revenue
Good AN, Better Services, More Revenue !

138
Types of Access Networks
• Wired Access Networks
– Copper wired Access Networks
• 2 W-Loop for POTS, ISDN,XDSL
• Fiber optic based access Networks

– FTTB
– FTTC
– FTTH
• For POTS, ISDN,XDSL, VOIP, TV, MSAN.
• Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable Systems

– Access network for the cable TV networks, Internet, VOIP.
• Wireless Access System (WLL)

– CDMA
– Wi-MAx

Characteristics of Traditional Access Mode
Feeder layer Distribution layer Drop layer

500m~1 10~300 m
3~5 km km
LE CC D.P
Connection
Central office Cabinet
Distribution
Box
USER
Copper Cables Based
• Point to point/star
architecture
• Tailored to voice/low speed
data
• passive

Limitation of Traditional Access Mode
Feeder layer Distribution layer Drop layer

500m~1 10~300 m
3~5 km km
LE CC D.P
Connection
Central office Cabinet
Distribution
Box
USER
Copper Cables Based
• Small coverage
• Limited bandwidth
• Maintenance
complexity
• Reliability cut
down
Traditional access mode has become the
• Enormous
“bottleneck” of modern telecom network!
investment
How to Overcome the “bottleneck”
Optical Integrated Services

Access Network
!
Advantages:
Wide Coverage
Broad Bandwidth
Easy
Maintenance
High Reliability
Low Investment 140
Access Network Status
During the current period of transition, global telecom carriers

need to:
1. Enhance service competitiveness and provide more services.

2. Increase ARPU (Average Revenue Per User) value and reduce
the maintenance cost by binding multiple services.
3. Improve customers’ satisfaction on the network and reduce
the customer churn rate.
To make a success in the transition,

increasing the bandwidth is the prerequisite.

Introduction-Broadband Services
• Voice services revenue is getting flat
• On a world wide basis, the market is calling
out for broadband which allows for the wide
range of applications and products e.g.,
• High speed internet access
• Sophisticated telephony services
• High definition TV
• Video on demand
• Network based gaming
• Music and moving down load
• Education and business based video conferencing
• Telemedicine.

Narrowband and Broadband Services
Internet connection Time to down load a Time to down load a Streaming video
speed typical web page typical 5 min song quality
56K dial-up modem 14 sec 12 min 30 sec -
256K broadband 3 sec 3 min Low Quality

512K broadband 1.6 sec 1 min 30 sec
1Mb broadband 0.8 sec 41 sec
2Mb broadband 0.4 sec 20 sec Medium Quality
4Mb broadband 0.1 sec 5 sec

6Mb broadband Instantaneous Instantaneous
8Mb broadband Instantaneous Instantaneous TV Quality

How to provide Broadband services
through Access Network
• Digital Subscriber Line
• Cable Modem
• Fiber in The Loop
• Wireless
• Satellite
• Broadband over Power Lines

Development Trend of the Access Network
- All over IP
Wireless Voice
Online Gaming
Wireless Data
High Speed
Streaming
Location &
Servic
Message
Directory
Presence
Message
Internet
Dial-up
Storage
Video
Voice
Voice
VoIP
Data
e
FR Eth/IP/MPLS
X.25
Core IP Aggregation
Network
ATM
ON
Wi
PSTN SDH
GP
DSL
PDH
r el
Cable
TH
es
Access ADSL
s
FT
GSM/GPRS CDMA
Ethernet

What is FTTH? Copper
// Fiber
CO/HE
CO/HE
//
Old networks, optimized for voice 2 Mbps
CO/HE
//
Optical networks, optimized for voice, 1 Gbps +

video and data
Note: network may be aerial or underground

What is FTTH?
• “An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the customer’s premise.
Although the first installed capacity of a FTTH network varies, the
upgrade capacity of a FTTH network exceeds all other transmission
media.”
– OAN: Optical Access Network
– ONU: Optical Network Unit
– OLT: Optical Line Termination
OAN
CO/HE
//
OLT ONU

FEATURES OF OPTICAL FIBER
 High Transmission Capacity

 Low Attenuation
 Long Repeater Spacing
 No Cross talk and Signal Leakage
 Small size and Light weight
 Security of service

DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER
 Small bending causes radiation loss

 Optical Fiber connections need to align the fiber
core with fine precision
 A very small flaw (hole) at the fiber surface
weaken the strength of fiber
 Optical Fiber is very Fragile

Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper
• A single copper pair is capable
of carrying 6 phone calls
• A single fiber pair is capable of

carrying over 2.5 million
simultaneous phone calls 64
channels at 2.5 Gb/s)
• A fiber optic cable with the same
information-carrying capacity
(bandwidth) as a comparable
copper cable is less than 1% of
both the size and weight

Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper
Glass Copper
• Uses light • Uses electricity
• Transparent • Opaque
• Dielectric material- • Electrically conductive material
nonconductive – Susceptible to EMI
– EMI immune • High thermal expansion
• Low thermal expansion • Ductile material
• Brittle, rigid material • Subject to corrosion and
• Chemically stable galvanic reactions
• Fortunately, its recyclable

What is a Fiber Optic Cable?
• An optical fiber (or fiber) is a glass or

plastic fiber designed to guide light
along its length

History of Optical Communication
Hand signals, Flags and Smoke Signals
Light Transmission through bent water jet
1000 Nature of light was defined and laws of reflection given
1880 Photo Phone by A.G. Bell
1962 Laser diode
1966 Idea of optical fiber for communication by Kao & Hock ham
1970 Chemical vapor deposition(VCD) < 20 db/ Km by Corning
1973 MCVD <1 db/Km by Bell Systems

INTRODUCTION
To
LIGHT
Law of Reflection
 This law states that “ when a ray of
light is reflected from a surface, the
angle of reflection is equal to the angle
of incidence”.

Law of Reflection
Normal Normal
i 1 r 1
i2 r2
i= r
1 1 i= r
2 2

Refraction
 It is the bending of light rays due to

changes in the speed of propagation when light
enters from one medium to another.
 The angle at which the light bends is a function
of the medium’s “ index of refraction”.

Angle of Incidence
A B
Glass Glass
Air Air
Angle of Refraction
Critical Angle = Angle of

Angle of Incidence
Reflection
Glass Glass
C Air 900 Air D
The critical angle of incidence.

Refraction
n 1
n 2> n n 2
1
β
Refraction of a light ray passing through an optically denser medium .

Index of Refraction
 It is the ratio of the speed of light

through a medium to the speed of light
through vacuum.
Index of refraction =n = Vc
Vg

Index of Refraction
 It is equal to the sine of the angle of incidence

divided by the sine of the angle of refraction.
Index of refraction =n =
sin θ i
sin θ r

Refractive Indices
MATERIAL INDEX OF REFRACTION
VACCUM 1.0000
AIR 1.0003
MERCURY VAPOUR 1.0009
WATER 1.3
GLASS 1.6
DIAMOND 2.4
Selected indices of refraction

Propagation Principles
in
Optical Fiber

Fiber Optic Principles
 Optical fiber is basically a glass waveguide.

 Different wavelengths of light are directed
through the fiber core by refraction
& reflection.
 Different wavelengths relate to different
colors.

Wavelength
 Invisible = Infrared (high band)

 Visible = 400 - 750 nm
 Invisible = Ultra-violet (low-band)
 850 nm and 1300 nm / Multi-mode LED
 1310 nm and 1550 nm / Single-mode LED

Light Propagation in Optical Fiber
 Propagation of light in an optical fiber

requires that the light be totally confined
within the fiber.
 The above object can be obtained in two
different ways
 Total Internal Reflection
 Continuous Refraction

Total Internal Reflection
 Most widely used method for the

propagation of light through optical fiber
is the total internal reflection.
 The amount and direction of deflection is
determined by the amount of difference in
refractive indices as well as the angle at
which the rays strike the boundary.

Total Internal Reflection (Continued)
 For incidence angles equal to or greater

than the critical angle, the glass air
boundary will act as a mirror and no light
escape from the glass.
 Example:
Sin Ø c n2 (Glass) 1
= n (Air) = 1.5
Sin 90 1
Sin Øc = 0.6667 Ø c = 41.8 0

 For incidence angles equal to or greater

than the critical angle, the glass air
boundary will act as a mirror and no light
escape from the glass.
 Example:
Sin Ø c n2 (Glass) 1
= n (Air) = 1.5
Sin 90 1
Sin Øc = 0.6667 Ø c = 41.8 0

Out Going Ray
Incoming Ray
Light propagation within a flexible glass fiber.

Continuous Refraction (Continued)
 Very complex core structure

 High refractive index (n ) at the center 1
decreases gradually to a lower refractive

index (n ) at the circumference.
2

 In step index fiber, the index profile for a

constant index fiber displays a sharp step
at the fiber’s perimeter.
 The variable index fiber shows an index
profile that has its highest value in the
center and slops away gradually. This is
referred to as a graded-index fiber.

STEP INDEX FIBER GRADED INDEX FIBER
A B
n1
n2
A comparison of index profiles for step-index and graded-index fibers.

How light rays react to a gradually changing index ?
n1
n2
n3
n4
n1
n2
n3
n4
Hypothetical Multilayer Fiber

3 n4 5
6
2 n 3
1 7
n 2
n 1
n 2
n 3
n 4
Light propagation with in a hypothetical multi layer fiber.

Core Profile (Continued)
1.490
Refractive Index Difference
1.485
1.480
1.475
1.470
1.465 Cladding 62.5 micron core Cladding
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
Fiber Radius (microns)

The effects of increasing the number

of refractive layers while maintaining
the same n

CENTER
OUTSIDE
FOUR LAYERS

CENTER
OUTSIDE
EIGHT LAYERS

CENTER
OUTSIDE
INFINITE LAYERS

Graded index Fiber
 Graded-index fiber becoming very popular

for specialized applications.
 It is relatively expensive to manufacture,
due to its complex core structure.
 It is also more difficult to workwith.

Two Methods of Optical Confinement
Continuous Refraction (Graded Index Fiber)
Total Internal Refraction (Step Index Fiber)

Classification of Optical Fiber
on the basis of
Areas of Application

FIBER OPTIC CABLES
Internal External
Duct Cable
Simplex Cord Underground Cables
Direct Burial Cable
Duplex Cord
Underwater Cable
Breakout Cable
Short Span Cable
Distribution Cable
Long Span Cable Aerial Cables
OPGW Cable

Classification on Application
 Indoor cable
 Direct buried cable
 Duct cable
 Aerial cable
 Underwater cable

 Indoor cable
 Duct cable
 Aerial cable

Breakout Cable
Simplex Cord
Duplex figure – 8 / Zip Cord

Breakout Cable
Continued
PVC sheath
PVC jacket
Centre member
Buffered Optical Fiber
Aramid yarn

Distribution Cable
Aramid yarn
Optical Fiber
Tight buffer
Flame retardant PVC &
zero halogen sheath

 Indoor cable
 Duct cable
 Aerial cable

Direct Burried Cable
Central strength member
Jelly filled loose tube
PE inner sheath
Corrugated coated steel tape armour
Moisture barrier sheath

PE outer sheath

 Indoor cable
 Duct cable
 Aerial cable

DUCT CABLE
Polyethylene outer sheath

Polyester tapes
Jelly
strength member
Small Loose tube
Optical fiber

 Indoor cable
 Duct cable
 Aerial cable

Aerial Fiber Optic Cable
 Several variations of Aerial cables are

available for fiber optic, depending on
the placement, application and
environment.

AERIAL CABLE – Tight Buffer
Supporting strength member

PE sheath
Tight buffer

AERIAL CABLE – Loose Tube
Optical fiber

Jelly filed Loose tube
Supporting strength member
High density PE sheath

AERIAL CABLE - Short Span

Moister resistant jelly
Loose tube
PE sheath
Aramid yarn
High density PE sheath

AERIAL CABLE – Long Span
Optical Fiber
Jelly Filled Slotted core

PE Inner sheath
Rods Reinforcing
PE outer sheath

 Indoor cable
 Duct cable
 Aerial cable

Under Water Cable
Optical fibers in loose tube
Heat sealable tape
PE inner sheath
Moisture barrier sheath
Bitumen layer
Armoring wires
PE outer sheath

Insertion loss Repeatability Fiber type Application
Connector
0.06-1.00 dB 0.20dB SM,MM Telecommunication
0.20-0.50dB 0.20dB SM,MM Telecommunication
0.20-0.70dB 0.20dB MM Fiber Optic Networks
0.50-1.00dB 0.20dB SM,MM Datacom,Telecommunicat
ion
0.20-0.70dB 0.20dB SM,MM Fiber Optic Networks

Connector Insertion loss Repeatability Fiber type Application
0.30-1.00dB 0.25dB SM,MM High–density
Interconnects
0.20-0.45dB 0.10dB SM,MM Telecommunication
0.2-0.45dB 0.10dB SM,MM Datacom
0.40-0.80dB 0.30dB MM Military
Typ.0.40dB (SM) Typ.0.40dB (SM) SM,MM Inner-/intra-building

Typ.0.50dB (MM) Typ.0.20dB (MM) Security, Navy

ADAPTERS
ST Adapter SMA Adapter

ADAPTERS Continued
D4 Adapter DIN Adapter

ADAPTERS Continued
Biconic Adapter FC Adapter

ADAPTERS Continued
SC Adapter Mini- BNC Adapter

Optical Fiber Structure
• Core
 Thin glass centre of the fiber where the light travels
• Cladding
 Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the
core
• Coating
 Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture
• Glass
 Glass core – glass cladding
 Lowest attenuation
• Plastic
 Plastic core – plastic cladding
 Highest attenuation
• Plastic-clad silica
 Glass core – plastic cladding
 Intermediate attenuation

TYPES OF FIBRES
1. SINGLE-MODE 2. MULTI-MODE
SINGLE-MODE
In single-mode fibre only one ray, or mode, of light

propagates down the core at a time. It is used
primarily for telephony and cable television
applications, and is used increasingly for campus
backbones.

MULTI-MODE
Multi-mode fibre was the first type of fibre to be

commercialized and is commonly used for data
communications. In multi-mode fibre many rays, or
modes, of light propagate down the core
simultaneously. Multi-mode fibre typically is used in
private premises networks, where signals are
transmitted less than two kilometers.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
SINGLE-MODE
1. Diameter of core is less
2. Only one mode is propagated
3. Used for Short Haul & Long Haul Transmission
MULTI-MODE
1. Diameter of core is more

2. More than one mode are propagated
3. Used for Short Haul transmission

Fiber Optic ITU Standards
• G.651 MMF
Large core: 50-62.5 microns in diameter
Transmit infrared light (wavelength=850 to 1300
nm)
Light Emitting Diode
• G.652 SMF
Small core: 8-10 microns in diameter
Transmit laser light (wavelength= 1200 to 1600
nm)
Laser Diode

OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
Fibres
Slotted
Inner Core
Steel Armoring
Polly-ethylene
Middle sheet
Polly-ethylene
Polly-ethylene
sheet
sheet
Strengthening
member
Corrugated
steel
tape
Fiber Optic Cable Construction

Why Total Internal Reflection
• Concept
Light travels through the core constantly
bouncing from the cladding
• Distance
A light wave can travel great distances because
the cladding does not absorb light from the core
• Signal degradation
Mostly due to impurities in the glass

REASON OF ABSORPTION LOSSES IN
FIBER
 Atomic Defects in Glass composition

 Impurities of metal ions
 Electronic absorption bands in the ultra-violet
region
 Atomic vibration bands in the near infrared
region
 Intrinsic absorption

Attenuation Vs. Wavelength

O-band E-band S-band C-band L-band U-band

Optical Fiber Transmission System
• Optical Transmitter:
• Produces and encodes the light signal.
• Optical Amplifier:
• May be necessary to boost the light signal (for long distance)
• Optical Receiver:
• Receives and decodes the light signal
• Optical Fiber:
• Conducts the light signal over a distance
Tx Amp Rx

Optical Transmitter
•Function:
–Electrical to optical converter
•Types:
–Light Emitting Diode (LED)
–Laser Diode (LD)
•Comparison:
Item LED LD
Data rate Low High
Mode Multimode Multimode/Single mode
Distance short long
Temp sensitivity minor substantial
cost low expensive

Optical Amplifier
• Definition:
amplifier
• An optical fiber with a doped coating
• How it works:
 Most atoms in excited state rather then in ground state
 When perturbed by a photon, matter loses energy resulting in
the creation of another photon
 Second photon is created with the same phase, frequency,
polarization and direction of travel as the original.
 The perturbing photon is not destroying in the process
• Elements:
 Erbium-rare, so expensive
 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

Optical Receiver
• Function:
R
x
– Optical to electrical conversion.
• Types – photo detector:
APD - (avalanche Photo Diode)
PIN – (Positive Intrinsic Negative Photo Diode)
• How it works:
– Gives an electrical pulse when struck by light
• Error:
Thermal noise is an issue.
To make pulse powerful enough, the error rate can
be made arbitrarily small
Optical Transceiver
• Definition:
– A transmitter and a receiver in a single
housing
• Practical Implementation:
Transceivers typically comes as SFP
Small-form-factor pluggable unit
TX
R
x

Joining Fibers - connectors
• Properties:
Good alignment/correct orientation.
Presentation at the termination point of the fiber
Always introduce some loss
• Connector types:
Amount of mating cycles
LC, FC, SC,…
• Color code
APC – green
PC - blue

Optical Power Splitter
• Optical Splitter:
Typically divide an optical signal from a single
input into multiple (e.g two) output signal
Generally provide a small optical loss to the
signal passed through it

Optical Power Splitter
• Power of 2 split
• 3.5 dBm loss every split
• 1x8 has on average 3.5x3=10.5 dBm of loss
• 1x32 has on average 3.5x5=17.5 dBm of loss
• Optical budget 28 dBm = 20 km

Fiber Cable – loose tube
• Ideal for long distance
• Easy drop-off
• Standard buffer tubes for excess
fiber length
• Anti-bucking central strength
member
• Termination and splicing requires
cleaning
• Gel may weaken fiber
• Inflexible – stress buildup, cracks,
water penetration

Loose Tube Cable in FTTH
• Advantages:
 Proven technology
 Lower cost for fibers below 144 fibers
 Ease of access to individual fibers
• Disadvantages:
 Available in size only up to 432 fibers
 Cable becomes very large for size over 288 fibers
 Restoration can take longer for large count cable
 Need to pay attention to buffer tube storage in cold
weather

Tight Buffer
• Usually indoor
• Single fiber for patch-cords, pig-tails,
jumpers, linking devices.
• Multi fiber in riser application

Ribbon Cable in FTTH
• Advantages:
Proven technology
Lower cost for 144 fibers and large
Ease of access to individual fiber
Large count cables will fit in a smaller duct than the
same sized loose tube
Higher fiber count in a splice tray
• Disadvantages:
More difficult to store pass-through fiber in a ped or
splice case
Ribbon is less tolerant to physical damage than loose
tube
HOW FIBRE WORKS

Types of Windows used
• Wavelengths used for Single Mode Fiber (long distances) communications
– 1310 nm
• Usually lowest cost lasers
• Used for shorter broadcast runs and short to moderate data runs
– 1550 nm
• Can be amplified with relatively low-cost erbium doped fiber amplifiers
(EDFAs)
• Lasers are fabricated on a number of different wavelengths (about
1535 – 1600 nm) for wave division multiplexing (WDM) applications
• Slightly lower fiber loss at 1550 nm
– 1490 nm
• Increasingly popular for downstream data in 3l systems.
– Cannot be amplified as easily
– Somewhat higher device cost

Single and Dual Fiber Systems
• Single Fiber
– Downstream broadcast* on 1550 nm
– Upstream data on 1310 nm
– Downstream data on either 1310 or 1490 nm* depending on
system
– Advantages
• Less fiber deployed
• Fewer optical passives (taps or splitters)
• Fewer labor-intensive connections
* Downstream data can be carried at 1550 nm if not used for broadcast

Single and Dual Fiber Systems
• Dual Fiber
– Various plans, usually one fiber will be used for downstream and one
for upstream, or one will be used for broadcast and one for data.
Sometimes one will be used for specialized services, such as
returning RF-modulated data from set top terminals
• Advantages
– Simplifies terminal passive components
– Somewhat lower signal loss

SAFETY MEASURES REGARDING
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE HANDLING

Optical Fiber and LASER Light Safety
Safety issues relevant to operation and maintenance staff

involved in optical fiber systems fall into one of three
categories:
- Laser light Sources

- Handling of bare optical fiber ends
- Hazardous Chemicals

LASER LIGHT SOURCES
This includes both optical line transmission equipment and

Optical test equipment.
A laser can cause damage to human tissue either on the surface
of the skin or in and around the eyes.
- The Eyes
- Laser Safety Requirements
- Laser safety Procedures
- Some General Rules on Laser Safety

The Eyes
The eyes, being a very sensitive part of the human body, can
Be very susceptible to the hazards of laser light.
Laser Safety Requirements
Only staff who have attended an optical fiber training course
And had their eyes tested may install, test and optical fiber cables.
Laser Safety Procedure

-Ensure that the power is turned off at both ends of the section
while the optical fiber cable is being worked on.
-Under no circumstances should an optical fiber or connector

Vision Hazard

Vision Hazard
Continued
LASER
WARNING

Fiber
Don’t add fiber to your food !
Ingestion
Fiber
Continued
Bare fiber

OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
That is connected to an optical source, be viewed directly with

the eye or be directed at the skin.
- In some circumstances it may be necessary to test fusion slices
in conjunction with jointing operations. Under no circumstance
Must a light signal from an OTDR) be transmitted through a fiber
Until jointing staff have completed splicing operations on the
fiber
And have notified the testing Officer that it is safe to do so.

Some General Rules on Laser Safety
• Never look into the beam of a transmitting

laser, either via the output port of
equipment or the end of a connected fiber
– Initially assume that all fiber and
equipment is active in transmitting
light.
• Optical connectors should always be held
at least 300mm from the eye, etc.

HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS
• Bare fibers should be treated with more care

than handling a piece of broken glass in the
home
• If optical fiber glass accidentally penetrates the
skin, it probably remain there and eventually
infect the area around it
• However in extreme cases it could potentially
end up in the blood stream, which would be
extremely dangerous.

HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS
• Always dispose of broken fibers or fiber.
• Off cuts in receptacle designated for this
purpose i.e. fiber bin.
• Do not throw bare fiber in a waste disposal bin
or on the floor.
• Always wash hands thoroughly after handling
optical fiber, especially when eating food.
• Never touch the end of a bare fiber

FITL -Fiber in the loop
FTTB
Fiber to the Building/Basement
FTTC
Fiber to the Curb/Cabinet
FTTH
Fiber to the Home

Architecture of Optical Access Network
CO Customer
Premise
3.5-5km
xDSL 2~20Mbps Remote Business
BA DSLAM
ODN Curb
m
250-700 ge
ov ra
e
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up Urban C
FTTC OLT
MDU
Multi-Dwelling Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTB OLT
ONU
Optical Networks Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTH OLT
ONT
Optical Line Termination Optical Networks Termination

What is Optical Access Network?
From the architecture diagram, the optical access network comprises the following
scenarios:
1. FTTB scenario
SBU : Single business unit ; providing a comparatively small number of ports such as
POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports
MTU :Business Multi-tenant unit ; providing a comparatively larger number of ports,
including POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports.
FTTb ~ Fiber to the Building , is the deployment of fiber (optical) cable to a

specific location within a building, then connected to the buildings
existing copper, cable facilities.
• This deployment is also referred to as FTTB (Fiber to the Basement) &
FTTB (Fiber to the Business).
• This deployment will be the typical for MDU’s & MTU’s also known as
** FTT mdu ~ Fiber to the MDU **

2. FTTC & FTTCab scenario
. FTTC & FTTCab scenario
MDU : Multi-dwelling unit ;providing a comparatively larger number of
ports, including 10/100/1000BASE-T, VDSL2, and so on.
• FTTc ~ Fiber to the Curb , is the deployment of fiber close to
the customer but not fully to the customers residence.
• In this deployment the existing copper plant is still used to

deliver service to the actual customer.
• FTTN (Fiber to the Neighborhood) & FTTC (Fiber to the

Cabinet) generally fall under the FTTC category. Both services
are in deployment and in use, a perfect example is a
DLC/NGDLC (Digital Loop Carrier) which some of us get our
phone service from.
• A direct fiber from the CO (Central Office) is terminated at the
DLC/NGDLC and then service is delivered to the customers
residence via the copper plant.

3. FTTH scenario
• FTTH scenario
SFU : Single family unit , providing a comparatively
small number of ports, including following types: POTS,
10/100/1000BASE-T, and RF.
• FTTh ~ Fiber to the Home , is the complete

deployment of fiber to the customers home, with
replacement of there existing NID (Network Interface
Device).
This replacement device is called an ONT (Optical
Network Terminator).

Strategic Drivers for FTTH
• Multi Service Network - Service Convergence
• Each – Long distance (20 Km)
• Only active components ate OLT and ONT
splitter Passive
• Remote service provisioning
• Future proof (almost infinite bandwidth)
• Reduce operational costs
• Fiber cost decreasing compared to copper

Basic Concepts of PON

PON concept
Passive Optical Network
Optical
Network Termination
PSTN
Passive Optical
Splitter ... ..
Internet
Optical Network
..
Optical Line Unit
Terminal
IPTV ..
• PON is short for Passive Optical Network ;
• GPON architecture: Passive optical network featuring one-to-multiple-point;
– Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
– Optical Network Unit (ONU)
– Optical Distribution Network (ODN).

Why GPON?
<1Mbps 3M 8M 25M 2.5G
Access ADSL/ADSL2+ VDSL / ADSL2+ PON

Technology Copper Based Copper Based Fiber Based
Coverage ~20km
<3km <2km <1km
diameter
Internet VoD Live TV

Service HDTV VoD
Video conference
requirement Game
s Remote control HDTV
2002 2003 2006 2010
Time
• GPON supports : High-bandwidth up to 1.25Gbps/2.5Gbps

Long-reach up to 20km
– Triple-play service
• HDTV: 16-20M/program;
• Data: 10M;
• Video Conference: 4.5M
• GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.

Why PON?
• Enormous information carrying capacity
• Easily upgradeable
• Ease of installation
• Reduced O&M costs
• Long distance reach
• Secure
• Immune to electromagnetic noise
• Best suited for triple play services

GPON Services
• Business Services
– E1/PRI
– BRI
– 2G/3G
– SIP/POTS etc
– VPN & Ethernet Leased Lines/Internet Leased line
• Residential Services
– HSI (High Speed Internet) (Al Shamil)
– IPTV
– POTS

Philosophy
• Two types of FTTH networks exist today
– Retail
• Vast majority of FTTH builds today
• Network owner sells services directly to subscribers
• Follows traditional telecommunications and cable television
models
– Wholesale
• Market created by a few state laws
• Network owner sells capacity to multiple providers who in turn
sells services to subscribers
• Only examples in US today are some municipal FTTH
networks

Technical considerations
• Data
– How much per home?
– How well can you share the channel?
– Security – how do you protect the subscriber’s data?
– What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?
– Compatible business services?
• SLAs
• T1
• Support for voice?
• Support for video?
– Broadcast
– IPTV

Technical considerations
• Data
– How much per home?
– How well can you share the channel?
– Security – how do you protect the subscriber’s data?
– What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?

Technical considerations - Speed
• Data requirements
– Competition: ADSL, cable modem ~0.5 to ~1.5 Mb/s
shared, asymmetrical
– FTTH ~10 to 30 Mb/s non-shared or several 100 Mb/s
shared, symmetrical
– SDTV video takes 2-4 Mb/s today at IP level
– HDTV takes maybe 5 times STDV requirement
– Pictures can run 1 MB compressed
– 5.1 channel streaming audio would run ~380 kb/s

Technical considerations - Speed
Required Data Rate

FTTH 
HDTV
DSL or cable
modem Streaming Picture in
SDTV
audio 15 seconds
 
VoIP
Service

Technical considerations – Speed (IPTV Reference)
Estimated minimum time to acquire Braveheart

August 17, 2001:
MGM, Paramount Pictures, Sony
Pictures, Warner Brothers, and
Technology Minutes Hours Days
Universal Studios unveiled plans
for a joint venture that would Modem 56
allow computer users to kb/s
2
download rental copies of feature
films over the Internet. ISDN 128
20
kb/s
December 9, 2002:
12
“Hollywood's Latest Flop”
Fortune Magazine DSL 1 Mb/s 2.5
“The files are huge. At 952
Megabytes, Braveheart took just Cable 2.5
less than five hours to download 1
Mb/s
using our DSL Line at home… in
the same time we could have 45
made 20 round trips to our
FTTH 0.4
neighborhood Blockbuster ”

Standards

STANDARDS
• ITU-T G.983
– APON (ATM Passive Optical Network). This was the first
Passive optical network standard. It was used primarily for
business applications, and was based on ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 53-byte cell to transfer
data.
– Initial offering 155.52 Mbps Downstream, 155.52 Mbps
upstream.
– BPON (Broadband PON) is a standard based on APON

architecture. It adds support for WDM, dynamic and higher
upstream bandwidth allocation, and survivability. It also
created a standard management interface, called OMCI,
between the OLT and ONU/ONT, enabling mixed-vendor
networks.

BPON - PON FSAN / ITU-T G.983
• * BPON standard of APON (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) –
• Fiber Cable Span no more than 20Km (12Miles) of Single-mode

fiber
• Asymmetrical 622 (STM-4) / 155 (STM-I) Mbs bandwidth per OLT
path of 32 ONT's.
• OLT - WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing)
• 1550nm downstream bandwidth for (Analog / Digital / HDTV)
• 1490nm downstream data rate of 622Mbps for Voice / Data
• 1310nm upstream data rate of 155Mbps for Voice / Data
• TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) of ATM packets
• 1:32 Passive Splitter OSP Topology

STANDARDS (contd)
• IEEE 802.3ah
EPON or GEPON (Ethernet PON) is an IEEE/EFM standard
for using Ethernet for packet data. 802.3ah is now part of the
IEEE 802.3 standard.
-There are currently over 15 million installed EPON ports.
-With China's 2008 EPON deployments total installed base is
expected to reach nearly 20 million subscribers by year end
2008.
-EPON uses IP-based protocol to transfer data.
- 100 Mbps Symmetrical.
- 1.25 Gbps Symmetrical.

STANDARDS (contd)
• ITU-T G.984
GPON (Gigabit PON) is an evolution of the BPON standard. It
supports higher rates, enhanced security, and choice of Layer
2 protocol (ATM, GEM, Ethernet). In early 2008, Verizon
began installing GPON equipment, having installed over 800
thousand lines by mid year. British Telecom, and AT&T are in
advanced trials. GPON uses IP-based protocols to transfer
data.

GPON - PON FSAN / ITU-T G.984
• Fiber Cable Span no more than 20Km (12Miles) of Single-

mode fiber
• Asymmetrical 1.244 Gbps or 2.444 Gbps / 155 or 622 Mbs
bandwidth per OLT path of 32 ONT's
• OLT - WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing)
• 1550nm downstream bandwidth for (Analog / Digital / HDTV)
• 1490nm downstream data rate of 2.4 Gbps for Voice / Data
• 1310nm upstream data rate of 1.2 Gbps for Voice / Data
• TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) of ATM packets
• 1:32 Passive Splitter OSP Topology

GPON Standards
ITU-T G.984.1 ITU-T G.984.2
• Parameter description of GPON network • Specifications of ODN parameters
• Requirements of protection switch-over • Specifications of 2.488Gbps downstream optical port
• Specifications of 1.244Gbps upstream optical port
networking
• Overhead allocation at physical layer
Simple development process

Powerful compatibility
ITU-T G-984.1/2/3/4
ITU-T G.984.3
• Specifications of TC layer in the GPON system
ITU-T G.984.4
• GTC multiplexing architecture and protocol
• OMCI message format
stack
• OMCI device management frame
• GTC frame
• OMCI working principle
• ONU registration and activation
• DBA specifications
• Alarms and performance

xPON Protocols

Basic Performance Parameters of GPON
GPON identifies 7 transmission speed combination as follows:
Upstream Downstream
Rate(Gbps) Rate(Gbps)
0.15552 1.24416
0.62208 1.24416 1.24416 Gbit/s up, 2.48832 Gbit/s
down is the mainstream speed
1.24416 1.24416 combination supported at current
time.
0.15552 2.48832
0.62208 2.48832
1.24416 2.48832
2.48832 2.48832

Basic Performance Parameters of GPON
Maximum logical 60 km
reach
Maximum physical 20 km
reach
Maximum differential 20 km
fibre distance
Split ratio 1 ： 64/up to1 ：
The distance
128 between nearest
and farthest
ONTs

ITU Full Service Access Network-FSAN Standards.
• The following standards apply for APON and GPON.

- Fiber loop length limited to 20 Km between OLT and ONT.
- System will support from 2 to 64 splits within the 20 Km in any
increments or combinations (1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64). Most
designs are based on a 32-way split.
• Total optical budget is 30 db. Note. ITU G.984.2 Amendment 1
limits this to 28 db.
• Maximum difference in optical budget between the first ONT and
the last ONT is 20 db, although many manufacturers can now
support a higher optical budget difference.
- Video is an analog overlay to the digital voice and data.
- Voice and Data downstream transmission is 1480 to 1500nm.
- Voice and Data upstream is 1260 to 1360nm.
- Analog Video overlay on a single fiber system for downstream is
1550nm.

PON Architecture Choices

Architectural Choices
Selecting the Best of Multiple Choices
• Active
– Sometimes called Point-to-Point or P2P
– Dedicated fiber and optics for each subscriber
• PON
– Uses passive optical splitters to serve many
subscribers from one optical unit
– Comes in several formats:
• GPON
• BPON
• EPON

Connectors
Active Architecture
(NID)
Central Switch
Drops

Active Architecture
• Benefits
– Dedicated bandwidth per subscriber
– Simple, point-to-point topology
• Challenges
– Cost: each subscriber requires a separate
pair of optical transmitters/receivers
– Limited deployment options

PON Architecture
Connectors
(NID)
Central Switch
Passive Optical Splitter
Drops
Feeder

PON Architecture
• Benefits
– Low-cost for high total bandwidth:
matches video broadcast traffic patterns
– Flexibility in outside plant topology
• Challenges
– More complex outside plant topology
– Choices: APON, BPON, GPON, EPON?

Considerations
• A recent study found:
– Top 5% of users consume 56% of total bandwidth
– Top 20% of users consume 97% of total bandwidth
• The study also reported bandwidth by application:
– Peer-to-peer - 66%
– Web surfing - 27%
– E-Mail - 7%
• Potential Conclusion:
– Most users aren’t so bandwidth hungry or application-
sophisticated as pundits think
Source: Ellocoya Networks study, as reported by telephony.com

The Answer is
The best choice for now and the future is:

GPON

Types Of Splitting

Types of Splitting
• Centralized Splitting
• Partially Distributed Splitting
• Fully Distributed Splitting

Architectural Models
Connectors
(NID)
Centralized Splitting
Splitters are here
Local Convergence Point NAP

(Splice)
Central Switch (Splice)
Feeder
Drops
Distribution

• Target Applications:
– High customer churn
– Requirement for highly flexible connectivity
• Homerun Consolidates all Splitting to the CO
• Most Flexible Due to Central Splitting
– Highest headend flexibility/scalability
• Requires the Most Amount of Fiber
• Most Expensive, Most Flexible

Connectors
(NID)
• Partially Distributed Splitting
Local Convergence Point NAP

(Splitter)
Central Switch (Splice)
Feeder Drops
Distribution
Splitters are here

Partially Distributed Splitting
• Target Application:
– Overbuild with anticipated customer churn, slower
build out, or lower-to-mid-level take rates
• Consolidates Local Subscribers to Central
Splitter Cabinet for Adds & Drops
• Reduces Feeder Fiber Needs
• Heavy Fiber Usage in Distribution
• Second Most Expensive Design

Architectural Models Connectors
(NID)
Fully Distributed Splitting NAP

(1xn Split)
Splitters are here
Local Convergence Point

Central Switch (1xn Split)
Feeder Distribution Drops
(100% Take Rate)

Fully Distributed Splitting
• Target Application:
– Higher Take Rates
– Low Anticipated Customer Churn
• Fiber Lean Distribution and Feeder
• Least Expensive Up Front Cost
• Headend Does Not Scale as Well as Previous
Architectures
– Requires higher take rates to offset investment

PON Architecture Summary
Architecture Type Cost Flexibility Application
Fully Distributed $ Least Higher Take Rates

Splitting Low Customer Turnover
Partially Distributed $ Mid Low to Mid Take Rates/Slow Build

Splitting High Customer Turnover
$ Most High Customer Turnover
Need for High Flexibility
Cash to Burn

The Optimum Optical/Copper Solution
The Ideal Platform Supports

GPON and Copper
• Provides triple-play service delivery over both
• Allows for a managed migration
• This combined GPON and copper platform would:
– Offer all the choices of different split architectures
– Also add “Really” Fully Distributed option of putting
the OLT in the remote loop carrier

Connectors
“Really” Fully Distributed Splitting (NID)
NAPs
Splitters are here (1xn Split)
Fiber
Copper and Fiber Drops
loop carrier
Central Switch (1xn Split)
Feeder Distribution
Copper
Drops
Many OLTs share common

feeder transport fibers

Operational Considerations.
Advantages of a Copper and Fiber Platform
• Common Administration
– Reduced Training Cost
– Reduced Cost for Flow-through Provisioning
– Reduced Sparing
• Common Customer Service Experience
– Triple play regardless of serving infrastructure
• Orderly Network Migration
– Paced by your depreciation schedules and
recovery issues, not service offerings

PON Topologies
ONU1
ONU2
ONU1
ONU2 ONU3
OLT
ONU3 ONU4
OLT ONU4
ONU5
ONU5
(a) Tree topology (using 1:N splitter) (c) Ring topology (using 2x2 tap couplers)
ONU1
ONU1 ONU2 ONU2
ONU3
OLT OLT ONU4
ONU5 ONU3 ONU4 ONU5
(b) Bus topology (using 1:2 tap couplers) (d) Tree with redundant trunk (using 2:N splitter)

System Architecture

GPON ARCHITECTURE
• OLT (Optical line Terminal)
• Access Media
• Optical Splitter
• ONU (Optical Network Unit) / Residential
Gateway
• ODN (Optical Distribution Network)

Components of PON

COMPONENTS
• A PON consists of an Optical Line Terminal
(OLT) at the service provider's central office and
a number of Optical Network Units (ONUs) near
end users.
• A PON configuration reduces the amount of
fiber and central office equipment required
compared with point to point architectures.

OLT
The OLT provides the interface between the PON

and the service providers network services. These
typically include:
• Internet Protocol (IP) traffic over Gigabit, 10G, or
100 Mbit/s Ethernet
• Standard time division multiplexed (TDM) interfaces
such as SONET or SDH
• ATM UNI at 155-622 Mbit/s

OLT ~ Optical Line Terminal
• OLT is the networks control card. This card
resides in the local CO (Central Office) cross
connected to the video and data networks that
will be delivered to your home, it consists of a
special DFB (Distributed Feedback) calibrated
laser that is always on.
• This control card acts as a traffic signal to the
remote ONT's for complete data / video
throughput upstream and downstream.

ONU
• ONT is an ITU-T term, whereas ONU is an IEEE
term. In Multiple Tenant Units, the ONT may be
bridged to a customer premise device within the
individual dwelling unit using legacy
technologies such as Ethernet over twisted pair,
Ethernet over Coax, or DSL.
• An ONT is a device that terminates the
PON and presents customer service
interfaces to the user.
Some ONUs implement a separate subscriber unit
to provide services such as telephony, Ethernet
data, or video.

ONU ~ Optical Network Unit
• ONU ~ Optical Network Unit , this is similar to
the SFU-ONT but for a MDU / MTU, or small
business.
• It contains 12 - 24 POTS Lines, multiple
"Ethernet" or "VDSL" connections, and one /
two high-powered RG video outputs.
• These ONT's come in two forms, a wall
mountable or rack-mountable unit, they are
typically installed in a stairwell area, or
basement next to the existing SAI for that floor

ONT
• The ONT terminates the PON and presents the
native service interfaces to the user.
• These services can include voice plain old
telephone service (POTS) or voice over IP
(VoIP)), data (typically Ethernet), video.

ONT

Functions of ONT

Functions of ONT
Often, the ONT functions are separated into two
parts:
• The ONU, which terminates the PON and presents a converged interface –
such as xDSL, coax, or multiservice Ethernet – toward the user.
• Network termination equipment (NTE), which provides the separate, native
service interfaces directly to the user.
• Note: This is the CPE (Customer Premise Equipment) endpoint of
the ODN. The ONT is an Optical to Electrical to Optical device ,
that delivers your triple play services. It will replace your existing
copper NID (Network Interface Device) , and coax connections. The
existing POTS / Coax inside wiring will be cross connected to the
ONT. Since we understand that a PON is completely passive the
endpoint must contain an AC voltage connection to perform the
Optical to Electrical conversions for your services.

Fusion Splitter
1 x 4 Fusion Splitter
1310 nm Fiber
1490 nm
1550 nm

Fusion Splitter
2 x 4 Fusion Splitter
Fiber
1310 nm
1490 nm
1550 nm

Planar Splitter
1 x 8 Planar Splitter

Planar Splitter

BEAM SPLITTER
• A beam splitter is an optical device that splits a beam of light in two.
Schematic representation of a beam splitter cube

BEAM SPLITTER - Design 1
• In its most common form, a cube, it is made from
two triangular glass prisms which are glued together
at their base using Canada balsam.
• The thickness of the resin layer is adjusted such
that (for a certain wavelength) half of the light
incident through one "port" (i.e. face of the cube) is
reflected and the other half is transmitted.

• Another design is the use of a half-silvered mirror.
This is a plate of glass with a thin coating of
aluminum (usually deposited from aluminum vapor)
with the thickness of the aluminum coating such
that, of light incident at a 45 degree angle, one half
is transmitted and one half is reflected. Instead of a
metallic coating, a dielectric optical coating may be
used. Such mirrors are commonly used as output
couplers in laser construction. Similarly, a very thin
pellicle film may also be used as a beam splitter.

• A third version of the beam splitter is a dichroic
mirrored prism assembly which uses dichroic optical
coatings to split the incoming light into three beams,
one each of red, green, and blue. Such a device
was used in multi-tube color television cameras and
also in the three-film Technicolor movie cameras. It
is also used in the 3 LCD projectors to separate
colors and in ellipsoidal reflector spotlights to
eliminate heat radiation.

FDH ~ Fiber Distribution Hub
• FDH ~ Fiber Distribution Hub , is the cross
connection splice-point for the Central Office
Fiber and Distribution Fiber to the FDT's
servicing the customers community.
• This hub can come in various configurations
(Aerial Pole mount / Ground Pedestal), the
providers configuration will typically be the 144 /
216 user count, designed to be a plug and play
system for the FDT / Drop Cable connections.

(ADC) FDH Rear Panel

FDH Splitter Cabinet
Core Component: Splitter Cabinet for 432 subscribers (13 Splitters), available also for 144 and 288
subscribers (pre-stubbed and pre-connectorized)
OptiTect Cabinet CouplerModules | Photo

CCO108

Splitter Module

1xN FTTH Splitters
1x16 slot 1x8 slot 1x2 slot

FDH

Corning OptiTect FDH Gen III - 432 &
288 Field Installation

PON Splitter Cabinet Sizing
• Sizes available: 32 Fiber (1 Splitter) to 864 Fiber
(Home Run and Centralized Local Distribution
Cabinet)
• Sizing will be dependent on rural or urban
applications.
• Specific cabinet sizing is trade off between size of the
distribution area and number of cabinets.
• Rural areas: Serving areas tend to get too large well
before the ideal cabinet size is reached.
• Urban areas: Due to the density, the number of fibers
can exceed the available cabinet sizes before the
serving areas become unmanageable.

Outdoor Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH).
• The outdoor (FDH) provides for connections

between fiber optic cables and passive
optical splitters in the OSP environment.
• The outdoor (FDH) utilize standard SC/APC
to interconnect feeder and distribution
cables via 1:32 optical splitters and
connectors.

Indoor Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH)
• The indoor FDH is designed to organize and administer
fiber optic cables and passive optical splitters in an
indoor environment typically suitable for high rise
buildings and is placed in the telecom room.
• These FDH are used to interconnect main cable
(Feeder) and drop cable (2F) via optical splitters in a
FTTH network application.
• No splices are allowed between the Telecom Room and
Flats.
• Where the building has less than 32 customers, a wall
mounted splitter FDH (indoor type) is more suitable. The
unit will serves as a Mini ODF with splitter assembly and
facility to terminate drop cables.

Distribution Cables & Drop Cables
• From Outdoor FDH Cabinet location, distribution cable (loose tube)
sizes 24F, 16F and 8F combinations may be considered,
depending upon the grouping of villas/homes, number and
locations.
• The drop closures to be installed inside joint boxes, close to group
of villas/homes or as per site requirements. These have single
entry on one side and 24+ outlets for drop cables.
• The drop cables are 2F construction, it is recommended that both
the 2F are spliced through in the drop closure, so that the fibers are
through to the splitter location.
• In the FDH Cabinet, only one fiber of 2F drop cable is required to
be terminated.
• In the case of single villas, company shall extend and terminate the
drop cable in the micro ODF (Low Homes Areas).

DROP CABLE
• DROP CABLE ~ This cable is the final connection to
the customers ONT. This cable can be spliced from an
aerial / underground FDT. Most providers have moved
to a pre-terminated drop cable system, this saves cost
and installation time.
• Drop Cable ~ This cable will enter the customers
apartment from the FDT that's usually located in a
closet, or stairwell in a high-rise building. In a small
garden-style MDU deployment your drop cable may
come from an FDT located on the outside of your
building, and routed through the roof breezeway into
your apartments designated closet.

SFH (Single Family Home) - Corning OptiFit Drop Cable.
Corning OptiFit Drop Cable

Corning SST-Drop Cable

Corning OptiSheath Multi-Port Terminal – FDT

Pre-terminated drop cable system

FDT ~ Fiber Distribution Terminal
• FDT ~ Fiber Distribution Terminal , is

the cross connection splice-point between
the community serving FDH Distributing
Cable, and the Drop Cable to the
customers ONT.

SFU (Single Family Unit)
• The SFU ONT is primarily used in single
dwelling homes.
• This ONT will replace your existing demarc that
currently delivers your home service.
• This same unit (The 611i is the preferred
model for this deployment) can also be used
in MDU Garden Style installations.
• In these MDU installations the SFU is preferred
so that the ONT can be placed directly in the
unit, with the responsibility and electric cost
passed to the customer.
Tellabs 612 SFU ONT

Motorola 1000v SFU ONT (Scroll over pic)

GPON Principle----Data
Multiplexing
• GPON adopts Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (WDM) technology, facilitating
bi-direction communication over a single
fiber.
1490nm
1310nm

Data Multiplexing
• To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple
users over a single fiber, GPON adopts two multiplexing
mechanisms:
– In downstream direction, data packets are
transmitted in a broadcast manner;
– In upstream direction, data packets are
transmitted in a TDMA manner.

GPON Principle----Downstream Data
Data for specified ONU
1
Data for specified ONU 3
2
1
1 2 3 1 2 3 2
1
2
3 3
• Broadcast mode

GPON Principle----Downstream Data
• Line rate.
• Downstream : 2.488 Gb/s.
• Upstream : 1.244 Gb/s.
• Broadcast mode.
. continous mode operation.
. traffic in the downstream is sent to/received by every ONU.
• Issue. Data confidentiality
. AES-Advanced Encryption Standard used for link layer encryption.

GPON Principle----Upstream Data Data from specified user
1
Data from specified ONU
1
1 2 3 2 2
3 3
• TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access) mode

GPON Principle----Upstream Data
• TDMA- Time Division Multiple Access.
• burst mode operation.
• the OLT controls which ONU gets access to the
upstream at a particular moment in time.
• Issues: potential collision.
. access granting.
. distance ranging.

Upstream Bandwidth Allocation
• The OLT is responsible for allocating upstream
bandwidth to the ONTs. Because the optical
distribution network (ODN) is shared, ONT upstream
transmissions could collide if they were transmitted
at random times.
• ONTs can lie at varying distances from the OLT,
meaning that the transmission delay from each ONT
is unique.
• The OLT measures delay and sets a register in
each ONT via PLOAM (physical layer operations
and maintenance) messages to equalize its delay
with respect to all of the other ONTs on the PON.

• Once the delay of all ONTs has been set, the

OLT transmits so-called grants to the individual
ONTs.
• A grant is permission to use a defined interval of
time for upstream transmission.
• The grant map is dynamically re-calculated
every few milliseconds.
• The map allocates bandwidth to all ONTs, such
that each ONT receives timely bandwidth for its
service needs.

• Some services – POTS, for example

– require essentially constant upstream
bandwidth, and the OLT may provide a
fixed bandwidth allocation to each such
service that has been provisioned.

AES Encryption in GPON
1 1 1 End User
1 ONT
3
1
1 Decryption
2
3
1
1 3 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 End User
OLT ONT 2
2
Encryption Decryption
1
3
2
1
3 3 3 End User
1 ONT
AES: Advanced Encrypt Standard 3
Decryption
A globally-used encryption algorithm
 OLT applies Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 encryption.

 GPON supports encrypted transmission in downstream direction, such as AES128 encryption.
 In the case of GEM fragments, only the payload will be encrypted.
 GPON system initiates AES key exchange and switch-over periodically, improving the reliability
of the line.

GPON reference Model

GPON Network Model Reference
UNI R/S ODN S/R SNI
ONU/ONT OLT Service node
WDM WDM V reference point

T reference point IFpon IFpon
Optical
splitter NE
NE
ONU Optical Network Unit

ONT Optical Network Terminal
ODN Optical Distribution Network
OLT Optical Line Terminal
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex Module
NE Network Element
SNI Service Node Interface
UNI User Network Interface

GPON Multiplexing Architecture
Port
T-CONT Port
 GEM Port: the minimum unit for carrying
O services.
Port
N  T-CONT: Transmission Containers is a kind of
U T-CONT
Port buffer that carries services. It is mainly used to
Port transmit upstream data units. T-CONT is
introduced to realize the dynamic bandwidth
assignment of the upstream bandwidth, so as
O
IFpon Port to enhance the utilization of the line.
N T-CONT  IF pon: GPON interface.
Port
U  Based on the mapping scheme, service traffic
is carried to different GEM ports and then to
O different T-CONTs. The mapping between the
T-CONT Port
GEM port and the T-CONT is flexible. A GEM
N port can correspond to a T-CONT; or multiple
U GEM Ports can correspond to the same T-
CONT.
 A GPON interface of an ONU contains one or
Port-ID
ONU-ID
Alloc-IDs identifies multiple T-CONTs.
identifies identifies GEM
T-CONTs ports
ONUs

GPON Multiplexing Architecture
OLT ONT
GEM Port GEM Port
T-CONT
T-CONT
I F- PON I F- PON
SNI UNI
Cl assi -
f i cati on GEM por t GEM por t
T- CONT
QoS/ Opti cal Fi ber Cl assi -
For war d Vi rtual f i cati on
f l ow UNI
OLT ONU

GPON Frame Structure
Downstream Framing
125us
Physical Control Block
Downstream (PCBd)
Upstream
Payload
Bandwidth Map
ONT 0
AllocID Start End AllocID Start End
1 100 200 2 300 500
OLT
T-CONT0 T-CONT 0
(ONT 1) (ONT 2)
Slot Slot Slot Slot
100 200 300 500
ONT 63
PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu XPayload x DBRu Y Payload y
Upstream Framing

GPON Upstream Frame Structure
Upstream Framing
PLI Port ID PTI HEC
GEM Frame GEM Full GEM Frame

header fragment header frame header fragment
DBA ReportPad if needed
PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu x Payload x DBRu y Payload y PLOu DBRu z Payload z
ONT A ONT B
DBA CRC
1,2,4bytes 1byte
PreambleDelimiter BIP ONU-ID Ind Msg ID Message CRC
ONU ID
A bytes B bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 10 bytes 1 bytes

GPON Downstream Frame
Structure
Downstream Framing
125us
PCBd Payload PCBd Payload

n n n+1 n
Psync Ident PLOAMd BIP Plend Plend US BW Map

4 bytes 4 bytes 13 bytes 1 bytes 4 bytes 4 bytes N*8 bytes
Coverage of this BIP Coverage of next BIP
FEC Ind Reserved Super-frame Blen BW MapAlen ATM Partition CRC

1 bit 1 bit Counter 30 bits Length 12 bits Length 12 bits 8 bits
Access 1 Access 2 Access n

…..
8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes
Alloc ID Flags SStart SStop CRC

12 bits 12 bits 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte
Send PLS Send PLOAMn Use FEC Send DBRu Reserved

1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 2 bits 7 bits

Mapping of TDM Service in GPON
TDM Buffer GEM Frame
PLI
Ingress buffer Port ID
PTI
HEC
TDM
TDM data Payload
TDM fragment
 TDM frames are buffered and queued as they arrive, then TDM data is multiplexed
in to fixed-length GEM frames for transmission.
 This scheme does not vary TDM services but transmit TDM services transparently.
 Featuring fixed length, GEM frames benefits the transmission of TDM services .

Mapping of Ethernet Service in GPON
Ethernet Packet GEM Frame
PLI
Inter packet gap
Port ID 5 bytes
Preamble PTI
SFD CRC
DA
SA GEM
Length\Type Payload
MAC client data
FEC
EOF
 GPON system resolves Ethernet frames and then directly maps the data of frames
into the GEM Payload.
 GEM frames automatically encapsulate header information.
 Mapping format is clear and it is easy for devices to support this mapping. It also
boasts good compatibility.
GPON Key Technologies-
• Ranging
• DBA
• T-CONT
• AES
• Attenuation

Ranging
• OLT obtains the Round Trip Delay (RTD) through ranging process, then specifies
suitable Equalization Delay (EqD) so as to avoid occurrence of collision on optical
splitters.
• To acquire the serial number and ranging, OLT needs open a window, that is, Quiet
Zone, and pauses upstream transmitting channels on other ONUs.
OLT
ONU1
ONU2
ONU3

DBA
• What is DBA?
– DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
• Why DBA?
– It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports.
– More users can be added on a PON port.
– Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially those
requiring comparatively greater change in terms of the
bandwidth.
• DBA operation modes
– SR-DBA: status report-DBA
– NSR-DBA: non status report-DBA

SR-DBA Operation
OLT ONU
DBA report
DBA algorithm
logic Control
platform
BW Map
Data
platform
T-CONT
Time slot T-CONT
Scheduler
T-CONT
 DBA block in the OLT constantly collects information from DBA reports, and sends the
algorithm result in the form of BW Map to ONUs .
 Based on the BW Map, each ONU sends upstream burst data on time slots specified to
themselves and utilizes the upstream bandwidth.

SR-DBA Operation
D/S Direction ONT 
OLT Based on the algorithm result of
① PCBd US BW
Map
Payload last time, OLT delivers BW
Maps in the header of
U/S Direction downstream frames.
② Data Report
 Based on the bandwidth allocation
information, ONU sends the status
report of data currently waiting in
T-CONTs in the specified time
slots.
③
 OLT receives the status report
from the ONU, updates BW Map
through DBA algorithm and then
delivers the new BW Map in the
next frame.
 ONU receives the BW Map from

④ the OLT and sends data in the
specified time slots.

NSR-DBA Operation
• NSR-DBA
– NSR is an algorithm scheme that realizes DBA. It helps to predict the
bandwidth allocated to each ONU based on the traffic from ONUs.
• Procedure:
– Step1: Monitor the number of data packets received by OLT within the
specified interval.
– Step2: Use the result of real time monitoring in step 1 to calculate the
utilization rate.
– Step3: Recognize the congestion status by comparing the utilization
rate with the specified limits.

DBA Working Principle
 Based on service priorities, the system sets SLA for each ONU, restricting service bandwidth.
 The maximum bandwidth and the minimum bandwidth pose limits to the bandwidth of each ONU, ensuring
various bandwidth for services of different priorities. In general, voice service enjoys the highest, then video
service and data service the lowest in terms of service priority.
 OLT grants bandwidth based on services, SLA and the actual condition of the ONU. Services of higher priority
enjoy higher bandwidth.

T-CONT Bandwidth Terms
• Transmission Containers (T-CONTs): it dynamically receives grants delivered by
OLT. T-CONTs are used for the management of upstream bandwidth allocation in
the PON section of the Transmission Convergence layer. T-CONTs are primarily
used to improve the upstream bandwidth use on the PON.
• T-CONT BW type falls into FB, AB, NAB, and BE.
• Five T-CONT types: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, and Type5.

T-CONT Type and Bandwidth Type
 Type1 T-CONT is of the fixed bandwidth type and mainly used for services sensitive to delay and
services of higher priorities, such as voice services.
 Type2 and type3 T-CONT is of the guaranteed bandwidth type and mainly used for video services
and data services of higher priorities.
 Type4 is of the best-effort type and mainly used for data services (such as Internet and email), and
services of lower priorities. These services do not require high bandwidth.
 Type5 is of the mixed T-CONT type, involving all bandwidth types and bearing all services.

QoS Mechanism of ONU in GPON
VOIP Traffic-flow Service
VOD
GPON Scheduling differentia
DATA And buffer based on
TDM control 802.1p
Service traffic based on

OLT GEM Port-id
Splitter
VOIP Traffic-flow Service
VOD Scheduling differentia
GPON
And buffer based on
TDM control 802.1p
 Traffic classification of services based on LAN/802.1p.

 Service scheduling based on the combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted Round Robin
(WRR) algorithms.
 Service transmission based on service mapping with different T-CONTs, enhancing line utilization
and reliability.

QoS Mechanism of OLT in GPON
802.1p
Ethernet
VOIP
COS
bridging
BTV
GE/10GE Queuing &
DATA Non- GPON
BSR scheduling
TDM
blocking
OLT
switching DBA GPON
Upstream service
traffic based on
different VLANs
PSTN TDM Gateway
 Traffic classification based on VLAN/802.1p.

 Service scheduling based on combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted
Round Robin (WRR) algorithms.
 DBA algorithm, enhancing uplink bandwidth utilization.
 Access control list (ACL)-based access control on layers above layer-2.

(ADC) - FTTP Infrastructure

(ADC) - FTTx Architecture

(ADC) - FTTx MDU Architecture

Corning PON Overview

Tellabs PON Overview

Ring Protection

Verizon MDU - Garden Style
Installation

Verizon MDU - Garden Style Installation

Verizon MDU - Garden Style Installation

Property Buried Distribution - FDH feed to FDT Installation
Pic1- Each property will have a main buried drop splice-point from the main FDH
servicing the property.

Pic 2 - Each individual building will have a buried fiber pig-tail spliced into the main fiber
back to the FDH.

Pic 3 - This fiber pig-tail is already pre-terminated to that new FDT, which will
usually be located next to existing OSP facilities.

FDT - Exterior Molding Apartment
Pathway

Each building FDT is capable of providing service to 24 apartments. As
service is activated each jumper is then connected to that unit.

Aerial Feed / Distribution Splice Enclosures

Aerial Premise Drop Enclosure / Aerial to Buried Distribution Pedestal
Enclosure

Pic 1 - Open view of Aerial FDH 216 Pic 2 - Scroll over the enlarged pic ~
Pole Mount ADC FDH 216 w/ Aerial Feed & Distribution enclosure above.

FTTH Planning-Outgoing FO Cable from CO.
• The OSP fiber counts from the Central Office should be

of suitable size, to ensure meeting the future capacity
requirements.
• The number of fibers in the OSP cable would more
likely end up being closer to 1 Fiber per 16 tenants.
• Requirements of direct fibers for business
establishment should also to be considered, while sizing
the main cables.
• Where the diversity is required for an important office,
Airport, Police, Hospital etc the fiber can be routed in
two different routes.
• Fibers already laid for local network & CATV Network
can be considered while developing the GPON
Network.

The Number of Splitters per (FDH)
Cabinet & Sizing of (Feeder) Cable.
• Every splitter requires a single fiber from OLT.
• The total number of splitter requirement per cabinet
shall be based on 5th year tenants forecasted.
• 25% spare fibers should be considered in the FO cable
size, for future requirements, maintenance, etc.
• Number of Splitter per Cabinet=No of Tenants / Split
Ratio (1:32).
• The provision of the number of fibers may equal to at
least 20 year tenants forecasted.
• Feeder cable to be loose tube 8F/16F/24F.

Optical Power Attenuation
•Calculating optical splitter attenuation :
•Insertion loss of the optical splitter (<1dB):
•∑(Power_input) - ∑(Power_output of all branches)
Input 1:2 optical splitter Output ∵ 10 log(0.5) = - 3.01

∴
Attenuation of a 1:2 optical
splitter: 3.01 dB
splitter: 12.04 dB
2:N optical splitter splitter: 18.06 dB

Fibre Attenuation and Power Budget
Fibre attenuation relates to the fibre length About 0.35 dB per km
for 1310,1490nm
The attenuation of fibre splicing point is
generally less than 0.2dB
Other factors may cause attenuation, such Huawei’s OLT and ONU
28 dB (Class B+)
Table G.984.2 – Classes for optical path loss
as fibre bending
Class A Class B Class B ＋ Class C
Minimum loss 5 dB 10 dB 13 dB 15 dB
Maximum loss 20 dB 25 dB 28 dB 30 dB
NOTE – The requirements of a particular class may be more stringent
for one system type than for another, e.g. the class C attenuation
range is inherently more stringent for TCM systems due to the use
of a 1:2 splitter/combiner at each side of the ODN, each having a
loss of about 3 dB.

Parameters of GPON (Class B+)
Items Unit Single
fibre
OLT: OLT
Mean launched power MIN dBm +1.5
Mean launched power MAX dBm +5
Minimum sensitivity dBm -28
Minimum overload dBm -8
ONU: ONU
Mean launched power MIN dBm 0.5
Mean launched power MAX dBm +5
Minimum sensitivity dBm -27
Minimum overload dBm -8

GPON Management and
Service Provisioning

GPON Service Provisioning
Carriers’ nightmare
Flexible Configuration plan of GPON
Initial configurations (such as service system
information configuration, data configuration) are GPON supports zero configuration on
required on terminals and then they can be put into use. terminals and plug-and-play of terminals,
To finish these configurations, it is not cost-effective to which is cost-effective.
carriers.
Application scenario
1 Subscribe for services
CRM Order Management Service Provisioning Billing
2 Configure service network
NMS 2000
3 Send terminals to users

1 Finish the auto-configuration of OLT
Access Network
Use OMCI to finishing data
configuration on ONT 3
2
STB ONT ONT
Start up ONT and make registration with serial number ONT
User ONT

Basic Services over GPON
Network

Triple Play Solution in GPON
BB service platform
PC TL1/CORBA VoD
/API Notification Server
Middle
SFU Carrier’s OSS
ware
IPTV
NMS
Phone
V
C
D
PE
M
SL
D Ethernet Intern
U
IP Core et
Firewall
Splitter OLT
PC
SBU BRAS
Phone AAA Server
Softswitch
CBU
Base station
FE
E1
IP
Voice
CPE ODN NSP ASP/ISP

Summary
• In this presentation, we introduced GPON
basic concept , architecture , and
principle.
• We also discussed about GPON service
provisioning and application.

THANK YOU

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GPON/FTTH

PTCL Training & Development

• Muhammad Usman Senior Instructor, PTC Lahore

2 PTCL Training & Development

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PTCL Training & Development

Traditionally it was called OSP (Outside Plant)

Access Network is a network that connects a

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AN is called “the last mile of Telecom Netw

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• Final tool for service delivery to the end users

Good AN, Better Services, More Revenue !

• Fiber optic based access Networks

• Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable Systems

• Wireless Access System (WLL)

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Feeder layer Distribution layer Drop layer

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Feeder layer Distribution layer Drop layer

Optical Integrated Services

During the current period of transition, global telecom carriers

1. Enhance service competitiveness and provide more services.

To make a success in the transition,

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56K dial-up modem 14 sec 12 min 30 sec -

256K broadband 3 sec 3 min Low Quality

4Mb broadband 0.1 sec 5 sec

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Old networks, optimized for voice 2 Mbps

Optical networks, optimized for voice, 1 Gbps +

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– OLT: Optical Line Termination

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 High Transmission Capacity

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 Small bending causes radiation loss

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• A single fiber pair is capable of

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• An optical fiber (or fiber) is a glass or

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 It is the bending of light rays due to

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Critical Angle = Angle of

The critical angle of incidence.

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Refraction of a light ray passing through an optically denser medium .

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 It is the ratio of the speed of light

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 It is equal to the sine of the angle of incidence

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MERCURY VAPOUR 1.0009

Selected indices of refraction

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