Polymeric Materials Molecular

View
MFG 355
 Fundamentals of Matter
• Periodic Table
– Arranged by number of Protons
– Metals (lose electrons)
– Non-metals (gain electrons)

Metals Non-Metals
 Fundamentals of Matter
• Electrons
– Shells (n=1,2,3,4,5)= rows on periodic table
– Orbitals (s,p,d,f) = columns on periodic table
 Bonding (attractions)
• Function of distance
• Ionic – Metal w/ Non-
metal
• Metallic – Metal w/
Metal
• Covalent – Non-metal
w/ Non-metal Click to Animate

– Polar
– Hydrogen
– Induced dipole

Click to Animate
 Basic Organic Chemistry
• Contains Carbon
• Carbon atom bonding
– σ bonds
– π bonds
• Valence bonds – C=4, N=3, O=2, Cl=1
Functional groups
 Solids, Liquids Gases
• Why Polymers don’t evaporate
 Polymers
• Monomers—Polymers
• Carbon based & silicon based
• Polarity in polymers

Monomer
Polymer
 Addition Polymerization
• Mechanism
– Monomer in vessels (temperature and pressure)
– Initiator—free radicals
– Attack C=C (π bond)
– Bond & make new free radical
– New π bond reaction
– New free radical created
– Continuation
– Termination
 Addition Polymerization
Monomers/Polymers
 Addition Polymerization
Chain Termination—Unreacted end, another chain
 Addition Polymerization
Chain Termination—Unreacted Peroxide
 Addition Polymerization
Chain Termination—Ozone Quench
 Addition Polymerization
• Copolymers from Addition Polymerization
– Block Copolymer
– Random Copolymer
– Regular Copolymer
– Graft Copolymer
 Condensation Polymerization
• Mechanism
– Monomers (2)
• Each has two reactive sites
– Monomer ends react
– Condensation
• Removal of condensate
– Chain termination ends reaction
 Condensation Polymerization
• Monomers/Polymers
 Condensation Polymerization
Chain termination
 Addition vs. Condensation
Addition Condensation
polymerization polymerization
Polymer Growth Mechanism Chain reaction Step-by-step reactions
Dependence on previous step Yes—dependent sequential No—independent events
events
Initiator needed Yes No
Type of monomer Contains carbon-carbon Has reacting bifunctional
double bond groups on the ends
1 2
Number of active sites (functional
groups) per monomer
Number of different types of 1 2 (usually)
monomers needed to form
polymer
By-product formed No Yes (usually)
Basic (polymer repeat unit) Monomer without the double Two monomers joined
representation bond and with bonds on together
either side
Polymer chain characteristics A few, long chains Many not very long chains
Branching Possible Unlikely
 Thermoplastics & Thermosets
• Melting vs. decomposition

Melted

Decomposed
 Thermoplastics & Thermosets
• Non-bonded interactions (H-bonds)
 Thermoplastics & Thermosets
• Crosslinking
– During polymerization
– Between polymers
Thank You