Polymeric Materials

Molecular View
MFG 355
 Fundamentals of Matter
 Periodic Table
 Arranged by number of Protons
 Metals (lose electrons)
 Non-metals (gain electrons)

Metals Non-Metals
 Fundamentals of Matter
 Electrons
 Shells (n=1,2,3,4,5)= rows on periodic table
 Orbitals (s,p,d,f) = columns on periodic table

s p
 Basic Organic Chemistry
 Contains Carbon
 Carbon has 4 bonds in every molecule
 Valence bonds (number of bonds formed)
 Carbon=4, Nitrogen=3, Oxygen=2, Chlorine=1,
Hydrogen=1
Basic Organic Chemistry
 Bonding (attractions)
Function of
distance between atoms
 Bonding (attractions)
 Ionic – Metal w/ Non-metal

+ -
Na Cl

Transfer of electron
 Metal Non-Metal
Atom Atom

Electrons have been transferred

Positive (+) charged Negative (-) charged

metal atom non-metal atom

Ionic Bonding

Combination of a metal and a non-metal atom to create an ionic bond material

 + - + - Ionic Bonds

Part
- + - + Negatively
Charged Non-
Metal Particle
+ - + - Positively
Charged Metal
Particle
- + - +

Crystal structure showing charged metal and non-metal particles and the ionic
bonds between them
 Bonding (attractions)
 Metallic – Metal w/ Metal

+ +

Fe Cr

Sea of electrons
Metallic Bonding
 Bonding (attractions)
 Covalent – Non-metal w/ Non-metal

Cl Cl

Shared electrons
 Bonding (attractions)
 Secondary bonds
 Polar bond/Hydrogen bond
 One atom in a covalent bond is more negative than the other
 Atoms that cause polar bonding = F, O, N, Cl

δ+ Partial charges δ-

C O

Unequal sharing
 Non-Metal Atoms Crystalline Region

Part

Amorphous Covalent Bond (shared

Region electrons)
Periodic Table of the
Metals
Elements Non-Metals
Ceramics Polymers
(Ionic Bonds) (Covalent Bonds)

Metals
(Metallic Bonds)
Hydrogen (polar) Bonding
 Polymers
 Polarity in polymers
 Atoms that result in polarity: F, O, N, Cl
Functional groups
 Polymers
 Monomers—Polymers

Monomer
Polymer
Monomer
Polymer
 Polymers
 Carbon based and silicon based
 Almost all polymers are based on carbon
 Silicones and related polymers are the only
silicone based polymers
 Addition Polymerization
Mechanism
1. Monomer in vessels (temperature and pressure)
2. Initiator—free radicals
3. Attack C=C (π bond)
4. Bond and make new free radical
5. New π bond reaction
6. New free radical created
7. Continuation
8. Termination
Addition Polymerization
Addition polymerization
Initiator
 Addition Polymerization
 Copolymers from Addition Polymerization
 Block Copolymer
 Random Copolymer

 Regular Copolymer

 Graft Copolymer
Condensation Polymerization
 Mechanism
 Monomers (2)
 Each has two reactive sites
 Monomer ends react
 Condensation
 Removal of condensate
 Chain termination ends reaction
Making a polyamide (nylon)
Making a polyester
 Addition vs. Condensation
Addition Condensation
polymerization polymerization
Polymer Growth Mechanism Chain reaction Step-by-step reactions
Dependence on previous step Yes—dependent sequential No—independent events
events
Initiator needed Yes No
Type of monomer Contains carbon-carbon Has reacting bifunctional
double bond groups on the ends
Number of active sites (functional 1 2
groups) per monomer
Number of different types of 1 2 (usually)
monomers needed to form
polymer
By-product formed No Yes (usually)
Basic (polymer repeat unit) Monomer without the double Two monomers joined
representation bond and with bonds on together
either side
Polymer chain characteristics A few, long chains Many not very long chains
Branching Possible Unlikely
Rearrangement Polymerization
 Thank You
Remember the molecules