Genetics Problems Review

2010
 True-breeding F1 PHENOTYPES
homozygous recessive
parent plant
Monohybrid Cross aa

Illustrated
True-breeding Aa Aa
homozygous dominant
parent plant a a

A Aa Aa
AA
A Aa Aa Aa Aa

An F1 plant
self-fertilizes F2 PHENOTYPES
and produces
gametes:
Aa

AA Aa
A a

A AA Aa

a Aa aa Aa aa
Figure 11.7
Page 181
 Monohybrid #1
• In pea plants, spherical seeds (S) are dominant to dented seeds (s). In
a genetic cross of two plants that are heterozygous for the seed shape
trait, what fraction of the offspring should have spherical seeds?
• We know: Ss x Ss
• A. None
• B. 1/4
• C. 1/2
• D. 3/4
• E. All
 Monohybrid #1 Solution
• We know: Ss x Ss
• One fourth of the offspring will be homozygous dominant
(SS), one half will be heterozygous (Ss), and one fourth will
be homozygous recessive (ss).

• A. None
• B. 1/4
• C. 1/2
• D. 3/4
• E. All
 Monohybrid #2
You try it!
• Long hair is dominant to short hair in guinea
pigs.  Show the results of a cross between a
homozygous short haired male and a pure
long haired female.
 Monohybrid #2
You try it! (Solution)
• Long hair is dominant to short hair in guinea pigs. 
Show the results of a cross between a homozygous
short haired male and a pure long haired female.
•  
• L = long hair and dominant. l is recessive
•  
• ll x LL gametes: l and L
•  
• All offspring (F1’s) are Ll They are all long haired.
 Monohybrid #3 (You try it!)
• An albino (lack of pigmentation) man marries
a normally pigmented woman who had an
albino mother.  Show the types of children
that this couple may have and the proportions
of each.
 Monhybrid #3 (Solution)
• An albino (lack of pigmentation) man marries a normally
pigmented woman who had an albino mother.  Show the
types of children that this couple may have and the
proportions of each. We know:
• aa = >albinism and AA or Aa => normal pigmentation
• Albino father x carrier mother (inherited one a gene
from her mother)
• aa x Aa => 1aa: 1Aa in offspring. So the changes of
having an albino child is 50% and normal pigmented
child 50%
Incomplete
Dominance Homozygous Incomplete X
Homozygous
parent
Dominance parent

All F1 are
heterozygous

Figure 11.10
Page 184 F2 shows three phenotypes in 1:2:1 ratio
Monohybrid #4 Incomplete Dominance

• Suppose a red flower and a white flower was

cross-pollinated.  The flowers from the
resulting seeds were neither red nor white but
pink.  Explain.
• This is likely due to incomplete dominance. In
some flowers, such as snapdragons, the
heterozygous state is phenotypically an
intermediate color.
Monohybrid #5 Incomplete Dominance (You
try it!)
• Cross the offspring from the preceding
problem.  Give the phenotypic and genotypic
ratios.
• Hint: Red x White = Pink
• Red = RR and White rr => Pink R?
 Monohybrid #5 Incomplete Dominance
(Solution)
• Cross the offspring from the preceding problem.  Give the
phenotypic and genotypic ratios.
• Hint: Red x White = Pink
• Red = RR and White rr => Pink R?
• The cross: Rr x Rr => RR 2Rr rr
• Solution: The cross’ phenotypic ratio is
1:2:1 for red: pink: white. Genotypically
1 RR: 2 Rr : 1rr where RR = red and rr =
white and pink = Rr
 Monohybrid #6 Codominance
• Background:
• Human blood type is determined by co-dominant
alleles. There are three different alleles, known as I A,
IB, and i. The IA and IB alleles are co-dominant, and
the i allele is recessive.
• The possible human phenotypes for blood group are
type A, type B, type AB, and type O. Type A and B
individuals can be either homozygous (IAIA or IBIB,
respectively), or heterozygous (IAi or IBi, respectively).
 ABO Blood Type:
Allele Combinations

Range of genotypes:

IA IA I B IB

or or

IA i IA IB IB i ii

Blood A AB B O
types:

Figure 11.11
Page 184
 Monohybrid #6 Codominance
• A woman with type A blood and a man with
type B blood could potentially have offspring
with which of the following blood types?
• A. type A
• B. type B
• C. type AB
• D. type O
• E. all of the above
Monohybrid #6 Codominance (Solution)
• A woman with type A blood and a man with type B blood could potentially have
offspring with which of the following blood types?
• A. type A
• B. type B
• C. type AB
• D. type O
• E. all of the above

• But if the man was type O rather than type B,

offspring of type B and type AB would not be
possible.
 Monohybrid #7 (You try it!)
• A couple, both type O have a child who is type
AB. Is this possible? Explain your answer.
 Monhybrid #7 (Solution)
• A couple, both type O produce a child who is
typed AB. Is this possible? Explain your answer.
• No this is not possible since the genotype of both
parents is ii. Neither carry the A or B gene.
• It’s more likely that a mistake was made at the
hospital such as assigning the wrong child to the
couple, or there was a problem with the actual
blood typing results for the child.
 Dihybrid Cross: F1 Results

purple white
TRUE- flowers, tall
BREEDING flowers,
PARENTS: dwarf

AABB x aabb

GAMETES: AB AB ab ab

AaBb

F1 HYBRID
OFFSPRING:
All purple-flowered, tall

Figure 11.9 (1)

Page 183
 Dihybrid Cross: F2 Results

AaBb X AaBb
1/4 AB 1/4 Ab 1/4 aB 1/4 ab
9/16 purple-flowered, tall
1/4 AB 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16
AABB AABb AaBB AaBb 3/16 purple-flowered, dwarf

1/4 Ab 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 3/16 white-flowered, tall

AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb
1/16 white-flowered, dwarf

1/4 aB 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16

AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb

1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16

1/4 ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
Figure 11.9(2)
Page 183
 Dihybrid Problem #1
• Which of the following genetic crosses would
be predicted to give a phenotypic ratio of
9:3:3:1?
• A. SSYY x ssyy
• B. SsYY x SSYy
• C. SsYy x SsYy
• D. None of these
 Dihybrid Problem #1 (Solution)
• Which of the following genetic crosses would be predicted
to give a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1?
• A. SSYY x ssyy (Wrong)
• All offspring would have genotype of SsYy and a phenotype
dominant for both traits (spherical, yellow-seeded plants.)
• B. SsYY x SSYy (Wrong)
• All offspring would have genotype of either SSYY, SSYy, SsYY,
or SsYy, and a phenotype dominant for both traits (smooth,
yellow-seeded plants.)
• C. SsYy x SsYy (Correct)
 Dihybrid #2
• Background
• In mice, the ability to run normally is a
dominant trait.  Mice with this trait are called
running mice (R).  The recessive trait causes
mice to run in circles only.  Mice with this trait
are called waltzing mice (r).  Hair color is also
inherited in mice. Black hair (B) is dominant
over brown hair (b).
 Dihybrid #2
• Cross a heterozygous running, heterozygous
black mouse with a homozygous running,
homozygous black mouse. What is the
probable phenotype ratio?
 Dihybrid #2 (Solution)
• Cross a heterozygous running, heterozygous
black mouse with a homozygous running,
homozygous black mouse. What is the
probable phenotype ratio?
• RrBb x RRBB
•  
• 100% Running black (All off spring will have
at least one dominant gene for the two traits)
 Dihybrid #3 (You try it!)
• Cross a homozygous running, heterozygous
black mouse with a waltzing brown mouse.
 What is the probable phenotype ratio?
 Dihybrid #3 (Solution)
• Cross a homozygous running, heterozygous
black mouse with a waltzing brown mouse.
 What is the probable phenotype ratio?
• RRBb x rrbb
•  
• ½ running black and ½ running brown
 Dihybrid #4 (You try it!)
• Cross a heterozygous running, heterozygous
black mouse with a heterozygous running,
heterozygous black mouse.  What is the
probable phenotype ratio?
 Dihybrid #4 (Solution)
• Cross a heterozygous running, heterozygous black mouse with
a heterozygous running, heterozygous black mouse.  What is
the probable phenotype ratio?
• RrBb x RrBb
•  
• 9:3:3:1
•  
• 9/16 running black; 3/16 running brown; 3/16 waltzing
black; 1/16 waltzing brown
 X-Linked Recessive Inheritance (Sex Linkage)

• Males show
disorder more than
females
• Son cannot inherit
disorder from his
father
 Sex Linkage #1
• In a cross between a pure bred, red-eyed female
fruit fly and a white-eyed male, what percent of
the male-offspring will have white eyes? (white
eyes are X-linked, recessive)
• A. 100%
• A. 75%
• C. 50%
• D. 25%
• E. 0%
 Sex Linkage #1
• In a cross between a pure bred, red-eyed female fruit fly
and a white-eyed male, what percent of the male-
offspring will have white eyes? (white eyes are X-linked,
recessive)
• A. 100%
• A. 75%
• C. 50%
• D. 25%
• E. 0% Correct
• All of the males and all of the females are red-eyed.
 Sex Linkage #2
Hemophilia in humans is due to an X-chromosome mutation. What will be the results
of mating between a normal (non-carrier) female and a hemophilic male?
A.
half of daughters are normal and half of sons are hemophilic.
B.
all sons are normal and all daughters are carriers.
 
C.
half of sons are normal and half are hemophilic; all daughters are carriers.
D.
all daughters are normal and all sons are carriers.
E.
half of daughters are hemophilic and half of daughters are carriers; all sons are
normal.
 Sex Linkage #2
• Hemophilia in humans is due to an X-chromosome mutation. What will be the results of
mating between a normal (non-carrier) female and a hemophilic male?
• A. (Incorrect)
• half of daughters are normal and half of sons are hemophilic.
• B.
• all sons are normal and all daughters are carriers.
• Daughters inherit a normal allele from their mother and the hemophilia allele from
their father. Sons inherit the normal allele from their mother. Correct!
 
• C. (Incorrect)
• half of sons are normal and half are hemophilic; all daughters are carriers.
• D. (Incorrect)
• all daughters are normal and all sons are carriers.
• E. (Incorrect)
• half of daughters are hemophilic and half of daughters are carriers; all sons are normal.
 Sex Linkage #3 (You try it!)
• A human female "carrier" who is heterozygous for the
recessive, sex-linked trait causing red-green color blindness
(or alternatively, hemophilia), marries a normal male. What
proportion of their male progeny will have red-green color
blindness (or alternatively, will be hemophiliac)?
• A. 100%
• B. 75%
• C. 50%
• D. 25%
• E. 0%
 Sex Linkage #3 (Solution)
• A human female "carrier" who is heterozygous for the recessive, sex-
linked trait causing red-green color blindness (or alternatively,
hemophilia), marries a normal male. What proportion of their male
progeny will have red-green color blindness (or alternatively, will be
hemophiliac)?
• A. 100%
• B. 75%
• C. 50% Correct!
• Half the sons would be expected to inherit the allele from their mother
and be afflicted because they are hemizygous. Half the daughters would
be carriers like their mothers.
• D. 25%
• E. 0%
 Sex Linkage #4 (You try it!)
• A red-green colorblind male marries a normal
female. What percentage of their female
offspring will be red-green colorblind carries?
• A. 0 %
• B. 25%
• C. 50 %
• D. 75%
• E. 100%
 Sex Linkage #4 (Solution)
• A red-green colorblind male marries a normal female.
What percentage of their female offspring will be red-
green colorblind carries?
• A. 0 %
• B. 25%
• C. 50 %
• D. 75%
• E. 100% All of his daughters would receive an Xb
chromosome from him and an X chromosome from their
mother => X Xb (Carriers)