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Conjunctions

Members:
Farah Nur Fadilah
Mega Taridauli
Ryant Rachman
CONJUNCTIONS
WHAT IS
CONJUNCTIONS?
→ Conjunctions are words that are used to connect words or a
group or words or sentences.

e.g. We could go to the library, or we could go to the park.

      He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test.
      I went out because the sun was shining.
 1. Coordinate
Cunjonctions
2. Coorelative
TYPES OF Cunjonctions
CONJUNCTION 3. Subordinate
S Cunjonctions
4. Connecting
Adverbs
5. Parallel
Construction
 COORDINATE CUNJONCTIONS

Coordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar

grammatical constructions; for instance, two words, two
phrases or two clauses.
e.g. My friend and I will attend the meeting.
      Austria is famous for the beauty of its landscape
and the hospitality of its people.
      The sun rose and the birds began to sing.

In these examples, the coordinate conjunction and is

used to join the two words friend and I, the two phrases
the beauty of its landscape and the hospitality of its
people, and the two clauses the sun rose and the birds
began to sing.
and:  in addition ► She tried and succeeded.
but:  however ► They tried but did not succeed.
or:  alternatively ► Did you go out or stay at home?
nor:  and neither ►  I did not see it, nor did they.
yet:  however ► The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.

As illustrated above, when a coordinate conjunction joins two verbs

which have the same subject, the subject need not be repeated. For
instance, in the example she tried and succeeded, the pronoun she
acts as the subject for both the verb tried and the verb succeeded. It
should also be noted that when a coordinate conjunction joins two
verbs which do not have the same subject, the two coordinate
clauses may be separated by a comma or semicolon, in order to
make the meaning clear.
EXERCISE 1
PAYING ATTENTION TO THE MEANINGS OF THE SENTENCES, AND
TO THE PRESENCE OF INVERTED WORD ORDER, FILL IN THE
BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
CHOSEN FROM THE PAIRS GIVEN IN BRACKETS. FOR EXAMPLE:
      I WOULD LIKE TO COME, ___ I DO NOT HAVE TIME. (BUT, NOR)
      I WOULD LIKE TO COME, BUT I DO NOT HAVE TIME.

1. I opened the door _________ looked out. (and, yet)

2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she
upstairs. (or, nor)
3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside.
(or, yet)
4. Do you know his address _________ telephone
number? (but, or)
5. He has not arrived yet, _________ have they. (and,
nor)
 COORELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to

show the relationship between the ideas expressed in
different parts of a sentence.
IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE, THE
EXPRESSION EITHER ... OR IS USED TO
INDICATE THAT THE IDEAS EXPRESSED IN
THE TWO CLAUSES REPRESENT TWO
ALTERNATIVE CHOICES OF ACTION.

E.G. EITHER YOU SHOULD STUDY

HARDER, OR YOU SHOULD TAKE A
DIFFERENT COURSE.
 both ... and
He is both intelligent and good-natured.
 either ... or

I will either go for a walk or read a book.

 neither ... nor

He is neither rich nor famous.

 hardly ... when

He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.

 if ... then

If that is true, then what happened is not surprising.

 no sooner ... than

No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.

 not only ... but also

She is not only clever, but also hard-working.

 rather ... than

I would rather go swimming than go to the library.

 scarcely ... when

Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain.

 what with ... and

what with all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relatives.
 whether ... or

Have you decided whether you will come or not?

EXERCISE 2
PAYING ATTENTION TO THE EXPRESSIONS USED IN THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES, FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS
AND, BUT ALSO, NOR, OR, THAN, THEN AND WHEN, AS
APPROPRIATE. FOR EXAMPLE:
      WE SHOULD EITHER WALK QUICKLY __ TAKE THE BUS.
      WE SHOULD EITHER WALK QUICKLY OR TAKE THE BUS.

1. I have both respect _________ admiration for them.

2. Hardly had I finished reading over the problem, _________ the answer
leapt to my mind.
3. It will rain either today _________ tomorrow.
4. He could not decide whether to tell the truth _________ keep silent.
5. It was not only a beautiful day, ___________ the first day of Spring.
6. If you follow the instructions, __________ you should have no difficulty.
7. He is neither proud _________ condescending.
8. What with one thing _________ another, it was very late by the time we
left the house.
9. No sooner had I opened my eyes, _________ I remembered where I was.
 SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

Subordinate clauses may begin with relative pronouns

such as that, what, whatever, which, who and whom,
as well as with words such as how, when, where,
wherever and why.
IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES, THE SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES ARE UNDERLINED.
E.G. THE HOUSE, WHICH STOOD ON A HILL, COULD BE SEEN
FOR MILES.
      I WONDER HOW HE DID THAT.

In addition, subordinate clauses may also begin with

words which are commonly referred to as subordinate
conjunctions. In the following examples, the
subordinate conjunctions are printed in bold type.
e.g. Because it was cold, I wore my winter coat.
      Let us wait until the rain stops.
THE SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS BELOW ARE
ACCOMPANIED BY THEIR MEANINGS AND
EXAMPLES OF USE
As
    1. because:  As he is my friend, I will help him.
    2. when:  We watched as the plane took off.

After
    1. later in time:  After the train left, we went home.

Although or though
    1. in spite of the fact that:  Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.

Before
    1. earlier than:  I arrived before the stores were open.

Because
    1. for the reason that:  We had to wait, because we arrived early.

For
    1. for, because:  He is happy, for he enjoys his work.

If
    1. on condition that:  If she is here, we will see her.
Lest
    1. for fear that:  I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.
Note the use of the Subjunctive Mood in the clause with lest.

Providing or provided
    1. on condition that:  All will be well, providing you are careful

Since
    1. from a past time:  I have been here since the sun rose.
    2. as, because:  Since you are here, you can help me.

So or so that
    1. consequently:  It was raining, so we did not go out.
    2. in order that:  I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle.
Note: When used with the meaning in order that, so is usually followed by that in formal
English.
e.g. I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.

Supposing
    1. if:  Supposing that happens, what will you do?

Than
    1. used in comparisons:  He is taller than you are.

Unless
    1. except when, if not:  Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.
Until or till
    1. up to the time when:  I will wait until I hear from you.

Whereas
    1. because:  Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone.
    2. on the other hand:  He is short, whereas you are tall.

Whether
    1. if:  I do not know whether she was invited.

While
    1. at the time when:  While it was snowing, we played cards.
    2. on the other hand:  He is rich, while his friend is poor.
    3. although:  While I am not an expert, I will do my best.

As if
    1. in a similar way:  She talks as if she knows everything.

As long as
    1. if:  As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
    2. while:  He has lived there as long as I have known him.

As soon as
    1. immediately when:  Write to me as soon as you can.
As though
    1. in a similar way:  It looks as though there will be a storm.

Even if
    1. in spite of a possibility:  I am going out even if it rains.

In case
    1. because of a possibility:  Take a sweater in case it gets cold.

Or else
    1. otherwise:  Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.

So as to
    1. in order to:  I hurried so as to be on time.
EXERCISE 3. PAYING ATTENTION TO THE MEANINGS OF THE
SENTENCES, FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT
SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS OR SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS CHOSEN
FROM THE PAIRS GIVEN IN BRACKETS. FOR EXAMPLE:
      I WENT FOR A WALK _______ THE SUN WAS SHINING. (BECAUSE,
OTHERWISE)
      I WENT FOR A WALK BECAUSE THE SUN WAS SHINING.

1. We recognized her at once, ____________ we had not seen

her for years. (although, in case)
2. He kept reading ___________ he fell asleep. (for, until)
3. The moon will rise ____________ the sun sets. (as soon as,
than)
4. It looks ____________ the train will be late. (while, as
though)
5. ____________ she got her degree, she became a teacher.
(After, Than)
6. We will not go skiing ____________ the weather is good. (as
if, unless)
7. ____________ he left, he made sure he had his keys with him.
(Before, For)
8. ____________ I told the truth, you would not believe me. (Even if,
So that)
9. They have known her ___________ she was a child. (until, since)
10. I must leave now, ____________ I have a great deal of work to do.
(as, than)
11. What shall we do ____________ it rains? (or else, supposing)
12. ____________ you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it.
(If, Until)
13. The door was open, ____________ we could hear everything. (in
case, so)
14. I studied more ____________ he did. (than, whereas)
15. We packed a lunch, ____________ we knew we would soon be
hungry. (lest, for)
16. I will join you, ____________ the weather is fine. (providing, than)
17. ____________ he is very busy, he is seldom at home. (Or else,
Because)
18. We must hurry, ___________ we will be late. (so that, or else)
 Certain words, such as after, before, since and until
may function either as prepositions or subordinate
conjunctions. However it should be noted that in some
cases different words must be used as prepositions and
subordinate conjunctions, in order to express similar
meanings. This is illustrated in the table below.

 Differing Prepositions and Conjunctions

 
Meaning Preposition Conjunction
for this reason because of because
in spite of this despite although
at the time when during while
in a similar way like as if
In the following examples, the objects of the prepositions, and
the verbs of the subordinate clauses are printed in bold type.
   
Preposition: They were upset because of the delay.
      Conjunction: They were upset because they were
delayed.

      Preposition: Despite the rain, we enjoyed ourselves.

      Conjunction: Although it rained, we enjoyed ourselves.

      Preposition: We stayed indoors during the storm.

      Conjunction: We stayed indoors while the storm raged.

      Preposition: It looks like rain.

      Conjunction: It looks as if it will rain.