LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION

CEEGR 6977: Hydrology

Sam Shamsi, Ph.D., P.E.
Adjunct Professor
Department of Civil / Environmental & Chemical Engineering

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OUTLINE
‹ General
‹ Student teacher introduction
‹ Signup sheet
‹ Schedule

‹ Textbook

‹ Grading

‹ Learning objectives
‹ Lecture No. 1
‹ Hydrology

‹ Hydrologic cycle
‹ Watersheds

‹ Digital Elevation Models (DEM)

‹ Models

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ABOUT YOUR PROFESSOR
; Principal, ATS-Chester Engineers, Pittsburgh, PA
¾ Eighteen (18) years
¾ Water and wastewater engineering
¾ Hydrologic & hydraulic modeling and GIS
; Professor
¾ University of Pittsburgh, GIS and Hydrology
¾ Penn State University, Continuing Education
¾ Youngstown State University, GIS and Hydrology
; Education:
¾ Ph.D. (Civil Engineering), University of Pittsburgh, 1988
; 80+ publications
; Books:
¾ GIS Tools for Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Systems,
An ASCE Press Best-seller, 2002.
¾ GIS Applications for Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Systems,
CRC Press, 2005.
; Professional Engineer in PA, WV, OH

Contact: ushamsi@chester-engineers.com
412-809-6618 Office
724-777-6909 Cell
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YOUR TURN
Please introduce yourself
z Your name
z Your program: undergraduate or graduate
z Your major
z Your organization (if employed)
z Your profession (if employed)
¾ Civil engineer, hydrologist, project
manager, etc.
z Your area of interest:
¾ Water Supply, Wastewater, Stormwater
Management, etc.

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SCHEDULE
DATE No. LECTURE CHAPTER PAGE NO.

1/22/07 1 Student teacher introduction, signup, schedule, grading, 1 1-19

learning objectives, Introduction (hydrology, hydrologic
cycle, watersheds, DEMs, models)
1/29/07 2 Precipitation and Design Storms 3,6,14 56-80
179-182,444-
465
2/5/07 3 HEC-HMS Workshop 15 507-514
2/12/07 4 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 3 80-98
2/19/07 5 Subsurface Water 4 99-126
2/26/07 6 Surface Water 1
5 127-153
3/5/07 7 Surface Water 2

3/12/07 SPRING BREAK

3/19/07 8 Mid Term Examination
3/26/07 9 Unit Hydrograph
7 211-241
4/2/07 10 Unit Hydrograph
4/9/07 11 Lumped Flow Routing 1
8 242-271
4/16/07 12 Lumped Flow Routing 2
4/23/07 13 Hydrologic Statistics 11 350-379
4/30/07 14 Frequency Analysis 12,15 380-383

5/7/07 15 Final Examination

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TEXT BOOK
‹ Title: Applied Hydrology
‹ Authors: Ven T Chow, David R Maidment, Larry W Mays
‹ Publisher: McGraw Hill
‹ Edition: 1988
‹ Type: Hardcover
‹ Pages: 572
‹ ISBN: 0070108102

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REFERENCE BOOKS
‹ Introduction to Hydrology by Viessman, Knapp,
Lewis and Harbaugh, IEP A Dun-Donnelley, 1977
‹ Dynamic Hydrology by Eagleson, McGraw Hill, 1970
‹ Hydrology for Engineers by Linsley, Kohler and
Paulhus. McGraw Hill, 1987
‹ Handbook of Hydrology by David R. Maidment,
McGraw Hill, 1993
‹ HEC-HMS Users Manual
‹ http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/
‹ Class handouts

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GRADING
‹ 20% Homework
‹ Submit: 7 numbered homeworks
Š Will count for homework grade
‹ Practice: several un-graded assignments
Š Will not count for homework grade
‹ Late homework will not be accepted or graded
‹ 40% Mid-Term Exam
‹ 40% Final Exam

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Recognize, analyze, and solve the
problems associated with the flow of
rainwater on the ground surface.
2. Benefit from the instructor's practical
experience (real-world perspective).
3. Apply the theoretical knowledge of
surface hydrology to real world
problems and projects (applied
hydrology).
4. Learn how to use HEC-HMS model to
solve hydrologic problems.
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COURSE WEB SITE
http://www.eng.ysu.edu/%7Eceegr/GIS/ysuhydro/ysuhydro.htm

Link to download
Link to download homework
lectures
Numbered
homeworks (in
bold letters)
should be
submitted for 20%
of the grade.

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COURSE WEB SITE
‹ Click “YSU Hydrology Course” link from www.GISApplications.com

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HYDROLOGY
‹ Hydrology is the science
that encompasses the
occurrence, distribution,
movement and properties
of the waters of the earth
and their relationship with
the environment within
each phase of the
hydrologic cycle.
‹ Hydrology: Science of
water’s:
‹ Occurrence
‹ Distribution, and

‹ Movement

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HYDRAULICS
‹ The physical science and technology of
the static and dynamic behavior of
fluids
‹ The branch of engineering that focuses
on the practical problems of collecting,
storing, measuring, transporting,
controlling, and using water and other
liquids.
‹ Pumps, valves, siphons, spillways
‹ It differs from
‹ Fluid mechanics, which is more theoretical
and includes the study of gases as well as
liquids;
‹ Hydrology, which is the study of the
properties, distribution, and circulation of
the Earth's water. 14
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
‹ Hydrologic Cycle: The path taken by water as it
travels through various media:
‹ Atmosphere
‹ Land
Š Over
Š Under
‹ Water
Š Streams
Š Rivers
Š Lakes
Š Oceans
‹ The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process by Continuous
which water is purified by evaporation and
transported from the earth's surface (including the No beginning or end!
oceans) to the atmosphere and back to the land and
oceans.
‹ All of the physical, chemical and biological processes
involving water as it travels through various paths in
the atmosphere, over and beneath the earth's surface
and through growing plants, are of interest to those
who study the hydrologic cycle.
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 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Ten processes of hydrologic cycle
1. Evaporation
Š Water evaporates from oceans and land surface to become part of atmosphere (water vapor)
2. Precipitation
Š Water vapor is lifted and transported in the atmosphere until it condenses and precipitates on
the land or oceans
3. Interception
Š Precipitated water intercepted by vegetation
4. Overland flow
Š Precipitated water overflowing on ground surface
5. Infiltration
Š Precipitated water infiltrated into ground Figure 1.1.1 of the Text Book
6. Subsurface flow
Š Precipitated water flowing through the soil near land surface
7. Surface runoff (stream flow)
Š Precipitated water discharged to streams
8. Recharge
Š Deep percolation to water table
9. Groundwater flow
Š Movement of water table deeper in soil or rock strata
10. Overflow to oceans
Š Surface and groundwater returning to oceans
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

61 + 39 = 100
2
424 - 385 = 39

5 7 1
3
4

6 8
10
9

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GLOBAL WATER BALANCE
Question: What’s the percentage of atmospheric moisture originating from oceans?
From Figure 1.1.1
• Land
• Inflow (precipitation) = 100
• Outflow = 100
• Evaporation = 61
• Outflow to ocean = 39
• From surface water = 38
• From groundwater =1
• Ocean
• Inflow = 424
• Precipitation on ocean = 385
• Outflow from land = 39
• Outflow (evaporation) = 424
• Total Precipitation = 485
• On land = 100
• On ocean = 385
• Total Evaporation = 485
• From land = 61
• From ocean = 424 Answer: Approximately
• Atmospheric moisture from oceans = 424/485 = 87.42% ≅ 90% 90%
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GLOBAL WATER BALANCE
Total water on earth
• Ocean = 96.5 %
• Polar ice = 1.7 %
• Groundwater = 1.7 %
• Surface water = 0.099 %
• Atmospheric water = 0.001 %
• Total = 100%

• Driving force for surface hydrology

•Atmospheric water = 0.001 % = 1 in 100,000

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SURFACE HYDROLOGY
‹Surface hydrology: Related to movement of
water over the ground surface
‹ Includes both
ŠOverland flow
ŠStream flow
‹ Otherprocesses of the hydrologic cycle related to
surface water are also studied:
ŠPrecipitation
ŠEvaporation
ŠSubsurface flow (infiltration)

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 WATERSHEDS
• Watershed: area of land draining into a
river at a given location (outlet)
• Outlet: the most downstream point on
OUTLET
the stream where the flow leaves the
watershed and enters the river
• Sewershed: drainage area of sewer system
• Watershed divide: a line dividing
• land draining towards the given stream, WATERSHED

and
• land draining away from that stream
• Manual delineation of watersheds is done
by drawing drainage divides on
topographic (contour) maps, which is
cumbersome
• Automatic delineation of watersheds is
done using Digital Elevation Models
(DEMs) and Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) software
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WATERSHED EXAMPLES
WATERSHED

WATERSHED

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DEM DATA
‹ DEM = Digital Elevation Model
‹ Digital representation of ground surface elevation
‹ A grid of elevation points defined by X,Y coordinates
‹ A sampled array of elevations for a number of ground positions at
regularly spaced intervals.

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MANUAL METHOD DELINEATION METHOD
Difficult for large watersheds
Turtle Creek Watershed Near Pittsburgh: 146 mi2, 700 Subbasins

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 AUTOMATIC (GIS/DEM) METHOD

Automatic
delineation of
watershed
boundaries and
streams

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LARGE WATERSHEDS
‹ DEM approach definitely better for large watersheds
‹ Lake Erie watershed: 400 mi2 - 1,811 subbasins

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DEM ANALYSIS SOFTWARE TOOLS
Software Vendor and Website Notes
Spatial Analyst and ESRI, Redlands, California
Hydro Extensions www.esri.com
IDRISI Clark University Worcester, Massachusetts
www.clarklabs.org
ERDAS IMAGINE Leica Geosystems, Atlanta, Georgia Formerly Earth
gis.leica-geosystems.com Resource Data
www.erdas.com Analysis System
(ERDAS) software
TOPAZ US Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, El Reno,
Oklahoma
grl.ars.usda.gov/topaz/TOPAZ1.HTM
MicroDEM U.S. Naval Academy Software developed
www.usna.edu/Users/oceano/pguth/websit by Professor Peter
e/microdem.htm Guth of the
Oceanography
Department
DEM3D Viewer USGS, Western Mapping Center, Menlo Free download,
Park, California allows viewing of
craterlake.wr.usgs.gov/dem3d.html DEM files through
a 3-dimensional
perspective
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WHAT IS A MODEL?
‹ An approximate representation of reality
‹ Example: a recipe, a model train or plane

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MODEL CLASSIFICATION
1. Physical models
‹ Scale models
‹ Analog models
2. Mathematical models
‹ Hydrologic models
Š Rainfall-runoff modeling
Š Watersheds
Š Example: US Army Corps of Engineers’ HEC-HMS software
‹ Hydraulic models
Š Flow routing in pressure pipes
Š Water systems
Š Example: US EPA’s EPANET software
‹ Hydrologic and hydraulic models
Š Rainfall-runoff modeling
Š Flow routing in gravity and pressure pipes (force mains)
Š Wastewater and stormwater systems
Š Sewers and storm drains
Š Example: US EPA’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)

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 MATHEMATICAL MODEL
¾ Mathematical model: an abstract model that
uses mathematical language to describe the
behavior of a system.
¾ A computer program that reads user input
data to provide output results
¾ Mathematical models are used in:
¾ Natural sciences and engineering disciplines
¾ Physics, biology, and civil engineering
¾ Social sciences
¾ Economics, sociology and political science
¾ Engineers, physicists, computer scientists,
and economists use mathematical models
most extensively.

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HYDROLOGIC MODEL CLASSIFICATION
1. Physical
¾ Scale: Reduced scale replicas of
prototype
• Ex: a dam spillway

¾ Analog: Another physical system

having properties similar to those
of the prototype
• Ex: Hele-Shaw model uses the

movement of a viscous fluid

between two closely spaced
parallel plates to model
seepage in an embankment
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 HYDROLOGIC MODEL CLASSIFICATION
2. Hydrologic Mathematical (Abstract) Models - Ref. Figure 1.4.1
• Deterministic: Model variables have a fixed (known) value
• Make forecasts
• Example: Daily evaporation models
• Stochastic: Model variables are random and described by probability distributions
• Make predictions
• Example: Daily precipitation models
• Lumped: hydrologic processes do not vary spatially within the watershed
• Distributed: hydrologic processes vary spatially within the watershed
• Steady: flow rate does not change with time
• Unsteady: flow rate changes with time
Figure 1.4.1 of the Text Book

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HYDROLOGIC MODEL CLASSIFICATION

Stochastic

Space-independent Space-correlated

Time- Time- Time- Time-

independent correlated independent correlated

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 SYSTEMS CONCEPT

• System: a set of connected parts that form

a whole
• Example: Hydrologic cycle can be
represented as system consisting of sub-
systems and components (processes)
• Reference: Figure 1.2.1 (3 subsystems)
• Subsystem 1: atmospheric water
• Components: precipitation,
interception, transpiration, evaporation
• Subsystem 2: surface water
• Components: overland flow, surface
runoff, subsurface & groundwater
outflow, runoff to streams and oceans
• Subsystem 3: subsurface water
• Components: infiltration, groundwater
recharge, subsurface flow, and
groundwater flow

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HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM MODELS

• Problem: Some hydrologic processes are complex and

may not be described with exact physical laws
• Example: Variation of precipitation in space and time
• Solution: Use the systems concept to represent the
process as a model
• System Model: An approximation of the actual system
• Input: measurable watershed parameters
• Output: measurable hydrologic variables
• Transfer Function: equation(s) that transforms input into
output

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HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM

• A hydrologic system is defined as a structure or volume

in space, surrounded by a boundary, that:
• accepts water and other inputs,
• operates on them internally, and
• produces them as outputs.
• Example: Figure 1.2.2

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MODEL EXAMPLES
• Example 1: Watershed rainfall-runoff process as a
hydrologic system
• Model Q(t) = Ω . I(t)
• I (t) = model input (rainfall) at time t
• Q (t) = model output (runoff) at time t
• Ω = transfer function (omega)

INPUT OPERATOR OUTPUT

I(t) Ω Q(t)

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MODEL EXAMPLES
• Example 2: Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
• A hydrologic and hydraulic model
• Wastewater and stormwater systems

SWMM MODEL OF A SEWERSHED

Sewershed hydrologic and hydraulic modeling 40
 MODEL EXAMPLES
• Example 3: Rational Method Q = CIA
• Used for estimating flow in sewer pipes
for designing sewer pipes
• Q = peak flow (output)
• I = rainfall intensity (input)
• A = drainage area (input)
• C = runoff coefficient (transfer function)
• 0.97 for concrete, 0.22 for woods
Example 1:
What is the peak discharge
through a single culvert draining a
forested watershed in Austin (TX)
of 150 acres with average slope
during a 10-year storm with a
rainfall intensity of 6 in/hr?
Q = CiA
From Table 15.1.1, C = 0.36
Q = 0.36 x 6 x 150
Q = 324 cfs
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MODEL EXAMPLES SWMM

‹ Lumped:
‹ HEC-HMS
‹ SWMM
‹ Distributed:
‹ Système Hydrologique Européen SHE
(European Hydrological System) SHE

‹ A deterministic, distributed, and

physically based modeling system for
describing the major flow processes of
the entire land phase of the hydrological
cycle.

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DISTRIBUTED MODEL: MIKE SHE

‹ Spatial and temporal

variations in
evapotranspiration (ET) rate
‹ Karup (Denmark)
catchment, 425 km2, single
unconfined sandy aquifer
‹ Evapotranspiration strongly
depends on development
stage of crops and depth to
groundwater table
‹ Additional info: Danish
Hydraulic Institute (DHI),
www.dhigroup.com

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HOMEWORK No. 1
Watershed Delineation
• Download the USGS topographic map
(bullrun.pdf) for Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
• Print the map on a color printer
• Draw the watershed boundary for Bull Run by
connecting the high elevation points (ridges)
• Watershed should be tributary to where Bull Run
meets West Branch Susquehanna River
• Submit topo map with watershed boundary drawn

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TOPO MAP

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HINT: DEM RESULTS

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HINT: GIS RESULTS

BULL RUN

OUTLET

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