M. J.

Roberts - 10/7/06

Chapter 9 - The Discrete-Time Fourier Series

Solutions
Basics

1. Without using a calculator or computer find the dot products of (a) w1 and w
1 ,
(b) w1 and w
2 (c) w11 and w37 , where

W40 
 k
W 
w k =  42k  and WN = e j 2
/ N F
W4 
F

W 3k 
 4 

to show that they are orthogonal.


(e )   1  ( )
 e j / 2 0 
0
j / 2
   1

(e )  =  j   j / 2
1   
( )
1
j / 2
  e  
j 
(a) w1 =   w
1 = 
2 
=
(e )  
1 ( )  
 
1 
2
j / 2 j / 2
 e
 
j     j
(e ) ( )

3
   e j / 2 
3
j / 2
  
1
 

j
w1H w
1 = 1
j
1 j    = 1
1 + 1
1 = 0

1 
 
 j


(e )   1  
(e ) 
0 0
j / 2 j / 2
   1

)  =  j  
2 
(e (e )  
1
j / 2 j / 2
   
1
(b) w1 =     w
2 = 
4 
=
(e )  
1 (e )  
2
 j / 2
 j / 2
 1
 
j    
1
(e )  (e )

6
  
3
j / 2 j / 2
  

Solutions 9-1

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

1
 

1
w1H w
1 = 1
j
1 j    = 1 + j
1
j = 0
1
 

1

(e ) 
( )
 e j / 2 0 
0
j / 2
  1   1
 11   j / 2 37   

w11 = 
(e j / 2
)  
  j
= w37 = 
( )
 e  
j 
=
22  74 
(c)


(e
j / 2
)  
 
1 
 
j 
( )
 e

j / 2  
 
1 
  j
 (e )  ( )
 e j / 2 
33 111
j / 2
   
1
 

j
w1H w
1 = 1
j
1 j    = 1
1 + 1
1 = 0

1 
 
 j

2. Find the DTFS harmonic function of a signal x
 n  with period 4 for which
x
0  = 3 , x
1 = 1 , x  2  =
5 and x
3 = 0 using the matrix multiplication
WH x
X= .
NF

3 W40 W40 W40 W40  1 1 1 1 

 0 
 
 1 W W4
1
W42 W44  1 j
1
j 
NF = 4 , x = , W =  40 =

5
W4 W42 W44 W48  1
1 1
1 
   
0 W 0 W 3 W46 W412  1
j
1 j 
 4 4

1 1 1 1 
 
1
j
1 j 
W =
H
1
1 1
1 
 
1 j
1
j 

1 1 1 1   3  
1  
1 / 4 
      
1 1
j
1 j   1  1 8
j   2
j / 4 
X= = =
4 1
1 1
1  
5 4 
3  
3 / 4 
      
1 j
1
j   0  8 + j   2 + j / 4 

Solutions 9-2

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

3. Using the direct summation formula find and sketch the DTFS harmonic function
of
N  n  with N F = N 0 .
0

N 0 / 2
1
1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1
 

j 2  kF0 n
j 2  kF0 n
X  k  =  N  n  e =  N  n  e =
N0 n= N 0
0
N0 n=
N 0 / 2
0
N0

|X[k]|
1
N0

-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
k

*X[k]

-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
k

4. One period of a periodic DT function with period, 4, is described by

x  n  =   n 
  n
2  , 0  n < 4 .

Using the summation formula for the DTFS harmonic function and not using the
tables or properties, find the harmonic function X
 k  .

X  k  =
1 3

N 0 n=0
x 
 n 
 e

j 2  kn/ N 0
=
1 3

N 0 n=0
{
  n 
  n
2  e
j 2 kn/ N0 }
1
e
j k
1
e ( )  = 1
e
j k  =
1
j 2  2k / 4 1
X  k  =
4  4 4

Harmonic Functions Using Tables and Properties

5. Using the DTFS table of transforms and the DTFS properties, find the DTFS
harmonic function of each of these periodic signals using the representation time,
N F , indicated.

(a) (
x  n  = 6cos 2
n / 32 ) , N F = 32

(
Using cos 2 n / N 0 
FS
 ) 1
(  k
1
+  N  k + 1

2 N0  0
) , N F = N 0 = 32

(
X  k  = 3  32  k
1 +  32  k + 1 )
Solutions 9-3

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

|X[k]|
3

k
-40 40

Phase of X[k]
π

k
-40 40

-π

( )
 2 n
2 
x  n  = 10sin  N F = N 0 = 12
(b) ,
 12

( )
Using sin 2 n / N 0 
FS

j
(
  k + 1

 N  k
1

2 N0  0
) , N F = N 0 = 12

(
10sin 2 n / 12 
FS
) (
 = j5 12  k + 1

12  k
1
)
( )

j 2  kF0 n0
Then, using x  n
n0  
FS
e X  k 

( )

j k
X  k  = j5 comb12  k + 1
comb12  k
1 e 3

|X[k]|
5

k
-40 40

Phase of X[k]
π

k
-40 40

-π
We can demonstrate that this solution is correct by reconstituting the signal using

Solutions 9-4

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

x  n  = 
k = N0
X  k  e
j 2  kn/ N 0
= 
k = N0
(
j5 12  k + 1
12  k
1 e
j k / 3e
j 2  kn/ N 0
)
Since the summation extends only over one period, N 0 = 12 , choose the simplest
period,
6  k < 6 . In that period the two comb functions are simply two
impulses at k = ±1 .

( )
5
( )
x  n  =  j5   k + 1
  k
1 e
j 2  k n/12
1/ 6

k =
6

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x  n  = j5  e =
j5  e

j 2  k n/12
1/ 6 j 2  k n/12
1/ 6 j 2  k n/12
1/ 6
j 2  k n/12
1/ 6

e
e
   

  n
2 
 ( (
x  n  =
j5  j2sin 2 n / 12
1 / 6  = 10sin  2 
   12

))

We could have chosen a different period, for example 4
k < 16 . Then

( )
15
( )
x  n  =  j5   k
11
  k
13 e
j 2  k n/12
1/ 6

k =4

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x  n  = j5  e = j5  e
j 22  n/12
1/ 6 j 26  n/12
1/ 6 j 2  11n/12
11/ 6 j 2  13n/12
13/ 6

e
e
   

(
j 2  12n/12
12/ 6 ) (
j 2 
n/12+1/ 6 ) (
j 2  n/12
1/ 6 )
x  n  = j5e e
e
 
( ) ( )
= j5e
e
 e j 2 n
j 4
j 2  n/12
1/ 6 j 2  n/12
1/ 6

e
 =1 =1


  n
2 
 ( (
x  n  = j5 
j2sin 2 n / 12
1 / 6  = 10sin  2 
   12

))

which is the same answer as before (with somewhat more effort).

 x
n / 8  , n / 8 an integer
(c) x
 n  =  1  , N F = 48
0 , otherwise
where x1  n  = sin 2
n / 6 ( )
Using the time-scaling property of the DTFS,

Solutions 9-5

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

1
X
 k  = X1
 k 
8

X1  k  =
j
(
  k + 1
 6  k
1
2 6
) , N F = N0 = 6

X  k  =
j
(
  k + 1
 6  k
1
16 6 
) , N F = N 0 = 48

|X[k]|
0.0625

k
-48 48

Phase of X[k]
π

k
-48 48

-π

(d) x  n  = e j 2
n , N F = 6

Notice that this function, although written as x  n  = e j 2
n could be

more simply written as x
 n  = 1 because for any integer value of
discrete time, n, the result is always the same, 1. Therefore

e j 2 n = 1
FS

6  k 
|X[k]|
1

k
-40 40

Phase of X[k]
π

k
-40 40

-π

Solutions 9-6

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

 2 n 
(e) x  n  = cos 

 2 n
1  ( ) N F = 16
cos  ,
 16
 16

 2 n 


 2 n
1  (

FS

)
1  16
 k
1 + 16
 k + 1



cos  cos 
16  16  2 
16
 k
1 e
j k /8
16
 k + 1 e
j k /8 

 2 n 


(
 2 n
1 )   1
e
FS

j /8
comb16
k
1 +
1
e j /8
comb16
k + 1
cos  cos  
 16   16 2 2

|X[k]|
0.25

k
-40 40

Phase of X[k]
π

k
-40 40

-π

 33 n  33  2 n
(f) x  n  =
sin  =
sin , N F = N 0 = 64
 32
  64


The period of this signal is 64.

This form does not appear directly in Appendix E. Therefore we must either
use what is in Appendix E with some properties to get to this form or simply
apply the definition of the DTFS harmonic function directly.

From Appendix E,
j 2  n/ N 0
e 
FS
  N  k
1

Using the frequency-shifting property,

j 2  mn/ N 0 j 2  n/ N 0
e e 
FS
  N  k
m
1

Solutions 9-7

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

e ( )
j 2  n m+1 / N 0

FS
  N  k
m + 1

0
( )
or
j 2  mn/ N 0
e 
FS
  N  k
m

Then

( )
j 2  mn/ N 0
j 2  mn/ N 0
+e
e
2
(
= cos 2 mn / N 0 
FS
 ) 1
  k
m
+  N  k + m

2 N0  0

and

( )
j 2  mn/ N 0
j 2  mn/ N 0

e
e
j2
(
= sin 2 mn / N 0 
FS
 ) j
  k + m

 N  k
m

2 N0  0

X  k  =

j
(
  k + 33
 64  k
33
2 64 
)
|X[k]|
0.5

k
-64 64

Phase of X[k]
π

k
-64 64

-π

We can demonstrate that this solution is correct by reconstituting the signal

using

x  n  = 
k = N0
X  k  e
j 2  kn/ N 0
= 
k = N0


j
2
( )
 64  k + 33
 64  k
33 e j 2 kn/ N0

Since the summation extends only over one period, N 0 = 64 , choose the simplest
period,
32  k < 32 .

( )
31
j
x  n  = 
 64  k + 33
 64  k
33 e
j 2  kn/ N 0

k =
32 2

We must now determine for which values of k,
32  k < 32 , the periodic
impulse functions are not zero. Take the first periodic impulse function,

Solutions 9-8

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

64  k + 33 .

Its impulses occur whenever k + 33 is an integer multiple of 64. The only value
of k in the range,
32  k < 32 , for which that is true is k = 31 . Similarly, for

 64  k
33

the only value for which it is non-zero is k =
31 . Therefore we can write the
summation as


2 (  k
31
  k + 31 ) e ( )
31
j j 2 (31n/ 64)

e (
j j 2  kn/ N 0 j 2 
31n/ 64 )
x  n  = =
e
k =
32 2

x  n  =
2
e (
j
j 2 (31n/ 64)

e (
j 2  31n/ 64 ) j
) (
=
j2sin 2 31n / 64
2
( ( )))
( ( ))
= sin 2 31n / 64 = sin 31 n / 32 ( )
But this can also be written as

x  n  =
j 
j 2 (64n/ 64) j 2 (33n/ 64)
2 e
 e
=1
j 2  ( 64n/ 64 )
j 2  ( 33n/ 64 ) 

e

=1
 e

2
(
= e (
j j 2 33n/ 64)

e (

j 2  33n/ 64 )
)
x  n  =
j
2
( ( (
j2sin 2 33n / 64 ))) =
sin (33 n / 32)
If these two results are to both be correct

( )
sin 31 n / 32 =
sin 33 n / 32( )
for any integer value of n. We can write

 31 n
64 n 
( ) (
sin 31 n / 32 = sin 31n / 32
2 n = sin 
 32
)

( )
= sin
33 n / 32 =
sin 33 n / 32 ( )
proving that the two expressions are indeed equivalent for integer values of n.

(g) x  n  = rect 5  n 
11  n 

Solutions 9-9

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

2W + 1
Using rectW  n 
 N  n  
0
FS

N0
(
drcl k / N 0 ,2W + 1 )
 n 
and drcl  ,2m + 1 =
2m+1  n
 and the fact that 2W + 1 = N 0
 2m + 1

X  k  =
11  k 

Agrees with 1

FS

N  k  because x  n  = rect 5  n 
11  n  = 1
0

and in 1 FS

N  k  , N 0 can be arbitrarily chosen. The meaning
0

of the result is the same regardless of the choice of N 0 .

|X[k]|
1

k
-40 40

Phase of X[k]
π

k
-40 40

-π

This result was obtained for a period of N 0 = 11 . But when the function is a
constant, we can choose any period we like and get an equivalent result
(because a constant repeats exactly in any “period” you choose). For
example, if we let N 0 = 4 the transform pair, 1 FS

N  k  , yields
0

X  k  =
4  k  . Then, reconstituting the signal from its DTFS,

x  n  =  X  k  e
j 2  kn/ N 0
= 
4  k  e j 2 kn/ N0
k = N0 k = N0

Summing over the period,
2  k < 2 , yields

1
()
x  n  =  4
 k  e j 2 kn/ 4 = e
j 2  0 n/ e
=1 .
k =
2

If we chose the period, 2
k < 6 we would get

Solutions 9-10

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

5
()
x  n  = 
4  k  e j 2 kn/ 4 = e
j 2  4 n/ 4
=1 ,
k =2

which is exactly the same result. In general, for any choice of period and any
range of k covering one period,
k0 + N 0
1

x  n  =   N  k  e j 2 kn/ N0 = e j 2 qN0 n/ N0 = 1
0
k = k0

where the integer q lies in the range, k0
q < k0 + N 0 .

(h) x  n  = rect 2  n 
 21  n  3 , N F = 21

2N w + 1
Using rect N  n 
 N  n  
w 0
FS

N0
(
drcl k / N 0 ,2N w + 1 )

j 2  kn0 / N 0
and x  n
n0  
FS
e X  k  ,

( ) (
X  k  = 5 / 21 drcl k / 21,5 e
j 2 k / 7 )
|X[k]|
0.25

k
-40 40

Phase of X[k]
π

k
-40 40

-π

6. Find the DTFS harmonic function of

n
x  n  =  3
 m 
 3  m
1
m=


with N F = N 0 = 3 .

Solutions 9-11

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

 3  m

 3  m
1

FS
( )
 1 / 3
1 / 3 e
j 2 k / 3 , N F = N 0 = 3

n

X k 
Using  x
m 

1
e
FS

j 2 k / N 0
, k0
m=


n
1 1
e
j 2 k / 3 1

m
3



3
m
1

FS
 = , k  0 , N F = N0 = 3
3 1
e
j 2 k / 3 3
m=


This is correct because, since the representation time is 3, the corresponding time-
domain function is
3  m  which (except for an unknown constant) is the
accumulation of the backward difference of itself,

n
x  n  =  3
 m 
 3  m
1 =  3  m  + C .
m=


7. A periodic DT signal, x
 n  , is exactly described for all discrete time by its

DTFS,

(
X  k  =  8  k
1 +  8  k + 1 + j2 8  k + 2 
j2 8  k
2  e
j k / 4 . )
(a) Write a correct analytical expression for x
 n  in which
1 , j, does not
appear.

(
cos 2 n / 8 
FS

1
)
  k
1
+  8  k + 1

2 8
( )
(
2cos 2n / 8 
FS
)
  8  k
1 +  8  k + 1

( )
( )
sin 4 n / 8 = sin 2n / 4 
FS

2
j
(  k + 2

  k
2
) 8 8

4sin ( 2 n / 4 )   j2 (  k + 2

  k
2
)
FS
8 8

 2 ( n
1)   2 ( n
1)   
 k
1 + 
 k + 1 

j 2  k /8
+ 4sin  
8 8
e
FS
2cos  
8  4   + j2
k + 2 
j2
k
2  
8  8 
Therefore
 2 n
1 
x  n  = 2cos 
(
 2 n
1  ) ( )
+ 4sin 
 8
 4

(b) What is the value of x
 n  at n =
10 ?

Solutions 9-12

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

(
 2
10
1  )
 2
10
1  ( )
x 
10  = 2cos  + 4sin  = 2cos
11 / 4 + 4sin
11 / 2 ( ) ( )
 8
 4

( ) ( ) (
x 
10  = 2cos 11 / 4
4sin 11 / 2 = 2cos 3 / 4
4sin 3 / 2 = 2
1 / 2
4
1 ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
x 
10  = 4
2 / 2 = 4 2
2 / 2 = 3.657 / 1.414 = 2.586

8. Find the average signal power of

x  n  = rect 4  n 
 20  n 

directly in the DT domain and then find its harmonic function X
 k  and find the
signal power in the k domain and show that they are the same.

In the time domain:

1 1 1 9
  
2 2 2
Px = x 
 n 
 = rect  n
4 

  n
20  
 = rect 4  n 
 20  n 
N 0 n= N0 20 n= 20 20 n= 10

1 4 9
Px = 
20 n=
4
1=
20

In the k domain:
rect 4  n 
 20  n  
FS

9
20
(
drcl k / 20,9 )

(9 / 20) drcl ( k / 20,9) ( )
( )

2 2 2 2
Px = X  k  = = 9 / 20 drcl k / 20,9
k = N0 k = 20 k = 20

Doing the summation numerically in MATLAB, Px = 9 / 20 . Check.

9. Using the frequency shifting property of the DTFS find the time-domain signal
x
 n  corresponding to the harmonic function,

 k
16 
(
X  k
 = 7 / 32 drcl  )
 32
,7  .

Solutions 9-13

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

rect 3  n 
 32  n  
FS
(
 7 / 32 drcl k / 32,7 ) ( )
 k  16
( rect  n 

3 32 )
 n  e (
j 2  16n/ 32 )

FS

7
32
drcl

32
,7 


 k  16
( rect  n 

3 32 )
 n  e j n 
FS 7
 drcl
32
32
,7 


 k  16 
( rect
 n 

3 32 )( )
n

 n  1 
FS 7
 drcl 
32 32
,7


This frequency shifting causes the sign of the time-domain function to alternate.

10. Find the DTFS harmonic function for

x  n  = rect 3  n 
 8  n 

with the representation time, N F = 8 . Then, using MATLAB, plot the DTFS
representation,
7
x F  n  =  X  k  e j 2
kn/8
k =0

over the DT range
8  n < 8 . For comparison, plot the function,

20
x F 2  n  =  X  k  e j 2
kn/8

k =13

over the same range. The plots should be identical.

rect 3  n 
 8  n  
FS
 7 / 8 drcl k / 8,7( ) ( )

Solutions 9-14

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

k = 0:7
xF [n]

n
-8 8

k = 13:20
xF [n]

n
-8 8

System Response to Periodic Excitation

11. Graph the response of the DT system in Figure E-11 to the periodic excitation
x  n  =  4  n 
 4  n
2  over the time range 0
n < 8 .

x[n] y[n]
+ -

D
0.8 10
Figure E-11

The difference equation is

y  n 
0.8 y  n
1 = 10 x  n
1 .

The excitation can be written as x  n  = 1 / 4 )  k  (1
e

 (
)e
j k j 2  kn/ 4
. The
k= 4  1

X  k 

response is in the form

y  n  =  Y  k  e j 2
kn/ 4
.
k= 4

The difference equation for a single harmonic becomes

Y  k  e j 2 kn/ 4
0.8 Y  k  e ( )
j 2  k n
1 / 4
( ) (
= 10 1 / 4 1  k  1
e
j k e ) ( )
j 2  k n
1 / 4
.

Simplifying,
Solutions 9-15

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

Y  k  =
( ) (
10 1 / 4 1  k  1
e
j k e
j k / 2)
1
0.8e
j k / 2

and, since
1  k  is just the DT constant 1,

y  n  = 2.5 
(1
e ) e

j k
j k / 2

e j kn/ 2 .

j k / 2
k= 4 1
0.8e

y[n]
8

7
n

-8

12. A DT system described by the difference equation

2 y  n  + y  n
1 = 4 x  n 

is excited by x  n  = 1
 6  n  . Graph the x
 n  and y
 n  over the time period

0
n < 12 .

From the difference equation the frequency response is

( )
H e j =
4
2 + e
j
.

Then the ratio of the harmonic function of the response to the harmonic function
of the excitation is
Y  k  4 4
=
j 2 k / N F
= .
X  k  2 + e 2 + e
j k / 3

1
Using 1
FS

N  k  and
N  n  
FS

m  k  , N F = mN 0 we get the
F 0
N 0
DTFS pair
x  n  = 1
 6  n  
FS
( )
 X  k  =  6  k 
1 / 6 1  k 

So the harmonic function of the response is

Solutions 9-16

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

Y  k  =
4
2 + e
j k / 3
( ( )
  6  k 
1 / 6 1  k  )
and the response is
y  n  =  2+e
k= 6
4

j k / 3 ( ( ) )
  6  k 
1 / 6 1  k  e j kn/ 3

4 1 5 4e j kn/ 3
( ( ) )
5
4
y  n  = 
j k / 3
   k
6

1 / 6   k
1
 e j kn/ 3
=

k =0 2 + e 3 6 k =0 2 + e
j k / 3

x[n]
1

12
n

y[n]
2

12
n

DTFS Basics

13. Based on a representation time N F = 4 the DTFS harmonic function X
 k  of a

signal x
 n  has the following values.

X 
1 = 2
j2 , X 0  = 4 , X 1 = 2 + j2 , X  2  = 3

(a) What is the numerical value of X
3 ?

Because of the periodicity of X, X 3 = X 
1 = 2
j2

(b) What is the numerical value of X
 22  ?

X  22  = X  22
4  5 = X  2  = 3

(c) What is the numerical average value of x
 n  ?

Average value of x
 n  = 4

Solutions 9-17

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

Average value of x
 n  is 1 / N F ( )
n= N F
x  n  . From the DTFS harmonic

function definition, (
X  k  = 1 / N F ) n= N F
x  n  e

j 2  kn/ N F
and

(
X 0  = 1 / N F )
n= N F
x  n  . Therefore

Average value of x
 n  = X
0  = 4

14. Each signal in Figure E-14 is graphed over a range of exactly one fundamental
period. Which of the signals have harmonic functions X
 k  that have a purely
real value for every value of k? Which have a purely imaginary value for every
value of k?

(a) (b)
10 5

5
x[n]

x[n] 0
0

-5 -5
-5 0 5 -5 0 5
n n
Figure E-14

(a) Neither even nor odd. DTFS harmonic function is then neither purely real
nor purely imaginary

(b) Even function. Therefore the DTFS harmonic function is purely real.
(Even though the symmetry does not look quite right this really is exactly
one period of an even periodic function.)

Harmonic Functions Using Tables and Properties

15. A DTFS harmonic function X
 k  is found for a signal, using a representation,

time, N F = 16 . If X  2  = 1
j , what is the numerical value of X
18  ?

The DTFS is periodic with period 16. Therefore X
18  is exactly one period
removed from X
 2  and they are, therefore, equal.

X
18  = X  2  = 1
j

What is the numerical value of X 
2  ?

X 
2  = 1 + j

Solutions 9-18

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

1 1
X  k  =
NF
 x  n  e

j 2  kn/ N F
 X 
k  =
NF
 x  n  e
j 2  kn/ N F

n= N F n= N F

When the sign of k is changed every term in the sum is changed to its complex
conjugate. Therefore the overall harmonic function is also changed to its complex
conjugate.

16. Using the DTFS table of transforms and the DTFS properties, find the harmonic
function of each of these periodic signals using the representation time N F ,
indicated.

(a) x  n  = e
j 2 n/16
 24  n  , N F = 48

From the table,

e j 2 n/16 
FS
 16  k
1
, N F = 16

Therefore, using the change of period property,

2 n   k / 3
1  , k / 3 an integer

16 

j
e 16

FS
, N F = 48
 0 , otherwise

Also, from the table,

N F = mN 0
j 2  n/ N 0
e 
FS
  N  k
m

48 = 3  16
e j 2  n/16

FS
  48  k
3


The function, 16  k / 3
1 , is a sequence of impulses. The impulses occur

wherever k / 3
1 = 16m , m any integer. Rearranging, the impulses occur where
k
3 = 48m . This describes a periodic impulse of the form,  48  k
3 .
Therefore the two answers agree.

From the table,

N  n  
FS
 1 / N 0 , N F = 24
0

Therefore, using the time-scaling property,

Solutions 9-19

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

1 / 24 , k / 2 an integer 

N  n
 
FS
 , N F = 48
0 , otherwise 
0

Then, since the two DTFS’s are both done with reference to the same
representation time, using the multiplication-convolution duality property,

  k
3
, k / 3 an integer  1 / 24 , k / 2 an integer 
X  k
= 2  48   
0 , otherwise  0 , otherwise

The non-zero impulses in the first harmonic function occur at values of k for
which k + 3 is an integer multiple of 48. Therefore all these k’s must be odd.
The values of k for which the second harmonic function is non-zero are all even.
Therefore

X
 k  = 0 , for all k.

This result implies that the original DT function, x  n  = e
j 2 n/16   24  n  , is

zero. A periodic convolution of two periodic signals using a common period (48
in this case) is equivalent to an aperiodic convolution either of the two functions
with one period of the other function. Therefore

x  n  = e j 2 n/16
(
 
 n  +   n  24  )
 
= e j 2 n/16 + e ( )
 j 2  n 24 /16

one period of the periodic impulse

function using the common period of 48

x  n  = e
j 2 n/16 + e
j 2 n/16 e j 48 /16 = e
j 2 n/16 + e
j 2 n/16 e

j3
= e
j 2 n/16
e
j 2 n/16 = 0
=
1
Check.

(b) ( ) ( )
x  n  = rect 5  n 
 24  n  sin 2 n / 6 , N F = 24

( ) ( ) ( )(
X  k  = 11 / 24 drcl k / 24,11
j / 2  24  k + 4 
 24  k
4  )
( ) ( ) ( )(
X  k  = 11 / 24 drcl k / 24,11
j / 2   k + 4     k  4  )
11  k+4   k
4 
X  k  = j drcl  ,11
drcl  ,11 
48   24
 24

Solutions 9-20

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

(c) x  n  = x1  n 
x1  n
1 where x1  n  = tri n / 8
 20  n  , N F = 20( )

( ) ( )
X1  k  = 8 / 20 sinc 2 8k / 20
 20  k  = 2 / 5 sinc 2 2k / 5
 20  k  ( ) ( )
2   2 k
20q
X1  k  =  sinc 2 
( )

5 q =
  5 

Using x  n 
x  n
1 
FS
 1
e

j 2 k / N F
X  k  ( )
( )  sinc  k
520q


2
X  k  = 1
e
j k /10 2

5 q =


17. Find the signal power of

( )
x  n  = 5sin 14 n / 15
8cos 26 n / 30 . ( )
The fundamental period of this signal is 30.

 2  14  n  2  13  n
x  n  = 5sin 

8cos 

 30   30

( )( ) (
X  k  = j5 / 2  30  k + 14 
 30  k
14 
4  30  k
13 +  30  k + 13 )

 ( j5 / 2)( ) ( )
14


2 2
Px = X  k  =  k + 14 
 30  k
14 
4  30  k
13 +  30  k + 13
30 
k = 30 k =
15

( ) ( )
2 2
Px = 5 / 2 + 5 / 2 + 42 + 42 = 25 / 2 + 32 = 89 / 2 = 44.5

18. Find the DTFS harmonic function X
 k  of

( )
x  n  = rect1  n  1  rect1  n  4 
 6  n  using a representation time N F = 6 .

Then plot the partial sum x N  n  =  k =
N X  k  e j nk / 3 for N = 0,1,2 and then

N

the total sum x  n  =  k =0 X  k  e j
nk / 3 .

5

x  n  = rect1  n  1
 6  n   rect1  n  4 
 6  n 

Solutions 9-21

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

Using
NF = N0
2N + 1
rect Nw [ n ]
 N0 [ n ] 
FS
 w drcl ( k / N 0 , 2N w + 1)
N0

( ) ( ) ( )
1 sin k / 2
j k / 3 1 sin k / 2
j 4 k / 3 1 sin k / 2
j k / 3
j 4 k / 3
)( )
X  k  =
=
e
( ) ( ) (
e e e
6 sin k / 6 6 sin k / 6 6 sin k / 6

( )
1
j5 k / 6 sin k / 2 j k / 2 (
sin 2 k / 2 )
)( ) j
X  k  =
e
j k / 2 = e
j5 k / 6
( ( )
e e
6 sin k / 6 3 sin k / 6

(
2
) 2
( )
j N sin k / 2
j5 k / 6 j nk / 3 j N sin k / 2 j k ( n
5/ 2) / 3
x N  n  =  = 
( ) ( )
e e e
3 k =
N sin k / 6 3 k =
N sin k / 6

N=0
x[n]
2

-12 12
n
-2

N=1
x[n]
2

-12 12
n
-2

N=2
x[n]
2

-12 12
n
-2

Total Sum from 0 to 5

x[n]
2

-12 12
n
-2

19. Find and sketch the magnitude and phase of the DTFS harmonic function of

( ) (
x  n  = 4cos 2
n / 7 + 3sin 2
n / 3 )
which is valid for all discrete-time.

The least common period of these two signals is N 0 = 21 . Using the tables and
the change-of-period property of the DTFS, the DTFS harmonic function is

Solutions 9-22

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

(
X  k  = 2  21  k
3 +  21  k + 3 + j3 / 2  21  k + 7 
 21  k
7  ) ( )( )
|X[k]|
2

k
-21 21

Phase of X[k]
π

k
-21 21

-π

20. Match each DT function in Figure E-20 to the magnitude of its DTFS harmonic
function (if there is a match) using a period of 16 for both in every case.

(a)-A (b)-F (c)-none (d)-B (e)-E

1 2 1 1 1
x[n]

x[n]

x[n]

x[n]
x[n]

0 0 0.5 0 0.5

-1 -2 0 -1 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
n n n n n

A B C D E F
0.5 0.5 1 1
0.1 0.2
|X[k]|

|X[k]|
|X[k]|

|X[k]|

|X[k]|

|X[k]|

0.5 0.5
0.05 0.1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
k k k k k k

Figure E-20

System Response to Periodic Excitation

21. Find and plot versus N F = 2n0 the signal power of the response y
 n  to the

(
periodic excitation x  n  = u  n   u  n  n0 
 2n  n  in the system in Figure E-
0
)
21 for 0
n0 < 10 .
x[n] y[n]
+ -

D
0.9
Figure E-21

y  n  = x  n 
0.9 y  n
1
or

Solutions 9-23

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

y  n  + 0.9 y  n
1 = x  n  .

From the difference equation, the frequency response is

( )
H e j =
1
1 + 0.9e
j
.

So the ratio of the response harmonic function to the excitation harmonic function
is

Y  k  1
=
j 2 k / N F
X  k  1 + 0.9e

Using

( )
 j k n1 + n0 / N 0
n1  n0  k
( )
u  n  n0   u  n  n1 
 N  n  
0
FS

e
e
 j k / N 0
N0
drcl

N0
, n1  n0  , N F = N 0


we get the DTFS pair

e  j k / 2 1  k
( )
x  n  = u  n   u  n  n0 
 2n  n  
0
FS
 X  k  =
e
 j k / 2n0
2
drcl ,

2n0 
n0
, N F = 2n0

Then
1 e
j k / 2 1  k
Y  k  =
j k / n0

j k / 2n0
drcl  2n 0

, n
1 + 0.9e e 2  0 

The average signal power of the response is, from Parseval’s theorem,

2
1
2n0
1
1 e
j k / 2  k

 
2
Y  k  =
j k / n0

j k / 2n0
drcl  , n0  .
k = N0 2 k =0 1 + 0.9e e  2n0 

 k
2n0
1
drcl2  , n0

1  2n0 
 
2
Y  k  = 2
k = N0 2 k =0 1 + 0.9e

j k / n0

Solutions 9-24

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

Py
60

n
0
10

22. Find and graph the response of the system in Figure E-22 to the periodic
excitation x  n  = 2 8  n 
 8  n
2  over the range 0
n < 16 .

0.9 +
x[n] y[n]
+ - +
D
+ 0.3
+
D
0.7

Figure E-22

Relating this to the standard Direct-Form-2 realization, the difference equation is

y  n  / 0.9 + 0.3y  n
1 + 0.7 y  n
2  = x  n  + x  n
2 

and the frequency response is

1 + e
j 2 1 + e
j 2
( )
H e j =
1.111 + 0.3e
j + 0.7e
j 2
= 0.9
1 + 0.27e
j + 0.63e
j 2
.

Therefore the harmonic response is

Y  k  1 + e
j k / 2
H  k  = = 0.9
X  k  1 + 0.27e
j k / 4 + 0.63e
j k / 2

1
Using
N  n  
FS

m  k  , N F = mN 0 , and the time-shifting property of
0
N 0
the DTFS we get the DTFS pair
Solutions 9-25

M. J. Roberts - 10/7/06

x  n
= 2 8  n

 8  n
2

FS
( )
 X  k
= 1 / 8 1  k
2
e
j k / 2( ) , NF = 8

Therefore
1 + e
j k / 2
Y  k  = 0.9
1 + 0.27e
j k / 4
+ 0.63e
j k / 2
1
 1  k  2
e
j k / 2
8
( )

Y  k  = 0.1125
(1 + e
j k / 2
)( 2
e
j k / 2
)

j k / 4
j k / 2
1 + 0.27e + 0.63e
and

y  n  = 0.1125 
(1 + e
j k / 2
)( 2
e
j k / 2
) e j 2 kn/8

j k / 4
j k / 2
k= 8 1 + 0.27e + 0.63e

x[n]
2

16
n
1

y[n]
2

16
n
1

Solutions 9-26