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Hooke’s law, a constitutive equation for a linear, elastic material, can be written in general form
as:
c) Where does the symmetry of the stress strain tensor come from?
a) Hooke’s law
ij kk ij 2 ij
where
1, i = j
ij
0,i j
For i=1
11 ( 11 22 33 ) 2 11
12 2 12
13 2 13
1
For i=2
21 2 21
22 ( 11 22 33 ) 2 22
23 2 23
For i=3
31 2 31
32 2 32
33 ( 11 22 33 ) 2 33
b) Express , in terms of E,
We need to solve for , . Let’s assume a plane stress state in a uniaxial test
11 0 0
ij 0 0 0
0 0 0
Substitute the stress components into the inversed form of the constitutive equations
1
ij ij kk ij (1)
E E
2
We have
1
11 11
E
22 11 11
(2)
E
33 11 11
E
ij kk ij 2 ij (3)
We have
22 ( 11 22 33 ) 2 22 (4)
11 ( 11 22 33 ) 2 11 (5)
22 ( 11 11 11 ) 2 ( 11 ) 0 (6)
2
(7)
1 2
11 ( 11 22 33 ) 2 11 E 11 (8)
(1 2 ) 2 E (9)
E
G (10)
2( 1)
3
Substitute (10) into (7), solve for
E
(11)
(1 2 )(1 )
We know the normal forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction at opposite faces, so
as the shear forces.
xx xx
yy yy
F1 F1
F2 F2
1 1 1 1
M F2 F2 F1 F1 0
2 2 2 2
F2 F1
xy yx
4
d) Rewrite Hook’s law in terms of E and
Substitute equation (10) and (11) in part b into Hook’s law, we have:
E E
ij kk ij 2 ij kk ij 2 ij
(1 2 )(1 ) 2( 1)
E
ij kk ij ij
(1 ) 1 2
E
11 2 11 22
1
E
22 2 22 11
1
E
12 12
1
5
Problem 4-2: Inverting constitutive equations
The original form of the constitutive equation is to express stress ij in terms of strain. Invert the
3D constitutive equation and the 2D (plane stress) constitutive equation, meaning that strain ij
will be expressed in terms of stresses. The starting point of this problem is Eq. 4.19 for the 3D
case in the printed lecture notes. For the 2D case you can use Eq. 4.32 as a starting point.
(1) The 3D constitutive equations for isotropic linear elastic materials expressed in terms of
E, is
E
ij kk ij ij (1)
(1 ) 1 2
E
kk kk 3 kk (2)
(1 ) 1 2
where kk 11 22 33 3
1 2v
kk kk (3)
E
E 1 2
ij kk ij ij (4)
(1 ) 1 2 E
1
ij ij kk ij (5)
E E
6
(2) The 2D constitutive equations for plane stress in terms of E, is
E
2
(1 ) (1)
1
Where
1, =
(2)
0,
Since
11 11 2 (3)
E
(1 ) 2 (4)
(1 )
1
(5)
E
E 1
2
(1 ) (6)
1 E
1
(7)
E E
7
Problem 4-3: Stress and strain deviator
1
sij ij kk ij
3
1
eij ij kk ij
3
Convert the constitutive equation into two separate equations, one for the spherical part and other
for the distortional part. The spherical part gives a relation between the hydrostatic pressure and
the change of volume (Eq. 4.21). For the distortional part the equation was not given in the notes,
so we are asking you to find it.
E
kk kk (1)
1 2
1
sij ij kk ij (2)
3
We have
1
ij sij kk ij (3)
3
1
eij ij kk ij (4)
3
8
We have
1
ij eij kk ij (5)
3
E
ij kk ij ij (6)
(1 ) 1 2
We have
1 E 1
sij kk ij kk ij eij kk ij (7)
3 (1 ) 1 2 3
1 E E 1
sij kk ij kk ij eij kk ij (8)
3 1 2 (1 ) 1 2 3
Finally,
E
sij eij (9)
1
9
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