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.  /     !           
      9                F (x) = 0
         x1  x2      F (x) = 01  ax1 + bx2  
            a  b          
   (2 + k2)E = 0    1     ! E1  E2    
            aE1 + bE2            
          

3 4    #% % 


4             ?   1      ! 
     ,               "  
          
    

    
                   !  
            
 01 ei(k1 rt+1 )
1 = E
E
 02 ei(k2 rt+2 )
2 = E
E
 1  2             !     

                      !


= k r t +      
   
       
            k1  k2      
   $  k = n c                
             % 4     
         !
 
 total = E
E 1 + E  01 ei(k1 r+1 ) + E
2 = E  02 ei(k2 r+2 ) eit

==
      =A
"    D  &              
  !  
            
 . 7 /               
   
                 
    7 
      
 
   
 2 
 E
Itotal = E = E
 
= 1 + E
(E  + E
 2 ) (E  )
1 2
       
 2  2  + E 
= E1 + E 2
1
+ E E2
2 E
1

     
 2  2
E1 = I1 and E2 = I2

     
 = E
1 E
E  ei[(k1 k2 )r+(1 2 )] =
 01 E  
I1 I2 ei[(k1 k2 )r+(1 2 )]
2 02
    
 = E
2 E
E  ei[(k1 k2 )r(1 2 )] =
 02 E  
I1 I2 ei[(k1 k2 )r+(1 2 )]
1 01

  cos = 12 (ei + ei )   7 


        ! 

Itotal = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos


= (k1 k2 ) r + (1 2 )
   7 
         r          7
         .   /         
)      
             .    / 
= 0, 2, 4,

            .   / 


= , 3, 5,

   I1 = I2 = I  

Itotal = 2I + 2I cos = 4I cos2
2
      AB
I
total
4I

2I

0 2 3 4 5 6 7

     ,    . 


 /      
     ,         ,     ? 
  "   !  (k1 k2) r          ,      

   7

              
     
  ,         

  , 
           1         
     
  ,   

         
              ,         

  
(a) Phase difference induced by material
material (n)
mirror

combiner

Laser Beam detector


Splitter

(b) Phase difference induced by path difference

mirror

combiner

Laser Beam detector


Splitter
      A&

           ,  
 
= k2 (r) ds k1 (r) ds + (2 1 )
c2 c1

C1
P

C2
S

3 5 % 4 


@
     !       @
     
   

   
   !   
     
           $           
 !  %        
     " 
                 
 

Light source Slit

Double Slit
Screen

  !            7  


  
        
                

  !                 1 = 2  

      .           /    
      
              

      A'
x

P
x
S
1
h
z
S2

    D
h   
             z  
       ,   S1  S2     P 
OP D = h sin  h

  x
 tan =
D
"       ,         2      
     
2 hx
= = 2m m = 0, 1, 2,
D
              

xm = m D
h

 m                 ,  
 mth    
OP D = m
 
                    
        ,           
    
  
hx
I = 4I1 cos2 = 4I1 cos2 ( )
2 D
-     7  
          
    C            ?  
0      
 0
      A0
Isource

                  0 
       .  7   /            
              ?      
                       
         x = 0 $ 
 m = 0%  
         |m| > 0  
  ,    
Idifferent color

Itotal x

D   
          m    m = 0

    ,   xm = m Dh          
 
D
|x| = |m|
h
4           
 
 $  m = 1%
D
|x| = 0
h
      A5

m m+1
x

"  


            

  

|x|
1
|x|

0
|m|
0
  
     
         
+   7  
    
     #     

                       

 5BB  ;BBnm 
550nm
|m| < 1.8
300nm
     
  
    
&   x = 0     
   
  
 m = 0  
        

'  x  
 m = 1, 2      

0  x  
 m
2      
    
       
   ,  
                 
       
      A6
3 /  ,
"            .          /
        <               
         <        
   d 4       <           
             . ! <  /        

        7
  <    5K
D

i
n1

A C
n2 t d

B
n3

3           <           

DC          


  ,  $C9J% 
OP D = n2 (AB + BC) n1 AD
 
d
AB = BC =
cos t

AD = 2AB sin t cos( i ) = 2AB sin t sin i
2
+ 
    n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 
2d
OP D = (n2 n1 sin i sin t )
cos t
2n2 d
= (1 sin2 t )
cos t
= 2n2 d cos t
    ,        ,  
 
2
 = (2n2 d cos t )
0
 0       
    *        
               <     D  &
# 7  ? 
               ni    nt

ni < nt phase shift
ni > nt 0 phase shift
      A:
      n1 < n2 > n3            <  
  A        
     
2
= (2n2 d cos t ) + = 2m
0
          

n2 d cos t = 0
4
(2m + 1) m = 0, 1, 2

                   ,    


  
     
            7 
 
     
       "          
 < 
         1      5K 
<   
           
d

Er2

E
r1
Ei Ei

n1=1 n n3
2

anti-reflection coating

     <      7<   


n2      
        n3   n1 = 1 < n2 < n3    
             ,      
2
= (2n2 d cos t )
0
                   ? <   Er1
 Er2            ,      
(2m + 1)         $i = t = 0%

4dn2
= (2m + 1)
0
      A;
        7<   
  
0
d = (2m + 1) m = 0, 1, 2,
4n2
     Er1  Er2            
   <    
 #  <  I     
   r = nn n
i
i +n
   
t
t
n1 n2 n2 n3
=
n1 + n2 n2 + n3
# n1 = 1           

n2 = n3

3 &  4  


            
         
        
          7
  
   @
   

 
   
 "
         
  

Mirror 1

Compensation Plate

Mirror 2

Beam Splitter

Light source

Screen

  &    '           <     


    &      < 6BK   
    &    
6BK   
    '       <     
            '   
 
      0
          &  
 
         
                         
       &               , 
      A=
  &          
        
   
&   (  
  &           
  
    &    '              
     
                
     
-         9    &     d      

    
     2d 
     n = 1
        
       ,  

= 2d
c
         9 
 2d
IP = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos( )
c
         6BK I1 = I28 12 I0    
2d
IP = I0 [1 + cos( )] = I0 [1 + cos ]
c
 = 2dc          .    /      

      d       9         
IP

-4/ -2/ 0 2/ 4/

  
       
       
    
              
        

 
      AA
S

2d


S t

'
t
Mirror 2
d
Mirror 1

}
off-axis waves

     d    t      t  t   ,7       

         


2
= 2d cos t = 2m

 m  
      
         
       d1     2d = 40   
   
    
m=4
2

1 3

        


  
         , 
 
                , 

                  
*              
      
                      7

      &BB
Reference
Mirror

Measured
Mirror
screen

       7        <    7


           <         
 .< /  
               
*        
           
          ,           
"              
   7  7
  
 
              

           &)'B       
  
 

30 4   6 


4          '  
         

    cos       ,          



$ = 2 OPD%  
  
      
   
  
  
  
  
   
 
  
    ! 

o

                     


   
  
  
            
                    

      
 
       
      &B&
*+,+- .     )  
 
r
1
Pr1

r P
2
P
r2

incident dsin
plane wave
d

r
N
P
rN

D observe scene at infinity

    
          4     
               $Nd%         
 !                     $"   
                  %    !  P 
(     N  2
E = E0 (Pr1 )ei(tkr1 ) + E0 (Pr2 )ei(tkr2 ) + + E(PrN )ei(tkrN )

 rN        N th       P   PrN      


 N th      

          
E0 = E0 (Pr1 ) = = E0 (PrN )   

E = E0 [ei(tkr1 ) + ei(tkr2 ) + + ei(tkrN ) ]


= E0 ei(tkr1 ) [1 + eik(r2 r1 ) + + eik(rN r1 ) ]

- r2 r1 = r21 = d sin =C9J   (      r3 r1 =


2r21 , , rN r1 = (N 1)r21 ."          ,   
(      k(r2 r1) = kd sin   d       (  
     !    9    
 
E = E0 ei(tkr1 ) 1 + ei + (ei )2 + + (ei )(N 1)

      
xN 1
1 + x + x2 + xN 1 =
x1
   !       


i(tkr1 ) eiN 1
E = E0 e
ei 1


i(tkr1 ) eiN /2 (eiN /2 eiN /2 )
= E0 e
ei/2 (ei/2 ei/2 )


sin N2
= E0 ei{tkr1 (N 1)/2}
sin 2
      &B'
-  
1
Dc = r1 + (N 1)d sin
2
          
 
    P  #     
 
i(tkDc ) sin N
2
E = E0 e sin 2

                    


           |E|2 
sin2 ( N kd2sin )
I = I0
sin2 ( kd sin
2

)

sin2 (N d sin
)
I = I0 [ 2

d sin
sin ( )
]

-   sin2 (N)          sin2()  = d sin  
  
  ? 
d sin
= m m = 0, 1, 2,


d sin = m m = 0, 1, 2,

           m          $ 
   )  %                  
        ?     2  0, or 2N  sin  1

sin2 (N d sin
) (N d sin 2
) 2
2

d sin 
d sin 2 = N
sin ( ) ( )

I = N 2 I0  d sin = m

#            


      I   
  
4 = m I = N 2 I0         
      
                        
      3    N   
        
                
      &B0

Principal
maximum

Secondary
maximum

0 /2 3/2 2
()

4                  

Nd sin = m

               


d sin dm
= cos =
d Nd d
> d  dm m = 1      
          
 

=
Nd cos
#  !        = 0  =
= /grating size 
        
 
  
       ?    
Nd

    
 
 ? 
        
 
 
        

 
    
      
               P     4
P  
 ,              
     
 
            !    ?

*+,+/ 0 & 


 &  
   :0              

<                <        7
          <    
    <   
          ,
      &B5

n
E0t2r4
E0t2r3
E0tr4
3 E0t2r2
E0tr
2
E t r
0 E0tr2
E0t2
E0tr
E0r
E0t

E0 d

         


  +     D7
           
    
 <    
 
    
     
        
  n #       <
            7
    7<
            <    
     !            <  
          #   :0      
   ,             
4
= nd cos
0
-  r   I    <   t       I   97
              <
  
        <    E0 t E0tr E0 tr2,  
    !
  E0       
   7
        E0t2  E0 t2r2  E0 t2 r4,  
     
 ,           
Et = E0 t2 + E0 t2 r 2 ei + E0 t2 r 4 ei2 +
= E0 t2 (1 + r 2 ei + r 4 ei2 + )
E0 t2
=
1 r 2 ei
       (1 a)1 = 1 + a + a2 +       
    
  
 
|t|4
It = I0
|1 r 2 ei |2

-   r  t         


   
<    r = |r|ei /2  r     
    <   #
r
      &B6
        
     0    
    
     1        !    
  
   R    <   T          
  r  t   
R = |r|2 = rr and T = |t|2 = tt

              
T2
It = I0
|1 Rei |2
 = + r        ,        -
|1 Rei |2 = (1 Rei )(1 Rei ) = 1 2R cos + R2
4R 2
= (1 R)2 [1 + sin ]
(1 R)2 2
*            
 
I0 T 2 1
It =
(1 R)2 1 + F sin2
2

        1/(1 + F sin2 2 )      ,    


4R
F =
(1 R)2
      #   !             7
  
1  
  <   R     
  
  
             ,  <   R 

  
  /2       "     (1 + F sin2 2 )1 

                        
   F   /2 = N         
4
2N = nd cos + r N = 0, 1, 2,
0
 N          

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