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Problems
1. Which are True?
For each of the DT signals x1 [n] through x4 [n] (below), determine whether the conditions
listed in the following table are satisfied, and answer T for true or F for false.
X(e j0 ) = 0 T F T T
Rπ jΩ ) dΩ
−π X(e =0 T T T F
x1 [n]
1
n
x2 [n]
1
n
x3 [n]
1
n
x4 [n]= x4 [n + 5]
1
n
6.003 Homework #12 Solutions / Fall 2011
2
2. Inverse Fourier
The magnitude and angle of the Fourier transform of x[n] are shown below.
magnitude
| sin Ω
2|
1
Ω
−2π 0 2π
angle
π
π/2
Ω
−2π 2π
−π/2
−π
Determine x[n].
x[n]
1
2
n
1
− 12
ω
W
Determine the DT Fourier transform Xd (ejΩ ) of xd [n].
Let xe [n] = (−1)n xd [n] = xc (nT ). Then
Z Z
1 j Ω jΩn n n 1
xe [n] = Xe (e )e dΩ = (−1) xd [n] = (−1) Xd (ejΩ )e j Ωn dΩ
2π 2π 2π 2π
Z Z
1 1
= e−jnπ Xd (ej Ω )e jΩn dΩ = Xd (ej Ω )e j (Ω−π)n dΩ
2π 2π 2π 2π
Z
1 0 0
= Xd (ej(Ω +π) )e jΩ n dΩ0
2π 2π
Substituting ω = Ω jΩ
T we see that Xe (e ) =
1
T Xc (jω)|ω= T
Ω provided Xc (jω) = 0 for
|ω| > Tπ . It follows that
1
Xd (e jΩ ) = Xc (jω)|ω= Ω−π
T T
Xd (e jΩ )
1
T
Ω
π−W T π π+W T
An alternative solution is to construct a novel “sampling function” that consists of
alternating impulses (hence the title of the problem).
∞
X
pa (t) = (−1)n δ (t − nT )
n=−∞
You can think of this signal as two times an impulse train with period 2T minus an
impulse train with period T
∞
X ∞
X
pa (t) = 2δ(t − 2nT ) − δ(t − nT )
n=−∞ n=−∞
6.003 Homework #12 Solutions / Fall 2011 4
The Fourier transform is then
∞ ∞
X 2π 2π n X 2π 2πn
Pa (jω) = 2 δ ω− − δ ω−
n=−∞
2T 2T n=−∞
T T
∞
X 2π πn
= δ ω−
T T
n = −∞
n odd
which is shown below
Pa (jω)
2π
T
ω
− 3π − Tπ π
T
3π
T T
Convolving this function of frequency with Xc (jω) and converting to the DTFT leads
to the same solution for Xd (ejΩ
jΩ ) that was shown above.
W < .
T
6.003 Homework #12 Solutions / Fall 2011 5
4. Boxcar sampling
A digital camera focuses light from the environment onto an imaging chip that converts
the incident image into a discrete representation composed of pixels. Each pixel represents
the total light collected from a region of space
� mD+ ∆ Z nD+ ∆
Z
2 2
xd [n, m] = xc (x, y) dx dy
mD− ∆
2 nD− ∆
2
where Δ is a large fraction of the distance D between pixels. This kind of sampling is
often called “boxcar” sampling to distinquish it from the ideal “impulse” sampling that
we described in lecture. Assume that boxcar sampling is defined in one dimension as
� nT + ∆
Z
2
xd [n] = xc (t) dt
nT − ∆
2
a. Let Xc (jω) represent the continuous-time Fourier transform of xc (t). Determine the
discrete-time Fourier transform Xd (e jΩ ) of xd [n] in terms of Xc (jω), Δ, and T .
If we define
p(t) = 1 −∆2 <t<
∆
2
0 otherwise
then we can express xd [n] as xb (nT ) where xb (t) = (xc ∗ p)(t). The Fourier transform
of xb (t) is then the product of the Fourier transforms of xc (t) and p(t).
Z ∆
2 2 sin ω∆
P (jω) = e−jωt dt = 2
− ∆ ω
2
π
Provided that Xb (jω) is 0 for |ω| > T,
2 sin Ω∆
jΩ 1 1 2T Ω
Xd (e ) = Xb (jω )|ω= Ω = (Xc (jω )P (jω )) |ω= Ω = Xc j
T T T T Ω T
over the interval −π < Ω < π and repeats periodically (with period 2π) outside that
interval.
The “impulse sampler” and “impulse reconstuction” use sampling interval T = π/100.
The unit-sample function hd [n] represents the unit-sample response of an ideal DT low
pass filter with gain of 1 for frequencies in the range − π2 < Ω < π2 . The “ideal LPF”
passes frequencies in the range −100 < ω < 100. It also has a gain of T throughout its
pass band.
Assume that the Fourier transform of the input xc (t) is X(jω) shown below.
Xc (jω)
1
ω
−100 100
Determine Yc (jω).
Impulse sampling of xc (t) produces xd [n] = xc (nT ). Substituting into the transform
relations shows that
Z Z ∞
1 jΩ j Ωn 1
xd [n] = Xd (e )e dΩ = xc (nT ) = Xc (jω)e jωnT dω
2π 2π 2π −∞
Thus
1
Xd (e jΩ ) = Xc (jω)|ω= Ω
T T
1
since dω = T dΩ.
Therefore
jΩ 1 Ω 100 Ω
Xd (e ) = Xc j = Xc j .
T T π π/100
π
Notice that the cutoff frequency ω = 100 maps to Ω = ωT = 100 × 100 = π. Also, Xd (e j Ω )
is periodic in 2π as are all DT Fourier transforms, as shown below.
Xd (e jΩ )
100
π
ω
−2π −π π 2π
The output of the ideal lowpass filter has the following transform.
Yd (e j Ω )
100
π
ω
−2π −π π 2π
Impulse reconstruction then generates a signal with the following transform.
6.003 Homework #12 Solutions / Fall 2011 8
Yp (jΩ)
100
π
ω
−200 −100 100 200
100
The final output has the following transform, where the DC value is π × T = 1.
Yc (jΩ)
1
1
2
ω
−50 50
The overall effect is that the input signal is lowpass filtered by the discrete system.
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