AKSHEYAA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Subject Name:Signals and Systems Year/Sem: II / III

Unit-I REPRESENTATION of SIGNALS

Two Mark question
1. Define step function and rectangular pulse function.
2. Draw the : a) Impulse b) Step function for continuous time signal ( ( (t ) , u (t ))
3. Define signals .
4. Define periodic signal .
5. Define odd and even signal.
6. State Dirichlet condition for Fourier series.
7. Represent the unit step sequence u n in terms of linear combination of weighted
shifted impulse functions.
8. Is the signal x n periodic?
9. Find whether the signal given by x( n)  5 cos(6n) is periodic.
10. State the BIBO criterion for stability .
11. Represent a ramp signal in continuous –time and discrete –time, mathematically.
12. Explain briefly the terms Eigen function and Eigen value.
13. Determine the power and RMS value of the signal x(t )  e jt cos  0 t .
14. State Parseval’s theorem for discrete – time signal .
15. Verify whether x (t )  Ae t u (t ),  0 is an energy signal or not.
16. Show that the complex exponential signal x (t )  e j0t is periodicand that the
2
fundamental period is .
0
17. Find the average power of the signal u (n)  u (n  N ) .
18. If the discrete time signal x n    0, 0 , 0, 3, 2 ,1,1,  7, 6  , then find
y n   x 2n  3 .
19. State time shifting property of continuous Fourier series.
20. State Linearity property of discrete Fourier series.
21. State Time reversal property of continuous Fourier series.
22. State frequency shifting property of continuous property.
23. What is the total energy of the discrete- time signal x (n) which takes the value of
unity at n= -1, 0 and 1?
24. What is an energy signal ? Check whether or not the unit step signal is an energy
signal ?
25. Classify the following signal as
(i) et ,  1
(ii) e  j 2ft
26. Define Power signal .
27. Define Energy signal .
28. Is the signal x(t )  2 cos 3t  7 cos 9t periodic?
29. Find whether the signal given by x( n)  12 cos(20n) is periodic.
2 3
30. Find whether the signal given by x(n)  e j 3 n  e j 4 n is periodic.
31. Find whether the signal given by x (t )  u (t )  u (t  10) is periodic.
   
32. Find whether the signal given by x (t )  12e j  4t  2   9e j 3t  3 is periodic.
33. Find even and odd components of the following signal given by
x( n)  1,0,1,2,3 .
34. Find even and odd components of the following signal given by
x (t )  sin t  2 sin 2 t .
35. Determine the power and R.M.S. value of the signal x(t )  A cos( 0 t   ) .

36. Determine the power and R.M.S. value of the signal x (t )  5 cos(50t  ) .
3
37. Determine the power and R.M.S. value of the signal
 
x (t )  A cos(50t  )  16 cos(100t  ) .
4 3
38. Determine the power and R.M.S. value of the signal x(t )  5 cos 5t cos10t .

39. Determine the power and R.M.S. value of the signal x( n)  cos n .
3
 
40. Determine the power and R.M.S. value of the signal x (n)  e j ( 2 n  8 ) .
n
  1
41. Determine the power and R.M.S. value of the signal x(t )    u ( n) .
3

42. Determine the energy of the signal x (t )  5 cos(50t  ).
3
n

43. Determine the energy of the signal x(t )    u ( n) .

1
3
 
44. Determine the energy of the signal x (n)  e j ( 2 n  8 ) .
45. Determine the energy of the signal x(t )  5 cos 5t cos10t .
46. Determine the energy of the signal u (t )  u (t  1).
47. State Parseval’s theorem for continuous periodic signal.

16 Mark questions

1. Determine the Fourier series representation of a periodic square wave and


1; t  T1
defined over one period x (t )  


0; T 1  t .  T
2

2. Test whether the following signals are periodic or not and if the signal is
Periodic calculate the fundamental period.
 
a. x(t )  3 cos(5t  )
6
 
b. x(t )  3 cos(17t  )  2 sin(19t  )
3 3

c. x (t )  3 cos(17t  ) u (t )
3
d. x (t )  u (t )  u (t  10 )
 
f. x (t )  12e j ( 4t  2 )  9e j ( 3t  3 )
3. Test whether the following signals are periodic or not and if the signal is
Periodic calculate the fundamental period.

a. x( n)  3 cos(5n  ) .
6
 n n 
b. x(n)  3 cos(5n  )  12 sin( )  3 cos(  )
6 8 4 3
c. x ( n )  3u ( n  2 )  2 r ( n  4)
d. x(n)  3e j 7n
4. Describe through examples, the classification of continuous time signals.
5. Describe through examples, the classification of discrete time signals.
6. Given x (n) and y (n)
x ( 1)  2
x ( n)  1 0 n  5
x (6)  0.5
 0, for other ' n '
y ( n)  2u ( n)
Plot:
n n
(i ) x  (ii ) x (n) y  
 2 2
n
(iii ) Even part of x(n) (iv ) x (n)  y  (n  1)
2

7. Find the fourier series for the square wave of amplitude A .

8. a)Find the odd even and odd components of the signal

(i) x( n)    2,1, 2,  1, 3
 (ii) x(t )  sin t sin 2 t  2 sin 2 t cos t
b) Determine the power and RMS value of the signals
 
(i ) x(t )  5 cos(50t  )  16 sin(100t  )
4 3
(ii ) x (t )  10 cos 5t cos10t.
(iii ) x (t )  Ae j0t

9. Determine the power and RMS value of the signals


(i ) x ( n)  5 cos(5 n)
4
n
1
(ii ) x ( n)    u ( n)
 3
  
j  n 
(iii ) x ( n)  e  2 8 
(iv ) x ( n)  u ( n)  u ( n  10)
(v ) x (t )  r (t )  r (t  2)
10. Determine the energy of the signals

(i ) x ( n)  5 cos(5 n)
4
n
1
(ii ) x ( n)    u ( n)
 3
  
j  n 
(iii ) x ( n)  e  2 8

(iv ) x ( n)  u ( n)  u ( n  10)
(v ) x (t )  r (t )  r (t  2)
11. Find the exponential Fourier series for the half wave rectifier.
12. Find the exponential Fourier series for the full wave rectifier.
1 for  2  t  2
13. a)Given x (t )  
0 otherwise

Plot the following signals

 t
(i ) x ( 2t ) (ii ) x(t  3) (iii ) x   (iv) x ( 2t  1)
 2
b) Find the complex exponential Fourier series coefficients of the signal
x (t )  sin 3t  2 cos 4t
14. Let x(n) and y (n) be as given below
3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
x (n )  
 

 and
 1,  1,  1  1, 0, 1,1,1,1
y ( n)   
  

Plot

(i ) x (2n) (ii) x(3n  1) (iii) y (1  n) (iv) x( n  2)  y (n  2)

(v ) x (  n ) y (  n)
15. a) Find State and prove the Parsevel’s relation for energy signal.
b) Explain the concept of time scaling and time shifting with an example for
each.

16. a) Find the exponential Fourier series for the saw tooth wave function.
b) Find the complex exponential Fourier series expansion of
x(t )  e 0.1t  5  t  15.
17. a) Find the Fourier series representation and sketch the amplitude and phase
 n   n 
spectrum for the signal x(n)  5  sin    cos .
 2   4 
b) Determine the Fourier series representation of the signal x (t )  t 2  1  t  1 .

Unit-II Analysis of Continuous Time signals and systems

Two mark questions
1. Define Linear Time Invariant system.
2. Find the Laplace transform of u (t  2) .
3. Define transfer function.
4. Find the convolution of x (t )  t u (t ) and h(t )  u (t ) .
5. Test whether the system y (n)  exp( x (n)) is linear or not.
6. Find the Fourier transform of  (t  2) .
7. Find the S- domain T-F, if the poles are located at p1=-1+j; p2=-1-j and a zero at
s=0.5.
8. Write the formula of convolution integral.
s5
9. Find the final value x ( ), given that X ( s )  .
s3
10. Determine the inverse Fourier transform of X ( j )   ( )
11. State the conditions for causality and stability of system with impulse response
h(n).
12. State the time shifting property of Laplace transform ,
13. What is the Fourier transform of the signal x (t )  1 ?
dy (t )
14. Given the differential equation  y (t )  x(t ) . Find the frequency response
dt
of the system .
15. State the properties of convolution integral .
16. What is convolution integral?
dy (t )
17. Given the differential equation  6 y (t )  x(t ) . Find transfer function.
dt
18. Find the Laplace transform of e  at u (t ) .
19. Find the Fourier transform of   t  .
20. Write the condition to be satisfied for the existence of Fourier transform of
aperiodic energy signal.
21. List out any four properties of laplace transform used in signal analysis.
22. Write the necessary and sufficient condition for a square – integral function
A(W )  0 to be the Fourier spectrum of a causal function.
23. How Laplace Transform will help in the analysis of continuous time LTI systems?
s5
24. Find the initial and final values for X ( s )  2 .
s  3s  2
25. Check whether the system classified by y (t )  e x ( t ) is time- invariant or not.
26. Find the Laplace transform of an unit step function.
27. Find the inverse Fourier transform of x( )  2    .
28. Determine whether the system described by the following input-output
relationship is linear and causal y (t )  x ( t ).
29. Define Fourier transform pair for the continuous time signal.
30. Find the Laplace transform of x (t )  te  at u (t ) .
31. A signal x(t )  cos 2t is passed through a device whose input- output is related
by y (t )  x 2 (t ) . What are the frequency components in the output.
32. What are the differences between Fourier series and Fourier transform,
33. What is the Laplace transform of e  at sin t u (t ) .
34. Check whether the system having input-output relation y (t )    x ( )d is
linear time invariant or not .
35. What is the relation ship between input and output an LTI system?
36. State the time shifting property of Laplace transform.
37. State the convolution property of Laplace transform.
38. State the linearity property of Laplace transform.
39. State the frequency shifting property of Fourier transform.
40. What is the condition for existence of Fourier transform of a signal .
41. State Convolution property of Fourier transform.
42. State modulation property of Fourier transform,
43. Define system.
44. What is the condition for stability of a system .
45. What is the relationship between Fourier transform and Laplace transform.
46. Define poles and zeros of a transfer function.
47. State initial value and final value theorem .
48. What is the condition for convergence of the Laplace transform?
16 Mark questions :
1. State an prove any Five properties of Fourier transform.
2. a) Explain Rayleigh energy theorem.
b) Explain periodic signal contribution of Fourier transform.
3. Explain classification of system with examples.
4. State and prove any five properties of Laplace transform.
5. a) Find the Laplace transform of (i ) e t u (t  1) (ii )  (t )  t 2  u (t ) .
b) Discuss the condition on stability of an LTI system based on Laplace
domain representation.
c)Bring the equivalence between Laplace transform and Fourier transform .
6. Consider the continuous –time LTI system initially at rest and described by
the differential equation.
d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
  2 y (t )  x(t ) determine the step response.
dt 2 dt

7. If x(t )  e 2t u (t ) and h(t )  e 4t u (t ) determine y (t )  x(t ) * h(t ) by time

domain and frequency domain method.
8. Given x (t )  e 2t u (t ) and h(t )  e 3t u (t ) using the properties of
continuous time Fourier transform , find the response y (t ) .
9. Given x(t )  e 2t u (t ) and h(t )  u (t  1) convolve and find the response
y (t ) .
10. a) Find the Fourier transform aspects related to continuous time Fourier
transform.
b) Find the Fourier transform of transform x(t )  e at
11. a) Find the Laplace transform of the signal x(t ) e at u (t ) and hence find for
x1 (t ) e a ( t 1) u (t  1)
b) State and prove the convolution property of Laplace transform.
12. a) state and prove Parsevel’s relation for energy signals.
b) Find the Laplace transform of u (t )  u (t  a ) wher a>0.
13. a) Consider an LTI system with the differential equation,
d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) dx(t )
2
4  3 y (t )   2 x (t ) .Find the frequency response and
dt dt dt
the impulse response.
b) Prove that convolution is commutative.

14. Find y (t )  x(t ) * h(t ) by graphical method:

Given x(t ) and h(t ) as,
 Also plot y (t ) Vs. t .

t
1  RC
15. (i) Find whether the system with the impulse response h(t )  e u (t ) is
RC
BIBO stable.


(ii) For the sampling signal  s (t )     t  nTs  , use the Fourier transform


to
find its spectrum.
16. a) Use the initial value theorem to find the initial value of the signal
s 1
corresponding to the Laplace transform Y ( s )  . Verify using
s ( s  2)
Inverse Laplace transform.
2 s 3  8s 2  11s  3
b) Find the inverse Laplace transform of X ( s)  .
( s  2) ( s  1) 3

17. a) Find the impulse response of a system characterized by the differential

 d 2 y (t ) 
equation  0  2   y (t )  x (t ) ,    t   where x (t ) is the input and
 dt 
y (t ) is the output and y (0)  y ' (0)  0 .
b) A system has the frequency response
1  f 5 ; f  5
H ( f )   f 5  
0 elsewhere

Find the output signal , given x(T )  3 cos(4t )  4 cos(6t ).

d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) dx(t )
18. Solve 2
4  4 y (t )   x(t ) if the initial conditions are
dt dt dt
9 dy (0  )
y0   ;  5 if the input is e 3t u (t ) .
4 dt
 Unit-III Sampling Theorem and z-Transforms
Two mark questions
1. State sampling Theorem .
2. Define Nyquist rate.
3. What is an anti-aliasing filter?
4. What is the transfer function of a zero order hold?
5. Determine the nyquist sampling rate and Nyquist sampling intervals for the
following signal x (t )  0.5 sin c 2 ( 200t ) .
6. A signal having a spectrum ranging from dc to 10kHz is to be sampled and
converted to discrete form. What is the minimum number of samplres per second
that must be taken to ensure recovery?
7. Find the Z – transform of x (n)  u ( n)  u (n  2).
8. List any two properties of Z-transform.
9. What is meant by aliasing ? How can it be avoided?
1 ;0  n  10
10. Find the Z-transform of the data sequence , x ( n)  
0 ; otherwise .

11. Find the Z-transform and its ROC for the signal
1, 2, 3, 2 
x ( n)  


 .

12. Find the Z transform of  ( n  1) .

13. What is the mathematical expression for the convolution property of Z-transform?
14. Find the z-transform for x ( n)  a n 1 u ( n  1) .
15. What is ROC?
16. State any two properties of ROC for the Z-transform.
17. State time shifting property of Z-transform.
18. State Linearity property of Z-transform.
19. State Time reversal property of Z-transform.
20. State Parseval’s relation for Z-transform.
21. State Initial and Final value theorem for Z-transform.
22. Define Z-transform.
23. What is the Z-transform of the sequence x(n)  nu (n) ?
24. What is the relationship between z-transform and DTFT ?
25. What are the different methods of evaluating inverse Z-transform?
26. Find the z-transform for x( n)  a n sin  0 nu ( n) .
27. Find the z-transform for x( n)  a n u (  n) .
28. Find Z-transform of the following sequences x ( n)  1, 2, 3, 7 .
29. Find the Z-transform of the following signal x(n)   (n).
30. Find the z-transform for x (n)  b n cos 0 nu (n) .
31. Define a bandwidth of a discrete time signal
32. What is the Z-transform of a n u (n) and  a n u (  n  1) . In what way the Z-
transforms of these two functions are different?
16 Mark Questions

1. a)State and prove the time shifting and differentiation im frequency properties of
Z- transform.
b)Using differentiation property , determine the inverse transform for
X ( z )  az 1 (1  az 1 ) 2  ; z  a .
2. Prove sampling theorem with necessary relations explain how original signal can
be recovered from its sampled version.
3. a) State and prove Initial value theorem of Z-transform.
b) Determine the z-transform of the signal x( n)  na n u ( n) and hence determine
z-transform of the unit ramp signal n u (n) .
4. State sampling theorem. Also explain how reconstruction of original signal is
done from the sampled signal.
5. a) Briefly explain the relationship between Z transform and fourier transform .
1
b) Determine the inverse Z transform of X ( z )  log(1  2 z ), z  by using the
2

xi
power series log(1  x)   , x  1 and by differentiating X (z ) and
i 1 i
then
using this to recover x (n) .
6. a) Consider a signal x(t )  cos 2000t  10 sin 10000t  20 cos 5000t .
Determine
the :
(1) Nyquist rate for this signal.
(2) If the sampling rate id 5000 samples/sec, then what is the discrete time
signal obtained after sampling.
b) Using residue method , find the inverse Z-transform for
1  3 z 1
X ( z)  ; z 2
1  3 z 1  2 z 2
7. a) What is meant by ROC of Z-transform ? Explain its siginificances.
n n
2  1
b) Determine the Z-transform for the signal x(n)    u (n)     u (n) and
3  2
 plot the ROC and pole –zero locations of X (z ) .
c) What is meant by aliasing and how it can be avoided?
8. State and prove any five properties of Z-transform.
n n
1 1
9. a) Find the Z-transform of x(n)    u ( n)    u ( n) .
2 2
z2
b) Find the inverse Z transform of X ( z )  .
(1  az ) ( z  a )

10. a) Consider a signal Processing system shown

Ideal 1 Ideal
Sampler H ( z)  Interpolator
xa(t) 1  0.5 z 1 y(t)
ya(t)
x(t)

(1) Determine the output ya(t) for the input xa (t )  cos 2F0 t , where
F0 = 50 Hz.
(2) Find two other input signals xa (t ) that produce the same output y a (t )
As in part (1).
(3) Repeat parts (1) and (2) if F0 =125 Hz.
11. a) Find the Z-transform of ,
x (n)   ( n)   (n  1)   (n  3) .
1
b) Given X ( z )  , z  a . Find x (n) by long division method .
1  az 1

12.
 Unit-IV Discrete Time Systems
Two marks Questions
1. Define system function.
2. Write DTFT pair.
3. State time shifting property of DTFT.
4. State frequency shifting property of DTFT.
5. List out the different ways of interconnecting any two systems .
6. If X (e j ) is the fourier transform of x (n) , find the Fourier transform of
x * ( n)
In terms of X (e j ) .
7. Given the difference equation y (n)  y (n  1)  x(n)  0.33x(n  1) .
Find the transfer function H (z ) of the system .
8. Consider an input x(n) and unit sample response h(n) given by,
x(n)   n u (n)
and h( n)  u ( n) . Find y (n)  x(n) * h(n) .
9. State the properties of convolution sum.
10. What is mathematical expression for the convolution propertyof z-transform?
11. How Z-transform will help in the analysis of discrete time LTI systems?
12. Difference between natural response and forced response .
13. State the properties needed for interconnecting any two LTI systems.
14. State the linearity property of DTFT.
15. State the periodicity property of DTFT.
16. Write the condition for the LTI system to be casual and stable.
17. Prove that for the casual LTI system the impulse response h(n)  0 , for n< 0.
18. What is the sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT?
19. What is the property of Fourier spectrum of a discrete-time aperiodic sequence?
20. Find the DTFT of the following x(n)   (n) .
21. Find the DTFT of the following x (n)  a n u (n) .
22. Find the DTFT of the following x (n)  u (n) .
23. Define frequency response of a discrete-time system.
24. What are the properties of frequency response H (e j ) of an LTI system?
25. A casual system is represented by the following difference equation
y (n)  y (n  1)  x(n)  0.5 x( n  1) .Find the Frequency response
H ( e j )
26. A casual system is represented by the following difference equation
y ( n)  0.5 y (n  1)  x ( n)  0.5 x (n  1) .Find the system transfer function.

27. Find the Z-transform of x( n)  u (n)  u ( n  10) .

28. A casual system is represented by the following difference equation
y (n)  y (n  1)  x(n)  0.5 x(n  2) .Find the Frequency response H (e j ) .
29. A casual system is represented by the following difference equation
y ( n)  y (n  2)  x(n)  0.5 x( n  2) .Find the Frequency response H (e j ) .

30. A casual system is represented by the following difference equation

y (n)  2 y (n  1)  6 y (n  2)  x( n)  3 x( n  1) .Find the Frequency response
H ( e j ) .
z
31. Find the DTFT for the following sequence X ( z )  ( z  0.5) ( z  0.7) .
z
32. Find the DTFT for the following sequence X ( z )  ( z  1.2) ( z  0.7) .
z  0.8
33. Find the DTFT for the following sequence X ( z )  ( z  0.5) ( z  0.7) .
z2
34. Find the DTFT for the following sequence X ( z )  .
( z  0.5) ( z  0.7)
z
35. Find the DTFT for the following sequence X ( z )  .
( z  0.5 z  0.7)
2

36. Find the system function of y (n)  2 y ( n  1)  3 y (n  2)  x ( n)  x (n  1) .

37. Find the system function of y (n)  2 y (n  1)  8 y (n  2)  x(n  1) .
38. Find the system function of y (n)  2 y (n  1)  3 y (n  2)  x(n)  6 x(n  3) .
39. Find the system function of y (n)  2 y (n  1)  3 y (n  3)  x( n)  x( n  1) .
40. Find the frequency response of y (n)  2 y (n  1)  3 y ( n  2)  x (n)  x (n  1) .
41. What is the response of an LTI system with impulse response
h( n)   ( n)  2 ( n  1) for the input x ( n)  1,2,3 .
42. Distinguish between IIR and FIR systems
16 Mark Questions
1. Convolve
x (n)   n u (n) 0   1
h(n)  u ( n)
2. Compute the convolution of two sequences shown:

h(n)
x(n)

1
n
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
3. a) Convolve the following two sequences linearly and circularly x(n) and
h(n)
get y (n) . x( n)  1, 1, 1, 1 and h(n)  1, 2,  2, 3 . Also give the
illustration.
3. a) Explain the properties of an LTI system .
b) Determine the range values of the parameter ‘  ’ for which the linear time
invariant system with impulse response h(n) is stable
h( n)  a n , n  0 and n even
 0, otherwise
4. The input to a casual linear time invariant system is
n
1
x (n)  u ( n  1)    u (n) , the Z transform of the output of the system is
2
1 1
 z
Y ( z)  2 . Determine H (z ) , the Z transform of the
1 1
(1  0.5 z ) (1  z )
impulse response and also determine the output y (n) .
5. a) Consider the following linear constant coefficient difference equation .
 y (n)  0.75 y (n  1)  0.125 y (n  2)  2 x( n  1). Determine y (n)
when
x (n) =  (n) and y (n) =0, n<0.
b) Prove that order of convolution is unimportant, that is
x1 (n) * x2 (n)  x2 ( n) * x1 (n) .
6. a) Use Fourier transform to find the output of the system whose impulse response,
n n
1 1
h( n)    u ( n) and the input to the system is x ( n)    u ( n) .
3 2
b) Determine the impulse response and frequency response of the system
described by the difference equation,
y (n)  0.33 y (n  1)  0.33 y (n  2)  x (n  1) .
7. a)A casual system is represented by the difference equation
1
y ( n)  0.25 y (n  1)  x (n)    x( n  1). Use Z-transform to determine the
2
(1) System function
(2) Unit samp0le response of the system
(3) Frequency response of the system
b) Determine the convolution of the signals x ( n)  cos(n) u ( n) and
n
1
h ( n)    u ( n )
2
8. a) The system id described by y (n)  0.7 y ( n  1)  0.16 y (n  2)  x(n) .
Determine (1) Frequency response of the system .
(2) Impulse response of the system.
b) Determine h2 ( n) for the system shown in figure

h1 (n)  (1 / 3) n u (n)
j  12  5e j
H (e ) 
12  7e  j  e  j 2
x(n)

h2 (n)  ?

9. Using Z-transform , compute the response of the system

y (n)  0.7 y (n  1)  0.12 y (n  2)  x(n  1)  x(n  2) to the input
x (n)  nu (n).
Is the system is stable?
10. Using Z-transform , compute the response of the system
 y (n)  0.7 y (n  1)  0.12 y (n  2)  x(n  1)  x(n  2) to the input
x (n)  u (n).
Is the system is stable?
11. Solve the following difference equation using Z-transform and for the specified
initial conditions.
y ( n)  y (n  1)  o.25 y ( n  2)  x (n), n0
n
1 .
where x( n)  2  ; y ( 1)  2 and y (2)  4
8
12. A casual system is represented by the following difference equation
y ( n)  0.25 y ( n  1)  x ( n)  0.5 x (n  1)
1) Find the system function H (z ) and obtain the corresponding
ROC
2) Find the unit sample response of the system
3) Find the frequency response and determine its magnitude and
phase plot.
 Unit-V Systems with Finite and Infinite duration Impulse response
Two mark questions
1. Distinguish between IIR and FIR systems.
2. How many number of additions , multiplications and memory locations are
required to realize a IIR system with transfer function , H(z) having M zeros
And N poles in direct form I and direct form II realizations ?
3. Draw the block diagram for the following system
y (n)  y ( n  1)  x ( n)  0.3 x ( n  2) .
4. Draw the block diagram for the following system
y (n)  y ( n  1)  x ( n)  0.3 x ( n  2) .
5. Bring out the difference between recursive and non-recursive systems.
6. What is meant by canonic structure?
7. Realize the following system y ( n)  2 y ( n  1)  x (n)  2 x( n  1) in
direct form I method .
8. Realize the following system y ( n)  3 y ( n  1)  x( n)  2 x (n  1) in
direct form II method .
9. Draw the general block diagrams of the Parallel structure.
10. Draw the general block diagrams of the cascade structure.
11. Draw the general block diagrams of the Direct form I structure.
12. Draw the general block diagrams of the Direct form II structure.
13. Draw the general block diagrams of the transpose structure.
14. Realize the following system y (n)  3 y (n  1)  x(n)  2 x(n  2) in
direct form II method .
15. The unit sample response of an FIR filter is h(n)   n {u (n)  u (n  2)} , draw
direct form realization of this system.
16. Define FIR.
17. Define IIR.
18. Diffrence between FIR and IIR.
19. Realize the system given by difference equation
y ( n)  0.1 y (n  1)  0.72 y ( n  2)  0.7 x( n)  0.252 x( n  2) in direct form
II.
20. Realize the system given by difference equation
y ( n)  0.1 y (n  1)  0.72 y ( n  2)  0.7 x( n)  0.252 x( n  2) in cascade
form.
16 mark questions
1. Obtain the direct form I, direct form II and parallel realizations of the system
1  0.875 z 1
Function H ( z )  .
(1  0.2 z 1  0.9 z  2 ) (1  0.7 z 1 )
2. a) Obtain the transversal structure and linear phase realization structures for the
filter given by h( n)   0.5, 2.88, 3.404, 2.88, 0.5.
b) Explain the transposed IIR structure with an example.
c) Draw the basic structure for a linear phase realization of FIR filter when N is
odd and when is even .
3. a) Obtain the parallel structure realization of the system described by the
difference equation
y ( n)  (13 / 12) y ( n  1)  (9 / 24) y (n  2)  (1 / 24) y (n  3)  x( n)  2 x(n  1) .
b) Realize the following differential equation as a direct form II structure
d 3 y (t ) d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) d 2 x(t ) dx(t )
3
 4 2
 7  8 y (t )  5 2
4  7 x(t ) .
dt dt dt dt dt
4. a) Determine the transposed structure for the system given by difference equation
y (n)  0.5 y ( n  1)  0.25 y (n  2)  x( n)  x(n  1) .
s ( s  2)
b) Realize H ( s )  ( s  1) ( s  3) ( s  4) in cascade form .

5. Draw the block diagram representation in Direct Form I and Direct form II for the
following system
z 1  3 z 2
H ( z) 
(10  z 1 )(1  0.5 z 1  0.5 z 2 )
6. a) Give the summary of elementary blocks used to represent discrete time
systems.
b) A difference equation of a discrete time system is given below:
y ( n)  0.75 y ( n  1)  0.125 y (n  2)  x (n)  0.5 x( n  1)
Draw direct form –I and direct form-II structures.
7. Two discrete time LTI systems are connected in cascade as shown in the
figure.Determine the unit sample response of this cascade connection .
Unit sample response of overall system =h(n)
 y(n)
x(n) n
n 1
1 h2 (n)    u (n)
h1 ( n)    u (n) 4
2

8.Consider the casual linear shift invariant filter with system function
1  0.875 z 1
H ( z)  . Draw the following realization structures
(1  0.2 z 1  0.9 z  2 )(1  0.7 z 1 )
of the system .
(i) Direct form II
(ii) a parallel form connection of first and second order systems realized in direct
form II .
9. The system function of a discrete time system is
(1  z 1 ) 4
H ( z)  .Realize this system using a cascade
(1  z 1  0.9 z  2 )(1  z 1  0.75 z  2 )
of
second order system in direct form –I and direct form II.
10. Find a transposed direct form I and direct form II realization for the system described
by the difference equation
y ( n)  0.75 y ( n  1)  0.72 y ( n  2)  x( n)  0.33x (n  1) .