N(;lJYf~N SINH NGUYEN

G.Y tru'ong PTTH chuyen i.e QlIY Don (Chii bien)

NC;(JV['N Cl IN(; N< 1111- N(II JYl:N vA N TII()NG - VO QU.'\N<J 1),\ - U: HO,\NII PIle)

~ A

TUYEN TAP

•

BAr TAp ToAN

? •

GIAI TioHl2

+ 500 bai toan giai tich 12

+ 250 bai toan tr~c Dghi~m giai tich 12

NHA XUAT BAN DA NANG

J.

040 HAM - VI PHAN I

Cho ham s8 y = flx) xac dinh tai Ian c~n ciia xo. vdi Xx: s6 gia bi~n s8; Ay: s8 gia ham s6.

f(xo +.'.x) - f(xo) Dao ham cua ham s8 tai Xo : f'(xo) = lim.\x

.\x --> ()

Qui tiic:

(u + v)' u' + v' (u - v)' .- u' - v'·

(C.u)' = C.u·

Dao ham cd ban

1: 1
y=- ~ y' =-2"
x x
y = -Fx ~ y' = _1_
2-Fx y=x~y'=l

y = x" ~ y' = nxn-I

(1.1.1). Tinh dao ham cac ham s8 sau:

a. y = x5 - 4x:J + 2x - 3

1 1 2 1 4 b. y = 4-3"x+x -2"x

d. y = 5ax3 - 4a2x2 + 3a3x - 2a4

:1 2

f. y = 6x - x

c. y = 5x2(3x - 1) 1 2 3 e. y = ---+X x2 x3

x3_x2+1

7 5

h. y = 6x2 +4x2 +2x

g. y =

5

5

l.

GIAI

a. y' = (X5), - (4x3), + (2x)' - 3' = 5x4 - 4(x3), +2.x' - 0 = 5x4 _ 4.3x2 + 2.1 = 5x4 - 12x2 + 2

b y' = (l" - lex)' + (x2)' - l(x4), = 0 - 1 1 + 2Xl - _! 4x3 = -..! + 2x - 2x:l

. . 4) 3 2 3' 2' 3

e. Trude h~t ta khai tri~n y = 5x2 (3x - 1) = 15x3 - 5x2. Suy ra y' = 15(x:l), - 5(x2), = 15.3x2 - 5.2x = 45x2 - lOx

d. y' = 5a(x3), - 4a2(x2)' + 3a3(x)' - (2a4)' = 15ax2 - 8a2x + 3a3

T .J' h~t t '~t 1 . 1 2 3 1 2 -2 3-3

e. ruoc e, a Vle. ~J y = - - '2 + -'3 = - - x + x

x x x x

, 1 4-:l 9-4 1 4 9

~ y = --+ X - X =--+-;--~

x2 x2 x3 x4

f. y' = 18x2 - 2x

T d lai x3 - x2 + 1 1 3 1 2 1 , 3 2 2

g. a viet ar y = 5 = 5" x - 5" x + 5" ~ y = 5" x - 5" x

7 5 5 3

7-15-1 --

h. y' = 6"2 x2 - + 4"2 x2 - • + 2. 1 = 21 x2 + IOx2 + 2

. . ~ . x m x2 n2 1 1 1 2 2 --2

1. Ta viet lai y = - + - + - + - = -x + m- + -x + n x

. m x n2 x2 m x n2

, 1 1 I 2 -3 I m - 2x 2n2

~ y = --m-+2~x-2n x =---+---

m x2 n2 m x2 n2 x3

_3r 5 3 1

ax2 b wx. - -- --

j. Truoe h~t vi~t lai y = -3- + _ r - _ r = ax3 + bx 2 - X 6

~ xvx 'Jx

2

(1 • 1 . 2). Cho ham s6 flx) = 3x3 - ~ + 5 . Tinh f'(O); ['(-2).

GIAI

Ta eo f fx) = 9x2 - X ~ ['(0) = 0 va ['(-2) = 36 + 2 = 38

6

*( 1.1.3). C ho fix) = ax2 + bx + e thoa man I flx) I ~ 1 vdi moi

x E [0 , 1]. Chung minh r&ng ['(0) :::; 8. fJH HUt '2000.

GIAI

'I'a co ['(x) = 2ax + b => ['(0) = b. Bai toan trd thanh chung minh b ::::-8. Tit gin thi~t I flx) I 5 1, vx E [0, 1].

Lay x = 0, 1, ~ => IHO)I :::: 1 Q lei ~ 1 Q -15 e 51

=> -c :::;; 1 => -3c :::;; 3 I fl L) I :::; 1 Q I a + b + e I ::; 1 Q -1 s: a + b + c :::;; 1

=> -a -- b - c :0; 1 (2)

(1)

I[(~)I ::;lQlta+!b+cl sl=>a+2b+4c:;:;4 (3)

C9ng (1), (2), (3) v~ theo v~ thi dudc

b = (-3cl + (-a - b - c) + (a + 2b + 4c) ::; 3 + 1 + 4 = 8 => dpcm.

01. Tmh dao ham cua cac ham s6 sau:

Xl 2x:l 3x2

a. y = 2 + 3- -4- 1

(a: hAng 56, t: bi~n 56)

1 3 2 2 3 3

d. y = -x +zx +3a x-z

a a a

x5 x2

f. y = ------x a j b a-b

1t 2 a 3 2 5

c. y = -x - -x + -x - -x + 1

2 3 4 4

'j x2

g. Y = 2ax' - b + c

. _ (x + 1)3 J. Y - --3-

x2

HD:

, 3 2 3x

a. y = 2x + 2x -- 2

7

J.

, 2:l 2 2 3x 5

C Y = x - x + --. 2 4

, 3 2 4 . :l

d. y = -x + -;-;X -t- 3a

a a-

e. y' = 4X:l + 6x

f y' = 5x1 _ ~ _ 1

. a+ h a - b

') 2x

g. y' = 6ax- - b

.C ')

'\J::$ 1 -7 3 h. y' = -- + -x .3 - ?

2--fx. 3 x"

I

, 2 -:l' 1

I. Y =-x -_

3 --fx.

02. Cho ham s6 fix) = 3x5 - 4x3 + 5x2. Tinh f'(O); f'(-2).

HD:

f'(O) = 0;

f'(-2) = 268.

§ 2. D~.O HAM nCB mUONG

( !!) = u'v ~ v'u

. v v-

(u.v)' = u'v + v'u (u.v.w)' = u'.v.w + u.v'.w + u.v.w'

vi DV

(1.2.1). Tinh dao ham cac ham s6 sau: h. y = x(2x - 1)(3x + 2)

d. y = x(2x2 + 1)(3x3 + 2)

a. y = 3x:l(2x2 - x + 1) c. y = (x3 + 1)(3 - 5x5) e. y = (x5 + 1)(3 - 2x2)

GIAI

a. y' = (3x3)'.(2x2 - X + 1) + '(2x2 - X + 1)'.(3x3)

= 9x2.(2x2 - X + 1) + (4x - 1).(3x3) = 30x4 - 12x3 + 9x2

h. y' = x'.(2x - 1)(3x + 2) + (2x - 1)'.x(3x + 2) + (3x + 2)'.x (2x - 1) = (2x - 1)(3x + 2) '+ 2x(3x + 2) + 3x(2x - 1) = 18x2 + 2x - 2 c. y' = (x' + 1)'.(3 - 5Xii) + (3 .,.. 5x5).(x3 + 1)

= 3x2(3 - 5X'i) - 25x,l(x3 + 1) = -40x' - 25x I + 9x2

8

.i.

d. y' = x'(2x2 + l)(3x:~ + 2) + (2x:! + l)'.x(3x:l + 2) + (3x:1 + 2)'.x(2x2 + 1) = (2x2 + 1)(3x:l + 2) + 4x.x(3x:; + 2) + 9x2x(2x2 + 1)

= 36x''i + 12x:l + 12x2 + 2

e. y' = (xii + 1)'.(3 - 2x2) + (3 - 2x2),.(xo + 1)

= 5x1.(3 - 2x2) - 4x(xi"i + 1) = 14xi; + 15x1 - 4x

(1.2.2). Tinh dao ham cac ham s6 sau:

b y -: x2-2x-l

. - x+ 1

2x -1 c. y =-- 3-x

3x - 2

a. v =--

. I-x

')

d x~ - x + 2

. y = ')

1- x"

x

e. y = -,-)-

x" - 1

GIA.I

, _ (3x - 2), . (1- x) - (1 - x)' . (3x - 2) _ 3(1- x) - (-1) . (3x - 2) _ 1

a. y - '), - ? ----2

(l--xt' (l-x)- (I-x)

b ' _ (x:.! - 2x - 1)' . (x + 1) - (x + 1)' . (X2 - 2x - 1)

. y - (x + 1)2

_ (2x - 2) . (x + 1) - 1(x2 - 2x- 1) _ x2 + 2x - 1

- f) - '}

(x + 1)- (x + It

c. y' _ (2x - 1), . (3 - x) - (3 - x)' . (2x - 1) _ 2(3 - x) + 1(2x - 1) __ 5_

- (3 - X)2 - (3 - x)2 - (3 - x)2

? 2 2

_ (2x - 1) . (1- x-) - (-2x) . (x - x + 2) _ -x + 6x -1

- (1 - x2)2 - (1- x2)2

2 'J" 2

, _ x'(x - 1) - (x~ - l)'x (x" - 1) - 2x . x _ -x - 1

e. y - (x2 _ 1)2 (x2 _ 1)2 - (x2 _ 1)2

,.

9

BAI T~ TV Ll~N

01. Tinh dao ham cac ham s6 S;lU' a. y = (x2 - 6x + 1)(1 - x~ I

c. Y = (x - 3)(x + 4)(x - 5)

e. y = (x + l)(x + 2)(x + .'3)

2 +..fx g. y = --=

1 +2..fx

. I-x l.Y=l+x

HD: a. y' = -4x~~ + 1Bx2 - 6 c. y' = 3x2 - 8x + 7

e. y' = 3x2 + 12x + 11

b. y = 5x2(3x - 1)

d. y = (xa - 3x"+ 1)(1 - 2x)

f x2 - 3x + 4

y -

· - x2-x+l

h = 3x2 - 6x + 1

.y 2x+1

. l+x-x2

J. Y = 2

1-x+x

b. y' = 45x2 - lOx

d. y' = -Bx3 + 3x2 + 12x - 5

2

f ' 2x - 6x + 1 y -

· - (x2 _ X + 1)2

2

h y' = 6x + 6x - 8

. (2x + 1)2

j _ -2(2x - 1)

· - (x2 _ X + 1)2

§ 3. D~O HAM HAM s6 LUQNG GIAC

y = sinx ~ y' = cosx

y = cosx ~ y' = -sinx

y' 1 2

Y = tgx ~ = -2- = 1 + tg x

cos x

. y' 1

y = arcsmx -t =r=«

\11- x2

, 1

y = arccosx ~ y = - . r-

\11- x2

t ' 1

y = arc gx ~ y = --2

l+x

y = cotgx ~ y' = - -+ = -(1 + cotix) y = arccotgx ~ y' =- - ~

@~x l+x

10

).

(1.3.1). Ttnh ,tao ham cac ham s6 sau: a. y ::. 5sinx - 3cosx

h. y = x.cot gx

11

x. sinx c. y = --- 1 +tgx

d. t: tsint + cost

slnx e. y =

1 + cosx

f. y = arcsinx . arccosx

g. y = ~ arctgx

arcsinx h. y = c.:::...== arccosx

. x t

1. Y z: -'"2 + arc gx

l+x

j. y = sinx + arcsinx

GIAI

a. y'= 5cosx - 3(-sinx) = 5cosx + 3sinx

b. y' ::. x'.cotgx + (cotgx)'. x = cotgx - x(1 + cotg2x)

c. y' ::. (xsinx)' . (1 + tgx) - (1 + tgx)'(xsinx) (1 + tgx)2

_ [x' . sinx + (sinx)' . x](1 + tgxHl + t~x)x . sinx

- (1 +tgx)2

= (sinx + x.cosx)(1 + tgx)-x(l+t~x) . sinx (1 + tgx)2

d. y' = t' . sint + (sint)'.t - sint = sint + t.cost - sint = t.cost.

e. y' =- (sinx)' . (1 + cosx) - (1 + cosx)' . sinx (1 + cosx)2

= cosx. (1 + cosx) - (-sinx) . sinx _ 1 + cosx _ 1

(1 + cosx)2 - (1 + cosx)2 - 1.+ cosx

f. y' = (arcsinx)'. al'CCOSX + (arccosx)'.arcsinx =

1 1· arccosX - arcsinx

= r--:;arccosx - r--:;arcslnx =

'\' 1 _ x'2 '\' 1 - x'2 -J 1 - x'2

. r: . t: arctgx ~

g. y' := ('IX)' . arctgx + (actgx)' . 'Ix = ~ + --2

2'1x ] +X

h. y' ::: (arcsinx)' . (arCCCOSX) - (a~CCOSX)' . (arcsinx) = (arccosx)

arccosx + arcsinx .~ ? '11- x" . (arccosx)"

i. y'

j. y' = cosx+.~ '11- x2

1

Tinh f'(x); f'(O); f'(n); f' (~) ; f' (§) .

TNPT 97

(1.3.2). Cho ham s3 y = fix) = cosx

1 + sinx

GIAI

Ta co

•

f '(x) = -sinx( 1 + sinx) - cosx. cosx = (1 + simi

1 + sinx _ (1 + sinx)2 -

1

1 + sinx

• ['(0) = -1; ['(n) = -1;

[,(n)=_l.

'! 2 '

f' (n) = -V2

:r 1+-V2

BAI T~ 1VL~N

01. Tinh dao ham cac ham s3 sau:

sinx+cosx a. y = .

Slnx- cosx

h. y = !JInx +~

x smx

c. y = _--L<J> __ 1- cos <J>

d. y = 1 + s~nx 2 - smx

e. y = tgx + cotgx

f. y = x. arcsinx

g. y = x.sinx.arctgx

I arccosx

1. v = '---

• x

. arctgx

l.Y=

tgx

j. y = tgx.arctgx

12

HD' -2

: a. y =. .)

(smx+ cosx)"

b ,_ x. cosx - sinx sinx - x . cosx

. y - 2 + . 'J

X sur'x

c. y' = l-cos<p '-psin<p (1 - cos <p)=

d' 3cosx

. y = . 2

(2 - smx)

f. y' = arcsinx + D 1- x2

,. t t x. smx

g. y = smx.arc gx + x.cosx.arcgx + --2-

l+x

( -x ~ 1

h. y' = ,----;; - arccosxj '2

'\'1- x2 x

j. y'-= arctgx + ~ cos2x 1 + x2

§ 4. D~O HAM HAM s6 MU -- LOGA

x , x

y=e ..... y =e

1 y e lnx ..... y'=x

1

y = log x ..... y' = --

a X . Ina

vt DV

(1.4.1). Tinh dao ham cac ham sA sau:

a. y = (x2 - 2x + 3).ex

eX - 1 h. y = -x-'e' + 1

eX +2 c. y = -.smx

1 I lnx d.y=--+2nx--

x x

2

f. y = x .lnx

e. y = 1ge.lnx - lna.log.x lnx- 1

g. y = lnx + 1

h. y = x.lnx

'! ,>

j. Y = (x' + 2x-). lnx

13

GI;\I

a. y' ::: (X2 - 2x + 3)'.ex + (ex)'.(x2 - 2x + 3)

::: (2x - 2) eX + ex.(x2 - 2x + 3) ::: ex.(x2 + 1)

b ,_ (ex - 1)' . (ex + 1) - (ex + 1)' . (ex - 1)

. y - (ex + 1)2

_ eX. (ex + 1) _ eX . (ex - 1) _ 2ex

- (ex + 1)2 - (ex + 1)2

c. y' _ (ex + 2)' . sinx- (sinx)' . (ex + 2) _ eX. sinx - cosx. (ex + 2)

sin2x - sin2x

1 1 1

e. y' ::: lge . - - Ina . -- = - (lge - 1)

x x.lna x

f. y' ::: 2x . lnx + x2 . ! = x (lnx2 + 1) x

1 1

x (lnx + 1) - x (lnx - 1)

g. y' = -----~-(Inx + 1)2

2

x. (lnx + 1)2

1

h. y' = 1. lnx + x - = lnx + 1

x

<) 3 '} 1 <) <)

j. y' = (3x- + 4x)lnx + (x + 2x-). - = (Sx" + 4x)lnx + x" + 2x x

01. Tinh dao ham cac ham s6sau:

a. y = eX(sinx - cosx)

b. y ::: (x -- l)ex

X e c. y:::? x-

d. y ::: 2'

14

1 2 t'.y=_+ex x

e

f. y = lnx x

g. y = Inxtlnx + 1)

j. y = (eX + xl.lnx

, _ eX(x - 2)

c. y - 4

X

fy,==I-lnx

~ .:

eX+x j. y' = (ex + 1) .lnx+--

x

§ 5. D~O HAM eVA HAM H<;1P

h. y =~.

x e

. cosx 1. Y = lnx

1 -u'

y=-__'y'=2

u u

y = eU =::> y' = u'e''

y = a" =::> y' = u'a'l.lna

y = lnu =::> y' = u' u

u'

y = logau =::> y' = --

. u . Ina

HD: a. y' = eX.2sinx

h. y' = xe"

15

~-

)

, 1 2 2x

e. y = --x + e

e

g. y' = ~lnx + 1 x

, I-x h. y =--

eX

i. y' =

. cosx

-smx . lux + x

Cong thitc tang quat y'x = y'u . u', y = u'' __. y' = nun-lU'

.r: , u'

y = "\Iu __. Y = --

2...Ju

y = sinu =::> y' = u'.cosu

y = cosu =::> y' = -u'.sinu

u' _2

y = tgu =::> y' = -2- = u'.(1 + tg u)

cos u

-u' ?

Y = cotgu =::> y' = -.-?- = -u'.(1 + cotg=u)

sm=u

vi DV

(1.5.1). Tinh dao ham cua cue ham s6 sau:

- 'J

a. y = (x ' + x)"

b. y = 1

(2x + 1) 1

c. y = 1

-Vx2 + 1

f. y = ~x

;J

'j -

d. y = (x' + 7)2

( 3):1

e. y = 2+z

x

h. y = -fl:Tx

. -:rT

1. y = Vsirr'x

.rr=:

g. y = "x~ - x + 1

GIAI

a. y' = 2(x7 + x)l(x7 + x)' = 2(xi + x)(7x(; + 1)

= (14x6 + 2)(x' + x) = 14x)3 + 16x' + 2x b. Ta vi~t lai ham s6 da cho y = (2x + 1)-1

~ y' = -4(2x + 1)-5 (2x + 1)' = ~(2x + 1)-5 = -8_

(2x + 1)1>

I c. Ta vi~t lai ham s6 da cho y = (x2 + 1)-2

3 3

~ y' =' -.! (x2 + 1) 2 (x2 + 1)' = - .!. (x2 + 1)-2' . 2x = 6

2 2 x2+13

. I 2

d. y' = ~ (x3 + 7)2 (3x2) = ~ -Vx3 + 7

2 2

2 i. Ta vi~t lai ham s6 dd cho y = (sinxi"

I

, 2 . -"I 2cosx

~. y = 3' (SUlX) , . cosx = -;r-:-=.-

3 .::[sinx

16

).

(1.5.2). Tfnh dao ham cac ham s6 sau:

a. y :::: sin2x - cosx d. y:::: a~2x

h. y = cos:12x e. y = lIlcOSX h. y = e \x

c. y = sin2xcos3x f. y = e 4x+5

. 2

1. Y = In(x + 1)

HVNH 98

f'osx .

g. y:::: e .sinx

i y = 2sinx + cos3x

'I I y = arctg(x' )

m. s= arctg( ~l) J]HNN 98

.~., ...

a.. y'= (2x)'cos(2x) - (-sinx) = 2cos2x + siax.:

b. y' = 3cos2x . (coszx)' = 3cos2x (-2)si1l2x:::: -6si1l2xcos2x

c y' z; (sin2x)'cos3x :1- sin2x(cos3x)' = 2cos2x.cos3x _ 3sin3x.sin2x

d. v' == a (Z2X)' =1.1. -~;= ~n2x

. 2 cos2x 2 cos2x . cos2x

, - (cosx)' _ -sinx _ tgx

e.y _~ .

cosx COSX

.f. y' = (4x + 5)'. e4x+5 = 4eh+5

g. y' = (eOosx)' . sinx + eOosx . (sinx)' = -sin2xeoosx + cosx , eOosx = (cosx - sin2x)eCOSX

h y' - _1_ e ,;

. - 2-Vx

j. y' = 2cosx - 3sin3x

k. Ta vi~t Iai ham s6 y = log2/3x + 1) = I~(3X + 1) n(2x)

::::> y' ::::

31, --In(2x) - -In(3x + 1)

3x + 1 x _ 3xln(2x) _ (3x + 1)ln(3x + 1)

In2r2xI - x(3x + 1)ln2(2xl

17

l. y':: ~r

x + 1

. ~ " ~ -3, -3x -4

m. Ta viet l~I ham so y :: arctg(x ) =:> y :: --6-X +1

(1.5.3). Cho h3.~ s6 f(x) :: sinx +~sin3X + 5si~x' Tinh dao ham f(x) va

giai phucng trinh f'(x) :: O. HVQHQT 2000

Ta c6 f'(x):: cosx + cos3x + 2cos5x

f'(x) :: 0 <=> cos5x + cosx + cos3x + cos5x :: 0 <=> cos3x.cos2x + cos4x.cosx :: 0

<=> cos2x( 4cos3x - 3cosx) + cos4x.cosx :: 0 <=> cosx[cos2x(4cos2x - 3) + cos2'2x - 1] :: 0

cosx » 0 (1)

<=> 12cos2x (cos2x + 1) + co~2x - 1:: 0 (2)

- 1t k

<=>x-:r+ 1t

I cos2x=-1

(2) <=> 3cos22x + 2cos2x - 1 :: 0 <=> <=>

cos2X=~

x=~+k1t

I x =:~+k1t

-6

Vf~y nghiem Clla phtidng trinh: x :: ~ + k 1t ; X :: ± ~ + k 1t

01. Ttnh dao ham cac ham s8 sau:

a. y :: (x2 + 3)1\ d. y :: (1 + ~):lP.

g. y :: .Jx:l - 2x + 3

h. y :: (--fx + 2)3 e. y :: (1 + 2--fx)6 h. y::..g

') 4

c. s= (2r - 3)

f. y :: .Jx2 - 3x + 2 i. y = 12ex + 1

18

i y = ...Ji + 1m

2 m. y = cotg 5x

p. y = esill~

s. y = In(x2 + 3x - 7)

~ .j

HD: a. y' = 10x(x + 3)

~

d. y' = x-s (1 + .ifx)2

g. y' = 3x2 - 4x

2...Jx3 - 2x2 + 3

j. y' = i -

2x 1 + lnx

k. y = sin! 1. y = sin...J1 + x2

x

n. y = asin:i ~ 0 y asin4 x

3 . = 2"

2

q. Y = eX + 2x - 1 r. y = Inn + 2x)

t. y = In -4x'<l+9x-1

b. y' = 3cC-Tx + 1)2 c. y' = 16x(2x2.:.. 3)3 2"\'x

e. y' = Sx (1 +2-.fxl'''£~~;;2~J~-3: +2

2

h. y' = -4 ~ i. y' = ~ eX (2ex + 1)-3

k. y' = - -\cos!

x x

1. y' == ~ cos ...J1+x2 1 +X2

m. y' = . - ~O cotg5x n. y' = asin2 ~3 cos~3 o. y' = 2asin3!.2 cos -X2 sin 5x

p. y' = cosx eSlIlx

, 2

r. y =-- 1+2x

2

q. y' = 2(x + 1)ex + 2x ... 1

y' 2x+3

s. = x2 + 3x-7

t. y' = 2x +9

3(x2 + 9x -1)

§ 6. l1NH DAO HAM BANG DINH NGHiA

. .

• Tinh\y = flx + "x) - flx):

• Lap ti s6 ss

. ._\ x

• Tim gidi han cua ~ y khi ,~ ..... 0

.. .x x

(1.6.1). Dung dinh nghia, tinh dao bam cua cac bam s3:

a. fix) =: x2 -- 4x + 3 t!).i Xo =: 1 : b. flx) = ~1- x tai Xo = -2

c. y = fix) =: x2 - X + 1 : d. y =: fix) =: ...fx2:1

19

,.

GIAI

a .. '.y = fl I + .\x) - fl l) = [(1 + .'Ix)2 -4(1 + .Sx) + 3] - (12 - 4.1 + 3) = ~x(..\x - 2)

lX = .\x - 2 ; .\x

1· \ y 1·

1m - = 1m ('Ix - 2) = -2

.\x, u \ X ,\x·~ 0

V*y f '(L) = -2 ...

h. ~y = f(-2 +~) - f(-2) = -VI - (-2 + \x) - -V1- (-2)

= .J3~\x- i3 = (-vs~~ r- ~)(...j3~~+ --J3J (,,3 .\x + {:3)

(...j3 - ~ +--J3)

~y -1

.\x = (~\x +--J3)

-1

Yay f'(l) = trr:

. 2'13

c.\y = fix +.\x) - fix) = [(x + .\x)2 - (x + "\x) + 1]- (x2 - X + 1) = .\x(~ + 2x - 1)

\y. -1

Em'---· = lim . ~

.vx 'fl\x \x, I)(F- ~ + >J3)

1 - 2..]3

.\y = \x + 2x - 1 . .\x . ,

lim ~ = lim· Ox + 2x - 1) = 2x - 1

~x· .. () .\x .. , I)

V~y f'(x) = 2x - 1

d. ~y = fix + ~ x) - fix) =: -Vex +\x)2 + 1 - ...fx2:1

cV(x +\x)2 + 1 _ ~)(..../(x + .'Ix)2 + 1 + ~)

- (..../(x+~)2+ 1 +~)

_ ~Ox+2x)

- cV(x+'Ix)2 + 1 + ..../x2 + 1)

.ly ~+2x

~ = (~X + .\x)2 + 1 + ~)

1· .\V l' .. \x + 2x . . x

Im:...:.1..= rm ~ =

\x ,o·\x .vx )o(..J(x+.\x,l2+1+'1x2+1) ~

V~yf'(x) = h x + 1

I

20

j.y=...fi+inx

p. y = esill~

s. y = in(x2 + 3x - 7)

lID: a. y' = 10x(x~ + 3rt

2

d. y' = x - 3" (1 + ~)2

2

g. y' = 3x - 4x

2...Jx3 - 2x2 +3

. y' 1.

J. = .r:: 2x"\J1 + Inx

k. y = sin..! l. y = sin...J1 + x2

x

2

q. Y = eX + 2x ~ 1 r. y = lnf l + 2x)

t. y = In ix~+9x-l

b. y' = ~ cc-fx + 1)2 c. y' = 16x(2x2- 3)3 2"\Jx

, 6 (12 . ..J; 9if.yt2x-3

e. y = ~ + x). 'p • '0;; 2.z1i:2-3x+2

2

h' 3 2 X X -3"

. y =4 ~ i. y' = "3 e (2e + 1) .

k. y' = - ~os..! x x

1. y'::: ~cos ...J1+x2 1 +X2

m. y' = .-;0 cotg5x n. y' = asin291.3 cos 91.3 o. y' = 2asin3 ~2 cos ~2 sm 5x

p. y' = cosx eSlIlx

, 2

r. y =-- 1 +2x

2

q. y' = 2(x + l)ex + 2x - 1

s. y' = 2x + 3

x2 + 3x - 7

ty'- 2x+9

. - 3(x2 + 9x - 1)

§ 6. TINH DAO HAM BANG DINH NGHiA

. .

• Tfnh .\y ::: flx +\x) - flx);

• Lap t.i s6 ss.

. ._\x

• Tim gidi han cua __\ y khi __\x --+·0

'. .\x

vi D~

(1.6.1). Dung dinh nghia, tmh dao ham cua cac ham sa:

a. fix) ::: x2 - 4x + 3 tai Xo ::: 1 ; b. flx) :::...fi~ tai Xo ::: -2

c. y = fix) ::: x2 - X + 1 : d. y = fix) = ~

19

).

GIAI

a .. "y = f(1 + Ax) - f(1) = [(1 + ~)2 -4(1 + .\x) + 3] - (12 - 4.1 + 3) = .\xOx - 2)

2x = .\x - 2 ; .\ x

lim:lx = lim (.\X - 2) = -2 .\x> (J \ X ,\x -. 0

V~y f'(I) = -2 . b. 1y = f(-2 +~) - f(~2) = "1 - (-2 + \x) - "1- (-2)

= ~-=- \x-..J3 = (~~ r:- ~ )(~\,X + .y3)::: . . ... -~

(,,3 \x + -.J3) (.../3 - ~ +.y3)

~_ -1

.\X - ("3 - .. \x +.y3)

-1

Vay f'(1) =: -:-:r

. 2'13

c .. \y = fb + 1x) - ftx)= [(x +,~x)2 - (x + ,\ x) + 1]- (x2 - x + 1)

\y li -1

l;m:'__ = 1m.~ ~

.vx > tr\x \x' 0 ('13 - ."Ix + "1/3 )

1 - 2-Y3

= .\xClx + 2x - 1)

~= \x+2x-l . .'.x . ,

lim ~=lim(_'.x+2x-l) = 2x - 1 .\x .. o·'.x .\x .. > ()

V~y f'(x) = 2x - 1

d. 1y = flx _+ 1 x) - f(x) =: -I(X + .'.x)2 + 1 - ...fx2;1

_ cJ(x +\x)2 + 1 _ ...[x'1+1)(-I(X + .'.x)2 + 1 + ~)

- (-I(X +'.x)2 + 1 + ~)

_ .'.x(.\x + 2x)

- (-I(x+\x)2 + 1 + -Ix2 + 1 )

..

1y _ ~+2x

~ - (-Ix +\x)2 + 1 + ~)

li ~-li .\x+2x _ x

m \x- m _I ? .r;;--:- -.~

\x > u .\X) ()( \l(x +·\xr + 1 + '1x~ + 1) "Jx + 1

Vav f'(x) = x

.. ~

20

I

(1.6.2). Cho ham s8 f xac dinh bdi

'jxcos( 12) n~u x;<' 0

flx) = x

o n~u x=O

a, Chtlngminh r~ng f lien tuc t¥.en t~p 56 thuc R

b. Ham s8 f co d~o ham t~i~iirig di~m nao? Tinh daoharn ciia

f tai cac di~m do. fJH HUE 99

GIAI

a. Taco voi x ;<' 0

I xcos ( ;) I = I x I , I cos ( 12) I s I x I =>.lim j xcos ( ;) I s lim I x I = 0

x x x.~o·x x~o

=> lim xcos ( 12) = 0 = f(0)

x .... o x

Do do ham s6 lien tuc tai x = 0

Ngoai ra, voi x ;<' 0, flx) = xcos ( ;) Ia ham sa sd edp xac dinh vdi moi x

x ;<' 0 nen lien tue tai moi x ;<' O.

V~y ham s8 lien tuc tren d R.

b. V di x ;<' 0 ham s6 co dao ham f '(x) = cos ( ;) + 22sin ( 12).

x x x

Vdi x = 0:

~ (1 ) khd " " h khi 0' hs ~ khd , d

~ = cos ~2 ong co gidi an x --+ ,nen am so ong co 1).0

•

ham tai x = 0

,~ i(x+1)e-x n~ux>O

(1.6.3). Cho ham so flx) = "

Ix2~ax+ 1 n~u x s O

Tim a d~ ham s6 co dao ham tai x = o.

fJHGTVT 2000

GIAI

T ' I' f(O + h) - f(O) li (h + 1)e-h - 1 I' (1.+ e-h - 1)

a co:. 1m = m = 1m --_

,h ,h • h

h .) O. h ) 0 h ) 0

21

. ~O+h) -~

= liml+lime h -e = 1 + (e-x>, voi x = 0 = 1-1 =·0

h·-~ 0+ h40·

• lim «0 + h)·- f(O) = lim [(0 + h)2 - a(O + h) + 1] - 1 = lim (h - a) '" -a

h h .

b -4 0 h -~ 0 b -4 0-

D~ d~o ham tai x = 0 tfm tai: lim f(x) = lim f(x) <=:> -a = 0 <=:> a = 0

h -4 o' h -4 0-

2

a. lim 3X - ~osx DHSPHN 2000

X40 x

esin2x esinx

b. lim .-

SlllX

fJHHH 99

(1.6.4). Tim cac gi8i han san

X-40

GI.4.1

2 2

li 3X -cosx li (3X -1+1-cosx) T d'

a. m 2 = m --2- 2' rong 0:

X-40 X x- .. Q X X

• lim 1 - cosx '" 1.. va

2 2'

x -40 X

2 2

li 3X - 1 li 30 + x - 30 3x , 3x I 3 I

• m --2 - = m 2. = ( ) x = 0 = ( . 0 )x = 0 = 03

x 40 x x2 -4 0 X

2

VA li 3X - cosx 1 + I 3

ay m x2 =2 0

X-40

b . Ii . esin2x - esinx = li (eSin2X - 1 _ esinx - 1)

. m. m. -'--. -'---=

X -4 0 SlllX x -4 0 SlllX Sll~

esin2x _ 1 esin2x 1 eO + sin2x eO

Ta co • lim . = lim 2cosx - = 2lim cosx. lim .-

x -4 0 SlllX x -+ 0 sin2x x 4 0 X 4 0 sinzx

esinx_ 1 eO + sinx 0

• lim . = lim . - e = (ex)' _ 0 '" (ex) _ 0 = 1

SlllX SlllX x - x -

x -> 0 x -.0

. e8in2x _ esinx

V~y lim . = 2 - 1 = 1

SlllX

22

01. Dung dinh nghia, tmh dao ham cua ham sa sau tai xo:

a.ftx)=~x+4 xo=-l; "" b.ftx)=~~{ ,xo=3;

:1 c. y = x ;

1

d. y = -2--

X + 1

l~-~ .

02. Hay tinh f'(O) bi~t flx) = si~ , khi x*-O lNCNBCVT 99

03. Cho ham .b f dinh ~ fix) = l"~::: .:

a. Tinh d~o ham cua ham sa tai x E R

b. Cht1ng minh ring d~o ham f' kh6ng li@n tuc tai x = O. fJH HUP: 2000

§ 7. D~O HAM CAP CAO -VI pHAN

* D~o ham clip cao .

• (y')' = y" du<;ic g<;>i la dao ham d.p hai cua y.

• (y")' = y"'du<;ic g<;>i IS. d~o ham cdp pa cua y.

• (y"') = y<lV) du<;ic goi 18. dao ham cdp ban cua y ...

* N~u ham sa y = ftx) co daoham f'(x) thi vi phdncUa ham sa 1a dy = f'(x)dx

vf DV

. 3 3

(1. 7 .1). a. Cho y == s;n x. + cos x. Cht1ng minh ring y"== -y TNPTTH97 - SlnxcosX

b. Cho y = 2exsinx. Cht1ng minh r~ng 2y - 2y' + y" = 0 TNPTTH 93

a. Trudc h~t, ta co:

23

· . '2. '2 ....

Y = (SlDX' + COSX)(Slll ~ - SlllXCOSX + COS x) = sinx + cos"x .

1 - Sll1XCOSX

Nen y' = cosx - sinx: y" = -sinx - cosx = -(sinx +cosx) => y" = _y

b. y' == 2[(ex)'sillX + (sinxl'e"] = 2ex(sil1X + cosx) y" = 2[(ex),(sil1X + cosx) + (ex)(sil1X + cosx)']

= 2ex.(sil1X + cosx + cosx - Sil1X) = 4excosx

Ttl do

x .'

2y - 2y' + y" = 7e f2sinx - 2sil1X - 2cosx + 2eosx) = 0

*(1.1:2). Cho~ham s6 y = flx) = x ' + 2mx2 +m, m la tham s6.

a. TIm tilt ca gia tri cua m d~ flx) > 0 v8i>1ll9i-x

b. ChUng minh ningevdi ~i m vua tim, ta co voi moi x

flx) + f'(x) + ["(x) + ["'(x) + tIV)(x) > O. DHBKHN 98

...

litAl

a. Truoe het , neu flx) > 0 voi moi x, thi voi x = 0 ta cling co [(0) > 0 ~ m > 0

Dao lai, n~u m ~ O. Th~ thl vaHn9i xta co

x4 ;?: 0; 2mx2;?: 0 va m > 0 => flx) = x4 + 2mx2 + m > 0 V~y, flx) > 0 voi moi x khi va chi khi mc- 0

b. Ta eo llin htt;1t:- ['(x) = 4x3 + 4mx; f"(x) = 12x2 + 4m ;

["'(x) = 24x r'V)(x) = 24. Suy ra

flx) + f '(x) + f"(x) + f"'(x) + r'V)(x) =

= x4 + 2mx2 + m + 4x3 + 4mx +' 12x2 + 4m + 24x + 24

= (x4 + 4x3 + 4x2) + (8x2 + 24x + 24) + (2mx2 + 4mx +--2m) + 3m ') 3

= x2(x + 2)2 + 8[(x+~r +"4J + 2m(x + 1)2 + Sm » 0, voi moi x

2

(l.7.3). Cho ham s8 flx) = x ,~3x + 2. Chung minh rAng dao ham cdp n

2r+x-l . .

ciia flx) b!ng (_1)"! [ 211. I ._ . 2].

(2x - II" . I IX + 1)'1 . I

DHXD-2000

24

GIAI

Ta co fix) = -21 + 22 1 1 - ~1' Tii d6 ( x- ) x+

f'(x) = - 1 ') +~ = (_I)Il! [ 21 111- 21 I]

(2x -- L)" (X + 1) (2x - 1) + (x + 1) -

Gili dinh menh d~ dung d~n n, hie la

rl1)(x) = (-I)Il.nL ( 21l 1 _ ---=----.,..,-1

(2x - 1)11. I- (x +

Th8 thi rl1+11(x) = [rll)(x)]' = (-1)I1.nl l( 2" , ~ 2 J.'

(2x-l)l1+ 1 (x-+ It+ 1

= (-1)I1.n!. [(~21 2" - 'en:, 11 2 (~11. (n +1)]

(2x - 1)1l ' 2 (x + 1)11 . I

- ( 1 11+1 ( 1)1 [211 2]. dpcm

- -) .n+ ... 2- 2 .

(2x - 1)1l , (x + 1)11 '

BAlT~1VL~N

01. Cho y = 2x2 + 16eosx - eos2x

a. Tim f'(x) va f"(x); tii d6 tinh f'(O) va f"(lt)

b. Giai phtidng trinh f"(x) :::-0. TNPTTH 95

02. Bi8t rling ham 58 y = ax'' + bx2 + ex + d (a, b, e, d la nhtlng' hAng sa) .. f "'(x) 1 ( f "(X»)2

co f'(x) = 0 tai xl' Xz· Chung minh rang -f-' - < - ·f·' voi x * XI

. (x) 2 (x)

va X * x2' fJHBKHN 97

. A ~ ~ A

CAU HOI TRAC NCHI~M

y~o ham cua ham sa .y = eotgJx bang

A ' - cotix

y - -

. - sin2x

.)

B ' - -3 eotg"'x

. y - . 2

SIll X

C. y' = 3eotix

D. v' = -3 eotp

. sin2x

.)

E ' - -3 eotl(x

. y - ?

COS-x

25

"

02. Dao ham cua ham s6 y = log2(2x2 - 3x + 1) Iii

A' 4x-3

. y = (2x2 - 3x + 1) . 1n2

D. y' = (4x - 3)(2x2 - 3x + 1)

03. Dl,lo ham cua ham s8 y = sin"';;'

A y' - cos"';;' B _ cos"';;'

. - 2--rx . y - --rx

B' 4x - 3 C. y' = (4x - 3) .102

. y = (2x2 - 3x + 1) 2x2 - 3x + 1

E.- y' = (4x - 3)(2x2 - 3x + 1).1n2

C. y' = cos"';;'

D. y' = cos"';;' x

04. D,o ham cna ham sa y = (2x3 - 5)tgx

2X:l- 5 B. y' = ----cosx

2x3-5 C. y' = --2- cos X

2 2x3 - 5

D. y' = 6x tgx + coh E. y' = 6x2.(tg2x + 1)

05. Dl,lo ham eua ham s8 y = --Jinx

A' 1

- .y=--rx

D. y' = - 1

2-,jx.1nx

B' 1

. y = 2fInx

E."i.:- 1

«.«:

C. y' = 1

2"';;' .1nx

- ~~~. Vdi flx) = 1n(2 - ...J2x-;}_) thi f'(O) = ?

':/>:. -2 B. -1 C.O D. 1 E. 2

07. Hi_sa ((x) = (4x + 5)2 co f'(O) = ?

A. 25 B. 40 C. -15 D. -25 E. 30

,~ -,jx+l

08. Cho ham so ~)= ~ ; f'(-O) = ?

x+l+l

B 1:. '4

D 1:. '5

1 E_

8

09. Cho flx) = sin4x.cos4x, f' (~)= ?

A.-3

.-13. 3

C.2

D . ..:.2

E. 1

26

10 G·,· h n Ii ~ - 1 b'

• 101 an m -- ang

. x

x-+o

A1

B. In2

C.2

11 Gidi h li eX - 1 b'

• 1· 1 ~n m -- ang

x - .• 0 x

A1

B.O

C. e

12. Gidi han lim In(1 + x) bhg

. x

X -> 0

AO

B.1

C.oo

D.oo

E.O

D.oo

E.2

D.ln2 .

E.f6i;e - .. - .

13. Dao ham clip 2000 cila ham s5 y = sinf-x) b&ng

A -sint-x) B. sint-x) C. -cosf-x) D. cos(-x) E. -cosx

14. Dao ham clip 3 cua ham s3 y = _1_1 b&ng

. x+

A. __ 1_ B. __ 1_

x + 1 (x + 1)2

C _2_ . (x + 1)3

15. Cho cac ham s3 flx) = x3 - 2x2 + X + 5,

A 5-~ 5+Ji3

· <x <..;;....... . ....;..:;_

2 2

C 5-..J13 h 5+..Ji3

· x « 2 ay x > 2

E 5--{13 3

· 2 c x c

16. Dao ham ciia ham s3 y = ~ cos3x la

· 3

3 6

D --- E ---

. (x + 1)4 . (x + 1)4

g(x) = 3x2 - 2x + 5

B O. . 5 -113-' 5 + Fa

. <x< 2- ; x » 2

D. x<~ hay x>3

E. Mi?t k~t qui khac

17. Ham sa y = XX c6 d~o ham la

A y' = Inx + 1 B. y' = xX(lnx - 1) C. y' = xx-1

E. Mi?t k~t qui khac

27

18. Dao ham cua ham s6 y = fisin2x) + ficos2x) In

A. y' = sin2x[f'(sin2x) + f'(cos2x)]

B. y' = sin2x[f'(sin2x) - f'(cos2x)]

222 2

C. y'= (sin x - cos x)[f'(sin x) + f'(cos x)]

D. y' = (sin2x - cos2x)[f'(sin2x) - f'(cos2x))

E. y' = (cos2x - sin2x)[f'(sin2x) - f'(cos2x)]

Ch h' ~ '" . 1. 3 1. 5 1. 7 thi f'( 7C) b'

19. 0 am so 'IX) = SlDX + 3sm X+5SlD x+'7s1n x 1 3 ang

E!' '4

20. Ham s6 fix) co dao ham tai moi x. M~nh d~ nao sau day dung

A. N~u fix) la ham s6 ch3.n thi f'(x) In ham s6 chan

B. N~u fix) la ham s6 Ie thi f'(x) Ia ham s6 l~ C.N~u fix) la ham s6 ch3.n thi f'(x) la ham s6 l~

D. Tftt ca cac cau tren d~u dung

E. T~t ca cac cau tren d~u sai.

Dap an: 01. B; 02. A:, 03. A; 04. D; 05. E; 06: B; 07. B; 08. E; 10. In2;

11. 1; 12. 1; 13. B; 14. E; 15. D; 16. C; 17. D; 18. B; 19. A:, 20. C

21. Ham s6 fix) co dao ham tai moi x. Menh d~ nao sau daydting

A. N~u fix) lit ham s6 chlin thi f '(x) la ham s6 chan

B. Neu fix) la ham s6 Ie tht f tx) la ham s6 Ie

C. N~u fix) lit ham s6 l~ thi f'(x) la ham s6 chh

D. Tat ca cac cau tren d~u dung

E. Tat ca cae cau tren d~u sai

22. N~u fix.>: co dao ham b*c n thl dao ham b*c n cua y = flax + b) la

A. y(lI) = allrn)(ax + b) B. y(lI) = rll)(ax + b)

1

C. y(lI) = - rll)(ax + b)

all

D. y(lI) = arll)(ax + b)

E. M9t k~t qua khac

28

23 Kh 0 .. tfnh li A ' khs d ua h! t I X I ,t 0 • ao s .. t, len tuc va a uao cua am so y =0 x+ 1: ta co ketqua

nao sau day:

A. Ha m s5 khdng lientue ",a'khong co dao ham tai x = 0

B. Ham 56 lien tuc va co dao ham up. x = 0

C, Ham 56 lien tuc nhung khong' co dao ham tai x = 0 D, Ham s6 co dao ham nhung khong lien tuc tai x = 0

E. Cac k€\t qua tren d~u sai, '

24 Cl hs t [() -J;.-;i '['0) b":

. • 10 am so x = ,c eo ( ang

'Ix + 1 + 1

1 1 1 1 1

A. '4 E, 6 c. '8 D, 10 E. 12

11-~

t x

25. Cho ham so flx) = ~

A. Ham 56 lien tuc tai x = 0

C, Ham sA lien tuc tai x = 2 E. TAt ca cac cau tren d~u sai.

th€\ thi

khi x=o

B. Ham 56 gian dOf!.n~ix = 0 D, Ham s6 co dao ham tai x = 2

IXSin!

26. Cho ham s6 [(x) ::: 1 0 x

khi X,* 0 th~ thi gia t.ri f(O) b~ng khi x =0

A. -1

E,O

C. 1

E. M9t k~t qua khac

D, Khong t6n tai

Dap an: 21, C; 22, A;

23, C;

24, C;

25. A:,

26, D

29

I. I.

TIEP TUYEI

I

• Y nghia hinh hoc cua dao ham:

Cho ham sa y = flx) kha vi lJ Ian c#n xO' co dB thi (C). Gia tIi d~o ham tai Xo: f '(xo) la h~ sa g6c cua ti~p tuy~n dB thi (C) tai di8mhoanh d~ XO'

• Nhic l~i: hai dliong thing song song thi h~ sa goc biing nha u; hai dliong th~ng vuong g6c thi tich h~ s8 g6c ella cluing b~ng -1.

.Phddng trinh ti~p tuy~n: eua dB thi (C) ella ham s8 y = flx) tai di~m (xo' ft'xo» E (C):

y - Yo = y'(xo)(x - xo)

x

• Tinh Yo (hoac xo) ~u bi~t Xo (hoac Yo)

• Tinh y', suy ra h~ sa goe cua ti~p tuyen k = y'(xo)

• Thay vao phuong trinh ti~p tuy~n y - Yo = y'(xo)(x - xo)

vi Dl)

(2.1.1). Cho flx) = x4 + mx2 - m - 5. V8i m = -2 hay viM phudng trinh ti~p tuy~n cua dliong eong tai di8m tren dliong eong co hoanh de? x = 2. DR DN 97

GIAI

V8i m = -2 ham s8 trd thanh y = flx) = x ' - 2x2 - 3 Khi x = 2; y = ft'2) = 21 - 2.22 - 3 = 5.

30

f '(x) = 4x:l - 4x => h~ 56 goc cua ti~p tuyen k = 4.2:3 - 4.2 = 24 Phuong trlnh ti~p tuyen: y - 5 = 24(x - 2) ~ y = 24x - 43

t.a i giao di~m c u a db thi vdi truc Oy.

DH NNDN 95

2

(2.1.2). Vi~t phtidng trinh ti~p tuy~n eua db thi ham 56 y ::: X - 3x1- 4

. x-

GIAI

Giao di~m cua dd t~ vili true Oy: x = 0 => y =.~ y' = r- - 2x ;; 7 => h~ 56 goc cua ti~p tuy~n k=· 6i~2. .2+

(X - It . (0 - 1)

Phucng trinh ti~R. tuyAn: y .., 4 = 7(x - 0) ~ y = 7x + 4

(2.1.3). Cho ham sb y = x:l + 3x2 - 9x + 5. Trong 56 cac ti~p tuy~n cua dd thi ham 56, hay tim tiep hly~n co h~ 56 goc benhat. DHNT 98

GIAI

Ta co D = R, y' = 3x2 + 6x - 9

Nen M 56 g6c ti~p tuyen cua db thi ham 56 tai di~m Xo bat ky la k ~ 3~ + 6Xo - 9 = 3(xo + 1)2 - 12 ~ -12

Diu "=" xay ra khi x = -1. V€;.y

min k = -12, khi x = -1 Do Ia ti~p tuyen tai di~m u6n.

(2.1.4). Cho di~m A(xo,yo) thuoc db thi (e) cua ham 56 y = x3 - 3x + l.

Ti~p tuy~n cua (e) tai A d.t (e) tai di~m B * A. Tim hoanh d9 ciia

di~m B theo xO' DHTM 2000

GIAI

Ta co y' = 3x2 - 3 => h~ 58 goc cua ti~p tuyen tai N_xo' x~ - 3xo + 1)

k= 3~-3

Til do, phuong trinh ti~p tuyen tai A:

31

y :::: (3x~ - 3 )(x - xo) + ~ ~ 3"0 + 1 = (3x~ - 3)x - 2~ + 1 Phuong trlnh hoanh Q9 giao di~m ella ti~p tuy~n va (C): (3~ - 31x - 2x~ + 1 :::: x:l - 3x + 1 ¢:> x3 - 3x~x + 2x~ = 0

¢:> (x - xo)2(x + 2xo) :::: 0 :::::> x :::: Xo hay x :::: -2xo

V~y hoanhct~ B:

xB:::: -2xo

(2.1.5). TIm phtidng trinh cua t&t ea cac ti~p tuyen ellactathi ham s6

x3 + 1 . ; ~ . . ; ,( ., , , ' . ,

y :::: -x-, biet moi tiep tuyen tao VOl eae true toa dl? eae dien tfch

b• 1 ang '2.

DHKTQD 2000

GIAI

Xet di~m M( m: m:; 1) tren d~th~ ham s6. Ta eo y' :::: 2~; 1. Nen phtidng trinh ti~p tuy~n ella dB thi tai M:

2m3 - 1 m3 + 12m3 - 1 _m3 + 2

y = 2 (x-m)+~= 2 x+·---

m m m m

Giao di~m A, B ella ti~p tuy~n nay l§.n lti9t vdi true Ox, Oy eo

Theo gili thiet:

S '= 1=1 IOAI.IOBI ¢:> l-m3+21.1 m(2-m3)1 :::: 1

OAB 22m 2m3 _ 1

¢:> (2 - m3)2 :::: 1 - 2m2 hay (2 - m3)2 :::: 2m3 - 1

¢:> m3 :::: 1 hay m3 :::: 5 ¢:> m:::: 1 hay m :::: 15,

Ta dtic;Je hai ti~p tuyen thoa di~u kien d~ bai:

3 9

y :::: X +. 1; s > ;'Ie x - :rc=

'J5 'J5

32

a. Goi A la di8m tren d8 thi co hoanh do a. Vi~t phtidng trinh tiep tuy~n ta ella d6 thi ham s& tai di~m A.

h. Xac dinh a d~ ta qua (1, 0). Chung minh d.ng co hai gia fq ella a thoa man di~u kien bai toan va hai ti~p tuyen tuong' dng la vuong goc voi nhau.

2

*(2 1 6) Cl h' ~ x + 2x + 2

•• • 10 am so y = 1

x+

GIAI

a. Ta co tung do A: y = a2 + 2at 2

. a+

x2+2x, .. ~. _I. . ·a~+2a , .~

y' = ---2 => h~ sa goe eua bep tuy~n k == ---2 Phtldng tnnh bep

(x+ 1) (a + 1)

a2 + 2a( ) + a2 + 2a + 2 a2 + 2a + a2 + 4a + 2

y = ---x-a ¢:> y = ---x

(a + 1)2 a + 1 (a + 1)2 (a + 1)2

h. Dtiong thing ta qua (1,0):

o = a2 + 2a + a2 + 4a + 2 ¢:> a2 + 3a + 1 = 0

(a + IP (a + 1)2

(1) la phuong trinh bac hai theo.a, co ~ = 9 - 4 = 5 > 0 => co hai gia hi a thba man di~u kien bai toan, goi la a1 va a2. Theo dinh ly Viete:

(1)

a1 + a2 = -3; a1.a2 = 1

Hai h~ s6 goc ella hai ti~p tuy~n ttidng dng:

a~ + 2az •

k2 = ---2 cluing thoa (a2 + 1)

. _ 12 + 2. 1. (-3) + 4. 1 _ -1

- (1-3+1)2 -

=> hai ti~p tuyen vueng goc

33

*"'(2.1.7). Cho ham s6 y = x4 - 6x2 + 5 .

Cho di~m M tren db thi (C) cua ham s6 co heanh d{> XiV! = a.Tim nhttng gia hi clla a d~ ti~p tuyen cua (C) tai M c~t (C) tai hai di~m

khac M. DHDN 99

GIAI'

Ta co Mia, a4 - 6a2 + 5) va y' = 4x3 -12x ~ h~ s6 goc k = 4a3 - 12a. Phuong trtnh ti8p tuy~n tai M:

y = (4a3 _ 12a)(x - a) + a4 - 6a2 + 5 ¢:> y = (4a3 - 12a)x - 3a4 + 6a2 + 5 Xet phtidng trinh hoanh d{> giao di8m

x4 _ 6x2 + 5 = (4a3 - 12a)x - 3a4 + 6a2 + 5

(1)

D~ ti8p tuyen tai A lai d.t (C) tai them hai di8m khac, thi phtidng trinh x2 + 2ax + 3a2 - 6 = 0 co hai nghi~m phan biet khac a. Mu6n v~y,

~' = a2 - (3a2 - 6) > 0

~ lal <3va lal *1

a2 + 2a2 + 3a2 - 6 * 0

**(2.1.8). Cho ham s6 y = x3 - 3x + 2, co db thi (C).

XH ba di&n A, S, C th~ng hang va thu{>c (C). Goi AI' BI, CI llin ltigt la giao di~m cua (C) voi ti~p 'tuy~n ciia db thi (C) tai A, B, C. Chttng minh rang AI' BI, CI cung thang hang. HVCNBCVT 99

GIAI

Goi a, b, c llin lti<;lt la hoanh d{> -ciia cac di8m A, B, C.

Phtidng trinh ti~p tuyen tai A: y = 3(a2 - l)(x - a) + a3 - 3a + 2 Phuong trinh hoanh d{> giao di~m cua ti~p tuyen tren voi (C):

x:l _ 3x + 2 = 3(a2 - 1)(x - a) + a3 - 3a + 2 ¢:> (x --' a)2(x +2a) = 0 ~ hoanh dQ AI: x = -2a; tung d{> y = -8a3 + 6a + 2

~ toa d{> A1(-2a, -8a3 +6a + 2)

Ttidng h;l, toa dQ B1, C1:

B1(-2b, -8b3 + 6b + 2); C1(-2c, -8c3 + 6c + 2)

Sau do, di~u kien thang hang cua A(a, a3 - 3a + 2); B(b, b3 - 3b + 2); c«, c:l - 3c + 2):

(c - a)[b3 - 3b + 2 -(a:l - 3a + 2)] = (b - a)[c3 - 3c + 2 - (a3 - 3a + 2)]

34

¢:>. (e - a)(b - a)(b2 + ba + a2 - 3) ::: (b - a)(e _a)(c2 + ea + a2 - 3) ¢:> a + b + e ::: 0 (1)

Ma (-2e + 2a)[ -8b:l + 6b + 2 - (-8a3 + 6a + 2)] :::

::: (-2b + 2a)[-8e3 + 6e + 2 - (-8a3 + 6a + 2» ¢:> a + b + e ::: 0 ~ At, Bt, Ct th~ng hang.

/Ou'r'~t hu t Inh .~ t ~ ,? d" thi h>' .. ~~ 2x+ 1 tai , d'~

l__./"V ret p dng n tiep uyen eua 0 l "1Dc;~'.F,.'tl> a,.~ .: ea~ iem

co hoanh d9 x = -l

TNPT 98.

4 . 2 y::: -x+- 3 3

._____....,

~~t phtidng trinh ti~p tuy~n cfiaila thi' hflrn s3 y ::: x3 - 3x2 + 3 tai

di~m u8n. TNPT 97

HD: s= -3x + 4

(Q3)Vi~t phuong trinh ti8p tuy8n etta da thi ham s8 y = (x + 1)2(x_ 2) tai cac di8m (,0 hoanh d9 x ::: 1.

HD: y::: -8x + 4

04. Cho ham s& y ::: X + --.jT'"'x-2_-4-x-+-5-. Lap phuong trinh ti8p tuyen etta dtiong cong tai giao di8m etta no vOi. true tung.

HD: y ::: (1 - Ji)x + -rs

05. Cho ham sA y ::: x(3 - x)2. Vi8t phtidng trinh ti8p tuyen etta d6 thi tai

di~m uAn. fJHTN 2000

HD: y = -24x + 26

06. Cho ham sA y ::: x3 - 3mx2 - 2m + 1. Vdi m ::: 1, tim tren d6 thi di~m.

rna ti8p tuyen tai do co h~ s& g6e be nhat. DHNN 2000.

HD: (1, -3), h~ s6 goe be nhat k ::: -3

07. Cho ham sA y ::: x3 + 3x2 + mx + 1. Xac dinh m d~ d6 thi (C) cua ham s6 d.t dtiong th~ng y = 1 tai ba di~m phiin biet A(O, 1); B; C. 'lim m d~ ti~p tuyen tai B, C vuong g6e vdi nhau.

35

HD: h~ 56 goc kt,2 = 3,q,2 + 6Xt,2 vdi XI + X2 = -6; XtX2 = m. Ta dtigc

, 2 ~143

phtiong tnnh 9m - 72m + 1 = ° =:> m = 4 ± -3-·

08. Tim cac di8m M tren db th] (Cjeua db thi ham s6 y = x3 + ax2 + bx + c sao cho qua M chi ke dtigc m9t ti~p tuy~n duy nhat vdi (C).

HD: phtidng trinh ti~p tuyen tai M, hoanh d9 xm = m, tren db thi: y = (3m2 + 2am + b)(x - rn) + m3 + am2+ bm + c. Phuong trlnh hoanh d9

? ')

giao diem: (x - mr'(x + a + 2m) = °

OO.Cllo ham s3 y = ~ _+; TIm a, b d~ db thi ham's6 d.t true Oy tai A(O, -1) va ti~p tuy~n tai A co h~ s6 goc bling -3.

lID.. a = 2, b = 1.

§ 2. n£p rurlN T~ GIAO DI£M eVA DO mr VA TR\Je HOANH HAM s6 HiJtJ Ti

u'(x OU\ k = y'(x) = ~

° v(xO)

Ham s3 hflu tl y = u(x) ciit truc hoanh

vex) .

tai di~m co hoanh d9 Xo thl h~ s6 goc cua ti~p tuy~n tai do Ia

vi DV

2

(2.2.1). Cho ham s3 y = x + 2mx + 1 Chung minh r~ng n~u db thi x-I

, ~ 4. 2(x + m)

ham so &at true Ox tai x = xo' thly'(xo) = ° BKTPHCM 94

• - ~-1

GIAI

Db thj cM true hoanh tai di~m hoanh d9lxo, thi Xo ;to 1 va * ~'+ 2I11Xa. + 1 = 0

36

h' ~ r-mx+m+3, .,.). thi &t t h anh t . .,..J A

01. Cho am so y = eo uO ea rue oa ai niem .

x+l .' .

, 2xA-m

Chang minh rang y'(x.,) = 1 .

:'\ X +

A

DHDN 96.

HD: xem (2.2.1)

2

02. Cho ham 56 y = (3m + ~: ~m + m (m ~ 0). Vdi IDa hill8.()eUa m thi

. t~i giao' di@n1 etta d~ fbi· vdi' t~e hoaIlh ti~p tuy~n se song song vdi duang thing y + 10 = x. Vi~t phuong trinh ti~p tuy~n 'yo

1 HD:m=-l;m=--

- .... 5

03. Cho ham 56 y = -XI- +lx. Vi~t phuong trinh t~~p tuyen ciia dB thi ham x+

56 tai giao di~m eu~ dB thi vdi true hoanh. HD: y = 1; y = -x + 1

04 Ch h' ~ x2 - 2mx + m "" t~t ., ... t . dJ.,.). thi &t t

• 0 am so y = x + m . um a ea gia 11 m e no . ea rue

Ox tai hai di~m va ti~p tuyen tai hai di8m do vuollg goe vdi nhau.

TNPT 95.

HD: m = 5

§ 3. nEP TUrlN CO H~ s6 GOe k eHO TRille

• Ttnh y' ;

• Gilii phudng trinh k = y' ~ Xo ;

• Thay vao ham 56 da cho d8 tinh Yo ;

• Thay vao phudng trinh ti~p tuyen y - Yo = ktx - xo)'

f)?,? t..

e :S' rang: Duong thang song song vdi y = ax + b eo h~ so goc

k = a. Duong th~ng vuong goe vdi y = ax + b eo he 56 goc k = - 1:

. a

38

,.

vi nu

? ~ ., ~ x2-x-1

eua do thi ham so y = =-___;::_----=

. x+1

HVBCVT 2000

(2.3.1). Vi~t phudng trinh ti~p tuyen song song vdi dtiang thing y = -x

GIAI

2

T 6 ' x + 2x Til. t I. 'h" I. 'b' 1

a. a e y = ---2' ep uyen co t;:! so goc ang - :

(x + 1) "<y.,

x2 +2x 2 ..J2

-1 = ---2 ~ 2x + 4x + 1 = 0 => x = -1 ±-

~+~ 2

• Vdi X = -1 + ~ => y = 3 1 t: ta dtige phuong trinh ti~p tuy~n:

( ..J2), 1-..J2 .t:

y = - X + 1 - 2 + 3 ..J2 ~ y = -x - 4 + 2"\'2

• Vdi x = -1- ~ => y = -3 1 t : ta duge phtidng trinh ti~p tuy~n: y = _ (x + 1 + ~) - 3 1 +..J2 ~ y = -x - 4 - 2..J2

2 ..J2

2

(2 3 2) Ch h' I. X + 3x + 4a Yd' nhit ., tri , ? thi

••• 0 am so y = x + i . lung gia 11 nao cua a

di> thi ham s8 e6 ti~p tuyen vuong g6e vdi dtiong phangiac g6c thu

nhat? DHQGHN 97

GIAI

2

Ta e6 y' = X + 2x + 3 - 4a

(x + 1)2

Ti~p tuyen vuong g6e voi phan giac g6e phdn tu thu nhllt y = x => r + 2x + 32- 4a = -1 ~ x2 + 2x + 2 - 2a = 0

(x+ 1)

Di~u kien ti>n tai ti~p tuyen: _\' ::: 1 ~ 2 + 2a ~ 0 ~ a ~ ! .

39

}.

(2;3.3). Cho ham s6 y = 2x:J - 3x2 + 5.

a. Tim cac di~m tren dB thi rna ti~p tuy~n tai do song song vdi

duang thing y = ~x

b. )Cae dinh k d~ tren dB thico it nhdt mi?t di~m rna ti~p tuy~n

tai do vuong goc vdi duang thing y = kx fJHfJN 98

GIAI

a. Ta co y' = 6x2 - 6x. Ti~p tuyen song song vdi.d.tWngtbingy= .~ x

8 2 2 4h 1

=> "3 = 6~ - 6x <=> 9x - 9x - 4 = 0 => x ="3 ay x = - 3'

V~y eac di~m h·en dB thi rna ti~p tuy~n tai do song song vdi duang

2 8 ( 4 119'\ (1 114)

thang y = 3' x : 3" 27-); - 3" 27

b. NAn ti~p tuy~n Vuong g6c vdi d1iC1ng th~ng y = kx

626 1 6x2-6x+.!=0

=> x - x = -k' <=> k

Di8u kien co. nghi~m:

1 2

.:-" = 9 - 6 k' ~ 0 <=> k < 0 hay k ~ 3"

(234) '"" .L ,..! t A ct~ thi h'" ~ 'r+2x+2, .... z

•. . rrm Cite arem ren 0 am so y = 1 cae mem sao

. x+

cho ti~p tuyen tai do vuong goc vdi tiem c~n xien (h~ s6 goc tiem

can xien bAng 1). fJHKTTC HN 2000

GIAI

T 'y' r + 2x T' ~ t ~ A ''''. ti A • A

a co = ---2' rep .uyen vuong goc Vul 'rem can xien

~+~ . . .

x2 + 2x 'J 2 ,.

=> ---2 = - 1 <=> x" + 2x = - x - 2x - 1 <=> x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (x+ 1)

40

=>x = -2±~

V~y, nhung' di~m tren d& thi co ti~p tuyen vuong goc tiem c~n xien Ia

nhung di~m co hoanh d{l: x = -2 ± ~ .

(2 3 5) Ch h' < x2 + 2x - 2

••• 0 am so y = x _ 2

a. Chung minh dng tren d& thi luon tBn t~iV:os6 ~p di~m rna tai cac c~p di~m do ti~p tuyen song song voi nhau.

h. Tim nhting di~m tren dB thi rna ti~p

true hoanh, -1f-o;·V~~"ii"'·Y~'·:v>·.

GlAI

a. Ta co l' = r- 4X~ 2. N~u ti~p tuyen co h~ s8 goc k (x - 2)

r-4x-2 2

=> 2 = k ~ (k - 1)x + 4(1 "- kjx + 4k + 2 = 0

(x - 2)

Di~u kien tan tai hai ti~p tuyen:

_~' = 4(1 - k)2 - (k - 1)(4k + 2) > 0 ~ 6 - 6k > 0 ~ k < 1

V~y co vo s6 c~p di~m rna tai do ti~p tuyen d~u cung h~ s8 goc k => co vo s8 cap tai do ti~p tuyen song song voi nhau.

h. Khi ti~p tuyen song song true hoanh

r-4x-2 2 _C ;::O___;::::"""'2 = = 0 ~ x - 4" - 2 = 0 => x =2 ± -v6 (x - 2)

V~y cac di~m tren d& thi ham s8 rna ti~p tuyen tai do song song true hoanh Ia nhffng di~m co hoanh d{l

x = 2 + --.!6 ; x = 2 - --.!6.

(2.3.6). Cho ham s8 y =0 x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 5

ChUng minh dng tren d& thi ham s6 khOng tan tai hai di~m sao cho ti~p tuyen cua dB thi ham s6 tai hai di~m Iiy vuong goc vdi nhau.

GlAI

Ta co y' = 3x2 + 6x + 3. Ti~p tuy~n tai mot di~m hoanh d{l x co h~ s6

goc Ia:' k = 3x2 + 6x + 3 = 3(x + 1)2 ~ 0

41

,)..

Nen khong th~ t6n tai hai di~m rna h~ s6 goc cua hai ti~p tuyen do co tich Mng -1.

V*y d6 thi ham s6 da cho khong th~ co hai ti~p tuyen vuong goc.

a. Vj~t phtidng trinh ti~p tuy~n cua dtiOng cong y = flx) song song vdi dtiongtMng y = kx (k E R)

b. Tim gia tri IOn nhat cua khoang each giua dtiong thing y = kx

va tj~p tuy~n noi tren kill k ~ 0,5. f)ll}(l) 98

-

~ 3 3/z

(2.3.7). Cho ham so flx) = x + '2 \Ix~

GiAI

a. Ta co y' = l+t.Khi ti~p tuyen song song vdi dtiong thing y = kx

1 1

~1+-:rx-=k ~ -rx=k-1

(1)

• Ntm k = 1: (1) vo nghiern ~ khong co ti~p tuy~n

• N_ k ¢ 1: (U => ,x= ,1 3 : ta dtigc mot ti8p tuyen (k-1)

y = kx + 2(k _ 1)3

b. Vi dtiong th~ng y =: kx qua g6c toa dQ va song song vdi ti~p tuyen nen khoang each giiia cluing b~ng khoang each til ° d~n ti~p tuyen

d = 1

2(x - 1)3 ...Jk2 + 1

d' - (k - 1)(3k2 -IH 2) 0'<>: . k s 1

_ . < VVl mOl ..::. -

~k2+1 . 2

1

Ta co

~ maxd = ~

42

01. Vi~t phuong trinh ti~p tuyen cua db thi ham s6 y = r- 3x + 1; bi~t x-2

ti~p tuyen eo M s6 goc k = 2.

HD: y = 2x - 1; y = 2x'- 5

02. Vi~t phtidng trinh ti~p tuy~n cua d8 thi ham s6 y = ~ x3 ~ 2x2 + 3x + 1, hiM ti~p tuy~n song song v8i dliang thing y = 3x.

HD:

y = 3x + 1;

29 y = 3x-- 3

, .A A?~" ~ 4x2+x+1.;

03. Vi~t phudng tnnh tiep tuyen eua do thi ham so y = ; biet

. . x

t· ~ t ~ ~ , dti" thO 4 2 rep uyen vuong goe ong ang y = - 15 x + .

HD:

15 15

y=-4x+2; y=-x 4

04 Ch ha ~ r+3x+3 V'~t hu t tnh ·A t t ? d~' thi

• 0 am so y = 2' ie p dng n tiep uyen eua 0 I

x+ .

ham s6, hiM ti~p tuy~n vuong goe v{ji dtiang thing (d) eo phtidng trinh

3y - x + 6 = o. 'DH AN~-CS 98.

HD: y = -3x - 3; y = -3x -'4

05 Ch h' t -~ + (m - 4)x +4 Vd' ., tri , ? thl ti t t t

• 0 am so y = 4 . 1 gia n nao eua m 1 rep uyen

(x -1) +m .

etta d8 thi tai di~m hoanh d{> x = 0 vuong goe vdi tiem can xien (tiern 3

eii-n xien eo h~ s6 goc - '4 )? DH HUE 96

HD: Khong eo m.

06. eho ham s6 y = (2m~ 1)x4 -(m+~)x2 _m+~.Timmd~ti~Ptuy~neua da thi ham s6 tai di~m ho anh dq x = -1 vuo ng go c vdi dtiongthiin~~' y = 2x - 3.

HD:

5

m=-

6

43

"

07. Chung minh ding trim db thi ham s6 y = x:l + x2 + l3x + 4 khOng tan tai hai di~m sao eho ti~r tuyen cua db thi ham s6 tai hai di~m dy vuong goc vdi nhau.

08 Cl u . nl ' t" d~ thi h' / X + 1 I" e tai " < "

• 1 ng IDl 1 rang ren 0 '. am so y = x _ 1 uon on ar vo so cap

di~m rna tai caee~p di8m do ti~p tuy~n song song vdi nhau.

lID: xem (2.3.5)

• Tinh y' (ho ham s6 y = fix, m)

• Bien tt&i phuong' trinh y' = k (k: M s6 goc) v8 dang Am + B = 0

• D8 phudng khong d&i ~ k khong d&i vdi rnoi m ~ phudng trinh

t-"" tg.' - d' . D'~ d'" khi {A=O {x

ren . oa man v 1 moi m. leu 0 xay ra ~

.' B=O k

(2.4.1). Cho 'ham s8 y = mr + (m - l)x + m2 + m

x-m

'lim !,ii~m Xo d~ voi moi m c# 0 ti~p tuyen cua db thi ham s8 tai diAin'~ ~A~ _~ sqng -SQng voi m.;,t duang th~ng e8 dinh. Tim

h~ s8 goe duang thang e8 dinh dy. HV K'I'QS 97 _

2 2 2

Ta co y' = rnx- - 2m x - 2m

. (x - m)2

T~i di~m hoanh d';' xo' ti~p tuyen co h~ s6 goe k ~-2m~ -2m2

~ O2 - = k ~ (k + 2xo + 2)m2 - (2kxo + ~)m + ~ = 0

~-~ - .

k+2xo+2=0

Di~u k ie n d~ b ai thda man khi 2kxo + x; = 0 ~ Xo = 0 va k = -2 kx2=O

o

V~y tai cac di~m hoanh do Xo = 0, cac ti~p tuyen cua ho db thi d~u co h~ s6 goe k = -2, tuc IiI song song vdi duang th~ng e6 dinh y = -2x.

44

).

GIAI

DB thi ham s6 ti~p xuc dtiong thing y = 1 khi phtidng trinh hoanh di? giao di~m sau e6 nghiem kep

(m - 1)(x2 - 2x) + m + 4 = 1 ~ (m _ l)x2 + (2 _ 3m)x + 4 = 0 mx+m

Di~u kien nghiem kep: m * 1 va

..', = (2 - 3m)2 - 16(m - 1) = 0 ~ 9m2 - 28m + 20 = 0 10

m=g

~ m =.2 hay

(2 5 ) Ch h' ~ r - 2x + m + 2

. .2 . 0 am so y = 1

x+m-

V8i m =.,.1. hay vi~t pJlltdng triM. ti.lp tuy~n ke til A(6, 4) ciia db

thi ham sa. ,. , ,', ·'·,C· "0 £JHTM 97

GIAI

Khi 1 r - 2x + 1 Dti' thJ ' A' (6 4)' 'h' ~ , k

m = - : y = . ang ang qua ,co e so goe :

x-2

y = kx - 6k + 4. Xet phtidng trinh hoanh dl? giao di~m

r - 2x + 1 = kx - 6k + 4 ~ (k - l)x + 2(3 - 4k)x + 12k _. 9 = 0 x-2

Di~u kien ti~p xuc: k * 1 va ..',' =.(3 - 4k)2 - (12k - 9)(k - 1) = 0

2 3

~ 4k - 3k = 0 ~ k = 0 hay k = 4'

Ta dti<;le hai phtidng trinh ti~p tuyen:

y=4

goc vdi nhau.

(2.5.3). Vi~t phtidng trinh ti~p tuy~n ke til di~m A(I, -1) cua db thi

, ~ x2+x+l • . , .. ~ ~ , ,

ham so y = . Chung minh rang hal tiep tuyen do vuong

x+l

46

Duong th~ng qua An, -1) co h~ s6 goc k: y = kx - k - 1 Xet phucng trinh hoanh d9 giao di~m

x2+x+l ~

1 = kx - k - 1 ee- (1 - k)x~ + 2x + k + 2 = O.

x+

Dieu kien ti~p xtic: k * 1 va

.\' = 1 - (1 - k)(k + 2) = ° ~ k2 + k - 1 = 0 (*)

-1+-{5 -1--{5

=> k) =. 2 ; kz = 2

Ta duqc phudng trinh ti~p tuy~n

1 + --15 1 - ."f5

y = --2-x--2- ;

1---15 1+-{5

y = ----x---·

2 2

V, 't"' h hai h' ~ 6 b· k k 1 +15 1-..J51 hai .,

a co IC 1 e SO g c ang: i- 2 = -2- . -2- = - => ai tiep

tuyen vuong goc.

Chti y: vi kl• k2 d tren la nghiern cua (*). Do d6, ta co ngay k~t qua kl.k2 = - 1, theo dinh ly Viet, .mil khong cAn phai tmh ra eu th~.

hai ti~p tu ye n do vuong gdc.

DH Y DrJQC TPHCM 99

(2.5.4). Tim t~p hdp cac di~m trong mat phing toa d{> Oxy d~ tii do

, ~ ? •• ~,,"..' x2+1.

ta co the ke duqc hal tiep tuyen den do thi ham so y = -- va x

GIAI

Duong thing h~ s6 goc k, qua di~m M(xo' Yo): y = kx - kx, + Yo' XM phuong trinh hoanh d{> giao di~m:

x2 + 1 .

-- = kx - kx, + Yo ¢::> (k - l)x2 - kxox + Yo - 1 = 0 x

Di~uki~nnghi~mkep:b; 1 va

.~ = (kxo)Z - 4(k - l)(yo - 1) = 0 ~ X~k2 - 4(yo -1)k+4(yo -1) =0 (1).

Vdi k = 1 => Xo = O. Nen vdi Xo * 0, d~ co hai ti~p tuyen va hai ti~p tuyen vuong g6c:

* 2 2 2

4(yo - 1) - xo(Yo -1) > 0 <=> (Yo -1)[4yo - 4 - xo] > 0

(2) va

47

Liic d6 (2) ~ 8(yo - 1)2 > 0 <;:> Yo ~ 1

V*y, quy tfch la parabol phuong trinh y = - iX2 + 1, bo' di di~m (0, 1).

GIAI Dtmng th~ng qua di~m (a, 0) tren true hoanh: y = kx - ak. Xet phuong' trlnh hoanh de) giao di~m:

x2 +x+3 = kx _ ak ~ (k - 1)x2 + [(2 - a)k - 1] - 2ak - 3 = O. x+2

(2.5.5). Tim cac di~m ~rEm tmc hoanh sao cho tii d6 ke du~c dung me)t

. t t A tJO: d~ thi h' t x2 + X + 3

tiep uyen UI o t 1 am so y = 2

. x+

Di8u ki~n nghi~m kep: k « 1 va .1 = 0 (1)

.c\ = [(2 - a)k - 1]2 + 4(k - 1)(2ak + 3) = 0

.. ~ (a + 2)2k2 -2(3a + 2)k - 11 = 0 (2)

D~ c6 dung me)t ti~p tuyen thi h~ (1) co dung mot nghiem. Mu6n v*y (2)

11 • Co dung mot nghiern don ~ a = - 2: (2) ~ k = -

. . 8

• Co met nghiern kep :;t 1: (3a + 2)2 + l1(a + 2)2 = 0 ~ khong .tan tai a.

• C6 hai nghiem phan biet, mii me)t nghiern bling 1: (2) ~ (a + 2)2 ... 2(3a + 2) - 11 = 0 ~ a = 1 ± 2-13.

V*y cac di~m thea di8u kien d8 bai:

(-2, 0); (1 + 2-13 ,0); (1- 2-13 , 0)

(2.5.6). Tim tren true Oy cac di~m tii do c6 th~ ke du~c it nhat mc)t 2

ti~p tuy~n till da thi ham s6 y = x - x + 1

. x-1

GIAI

Duong thing qua di~m (0, b) trenteuc tung: y =: kx + h.

48

Xet phlidng trinh hoanh di? giao di~m:

x2 ~ ~ ; 1 :: kx + b ~ (1 - k)x2 + [k + (b + l)]x + b + 1 = 0

Di~u kien nghiern kep: k .. 1 va ~:: 0 (1)

~ :: [k + (b + 1)]2 - 4(1 - k)(b + 1) :: 0

~ k2 + 6(b + 1)k + (b + l)(b - 3) = 0 (2)

D~ eo it nh5.t m(it ti&p tuyen thi (2) eo it nhat mot nghiem.

2 3

9(b + 1) - (b + l)(b - 3) ~ 0 ~ b ~ r: 2hal:'.~<?.-1.

Vf!.y nhflng di~m trim true thea di~u kien d~ bai la nhung di~m (0, b) sao eho b ~ - ~ hay b 2: - 1.

d~ thi h' < :::x2_-_;x=-::-+-=1

o .u am so y = x-I

fJHNNl2000

(2.5.7). TIm tren Oy cac di~m til do eo th~ k~ dti<;le hai ti~p tuyen tdi

GIAI

Xet dliang th~ng y = kx + m qua di~m (0, m) tren true Oy. No la ti8p tuyen cua d6 thi ham s6 khi phuong trtnh hoanh d{> eo nghiem kep

x2-x+1 2

x-I = kx + m ~ (k -. l)x + (m - k + l)x - m - 1 :: 0

Di~u kien nghiern kep: k .. 1 va

.j, = 0 ~ (m - k + 1)2 + (k - l)(m + 1) = 0

~ k2 _ (rn + l)k + m2 + m :: 0 (1)

D~ eo dung hai ti8p tuy~n thi phuong trinh (1) phai eo hai nghiern.

Mu6n VI~.y

I 2 2 I

i (m + 1) - 4(m + m) > 0 3m2 + 2m - 1 < 0 1 1, 0

" ~. ~- <m<-vam ...

i1-(m+1)+m2+m .. 0 [m .. O 3

Nhu vay cac di~m (0, y) tren true Oy eo tung do thoa di~u kien d~ bai

I, , di z 1 1 1, 0 a eae tern sao e 10 - < y < 3' va y.. .

49

*{2.5.8). Ti~p tuy~n vdi duong cong y = x +.1 eiit Ox tai x = a; eiit Oy

. x

tai y = p. Vi~t phudng trinh ti~p tuyen fry bi~t a p = 8.

BKHN 95

GIAI

x2 -1 D = R \ (O). y' = -2-

x

Phudng trinh ti~p tuy~n tai di8m Xo ~ 0 tren dB thi ham s6 la x~ - 1x~ + 1 ~ - 1 2

y = --:r-(x-xo) +--= --2-x+-

Xo Xo Xo Xo

Ti~p tuy~n elit true Ox tai di8m co y = 0 => x = 1~ 2 = a; eiit true

-Xo

O . di ~ '0 2 R Th .? thi~t

Y tal rem co x = => y = - = 1-" eo gia e

. Xo

Suy ra phuong trinh ti~p tuy~n: y = -x + 2...f2; y = -x - 2...f2.

01 Ch h' -! ar + 3ax + 2a + 1 VA' ',< t . _'" ? hi d'" thi h"

• 0 am so y = 2 . rn gia n UI10 eua a t 0 11m

x+ . .

s6 ti~p xuc vdi ddong th~ng y = a?

lID: a = 1.

02. Vi~t phudng trinh ti~p tuy~n ciia dB thi ham s6 y = x + 2, biM rling x-2

ti8p tuyen di qua di8m A(- 6, 5).

DHNT 99.

lID:

y=-x--1;

50

03. Vi~t phudng trinh ti~p tuy~n Clla. d3thi ham sf, y = :x_+:. bi~t rAng

ti8p tuy~n di qua di~m M(2, 3).

HD: y = 3, Y = x + 1.

04. Vi~t phudng trinh ti~p tuy8n ke tit M (0, -i) ciia parabol

HVCTQGHCM 2000.

y = 2x2 - 3x + 1. Chung minh r~ng hai ti~p tuy~n do vuong goc.

HD: y = (-3 ± '\flO)X - ~.

05. Tim t~p hop cac di~m trong ~t phing t«:,ad'~Oxjr ~. tita6 taeD th~

? •• ~ A A ). ., ~ x2, .. ~ ~

ke dugc hill tiep tuyen den do thi ham so y = x _ 1 va hill tiep tuyen

do vuong g6c. DHQGHCM 98.

HD: DU<1ng tron co phudng trinh (x - 1)2 + (y - 2)2 = 4 bo cac di~m (1, 0); (1, 4); (1 + ..Ji, 2 + -.J2); (1-..Ji, 2 - ..Ji).

06. Tim cac di~m tren true hoanh sao cho tii do ke dugc dung me?t ti~p 2

tny~n toi d&. thi ham sa y = 2x ;:~ + 2

lID: Khong co m.

07. Xac dinh cac gia tri m sao cho qua di~m A(O, .1) khong' co du<1ng thing 2

nao ti~p xuc vdi d6 thi ham sa y = x + mxt m.

. x+

HD: Tim di~u ki~n d~ phtidng trinh theo k vo nghi~m.

*08. Cho ham sa y = x2 + 2X~0.sa + 1. Tim a d~ tii gAc toa do co th~ ke d8n

x + BlDa .

d6 thi hai ti~p tl1y8n phan bi~t. Khi do ggi (xl' Yl)' (Xz, Y2) la toa de?

cac ti~p di~m. chUng to r~ng xlx2 + Y1Y2 = O. DHKT 95

**09 Ch h' A _ 2x2 - x + 1 (C)

• 0 am so y - x _ 1 .

a. Co nhan xet gi v~ cac ti~p tuy~n ke d~n d6 thi (C) tit cac di~m tren duang th~ng y = 7?

b. Chung to rhg tren duang thing y = 7 co ban di~m sao cho tit mf,i di~m d6 co th~ ke d~n d6 thi (Cjhai tiep tuy~n l~p vdi nhau goc 45°.

51

§ 6. n£p rurtN XUAT PHAT Tir MOT DI:~M

Trtiong hop phtidng trinh hoanh d9 giao di~m Iii bac ba Lam nhu §5 d~n phtidng trinh hoanh d9 giao di~m dang (x _ a)(ax2 + bx + c) = 0

Phuong trinh nay c6 nghiem kep khi phtidng trinh:

ax2 + bx + C = 0 co nghiem kep ¢:> xl = X2 *- a L\ = 0) hay co nghiern xl = a; x2 *- a

vr DV

(2.6.1). Tim m d~ dB thi ham s8 y = x3 ., 2x2 _ (m _ 1)x + m ti8p xuc

true hoanh. f)H TONG HQP TPHCM 95

GIAI

Xet phtidng trinh hoanh d9 giao di~m

~3 _ 2x2 _ (m _ 1)x + m = 0 ¢:> (x _ 1)(x2 _ X _ m) = 0 (1)

¢:> x :::: 1 hay x2 _ x _ m :::: 0 (2)

(1) co nghiem kep khi (2) co nghiem kep hay co nghiern x :::: 1 ~

* (2) c6 nghi~m kep: .1= 1 + 4m = 0 ~ m:::: -i

* (2) c6 nghiem x :::: 1: 1 _ 1 _ m :::: 0 ~ m :::: O.

V~y, dB thiham s3 ti8p xuc true hoanh khi m = - i, m = O.

(2.6.2). Tim m d~ dB thi ham s8 y = x3 _ 3x2 + 3mx + 3m + 4 ti~p xuc

true hoanh, f)HTN 2000

GIAI

Xet phtidng trinh hoanh d9 giao di~m

x3_ 3x2 + 3mx + 3m + 4 = 0 ¢:> (x + 1)(x2 - 4x + 3m + 4) = 0 (1) ¢:> x :::: _ 1 hay x2 _ 4x + 3m + 4 = 0

(1) co nghiern kep khi (2) <:0 nghiern kep hay co nghiem x = 1 ~

52

* (2) co nghiern kep: .'. = 4 - (3m + 4) = 0 =~>m = O.

* (2) co nghiern x = - 1: 1 + 4 + 3m + 4 = 0 ~ m = - 3:

V~y, d3 thi ham s& ti~p xue true hoanh khi m = -' 3 hay m = O.

,( ?? I..

(2.6.3). Viet phtidng trinh dtiong thang di qua diem (1, 0) va tiep xuc

vdi d3 thi ham sA y = x3 - 3x2 + 2. DHANND 2000

GIAI

Phuong trinh dtiong th~ng qua (1, 0): y = kx - k. Va phtidng trinh hoanh dc? giao di~m:

x3 _ 3x2 + 2 = kx - k ~ x:l - 3x2 - kx + 2 + k = 0 ~. (x - 1)(x2 - 2x - 2 - k) = 0

Di~u kien nghiern kep:

* _\' '::: 1 + (2 + k) = 0 ~ k = - 3. hay * 12 - 2.1 - 2 - k = 0 ~ k = - 3 Ta dtide mc?t ti~p tuyen: y = - 3x + 3.

(2.6.4). Vi~t phuong trinh dtiong th~ng di qua di~m (-1, 0) va ti8p xtie

vdi et3 thi ham s6 y = x3 - 3x2 + 4. DHYTB 2000

GIAI

Phuong trinh dtiong thing qua (1, 0): y = kx + k. Va phtidng trinh hoanh dc? giao di~m:

x3 _ 3x2 + 4 = kx + k ~ x3 - 3x2 - kx + 4 - k = 0 ~ (x + 1)(x2 - 4x + 4- - k) :;: 0

Di~u kien nghiern kep:

* _'.' = 4 - (4 - k) = 0 ~ k = O. hay * 12 - <1(-1) + 4 - k = 0 ~ k = 9.

Ta dtic;Je hai ti8p tuyen:

y=O; y=9x+9

(2.6.5). Cho ham s& y = x3 - 3x2 + 2. LAy mc)t di~m bAt ky thuoc dB thi ham 56. Co bao nhieu ti~p tuyen cua dB thi di ctuaeti~m dy?

DH NGOI}J THUONG 96

GIAI

Xet di~m Mta, a3 - 3x2 + 2) bdt ky cua dh thi ham sa. Duong thing qua M vdi h~ 56 goe k co phtidng trinh: y = ktx - a) + a3 - 3a2 + 2.

53

06. Qua (0. -~), viM phudng trinh ti8p tuyen cua db thi ham s6

. 1 J 2 8

v = - x - 2x + 3x- -. " 3 3

. B 8

y = - 3; y = 3x - 3'

07. a. Bi~t db thi ham s6 y = x3_ 3(m - 1)x2 - (2m2 - 3m + 2)x - m(2m - 1) dit true Ox tai di~m co hoanh d<) dang Am + B; trong do A, B Ia hai s6 c8 dinh, Hay xac dinh A, B.

h. Xac dinh m d~ db th; ti~p xuc true Ox.

HD:

§ 7. DI£U KI~N ntp IDC CVA HAl Dut)NG

• Hai dtiong cong y = f(x) va y = g(x) ti8p xuc voi nhau tai Xo n8u tai do chung co ti~p tuy~n chung.

• Di~u kien d8lhai d~ong do ti8p xuc tai Xc ~ XO III nghiem ciia h~ phuong trinh fix) - g(x)

f'(x:) = g'(x)

vi DV

(2.7.1). Cho ham s6 y = x3 + k(x + 1) + 1. TIm tl1t d. gia hik d8 dtiC1ng thing y = x + 1 ti~p xuc, vdi db thi ham s6. DHTHHCM 97

GIAI

Hai dtiC1ng da cho ti~p xiic khi h~ sau co nghi~m Jr +k(x+ 1)+ 1=x+ 1 (1)

13x2 + k = 1 (2)

(2) => k = 1 - 3x2 (3), thay VIlO (1) thl dti!?c phtidng trinh

1 2x:3 + 3x2 - 1 = 0 ~ (x + 1)2(2x - 1) = 0 => x = - 1; x = '2

• x = -1, thay vao (3) => k = - 2.

• x = !, thay VIlO (3) => k ::: i--

55

(2.7.2). Cho ham 55 y = (2 - x2)2, Vi~t phudng trinh ti~p tuyen cua d6

thi ham 55 biM ti~p tuyen qua di~m A(O, 4), fJHK'I'QD 97

GIAI

Phuong trinh dtiCing thhgqua A: y = kx + 4, No la ti~p tuy~n khi h~ phudng trinh sau co nghiern

,lx4-4x2+4=kx+4 (1)

14x3-8x=k (2)

Thay k a (2) vao (1):

x4 _ 4x2 + 4 = (4x3 -8x)x + 4 ~x2(3x2 .... 4) = 0

hay

- + _!_ x - - --J3'

• V8i x = 0 ~ k = 0: phuong trinh ti~p tuyen y = 4

• V8i x = .~ ~ k = - ~~;phtidng trlnhti~ptuy~n y = - 1~ x + 4

'/3 3'/3 3'/3

VO' 2 k 16 h "d trl h- ti II t II 16 4

• 1 X = - . r::: ~ = _ C; p ... ng fln lep uyen y = _ eX +

'/3 3"\'3 3"\'3

(2.7.3). Cho hamsB y =_ix4+2x2+~,

a, 'lim gia tI1 ciia a d~ parabol y = _X2 + a ti~p xuc d6 thi ham 55

b. Vi~t phlidng trinh cac parabol do va xac dinh toa do cac ti~p

di~m, ' TNPT 97

GIAI

a, D8 parabol ti~p xtic d6 thi ham 55, thi h~ phlidng trlnh sau co nghiem

1-_!X4+2r+~=-X2+a (1)

4 4

- x3 + 4x = - 2x (2)

3 .t:

(2) ~ x - 6x = 0 ~ x = 0 hay x = ± '/6

Thay IAn ltiqt cac gia t ri vao (1) thi thu ducc: a = ~;

56

b .• V8i a = i: ta thu dti~c parabol y =

~ 9 .,.' ( 9)

-x +- Tiep diem 0 -

4: ' 4

• V8i a = ~: ta thu dtigc parabol y =

2 45 -x +-. 4

*(2.7.4). Tim di~m A tren true tung, sao cho qua A co th~ kE; dtigc ba ti~p tuyen tdi d6 thi ham sa y = - x4 + x2 - 1

DH y'buqc TPHCM98

GIAI

Duong' thing qua A(O , m) d tren true-tung cophtidng trinh dang: kx + m NoIe ti~p tuy~nkhi M phtidng trinh sau c6 nghiern '_x4+x2-1=kx+m (1)

- 4x:l +2x=k (2)

Thay k Ii (2) vao (1) ~ 3x4 - x2 - m .- 1 = 0 (3)

D~ co ba ti~p tuyen thi phtidng trinh (3) co ba nghi~m. nih dO xay ra d6i v8i phtidng trinh trUng phtidng khi, no co m{>t nghiern bang 0

.~ -m - 1 = 0 ~ m = -1:

Luc d6 (3) :~ x = 0; x = ± ..1.

• Vdi x = 0 ta dtiqc phtidng trtnh ti~p tuye n y = - 1.

• Vdi x = .~ ta dtiqc phtidng ~rinh ti~p tuye n y = ~c x - 1.

~3 3~3

• Vdi x = .:.. . ~ ta dtig<: phtidng trinh ti~p tuyen y = - 2c x - 1.

. ~3 3~3

V~y, di~m tren true tung thOa di~u kien d~ bai: A(O, -1).

**(2.7.5). Cho ham s6 y = x3 - 12x + 12. Tim tren dtiong thling y = -4 nhilng di~m Hi do co th~ k~dtigc 3 ti~p tuyen d~n da thi. HVBCVT 98

GIAI

Phuong trinh dtiong thling qua di~m (rn, -4) co dang: y = kx - 4. No Ia tiep tuyen cua da thi khi h~ phtidng trinh sau eo nghiern:

57

i,

x3-12x+12=kx-km-4 (1)

(2)

Thay k d (2) VaG (1): 2x:i - 3mx2 + 12m - 16 = 0

<=> (x - 2)[2x2 + (4 - 3m)x - 6m + 8] ::: 0 (3) D~ c6 3 ti~p tuyen thi (3) co ba nghiem <=> phtidng trinh

2x2 + (4 - 3m)x - 6m + 8 = 0 co hai nghiern khac 2:

I 2

.:.~ = (4 - 3m) - 8(8 - 6m) > 0

12 . 22 + (4 - 3m) . 2 - 6m + 8 ., 0

<=> m < - 4 hay m > ~ va m ~ 2.

V~y cac di~m tren dtiong thing y = - 4 tii do ke dti~c 3 ti~p tuy~n d~n d6 thi ham s8 la cac di~m co hoanh di? x thoa:

x < - 4 hay x > i va x., 2

*(2.7.6). Cho ham s8 y = x3 - 3x. Vi~t phtidng trinh cua parabol qua cac di~m A(- -.J3 ,0); B(-.J3 , 0) va ti~p xtic vdi d6 thi ham s8.

HVKTQS 99

GIAI

Xet parabol y = ax2 + bx + c, no qua cac di~m A, B: iO=3a+~b+c (1)

10 = 3a - --J3 b + c (2)

(1) trii (2) cho b = 0: ci?ng lai thi dti~c 3a + c = 0 => e = - 3a. Nhti th~ phtidng trinh parabol co dang: y = ax2 - 3a.

No ti~p xuc vii d6 thi ham s8 khi h~ sau co nghiem ix3 - 3x= ar - 3a (3)

<13x2 - 3 = 2ax (4)

D~ Y x = 0 khong thoa (4), nen (4) => a = s: - ;x' thay VaG (3): => x4 _ 6x2 + 9 = 0 => x2 = 3 => x = ± -,J3

58

.Voix=~,thayvao(4) =>a=~ c=-3~

• Voi x = ~, thay VaG (4) => a = - ~ c = 3..J3

V~y co hai parabol y = -J3x2 - 3~ ; y = - ..J3x2 + 3~

{MY,,' ~),., ~ x2-x+1.~ " 2

~c d~nh a de do thi ham so y = x _ 1 tiep xuc VOl parabol y = x + a.

HD: a = - 1.

02. Cho ham s6 y = (x + 1)2(x - 1)2.

a. Tim m d~ parabol y = 2x2 + m ti8p xuc voi df, thi ham s6 tren.

b. Vi~t phuong trinh cac ti~p tuy~n chung Clla chung tai ti~p di~m. HD: a. m = 1; m = -3. b. y = - 4--i2(x +..J2) + 1 ~ Y = - 4--i2x-7

03. Tim m d~ df, thi ham s6 y = 2x3 - 3(m + 3)x2 + 18mx - 8 ti~p xuc true hoanh.

HD: m ~l.

04. Vi~t phtidng trinh ti~p tuy~n ve tii A ( 2g3 , -2) d~n df, thi ham s6

y = x3 _ 3x2 + 2.

05. Vi~t phtidng trinh ti~p tuy~n cua df, thi ham s6 y = x8 - 3x + 1 bi~t

ti~p tuy~n phat xulit ttl M (~, -1).

. 3

06. Tim tlit d. nhilng di~m tren ddong thing y = 2 rna tii do co th~ ke dtigc 3 ti~p tuy~n d~n dB thi ham s6 y = - x3 + 3x2 - 2.

HD: cac di~m (m, 2) sao cho m < - 1 hay m > ~ va mo:F 2.

07. Cho ham s6 y = x3 - 3x. TI.m tren dtiong thing y = 2 'nhifng di~m ttl

do co th~ ke dtigc 3 ti~p tuyen d~n df, thi, HVNH 99

08. Qua A( - 2, 5) co th~ ke dtigc mdY ti~p tuy~n d~n df, thi ham s6 . y = x3 _ gx2 + 17x + 2 ?

59

CAU HOI T~AC NGHI~M

01. Phtidng trinl1 ti~p tuyen cua d6 thi ham 85 y ::: (x + 1)2(x - 2) tai di~m co hoanh <t9 x ::: 2 la:

A. y = - 8x + 4

B. y = - 9x + 18

C. s= - 4x + 4

D. y ::: - 8x + 18 E. y ::: - 9x + 9

02. Phtidng trinh ti~p tuyen cua d6 thi ham 85 y ::: x(3 - x)2 tai di~m hoanh d<) x ::: 2 Ia

A. y ::: -- 12x + 24 D. s = 12x - 26

. B. y ::: - 12x + 26 E. y = - 12x

C. s= 12x - 24

03. Di~m M tren da thi ham s5 y ::: x3 - 3x2 - 1 rna ti~p tuy~n tai do co he 85 goc k be nhdt trong tdt d. cae ti~p tuyen ciia da thi thi M, k Ia

A. M(l, -3); k ::: - 3

B. M(l,3); k ::: - 3

C. M(l -3); k ::: 3

D. M(-I, -3); k ::: - 3 E. M(l, 3); k ::: 3

04. Cho ham s5 y ::: :x_+; co da thi cat true tung tai A(O, -I), ti~p tuyen tai A co h~ s5 goc - 3. Cac gia tri a, b se la

A a ::: I, b ::: 1 D. a ::: 2, b ::: 2

B. a ::: 2, b ::: 1

E. a ::: - 2, b ::: -1

C. a ::: 1, b ::: 2

, ~ x2 - 2mx + m . ,. ~"., ~.&

05. Cho ham so y ::: x-I . Gia tri m de do thi ham so cat true Ox

tai hai di~m va ti~p tuyen cua da thi tai hai di~m do vuong goc Ia

A3

B.4

C.5

D.6

E. 7

2

06 Ch h' ~. . x - 3x + 1 , 't ' htid t Inh ti ~ t ~ 6 h'

• 0 am so y ::: va xe cac p ng n rep uyen c e

x-2 .

s5 goc k ::: 2 clla da thi ham s5 la

A y ::: 2x - 1; y ::: 2x - 3 C. y ::: 2x + 1; y ::: 2x - 5

B. y ::: 2x - 3; y ::: 2x.- 5

D. y ::: 2x - 1; y ::: 2x + 5

E. y ::: 2x - 1; y ::: 2x - 5

, ~ x2 + 3x + 3 . ~ ~,).., ~ , , .

07. Cho ham so y ::: , tiep tuyencua do thi ham so vuong goc VOl

x+2'

duang thing 3y - x + 6 ::: 0 la

A y ::: - 3x - 3; y ::: - 3x - 4

B. y ::: - 3x - 3; y ::: - 3x + 4

60

C. y = -- 3x + 3; y = - 3x - 4 E. y = 3x - 3; y = - 3x - 4

08. TIm m d~ ti~p tuyen Clla dB thi ham s6

(2 1) 4 ( 1)x2 5 t . d';( 'h' nh d' l'

Y = m - x - m + '4 - rn +"4 ai iern co oa 9 x=-- vuong

D. y = - 3x '"0 3;y = 3x - 4

g6e vdi dtiong thang' 2x - y - 3 c; 0

B ! '6

D ~ '6

5 E -. 6

09. Cho ham s6 y = x + 2, ti~p tuyen x-2

1 7 A y = - x-I; y =- -x + - 4 2

1 7 B. y =- - x-I; y = - '4x + 2'

1 7 C. Y = - x + 1; y = - -x + --

4 2

1 7 D. y = - x + 1; y ::: - 4"x - 2'

1 7 E. y = - x - 1; y = - -x + -

4 2

10. Ti~p tuy~n ke Hi di~m (2, 3) tdi db thi ham s6 y = 3: ~; la

A y = 3x; y =- x + 1 C. y = 3; Y =- x + 1 E. y = 3; y = x-I

11 Vb' ia t.ri , ?' th) d). thi ? ha ~ 1 3 3 - ti { ,

. or gia 11 nao cua m 1 0 . cua am so y = - '3x + x se rep xuc

B. y =- 3; y =- x-I

D. y = 3 - x; y =- x + 1

dtiong thing y = mx - 3m?

3

Am=- '4; rn = - 6

B. m = -~; m = - 6 4

C. m =~; m = - 6 2

4

E. m = '3 ; m = - 6

12. Vdi gia hi nao cua m thi db thi ham s6

y = x:~ + (rn + Iml)x2 - 4x -- 4(rn + l m l ) se ti~p xiic vdi true hoanh?

Arn=-2

B. m = - 1

C. m = 0

D. m = 1

E. m = 2

61

"

13. Phtidng trlnh ti~p tuyen ke tii di~m (3, 99) d~n dB thi ham s6 y = 4x3 - 3x la

A. y = 24x + 27; y = 5x - 216

C. y = 24x + 27; y = 5x - 16 E. y = 24x + 27; y = 105x - 216

14. Phtidng trlnh ti~p tuyen cua dB thi ham sa y = ~x3 - 2x2 + 3x - ~ ke tit

B. y = 24x + 27; y = 15x - 16 D. y = 24x - 27; y = 105x - 216

., ( 8)

diem ,-0, -'3 18.

A 8 3 8 .y=-'3+x;y= =s

88 B. y = 2x - 3"; y = 3x - '3

D. y = 3x+~; y=3x-~

3 3

C. y = - ~; y = 3x + ~

8. 8

E. y = - 3"' y = 3x - '3

15 G''( tri d~· d). thi h' ~ r - x + 1 ti ~, b 1 2 l' • 111 11 a e 0 ~ am so y = x-I rep xue para 0 y = x + a a

A.a=--Va

B. - 1

C. -.J2

D.l

E . ..J3

Dap: 1. B; 2. B; 3. A; 4. B; 5. C; 6. E; 7. A; 8. D; 9. B; 10. C; 1l.A; 12. D; 13. E; 14. E; 15. B.

62

CHIEU BIEN THIEN CUA HAM SO I

§ 1. DJNH LV LAGRANGE

Dinh ly Lagrange: fix) lien tuc tren [a, b], va lrna vi tren (a, b) thi tbn tai s6 e E (a, b) sao eho flb ) - fla) = f'(e)(b -ill: eong thde Lagrange

----------------------------------------------~

vi nu

..--,

1& Tim s6 c trong eong,thde Lagrange eua ham s8: flx) = x3 - 3x tren [0, 3]

GIAI

Ta co fix) Iii ham s3 sd edp xac dinh tren R, nen lien tuc tren R ~ lien tuc tren [0, 3]. M~t khac, ham s8 cung khai vi tren R nen kha vi tren (0, 3), Nhu th~ fix) tho a man cac di~u kien cua dinh ly Lagrange ~ tbn tai e E. (0, 3) sao eho

[(3) - flO) = f'(e)(3 - 0) (1) Ta co f tx) = 3x2 - 3, Do do

(1) <=> (27 - 9) - ° = (3e2 - 3)(3- 0) <=> e2 = 3 ~ e = ± -,J3 V*y s8 c trong cong thrtc Lagrange la c = -,J3

(3.1.2). Chung minh bat ding thuc In(1 + x) < x voi x > 0

GIAI

Ta se chung minh bit ding thitc ttidng dtidng:

x - In{1 + x) > 0 voi x > O.

XM ham s6 [(t) = t - In(1 + t) vdi t E [0, xl, Ham s6 nay thoa di~u kien dinh ly Lagrange nen co s6 c .E (0, x) sao eho

flx) -- flO) = f'(c)(x - 0) (1)

63

f'(t) = l __ l_=_t_. Do do l+t l+t

e 0 ex 0

(1) <=} x - In(1 + x) = -- (x - ) = -1- > ,

...• l+c" +e

vix,e>O

BAt d~ng thuc da dlNc chung minh.

(3.1.3). Chung minh bdt ding tlulc tgx > x + ;3 vdi ° < x < ~

GIAI

t3

Xet ham s6 flt) = tgt - t - '3 t ren [0, xl, x < ~

No thoa man di~u kien dinh iy Lagrange nen co s6 e E (0, x), ° < x < ~, sao cho flx) - fl'0) = f'(e)(x - 0) (1)

trong do f'(t) = 1 + tfilt - 1 - e = tfilt - t2 (2)

Ta cung chUng minh tgx > x voi x > ° b~ng each xet ham s6

g(t) = tgt -t tren [0, x]. No thaa di~u kien dinh If Lagrange nen co s6 e E (0, x) sao eho

g(x) - g(O) = g'(e)(x - 0) = tfile > ° => tfilx - x2 > °

:1

x ? 2

Nhu v~y (1) cho tgx - x - 3 = x(tg'"x - x ) > °

~ , .

Bat dang thuc da dU9C chung minh.

(3.1.4). Chung rninh bM ding thiic I sina - sinb I ~ I a - b I vdi a, b blit kyo

GlAI

Truong hop a = b: bfrt ding thuc trd thanh ding thtic: dung. Sau do, ta co th~ eoi a < b. Xet ham s6 flx) = sinx tren [a, b). No thoa cac di~u kien ciia dinh ly Lagrange, nen co s6 e E (a, b), sao cho

f(b) - fla) = f'(e)(b - a) <=} sinb - sina = eose(b - a) => I sinb - sina i z; I eose I . I b - a I

M?J. I cosc I 51=> I sinb - sina I sib - a I

64

(3.1.5). Chung minh bdt d~ng thitc a-b a-b --:::; tga - tgb :::;--

cos2b cos2a

,. 0 b 1t

VOl < < a < 2:

GIAI

Xet ham sa flx) = tgx tren {b; a]. N6 thea di~u ki~n dinh ly Lagrange => c6 s6 c E (b. a) sao cho

a-b fla) - flb) = f'(c)(a - b) ¢::> tga - tgb =

Tit c E (b, a) ¢::> 0 < b < c < a < i => 0 < cosa< cosc < cosb < 1

2 2 2... . ·.1, . 1 1

=> 0 < cos a < cos c < COS-D < 1 => 0< ~<~ <--2- cos b cosc .cosa

a - b a - b ·a·- b a -.b a - b . a - b

=>--:::;-.-:::;--=> --:::;-- = tga -tgb :::;--.

cos2b co &c cos2a cos2b c 0 ~c cos2a

Bdt ding thuc dti~ chang minh.

01. Tim s6 c trong cong thitc Lagrange Clla ham sa flx) = 2x - x2 tren [0, 1].

02. Chung minh cac bdt d~ng thdc

a. eX ~ 1 + x vdi x > 0 b.'arctgx < x vm x > 0

03. Chang minh cac bat ding thuc

a. larctga - arctgbl :::; la - bl Va, b.

b a-b I a a-b . -a-< nb<-b-

§ 2. CHI£u BI!N nllEN CVA HAM s6

• f'(x) > 0 'v'x E (a, b) => flx) dang bien tren (a, b)

• f'(x) < 0 'v'x E (a, b) => flx) nghich bien trenta, b)

• fix) dang bi~n tren (a, b) => f'(x) <! 0 vx E (a, b)

• fix) nghich bien tren (a, b) => f'(x) :::; 0 vx E (a, b)

65

vi DV

a. y = 1 + 4x - x2

b. y = ~x3 - 3x2 + 8x - 2

(8.2.1). Tim cac khoang dang bi~n, nghich bi~n ciia cac ham s6

c.y =x2 - x + 2 2-x

a. D = R. Y =4 - 2x. Bang xet ddu y 2

+00

+

o

Tit d6 • Ham sA'dang bi~n tren (--00, 2)

• Ham sa nghich bi~n tren (2, +(0)

b. D = R; Y = x2 - 6x + 8. Bang xet diu y'

2

4

+

o

o

+

Til do • Ham sa dang bi~n tren (00, 2); (4, +<X:) c" ,',.j ',; .• IfItltNt&· ~ ,tJijnt. (2,4)

c. D = R \ 121;

, _x2 + 4x

y = (2-xF

o

Bang xet ddu y

2

4

+00

o

+

II

+

o

1'« .d6 • Ham sa dang bi~n tren (0, 2); (2, 4)

• Ham sa nghich bi~n tren (--00, 0); (4, +(0)

,

• . e ,1-x2

d. D = R. Y = ~ 2' Bang xet ddu :Y'

(x + 1)

-1

1

Til do

o + 0

• Ham s6 dang bi~n tren (-1, 1)

• Ham s6 nghich bi~n tren (--00, - t); (1, +oc)

66

i,

(3.2.2). TIIIl mdi ham s6 y = x:l + 3x2 + mx + m nghich bi8n tren m9t

khoang c6 d9 dai b{mg 1. iJHQGHN 2000

GIAI'

Ta c6 D = R va y' ;: 3x2 + 6x + m

N~u .'1' = 9 - 3m ::; ° ~ rn > 3 => y' ~ 0, '<Ix =>ham sA luen luon dang bi~n: loai.

Vdi m < 3: Vdi xl,2 la nghi~m cUay' .thi¥,.!+.~;:,::-~.x~x~ ;: r: va bang xet dftu cua y'

+00

~ O~'- 0 +

. :=>khoangnghich bi~n cua ham s6: (xl' xz). D~ di~uki~ll d~ bai thea man

=> m ;: ~: thich hop.

V• '.. . h?' i 9 ay gia tri P ai t m: m = '4

01. TIm cac kho8.ng dang bi~n, nghich ,bi~n cUa cac haql sa

a. y = 2x3 _ 3x + 1 b. y = x2(4 - xZ)

1 c. y = 4x + 1 + -x+1

2x+5 d. s= -2--' X -4

02. TIm m d~ ham s6 y = - x3 + 6x2 * mx + 5 dang bi~ll tren m9t khoang cO d9 dai bAng 1.

HD:

45

m=--

4

67

§ 3. DI£u KI~N D£ HAM·· s6 LUON DONG BI£N - NGH~CH BI£N

Trd<Jng h~p 1: (ham s3 ludng' giac)

• Sll dung tinh chilt I sinx I :s; 1; I cosx I s 1

• Xet di~u ki~n iit c6 va dtl

Trd<Jnar h~p 2: (dao ham phu thuoc diiu VaG tam thdc b~c hai ax2 + bx + c)

~ ). ~ ia>O

• Ham so luen dong bien khi '\ \., s 0

, lae O

• Ham. S~.:l.uon nghich bien khi(~.~o

vi DV

(3.3.1). 'lim di8u ki~n iit co va du d~ ham sa y = x + m sinx luon dang bi~n tren R.

GIAI

Tacoy'=I+mcosx

* N~u ham s3 luon dang bi~n ~ '<;Ix, y' :<! 0 <=> '<;Ix, 1 + m cosx :<! 0 (1) D~c bi~t vdi x = It: (1) ~ 1 - m :<! 0 ~ m :s; 1

x = 0: (1) ~ 1 + m :<! 0 ~ m ~ - 1

Suy ra

-1~m~1 <=>lml:5:1

* Dao lai, n~u c6 Iml :5: 1, thi '<;Ix

1m cosx I = 1m L I cos x I :5: 1.1 = 1 ~ - 1 s mcosx :5: 1

•

~ 1 + mcosx = y' ~ 0 ~ ham sa luon dang bien.

V~y; ham s3 luon dang bi~n khi va chi khi I m I s 1.

(3.3.2). 'lim di8u ki~n iit c6 va du d~ ham sA sau luon dang bien trim R: y = x + m(sinx + cosx)

GIAI.

Ta co y' = 1 + m(cosx - sinx) = 1 + -12m . cos( x + ~)

. 4

68

* Neu ham sa lufm dang bi8n ~ '<:Ix, y' z O

<=> '<:Ix, 1 + --i2m . cos (x +i) ~ 0 (2)

D~c biet vdi

x = 37t 4

: (2) ~ 1- --i2m ~ 0

x = - ~ : (2) ~ 1 + --12m ~O· <!::) m ;:: - .Jz

1 1 1

Suy ra ~..J2!f, m s ~ <=> I m I !f, ...J2

* Dao lai, n8u Iml !f, ~ <=> I~ml !f, 1, thl '<:Ix

l--i2mcos (x +~) I = l..J2ml . Icos(xt~)I s 1.1 = 1

~ -Ls ~mcos(x+~!f, 1 ~ 1+~mcos(x+i) = y';:: 0 ~ Ham sa luon dang bi8n.

V~y ham s3 da cho luon dang bien khi l m I !f, -Ji.

(3.3.3). Timdi~u kien iit co va du d~ ham s3 luon dang bi8n tren R y = x + asinx + bcosx

GIAI

Ta co y' = 1 + acosx - bsinx = '1 + ...Ja2 + b2 sin (<p -x); trong do

* N8u ham s3 luan dang bi8n ~ '<:Ix, y' ;:: 0

~ '<:Ix, 1 + ...Ja2 + b2 sin(<p - x) ;:: 0 (3)

D~ b' 'At " 7t 7t

ac ret, vfu x = <p +"2 => <p - x = - i ,...-.

(3) ~ 1- ...Ja2 + b2 ;:: 0 ~ ...Ja2 + b2 s 1. Mij.t khac, d~ thay ...Ja2 + b2 ;::0

Ta dti<;lc di~u kien iit co: 0 s ...Ja2 + b2 s 1.

\

69

* Dao lai, n~u co 0 s ...Ja2 + b2 s 1: thi ta co vx

l...Ja2 + b2 sin(<p - x) l :: ...Ja2 + b2 . Isin(<p -x)1 s 1

=> -1 s ...Ja2 + b2 sin(<p - x) s 1 => 1 + ...Ja2 + b2 sin(<p - x) :: y' ~ O.

N~n ham s3 loon d~ng bien.

V~y ham sa da cho luon d~ng bi~n khi 0 ::; ...J~2 + b2 s l.

(8.3.4). Tim di~u ki.n it co va du d~ ham s& luan nghich bi~n tren R:

y :: (2m + 3)sinx + (2 - m)x. HVQHQT 2000

Ta co y' :: (2m + 3)cosx + 2 - m

* N~u ham s& luon dang bi~n => '\ix, y' ~ 0

=> vx, (2m + 3)coax + (2 - m) ~ 0 (1).

D~c bi~t, veti x :: 0: (1) => (2m + 3) + (2 - m) ~ 0 => 2m + 3 ~ m - 2. vdi x :: 7[: (1) => - (2m + 3) + (2 - m) ~ 0 => 2m + 3 ::; - (m - 2). Nlui th~ ta co -Im - 2) ::; 2m + 3 ::; m - 2 ee- 12m + 3 I ::; m - 2

Tilt nhien phai d.n di~uki~: Itt - 2 ~ 0 ~ mz 2.

* Dao lai, vdi 12m + 11 ::; m - 2 va m - 2 ~ O. Ta co '\ix 1(2m + 3)cos~1 :: ,12~+ ~l.lcosxl ::; (m - 2).1 ~ -(m - 2) s (2m + 3) cosx ::; m - 2

=> 2 - m + (2m + 3) coax :: y' .~O => ham s& luon d~ng bi~n.

Sau cUng d~ y ri.ng

• 12m + 31 ::; m - 2 ~ m ::; - 5 hay m ~ - ~

• m - 2 ~ Q ~ m ::; 2.

V~y, ham s& da cho luon nghich bi~n khi m s - 5 hay -'- ~ s m ::; 2

(3.3.5). Tim di~u kien tit co va du d~ ham s& luon nghich bi~n tren R:

y :: - 2x + asinx + bcosx. SPTPHCM 98

GIJ\I

Ta co y' :: 2 + acosx - bsinx :: {;1 + b2 sinup - x); trong do

70

. a

Slnlf' = ----

...Ja2+ b2

* N~u ham sa luon nghich bi~n => '<Ix, y' :s; 0

=> '<Ix, _. 2 + ...Ja2 +b2 .sinup - x) s; 0 (5)

Dv bi At 0' It 7t ac Ie, v I X = <p - - => <p - x = -:

.. 2 2

(3) => -2 + ...Ja2 + b2 s; 0 => ...Ja2 + b2 s 2. M~t khac, d~ thay ...Ja2 + b2 ~O

Ta dtic;1c di~u kien iit co: 0 S; --Ja2 + b2 s; 2.

* Dao lai, neu co 0 $ --Ja2 + b2 s 2: thi ta co '<Ix

l...Ja2 + b2sip (~ - x) ::: ...J82+ b2 .1 sin (<p - x)] S; 2

=> -2 :5 --Ja2 + b2 sin (<p - x) S; 2 => - 2 + ...Ja2 + b2 sin (<p - x) = y' S; 0 Nen ham s6 luon nghich biAn.

V~y ham sa da cho luanIl~cp bi~n khiO s;"Ja2 + b2 s; 2.

bi~n.

DH DN 2000

D = R,

Ham s6 luon dang bi~n khi

~' = k2 _ 3(k2 - 2k) = - k2 + 3k s; 0 <=> k :s; o hay k ~ ~ .

. (3.3.7). Chung minhring ham sA sau khong tb~ Iuen 46ng bi~n' .;.. y = x3 _ (m + 1)x2 - (2m2 - 3m + 2)x + 2m(2m - 1)

GIAI'

D = R,

y' = 3x2- 2(m + Llx - (2m2 - 3m + 2)

Ham sA luon dang ·bi~n ~ ~' ::: (II) + 1)2 + 3(2m2 - ~.lJ,l+ 21.:5 0

,71

¢:;> m2 - m + 1 = (m ~ !f + ~ 5 0 : vo If· V~y, ham sA khong thk luon dang bi~n.

toan mi~n xac dinh eua no.

Ti d? h' ~ r + mx- 1 'h· khoa d~ b'~ t'

(3.3.8). m m e am so y = co ai oang ong len ren

x-I

GIAI

D = R \ {I}, y' = r - 2][ + 12- m . (x-I)

Ham sA dang bien tren tungkhoang xae d~nh Clla n6 khi: 4' ;:: 1 - (1 - m) 50¢:;> m 5 O.

khoang (-00, 1) va (1,+<Xl)

( 39) Ti d~ 1..>. ~ r-2mx+3m2 d). b'~ t' ? h .

3... m m e nam so y = 2 ong len. ren ca ai

x- m

y' _ r - 4mx + m2

- (x- 2m)2

Ham sA dang bi~n tren tung kh~ang xac dinh cua n6 khi:

D = R \ {2m),

Tim di~u ki~n itt co va dn dk ham sA luon dang bi~n, ngh~h bi~n tren R.

01. y = - x + meosx (nghich bi~l1) HD: 1m f 5 1

02. y = - x - m(sinx - cosx) (nghieh bi~n).

--!2

lID: Iml 52

lID: m = 0

03. y = - x + m sinx - eosx (nghich bien).

04. y = (2m + 3)x+ (m - l)eosx (dang bi~l1).

2

lID· m >-. - 3

72

05. y = - 4x + msinx + (m + 2)eosx (nghich bien).

HD: ":1 - -fT. s m s -1 +-fi

06. Tim m d~ ham 55 y = ,;2 - mx luon nghich bi~n tren tUng khoang -4x+3

xac dinh ella no.

HD: 1 ~ m s 3.

07 Ti d~ h' t ~ + 2mx + 3 I'd" bi t t' tii khoa

. m m e am so y = . 2 uon ong len ren ng oang

x +mx-2

xac dinh ella no.

HD:

5 m<--

-fi

08. Tim ad~harii·s5 'luohdangbi~n y = ~x3 - ~5ina + eos~x2 + ~(sin2a)X

HD:

1t 51t

-- + k1t < a < - + k1t

12 -- 12

09. Vdi nhilng gia tq nao ella m thi ham s5 ilx) = x3 + (mr1)x2 + (m2-4)x + 9

ludn dang bi~n, vdi moi x. HVQHQT 2000.

(-1- m) (-1 +..J27)

2 <m< 2

HD:

10. Cho ham sA y = x3 - 3x2 + 3mX + 3m + 4. Tim m d~ ham sA dang bien

vdi lBI?i x. DHYTB 2000.

HD: m> 1

73

J.

§ 4. DI£U KI~N D£ HAM s6 DONG BIEN - NGHlCH BIEN mEN (-<X>, a) - (a, +00)

N8u dao ham cua ham s8 co ddu phu thUDC VaG tam thdc bac hai
ax) = ax2 +'bx +'c "
Ham s8 d6ng bi~n vdi Ham t nghich bien vdi x
x > ex so > ex
¢:!> a' > 0 va <::>a < 0 va
raJ>O < O~~;{~~;~"
<0 hay .1~0
,\ .1
S
--ex<O --ex<O
2 2
H_ • .a' 46.,., bi~ vdj X < ,ex .: H~,IlhlJa nghich bi~n vdi x <ex
<::>a > Ova <::>a < Ova
raJ>O raJ>O
h _\ ~ 0 .1~0
,\ < 0 ay .1 < 0 hay S
S
--ex>O --ex>O
, 2 >, 2 vr DV

nghieh bi~n trong khoang 2 -c x < +00.

DHQGTPHCM 96

(3 4 1) Ch h' m ~ - 2r + (1- m~'+ 1 + m Xli di nh d~ h' ~

••• 0 a so y - -x + m . c ~ m e am so

GIAI

D = R \ [ml;

y' = -2JC + 4mx - m2 + 2m + 1 (-x + m)2

Ddu dao ham chi phu thuec ax) = _2x2 + 4mx - m2 + 2m + 1, Ham sa nghich bien tren (2, +00) khi m < 2 va y' s 0 'lix> 2.

Di8u kien y' ~ 0 'lix > 2 thoa khi a < 0 va

, * .\ < 0 <::> 2m2 + 4'm + 2 < 0 <::> (rn + 1)2 < 0: loai.

74

).

'1~O

hay *

S --a<O 2

r m s 5 - 3~ hay m ~ 5 + 3-v2 _ c

¢::) : ¢::) m $; 5 - 3"\'2

im<2

V*Y. ham s6 nghich bi~n treD. (2, +1Xl) kbi m s 5 - 3~

af(a)~ 0

m-2<O

bien tren khoang (1, +00).

fJHfJN 98

GIAI

y' _ 2r + 4(k - 1)x + k2 - 2

- (x + k - 1)2

Dh ciia y' chi phu thu9c vao flx) = 2x2 + 4(k - l)x + k2 - 2

H' ~ d- h d" b'~ A khoa (1 ) khi {l-k< 1 (1)

am so a c 0 ong len tren oang ,.+00.. . '

. y'>OVx>1(2)

(1) ¢::) k > 0 va

D -= R \ 11 - kl;

(2) xay ra khi a = 2 > 0 va

* '1 < 0 ¢::) 4(k - 1)2 - 2(k2 - 2) < 0 ee (k - 2)2< 0 loai

, (atta) ~ 0

,_\~o hay

~-a<O 2

¢::) Ik$;-4-3{2 hay k~-4+3~ ¢::) k ~ 3~ _ 4. l,k>O

!(l-k)-l<O

(3.4.3). Choharn s6 y = r - (m+1)x+4m21- 4m- 2. Xac dinh m sao cho

x-(m- ) .

ham,s3 d6ng bi~n tren khoang (0, +00). fJHSPHN 2000

GlAI

'} 2

D - R\I -11' '- x"'-2(m-l)x-3m +4m+l

- m ,y_ <}

(x-m+ 1)"

75

Ddu y' chi phu thuoc vao P = x2 - 2(m - l)x - 3m2 + 4m + 1

~ ~' ? • {m - 1 < 0 (1)

Ham so da eho dong bien tren khoang (0, +(0) khi '0 0

s> vx » (2)

(1) ~ m < 1 va

(2) Xliy ra khi a = 1 > 0 va

* _\' < 0 ~ (m - 1)2 - (-3m2 + 4m + 1) < 0

hay

{af(U) ~O

* J~O

S --u<O 2

1-3m2 + 4m + 1 ~ 0 ~ 2m2-3m~0 (m-1) - 0 < 0

2--fi 2+-fi -3-~ms-3--

~ m s O hay m~i m c I

2- -fi

~ -3-~m~0.

2--fi

V~y ham s6 dang bi~n tren (0, +CX) khi -3- :5 m < 1.

01 Ch h' ~ ~ - 3x + m Vd' nh " tri , 0 thi hs ~

• 0 am so y = . 1 ung gia n nao eua m am so

x-I ' :

da eho Ia dang bi~n tren khoang (3, +CX).

lID: m s.s.

DHTCKT 97.

02. Cho ham sa y = r - 2mx + 2 + m. Vdi nhung gia tri nao cua m thi ham

x-m .

s6 dang bien vdi moi x > 1.

DHKTHN 97 _. HVCTQG 2000.

lID:

3--{ij "

m :5 4 hay m ~ 2.

76

03. Cho ham sa y = - ~X3 - mx2 + (2m - l)x - m + 2. VOi gia tri nao cua m thi ham sa nghich bi~1l tren khoang (-2, +oc).

HD:

1 m <-- 2

04. Cho ham s8 y = mr + x + m. Tim tlit ca gia tricua' m d~ ham s6 d6ng

mx+1 .

bien tren khoang (0, +00).

HD: khong co m,

DHSPHN 98.

§ 5. DI£u KI~N D~ HAM s6 DONG BIEN NG~JCH BIEN 1RE~>'[a, . PJ

N~u dao ham cua ham s8 co ddu phu thu{le vao tam thitc b~e hai flx) = ax2 + bx + c = O .

• Ham s6 d8ngbi~n tren [a, PJ 1. a < 0 va afCa):s; 0 hay af{p):s; 0

af(~) ~ 0

~~Ohay

2. a> 0 va

§.-~>O 2

af(a) ~ 0 ~~o hay

3. a> 0 va

§.-a<O 2

4. a > 0 va ~ < 0

vi DV

• Ham s8 nl~eh bi~n tren [a, ~] afCa):s; 0 h

1. a> 0 va ay

af\~) s 0

afCP) ~ 0

,~ ~Ohay

2. a < 0 va

~-r3>O

afic) ~ 0 ~~O hay

3. a < 0 va

§.-a<O 2

4. a < 0 va.1 < 0

(3.5.1). Cho ham s8 y = x3 + 3x2 + (rn + l)x + 4m

Vdi nhung giri tri nao cua m thi ham s8 nghich bien tren khoang

(-1, 1). DH NGOA.I THUONG97

r""":rII

GIA.I

Ta co y'_ = 3x2 + 6x + m + 1.Nbti th~ ha~s6 nghich bien tren khoang (-1,1) khi {af(-l)::;O ~ {m-2::;0 ~ m s - 10.

af(1):5 0 m+ 10:5 0

? 3 2 l- ~

(3.5.2). Tlm m de ham so y = (m + l)x - 2mx + x dong bien tren

khoang (0,1).

Taco y' = 3(m + 1)x2 - 4mx +1. D~ hai ilJ~thbakhi

(. 1 0 ' {f(O) ~ 0 , {1 ~ 0 1

1) m + < va ~ m < - 1 va => m < -

f(~~0 4-m~0 '

" j' f(1):2 0 (4 - m ~ 0

00 .\ ~ 0 . 4m2 - 3m - 3 ~ 0

(11) m + 1 > 0 va ee "'.'

S 1 0 -m- 3 0'

_- > -->

2 m+1

~ - 3 < m < - 1 va m > - 1: lo~.

(iii) l' 0 . .;,(i;: O(~~~ - 3m - 3 ~ 01 . 3 - ~

111 m + > va ~ , ~ -. < m::; ~~_

Sm' 8

_··O<O --<0

2 m-i I

(iv) m + 1 > 0 va .\ < 0 ~ 3 -:'l57 < m < _3_+_iE_5-_7

8 8

va v8i m = - 1 => y' ~ 0 ~ x ~ _.!: thfch hop.

4 .

v« dO). ki' d'l. b" th? khi 3 + --J57

ay leu en e al oa 11 m ::; --_

., 8

3

(3.5.3). Cho ham s8 Y = - '~ + (m - 1)x2 + (m + 3)x - 4. TIm tAt eli cac

gia hi cua m d~ ham s6 d&ng bi8ntren khoang (0, 3l.fJHHH 2000

78

GIAI

Ta c6 y' = - X2 + 2(m - 1)x + m + 3 Ham s6 d6ng bien tren (0, 3) khi

{::~~:~ ¢ {::~:2:'0 ~ m ~ 1i

BAIT~TVL~N

01. Xac dinh a d~ ham s6 y = - ix3 + (a - l)~ +~il"+~':t •. ;:', ... _:.~ tren khoang 0 < x < 3.

HD:

> 12 =»

'" ? J 2 ').. f. 'J

02. urn m de ham so y = x (m-x) - m dong bien trong khoang 1 < x < 2.

HD: m z 3.

~ 1 3 2 9

03. Cho ham so y = aX - mx + (2m - 1)x - m + 2. Vdi gia tti MO eua m

tbi ttam s3 nghieh bien h-en khoang (- 2, 0).

DHNN 98.

HD:

m <- 1. - 2'

04. Cho ham s6 y = 2x3 + 3mx2 - 2m + 1. Vdi gia tri nao eua m thi ham

sa nsm.ch bi~n tren khoang (1, 2). DHNNHN 2000 ...

HD: m s -2.

,9

§ 6. DI£U KI~N Dt HAM sO DONG BI£N NGH~CH BI£N mEN HAl KHOANG (-00, a) VA (13, +CX»)

N~u d~o ham co -dau phu thuoc vao tam thiic b*c hai j(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
dang bi~n: a > 0 va nghicl\ i)i~n: a < 0 va
•. ~ ~ 0 hay • c'. ~ 0 hay
.~ > 0 ..\.>0
af(a) > 0 afta)' > 0
af(~) > 0 aftp» 0
• S • S
--a>O --a>O
2 2
S S .
- -11 < 0 --13<0
2 . 2 vi D\J

(8.6.1). Xac dinh m d~ ham s6 y = x3 - 3(2m + l)x2 + (12m + 5)x + 2 dang bi~n tren ca hai khoang (-oc, -1) va (2, +oc)

GIAI

Ta co y'= 3x2 - 6(2m + l)x + 12m + 5. Di~u kien d~ bai dti<,k thoa khi

(i) _.~' = 9(2m + 1)2 - 3(12m + 5) s 0 <=> m2 s .! <=> Iml ::;:; _ ~;

6 "16

hay (ii)

.\ > 0 aft-I) > 0 af(2) > 0 S . <=> 24m + 14> 0 '2-(-1»0 -12m+5>0

. r 1

m<-- hay

-.J6

1 m>-

-.J6

7 1

<=> --<m<--

12 -.J6

S --2<0 2

4m+3 > 0 l4m<0

V*y, d~ di~u kien bai toan dti<fc thoa: - ;2 < m s .JG

80

"

01 '"' d~ 1 ' ~ 1:J 1(1 3' ) 2 (3' 2 5 d~ b'"

• urn « e lam so y = 3X +2' - sino; x +. SlID - )x + ong len

vdi moi x thoa man x s -2 hay x ~ 2.

HD: k2rr s (1 S rr + k2rr

• Tit b~t d~ng thuc phai chUng minh, xet ham 56 flx) thfch hop.

• Chung minh flx) III ham sa dang bi~n (}u).ynghjch J>i~n).

• Suy ra x > y :::) flx) > fly) (hay f(x) < fly))

Vi D\J

. 3 ·c , -.'.

(3.7.1). Chung minh bit ding thue X -~ < sinx < x v8i x > O.

GIAI

• sinx < x: Ta chUng minh bit ding thue tudng dudng x .:. sinx > O. Xet ham sa fit) = t - sint, vdi t > O.

Ta e6: f'(O = 1 - cost ~ 0 :::) ham 56 dang b~~:Q:,tren (0, +00).

Do d6 x > 0:::) fix) > fiO) ¢::) x - sinx > 0: bit di~gthuc dUejc chung minh.

x3. . r 0

.x-'6<Slnx¢::)SlnX-x+s> .

Xet ham 56 g(t) = sint - t + ~, voi t > 0 :::) g'(t) = cost - 1 + ~e. Lai c6 (g'(t.)' = t - sint > 0 (do k~t qua tren) :::) g'(t) la ham 56 dang bien, Suy ra x > 0 :::) g'(x) > g'(0) = cosO - 1 + ~ = 0 :::) g(t) lit ham 56 dang bien,

:1

Tit do, vdi x > 0 thi g(x) > g(0) :::) sinx - x + ~ > 0: dpcm.

81

(3.7.2). Chung minh bdt ding thuc x < tgx viii 0 < x < ~.

GI.6.1

Bit ding thitc d~ bai hidng dudng vdi tgx - x > 0

Xet ham salt) = tgt - t, vdi 0 < t < ~.

Co f'(x) = 1 + tift - 1 = tit ~ 0 ~ Ham s8 flt) dang bi~n tren (0, 1).

Suy ra "Ix E (0,1) x >"0 ~ lb) > flO) = tgO - 0 = 0: dpcm.

DHSPQN 99

(3.7.3). Chung minh riing vdi x > 0, n ~ 1, n E Ntac6

Bit ding thdc dO. eho tudng dudng vdi eX - 1 - ~ >' 0 n

Xet ham s8 flx) = eX - 1 - ~, vdi x > O. n

Ta co rex) = eX -.! > 0 (vi x > 0 ~ ex > 1 > .! ) ~ flx) dang bi~n.

n n

Do do v8i x > 0 ~ flx) >- itO) <=> eX -1- ~ > eO -1-··Q_ == O:dpem.

n n

Un = In( 1 + 12)(1+ 2;) ... (1 + n2) .

. n' n" n

*(8.7.4). Cho hai ham s8 flx) va Ji(x) xac dinh vOi moi x > 0 bdi

,

x2

flx) = x-'2 -In(1 + x); g(x) = x -In(1 + x)

a. Tfnh d~o ham cua flx) va g(x). Chung minh rhg vdi moi x > {) x2

ta co x - '2 < In(1 + x) < x

b. VliinlQi sa nguyen n > 0 ta d~t

82

"

GI..\I

a. Ta co

f tx) = l-x __ l_=_L < 0

. l+x l+x '

voix>O

1 x

g'(x) = 1---=-- > 0,

l+x l+x

vdi x > O.

Suyra • ftx) nghich b ie n: x > 0 => f(x) < f(O) = 0 -Inl = 0

'J ?

x" x"

=> x - "2 - InU + x) < 0 => x -"2 < lnt l + x) (1)

• gtx) dang bien: x > 0 => g(x) > g(0) = 0 - In1 = 0

=> x - In<1 + x) > 0 ~ In(1 + x) < x (2)

x2

(1) va (2) eho dpcm, vOi x > 0: x'-"2 < 0 In(l + x) < x (3)

b. Ap dung (3) lim hi<;tt voi x = 12, 22, .... , ~

n n n

2 2 ( 2) 2

---<In 1+- <-n

n2 2n4 n2 n'"

n n1 ( n.)·n

---.-. < n 1+-----' <-:::2

02 204 n2 n

C• ~ h < it 1 2 0 1 2 0

ong ve t eo ve, ta Ul?c:"2 + "2 + .... +"2 - -4 --4 - .... - -4

n n n 2n 2n 20

<=> 1 + 2 + .... + n _ _;_1_+_:2::....+-..:.r .. ~. _+...:=n

n' 2n4

I (1 1 )(1 2) (1 0 ) 1 + 2 + ... + n

< n + 2 +2 .... +---" < 2

n 11 11- 11

83

"

sinx + cosx - sinxcosx = 1 + In 3 + si~x+ cosx

-. 4 + SlnxCOSX

(3.8.1). Giai phuong trinh:

D8 Y ding 3 + sinx + coax = 3 + ~ sin

4 + sinx cosx ::: 4 + ~ sin2x ~ 4 - ~ > 1

Nen phuong trinh luon X8.C dinh, No du<;lc bi~n d8i nhu sau

3 + sinx + cosx - (4 + sinx cosx) = In(3 + sinx + eosx) - In(4 + sinx cosx) ~ 3 + sinx + cosx -In(3 + sinx + cosx) = (4 + sinxcosx) -In(4 + sinxcosx)

~ u - lnu = v - lnv (1)

voi u = 3 + sinx + cosx; v = (4 + sinx cosJU

Xet hum s6 at) = t -lnt, voi t > 1. Ta cO.f'(t) = 1-t= t ~ 1> 0 ~f(t) d 6 ng bi~n t re n (1, +00). Nh u th~:

(11 ~ u =: v ~ 3 + sinx +.co sx = 4 + sinx cosx

~ sinx + c o sx - sinx cosx - 1:;: 0 ~ x = k21t; x '7"~+k21t

(3.8.2). Chtlng minh rhg phuong trinh 2x.arctg:x: =: lnl I + x2) co nghiem duy nhdt x = o.

GIAI

Xet.ham s6 ax) = 2x.arctg:x: - In(1 + x2·). Ta co f'(x) =: 2 arctg:x: ~ • x > 0 ~ f'(x) > 0: ham s6 dang bien tren (0, +(0) .

• X < 0 ~ f'(x) < 0: ham s6 nghich bi~n tren (~, 0)

Do do vdi x ~ 0 ~ fix) :;t O. Nen phuong trinh dll cho co nghiem duy nhdt x = O.

85

(3.8.3). Giai h~ {arcsi~ - x s arctgy - y arcsmy- y s arctgx - x

vdi ° s x, y s 1.

lJHBK TPHCM 91

" {arcsinx - arctgy S x - y

H~ phtidng trtnh de hili ¢:;> • •

x - y s arctgx- arc smy

~ arcsinx - arctgx S arctgx - arcsiny

¢:;> (arcsinx - arctgx) + (arcsiny - arctgy) S 0 (1)

Xet ham s3 flt) = arcsint - arctgt; v{ji ° s t s 1. Ta co

f'(t) = 1 _ ~ ~ 0, vi ~ s 1 + t2 ¢:;> t4 + 2t2 ~ 0: dUng .

..../1'-t2 1 +t

Nen f(t) Iii. ham s6 dbng bi~n tren [0,1] ~ x ~ 0 ~ f(t) ~ 0. Suy ra: arcsirtx ... atctgx ~ 0 va aresiny - amgy z O.

Nhti th~ (1) ~ arcsinx - arctgx = 0 vii. arcsiny - arctgy = 0 ~ x = y = o.

V~y, M co m9t nghi~m duy nhat: (0,0).

01. Giai phtidng trinh log2(-Vx2 - 5x + 5 + 1) + log5 (x2 - 5x + 7) s 2

02. Chung minh ding phtidng trinh x·+ a + sinta + x) = ° c6 nghiern duy nhat,

O Ti ugh. A (o? hA h tnh {cotgx - cotgy = x - Y

3. m rem x,y E " 1t) cua ~ p tidng tn

5x + 8y = 21t

* § 9.DI£U KI~N AT eo eVA HAM HANG

N~u f'(x) = 0 tren (a.b) thi flx) Iii. ham hiing tren (a, h)

vt DV

(3.9.1). Chung minh rling v{ji moi x ~ 1 ta c6

2 ret . 2x

a gx + arcsin --2 = 1t

1+x

86

03. Di~u kien d~ ham 56 sau luon dang hi~n trim R: y = x + m(sinx + cosx)

..J2 ..J2 ..J2 ..J2

A. m 5; 2 B. m ~ 2 c. Iml ~ 2 D. Iml 5; 2 E. Iml 5; 1

04. Cho ham 56 y = 4x + 1 + _1_ va cac khoang x+l

(II) (- i, -1)

(III) (-1, -~)

Ham 58 tren dang hi~n trongh~p clia cac khoang nao?

A. I, II

B. II, III

C. III, IV

D. IV, I

E. I, II, III, IV

05. Cho ham 56 y = 4x + 1 + _!_1 va cac khoang x+ .

(I) (-x,-~) (II) (-i,-I) (III) (-I,-~j. (IV) (-~,+x)

Ham 58 tren nghieh bi~n trong hop cua cackhoangnao?

A. I, II B. II, III C. III, IV D. IV, I E. I, II, III, IV

06 Ti d1 h' I. r+2mx+3 I A d" b'~ t A til kh··'

. m m e am so y = . 2 uon ong len ren . ng oang

x +mx-2

xac dinh cua no.

~". ,.

A.m<-.~ B.-fi '17

5 5

D. Iml > .t: E. Iml < .t:

'17 '17

07. Cho ham 56 y = ~x3 - mx2 + (2m - l)x - m + 2. V8i gia tri nao cua m thl ham s6 nghichbien tren khoang (-2, 0)

';A.m~-2

B. Iml $~

OS. Vdi gia tq nao cua m thi ham sB y = (m - l)x3 - mx + 2x + 1 luon d6ng bi~ri?;

A. 3 - -ra s m S; 3 + -..f3 B. 2 - -ra S; m s 2 +-ra

C. --..f3 S; m S; -..f3 D. -2 5; m s 2 E. -3 s m S; 3

09 " .... ".< t . ao thl h' I. mx + 4 I A I' h bi ?

. vor gia 11 m nao I am so y = -- uon ngnic len.

2x-m .

A. V8i moi m B. m < 1 C. m » 2 D. Iml < 2 E. Khong co m

88

•

10. Vdi. gia tri m nao thi ham s6 y = m.x2 + 4 luon nghieh bi~n tren till' a

. x-m· ...

khoang xac dinh cua no?

A. Voi moi m B.;blll > 2 ..J2

D. I m I < 2 -{i.E. K1i8ngc6m

C. m> 2-{i.

11. Cho ham s6 y = 2m.x - 1, menh d~ nao sau day dung?

x+m .

A. Ham s6 JUDn d6ng bien voi moi m.

Vi

B. Ham s6 IUDn d6ng bien n~u I m I > 2'

C. Ham s6 d6ng bien n~u m *' 0

D. Ham sb d6ng bi~n trentifug khoihlg xacd~ edaM. vo~ moi m

E. Ham s8 co th~ nghich bi~n tren mot khoang nao do.

12.TI.m m d~ ham s6 y ;:: x2(m - x) - m d6ng bien trong khoang 1 < x < 2.

A. m sIB m s 2 C. m ~ 1 D m z 2 E m ~ 3

13. Cho ham s6 y = ~ x;l - m.x2 + (2m - l)x - m + 2. Ydi gi~ tri nao cua m thl ham sa nghich bi~n tren khoang (-2, 0).

A m<-.!

. - 2

. 1

C m <--

. - 4

1

D. m ~ - '5 E. m < 0

14. Cho ham s& y ;:: ~ + x + m. TIm tit cn. gia tri cua m d~ h{im sBd&ng

mx +T .

bi~n t.ren khoang (0, +~).

~ ~

A. m s 2 B. m <2

C. m < 0

D. m = 1

E M';'t k~t qua khac

Dap: . 01. A; 02. E; 03. D; 04. D; 05. B; 06. A:, 07. C; 08. A:, 09. E. 10. k 11. D; 12. E; 13. A:, 14. E

89

•

(If( TRI - DIEM UON I

• Di~m xo dtic;le g9i 1. dj~m e~c d~i cua ham s6 y = fix) n~u vdi moi x thuec m9t Ian c~n nao do cua di~m Xo ta co fix) < fixo) (vdi

x * xo)

• Di~m Xo dtic;le goi la di~m cue ti~u cua ham s6 y = flx) ~u vdi moi x thuoc met Ian e~n nao 46 eiia cti~m Xo ta c6 fix) > ttxo) (vdi x ~ xo)

• Diiu ti~n iit co: N~u ham s6 y ::: flx) e6 dao ham tai Xo trong khoang (a, b) va f(xo) = 0 vdi Xo E (a, b).

1. N~u khi x di qua Xo rna d~o ham dBi ddu tiI am sang dtidng . fbi ham s6 dat cue ti~u tai di~m xo'

2. N~u khi x di qua Xo rna d~o ham d6i ddu tiI dtidng sang am thi ham 56 d~t c~c dai tai di~m xo'

§ 1. lic DJNH cue TRJ

• Tim mi~n xac dinh cua ham 56

• Tinh dao ham

• Lap bang xet dllu

vr DV

(4.1.1). Tim cac khoang ddn di~u va c~c hi ciia ham 58

a. y = -2x3 + 3x2 + 12x - 5 b. y = x - lnx

c. y = ...)3 .,.- 2x - x2 d. y = x + ~ ~ DHXDHN 98

GIAI

a. D = R. y' = -6x2 + 6x + 12. Ta c6 bang xet dliu sau

90

-1

2

+01)

o

+

o

.>" 15 -12

Ham 56 dang bi~n tren (-I, 2); ngh~ch bi~n tren (-00, -1); (2, +01). Ham 56 dat c~c d~i YeD = 15 khi x = 2.

Ham 56 dat cue ti~u Y(~T = -12 khi x = -1

h. D = (0, +00). Y' = 1 - .! = x-I. Ta co bing xet dllu x x

~'IO 1 +00
0 +
~ 1 ~ »> Ham 56 dang bi~n tren (1, +oc); nghich bign tren (0, 1). Ham 56 dat cue ti~u YeT = 1 khi x = 1.

D [ 1]' -1 ~ x T 'b' 't d~

e =-3, .l. Y = . a co ang xe au 5811

...J3 - 2x _x2 ;

:f

-1

1

+

o

4

'H~m sa:d6ng bi~n tren (-3, 1); nghich bien tren (-1, 1):

Ham sa d~t c~c d~ YeD = 4 khi x = -1.

1 ~ +1 ~

d D = R y' = 1 + -rx = ~ . Ta co bing xet dau sau

y'

-1

o

+

o

+

Ham 56 dang bi~n tren (-00, -1); (0, +oc) va nghich bi~n tren (-1, 0). Ham 56 dat cue ti~u YeT = 0 khix = O.

Ham 56 dat cue dl!-i YeD = ~ khi x = -1.

91

*(4.1.2). Cho m s& nguyen duong, hay tim eJ!.e hi cua ham s& y = xOl( 4 _X)2

GIAI

D = R. y' = xm-'(x - 4)[(m + 2)x - 4m]

D~ y rling 4m <: 4 ~ 0 < B: dung; voi m nguyen duong.

m+2 ~

Ta xet hai trtiong hop:

• m chan: Ta co bang xet ddu

0 4m 4 +00
X --OC;
m+2
y' 0 + 0 0 +
<, »> Y2 ~ »> Y YI Y3

Ham s& dat cue tiku YI tai x = 0; Ya tai x = 4.

Ham s& dat cdc dai Y2 tai x = 4m .'

. .. . m+2

• m Ie: XOl-1 ~ 0, voi moi x. Ta co bang xet ddu

y'

o

4m m+2

4

X -oc

+

o

+

o

o

+

»>

. Y2

Y

»> YI

, (4m)m 8

Trong do, y, = 0 = Y3; Y? = -- --.

- m+2 m+2

*(4.1.3). BiM ham s& fix) = ax:l + bx2 + ex + d (a ~ 0) co cue d~i va

'.~ . . , f"(x) f( f"(X»)2 ,.

cue heu tal xI; x". Cluing rninh rang -f' < -2 -f' VOl x ~ XI' x".

. - (x)· (x) • -

fJHBKHN 95

92

D ::: R. f(x)::. 3ax2 + 2bx + c.

TrUoe het , thea gia thiet, ham 56 co cue dai va c~c ti~u tai l!:1' x2 nen

phirong trinh aax2 + 2bx + c ::: ° phai co' _" > ° <=> b2 - 3ac > 0 (1)

M*t khac, ta con co f "(x) ::: 6ax + 2b ; f "'(x) ::: 6a

Th~ Is bfit ding thdc d~ bai tudng dtldng voi

6a .,- ! ( . 6ax + 2b )2

3ax? + 2bx+ c 2 \ 3ax2 + 2bx+c

<=> 12a(3ax2 + 2bx ..: c) < (6ax + 2b)2 <=> b2 > 3~c:dttrig;'dt5th

01. TIm cac khaang don di~u va ctj.c hi ctia hilm"s5

a. y ::: X4 _ 2x2 - 1 b. y = Ix?- c. Y == x.e" d. y = .../x2 - 2x+ 5

-x

HD: a. Db: (-1, 0); (1, +oc), Nb: (-:x:, -1); (0, 1); CD (0, -1); CT (-1, -2); (1, -2).

b. Db: (0,1); (1, 2), Nb: (-a;, 0); (2, +or::); CD (2, -4); CT (0, 0).

c. Db: (-1, +(0), Nb: (-00, -1), CT ( - 1 , -~)

d. Db: (1, +(0), Nb: (-oc, I), CT (I, 2) 02. JUic dinh m d~ ham sa:

. x?- 2 2

Y ::: f{x, m) ::: (m + 1) (--) - 3m (_X_) + 4m

1+x2 1+x2

chi co mc?t di~m ct!.c hi duy nhat.

HD: m s ° hay m ~ 2.

93

"

§ 2. lie I4P HAM s6 BitT e\]t TRJ

Ham s6 y = flx) co cue trt b khi x = a co nghia la : (i) fla) = b va (ii) f '(a) = 0

vf D\J

Tim m d~ ham st> y -= x:l - 3mx2 + (m - l)x + 2 d,~t c1jc ti~u

~i x = 2. DH HUE 98

Ta co y' = 3x2 - 6mx + m - 1. Ham sa dat et!e ti~u tai x = 2 thi y'(2) = 0 <=> 3.22 - Sm.2 + m - 1 ::: 0 <=> m = 1.

(4.2.2). Xac dinh cac sa a,b, c d~ M,m s6 y = x3 + ax2 + bx + c co gia tIiO khi x = 1 va dl:d e1jc tri 0 khi x = -1.

Trude h~t ham sa co gin tri 0 khi x = 1.

o = 13 + a.12 + b.1 + e <=> a + b + e = -1 (1)

va ham sA d~t gia tri 0 khi x = -1, suy ra: a - b + c = 1 (2) Sau do, y' = 3x2 + 2ax + b, ham s6 d~t e1je tIi tai x = -1

~ 3.12 + 2a(..,.1) +b = 0 ~ 2a.-b = 3 (3)

Giaii ~ ba phudng trinh (1), (2), (3) ta thu dtige a= 1; b = -1; e = -1.

*(4.2.3). Me dinh ham sA bac ba y = {(x), bi~t rAng no qua cue ti~u 2 khi x = 1 va n~u dem ehia flx) cho x2 + 3x + 2 thi con du -x + 3.

G9i flx) = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d.

Trude h~t, tii gia thiM ham sA co e1jc ti~u 2 khi x = 1, ta thu dUge'_ai

phuong trinh '

a + b + c + d ::: 2 (1)

3a + 2b + c = 0 (2)

94

M*"t khac, fa co:

ax" + bx2 + cx + d = (ax + P)(x2 + 3x + 2) - x + 3 (3)

~ ax:' + bx2 + ex + d = ax:! + (3a + P)x2 + (2a + 3~~ - I lx + 213 + 3

{a = <X

<> b ~ (3u + ~I

c = (2u + 3P) d = 2P + 3.

Thay a, b, c, d nay vao (1), (2) ta duc;1c he phudng trinh, sau khi nit gon

{6a + 61~:o - 1 ':::>a = .E_ ; P =

lla+5p=O 36

5 1 7 43

Suy ra: a = 36 ; b = "4 ; c = - 12 ; d = 18

V• h' ~ hO. tim li 5:1 1 27 43 ~y am so p ai irn aye' 36 x +"4 x ~ 12 x + 18

Chu 'I: Vi x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 khi x = -1 hay x = -2.

Nen co th~ thay x = -1, x =: -2 Ian luc;1t trong (3) thi dU9C hai phudngtrinh

-a + b - c + d = 4;

-8a + 4b - 2c + d = 5.

Cimg v{Ji (1), (2) ta co h~ bim phudng trinh. Giai he do se thu dU9C a, b, c, d.

BAI T~ TVL~N

01. TIm ham sA b~c ba y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. Bi~t dB thi ham s6 co m{>t di~m cue dai va m9t di~m cue ti~u co toa d{> (-3, 28); (1, -4).

:1 2

HD: y = x + 3x - 9x + l.

02. TIm da thtlc b~c ba flx), bi~t .no co gia tri ct;ic dai 3 khi x = 1 va khi dem chin dn thife iy cho x2 + x + 1 thi dudc phan du 5(3x + 1).

HD: flx) = 4x3 - 9x2 + 6x + 2.

03. Cho ham s6 y = x3 - (m + 3)x2 + mx + m + .5. TIm m d~ ham sa d~t

cue ti~u tai x = 2. DHDN 97.

HD: m = 0

04. Cho ham s6 y = x:1 - (rn + 2)x + m. Tim m d~ ham 56 d!,lt cue ti~u tai

x = -1. TNPT 99

HD: m = 1.

95

§ 3. DI£U ~N D£ co' eve D# VA C\1L n£u

• N~u y' co d5.u phu thuoc vao tam lhuc bac hai P = ax2 + bx + c ,,{a;oto

thl ham sf> co cdc dai va cue tieu khi

'" .~>O

'. N~u y' co ddu phu thu9c vaoda thtlc b~c ba P = ax'' + bx2 + ex + d thi ham sa co ct!.c dai va cue ti~u khi phti!tJllJ.tJinh P = 0 co ba nghiern phan biet.

• N~u y' co ddu phu thu9c vao da thtlc b~c ba P = axa + bx2 + cx + d thl ham sa co cue dai va khong co cue ti~ti (hay co ct!.c ti~u va khong co cue dai) khi phuong trinh P = 0 co it hon ba nghiern phan biet va a > 0 (a < 0).

vt DV

(4.3.1). Cho ham sa y = x3,.,.:, 3mx2+(m - l)x + 2. Chung minh r~ng

ham sa co ct!.c hi vdi moi gia tri cua m. DH HUE 98.

GIAI

Ta co y' = 3x2 - 6mx + m - 1. Va

..l' = 9m2;:: 3(m - 1) = 9 (m--s1f + 11 > 0, 'lim,

, 4

Nen ham s6 luon co ct!c dai va cl,ic ti~u,

(432) Ch h' t r+mx-2m-4 v.< dinh d~ h' ~,

." 0 am so y = . ,AilC 1 m e am so co

x+2 .

cue dai va cue ti~u,

DHNNHN97

y' = x2 + 4x + 4m + 4 (x+ 2)2

Dau ~~o ham chi phu thuoc vao fix) = x2 + 4x + 4m + 4, Til do. ham s6 co ct!.c dai vii cue ti~u khi ,\' = 4 - 4m - 4 > 0 <=:> m < 0,

Ta co

96

a. V8i nhflng gia tri nao clla tham s8 a thi dB thi ham s8 dy co ti~p tuyen vuong goc vdi dtiong phan giac tha nhdt cua h~ true toa d9?

h. Chdng minh rling khi do, db thi Clla ham sa co d:i~m ct!.c d~i

va di~m cue ti8u. DHQG HN 97

(4.3.3). Xet ham sf> vdi tham sa a: y = r +3xt a x+

y' = x2 +.~.! + 3 - a (x + 1)2

a. Ti~p tuy~n ella db thi ham sf> vuong g6c .vdidtiong phan giac tha nhdt khi phtidng trinh sau co nghi~m:

Ta co

2 .

x + 2x + 3 - a = -1 ¢:> 2x2 + 4x + 4 _ a = O. (x + 1)2

Di~u ki~n co nghi~m: ~\' ~ 0 ¢:> 4 - 2(4 - a) > 0 ¢:> a > 2.

b. Lac do, vi dao ham phu thu~ diu vao fix) = x'Z + 2x + 3 - a. Tam thdc nay co biet sa .:\' = 1 - (3 - a) = a - 2 > O.

Nen ham sa co ct!.c d~i,' ct!.c ti8u.

(4.3.4). Cho ham sa y = mx3 + 3mx2 - (m - l)x - 1. Vdi nhung gia tri

nao Clla m thi ham sa khong co ct!.c tri. BKHN 2000.

Ta co y' = 3mx2 + 6mx - m + 1.

Vdi m = 0, y' = 1 => ham sf> khong co ct!.c tri, Ngoili ra, Vdi m ~ 0: ham sa khang co ct!.c tri khi

2 1

.,,' :::; 0 ¢:> 9m - 3m( 1 - m). :::; 0 ¢:> 0 <. m :::; 4"

Vil.y ham s6 da cho khOng co cue tri khi: 0':::; m s i

97

,.

ti~u rna khong co cue d~i.

IJHCSND 2000

Ta co y' = 2x3 - 2mx = 2x(x2 - m). Ham 58 co cl,ic ti~u rna khOng co cJ!.c dai khi phtidng trinh x2 - m = 0 ¢ x2 = m

hoac vo nghiern hoac £0 nghiem kep ¢ m ~ 0

V~y di~u kien d~ hili thoa khi m ~ O .

. Ol.~ ax b < c. Chung minh r~ng ham 58 y = (x - a)(x - b)(x - c) co ~ljc dai va cue ti~u.

lID: sa dung alta).

02. Vdi. nhilng gia tri nao cua a tht ham 56:

_ _2 • 2 .

x-cosa+x +srn acosa +smee I k ) 0 ti dai , ti t·~.?

Y = .• .. . ,a if: x c C c . aI va c c leu .

. x+cosx .. .

lID: b. ~ + kx > a ,. k1r,

o . Chung minh r~ng ham s8 y = g x3 + (cosa - 3sina)x2 - 8(eos2a + l)x + 1 luon co cljcd,p· va cue ti8u.

lID: chiing minh rAng .~ > 0 voi moi a.

04. Cac 56 a, b phai thoa man di~u kien gi d~ ham 58: y = (x + a):3 + (x + b)3 - x3 co cue d~i va cJ!.c ti~u?

lID: ab > O.

. " .,? "k r + 2m2x + m2 , " . ~

05. VOl gia tri nao cua m thi ham so y = . co cdc dai va cue tieu?

. x+l" .

lID: Iml < 1.

06. TIm a d~ ham 53 y = x2 + 2xcosa + 1 co cue dai va cue ti~u. x + 2sirrl

lID: rnoi (1.

98

A 2m2x2 + (2 - m2)(mx + 1). . . ~ . .

07. Cho ham so y =: 1· ChUng minh rang VOl moi

mx+ .

m :# 0 ham s6 luon co cue d~i va cue ti~u.

lID: _\ = m6 > 0 vm :# O.

08. Cho ham 86 y = x:i - 3mx2 + 2. Vdi gia trinao cua m thi ham 56 co

cue dai va cue ti8u? fJHAN 2000.

fJHTN 2000.

lID: m *" O.

09. Cho ham sa y = x4 + 4mx3 + 3(m + 1)x2 + 1. VOi gia tri nao cua m thi ham 53 chi co c~c ti~u va khong coc~c

lID.' (1- -fil < m < (1 + -fi) 3 - - 3 .

10. Cho ham 56 y :=: x4 + 8ax3 + 3(2a + 1):,,? - 4. Xac dinh tham 56 a d~ ham sa chi co cue ti~u va khong' co· c~c4~i?-'

lID.' (l---fi) (1+-fi)

--6-- s a s 6

">.. •

* § 4. DIEU KI~N DE eo eve nq

NHO D~O HAM cAP HAl

Ham sf, y := f(x) co f '(Xo) = 0

• f "(Xo) > 0 ::::) ham s3 d~t cl,ic ti~u tai Xo ~ f "(xo) < 0 ::::) ham s6 dat c~c dai tai xo·

vf D1)

2

a. y = x + ~ (a > 0)

x

(4.4,1). Tim cue tri cua cac ham 56 sau day bttng each stl dung dao ham d.p hai:

c . 2x+3

c. y = \l3s1n x + cosx + -2-

GIAI

a. D = R \ to}. Ta co:

99

L· , " 2a2 Til d'

~l CO, Y = -3 . 0:

x

• y"(a) = ~ > 0 :»bam s8 d~t ct!-c ti~u tai x = a, YCT = 2a. a

• y"(-a) = - ~ < 0 => ham 56 dat cue dai tai x = -a, YeD = -2a. a

h. D = R. Ta co:.

-x 2 •. .,' ..'

y' = e (2x - x), va y' ::: 0 ¢:> X ::: 0 hay x::: 2.

L~ co y" = e -X(x2 - 4x + 2). Nen:

• y"(O) = 2 > 0 :» ham s8 dat ct!c ti~u tai x = 0; YCT = O.

• y"(2)::: "'2e-2 < 0 :» ham sa d~t e~ ~i tai x ::: 2; YeD = 4e~2.

c. D = R. y' =:..J3 cosx - sinx + 1 = 2sin (x-~) - 1;

, ..•.. " .s: 711:

y' ='0 <=> r="2 + k211:; x e 6 + k21t.

Va co y" = - ~ sinx - cosx •

• ~-( ~ +k21t) = -1 < 0 => ham sa et~t cv.c 4~ tai x = li + k211:

y" (7x k2') ..Ji + 1 0 hl. ~ d . Z • 711: k2

• 6"" + x = -2-- < :» •• m so at cue tieu tip x ::: (3' + 11:.

·*(44.I),Xaic dinh a sao cho ham s6 y = -2x + 2 + a ...Jx2 - 4x + 5 co ct!-c4~.

GIAI

D ::: R. y' = -2 + a(x - 2)

=Jx2 - 4x + 5

Trude h~t, eti Y ring: y" =: __ --=a . Cho nen n~u ham s6 dat

,_,.,..---" '3 .

(...Jx2 - 4x +5 J

ct!c dai tai Xo thi ta phai co y"(xo) < 0 :» a < O.

100

l.

M~t khac, Y' = 0 <=:> a(x - 2) = 2 ~x2 - 4x + 5 (1)

Do a < 0, di~u kien phai la x < 2. Luc d6

(1) <=:> (a2 - 4)x2 - 4(a2 ~ 4)x + 4a2 - 20 = O.

D~ co nghiern ._\' = 4(a2 - 4)2 - (a2 - 4)(4a2 - 20) ~ 0 <=:> a2 - 4 ~ 0 => a s -2 hay a ~ 2.

K~t hop di~u ki~n, ta dtigc: a ~ -2.

BAIT~WL~N

01. TIm cue hi cua cac ham sA sau day biing each sd dung dao ham cdp hai:

a. y = x3 - 2ax2 + a2x (a> 0) h. y = x~2-'x2 c. Y = c~;i+1~~S2l[

4a3 ( a) . ' ..

lID: a. Yeo =27 X= 3' ; YCT = 0- (x = a).

h. Yeo = 1 (x = 1) ; YeT = -1 (x = -1).

c. Yco tai x = kz ; YeT tai x, =± ~1t +k21t.

02. Vdi gia txi nao cua k thi ham s8 Y = -2:x+ k ...Jx2 +lc6 cue ti~u? lID: k » 2.

§ 5. PHUONG PlIAP TiM cut TRI

. .

HAM s6 CAP BA

Y = px +q.

• Chia f(x) cho f'(x) = (ax + P)f '(x) + px + q.

• Ct!c txi dat tai Xo thl ct!c tri la Yo = pXo + q.

• Dti<ing thing qua di~m ct!c dai va di8m cue ti8u co phtidng trlnh:

VI DV

(4.5.1). Chdng minh ring vdi moi a, ham s8:

y = 2x3 _ 3(2a+ 1)x2 + 6a(a + 1»[ + 1

Iudn dat ct!c hi tai Xl; x2. nm a sao cho ct!c txi ttidng dng Yl' Y2 thea Y1 + Y2 = 1.

101

Ta co y' = 6X2 - 6(2a + 1)x + 6a(a + 1).

va vi ~ = 9(2a + 1)2 - 36a(a + 1) = 9 > 0, '<;fa =? ham s6 luon co e1j.e tri tai Xl = a + 1; x2= a =? Xl - Xz = 1.

Lai co y = ! (2x - 2a - 1). y' - X + a(2a + 1)(a + 1) + 1

6 .

Suy ra Yl = -xl + 2a(2a + 1)(a + 1) + 1 = 2a3 + 3a2 + 1; Y2 = -x2 + ,2a(2a + l)(a + 1) + 1 =;4.a.~ + 3a2

Nhu th~ Yl + Y2 = 4a3 + 6a2 + 1 ~ 1 <=> a = 0 hay a =~~

(4.5.2). Cho hAmsl! y = mx3 - 3mx2 + (2m + l)x + 3 - m. Tim bit ell gia tri eua m d~ ham sA co cue dai va e1j.e ti~u. Chung minh r~ng khi do duC1ng th~ng n6i hai di~m cue dai va cue ti~u luon di qua

mgt di~m cA dinh. fJHQGHCM 2000

GIAI

Ta co y' = 3mx2 - 6mx + 2m + 1. Ham sa co cue dai va cue ti~u khi N > 0 <=> 9m2 - 3m(2m + 1) > 0 <=> m2 - m > 0

<=> m < 0 hay m > 1.

. ·1·'· 2 1

Lai co y = 3" (x - 1) . y' + 3" (1 - m)x + 3" (8 - 5m)

Cac di~m e1j.e d~i va e1j.e ti~u (xl' Yl); (X2' Y2) thoa:

2 1

Y = 3 (1- m)x + 3" (8 - 5m).

Do do duC1ng thing qua di~m e1j.e dai va cue ti~u co phuong trinh:

2 1

Y = 3(1-m)x+3(8-5m) <=> (-2x - 5)m + 2x + 8 - 3y = 0

Toa dg di~m c8 dinh la nghiern cua h~ phudng trinh:

=? jx=-i

y=1

{-2X - 5 = 0 2x+8-3y=0

V~y di~m e6 dinh: (% ,1)

102

r,

(4.5.3). GiS. stl ham s6 y = ~ x3 + (cosa - 3s1na)x2 - 8(cos2a + l)x + 1 dat cJ!.c hi tai Xl' x2 Chung minh rhg xi +x~ ::; 18 v8i m9i a.

GIAI

Ta co y' = 2x2 + 2(cosa - 3sina)x .- 8(cos2a + 1)

Di8u kien co cue hi: ~. = (cosa - 3sina)2 + 16(cos2a + 1) > 0

¢:) 4cos2a - sin2a + 7 > 0 ¢:) 7 + m cosfrp + 'Va.

t d' 4. 1

rong 0 cos<p = _ r:= ; SIBp = _ r:::

"'117 "'117

Luc do:

Nhti v~y

Xl + x2 = 3sina - cosa; XIX2 =,..4(~2a+l)

2 2 '2

Xl +"2 ::; 18 ¢:) (xl + x2) - 2xI,x2 ::; 18

¢:) (3sina - cosa)2 + 8(cos2a + 1) ::; 18

= 4cos2a - 3sin2a ::; 5 ¢:) cosm + 2a) ::; 1: dung.

" 4. 3

VOl cosa =: 5" ; SlID = 5"

(4.5.4). Cho ham s6 y = ~ x3 - (m - 1)x2 + 3(m - 2)x + ~

Vdi m nao thi ham 56 co cue dai va cue ti~u dBng thOi hoanh de? cac di~m cue d~i va cJ!.c ti~u Xl; X2 thea man di~u kien Xl + 2x2 = 1.

Ta co y' = x2 - 2(m - l)x + 3(m - 2). Ham 56 co cJ!.c dai va cJ!.c ti~u kill ~. = (m - 1)2 - 3m + 6 = m2 - 5m + 6 > 0 ¢:) m < 2 hay m > 3.

Liic do ta co: Xl + x2 = 2m - 2 ; xl,x2 =3m - 6 Til di~u ki~n d~ bai

Xl + 2X2 = 1 ~ Xl + Xz + Xz = 1 ~ Xz = 3 - 2m

~ Xl = 2m - 2 - X2 = 4m - 5.

Thay vao tfch xl,x2: (4m - 5)(3 - 2m) = 3m - 6

19 ±-fi3 ¢:) 8m2 - 19m + 9 = 0 ~ m= --- 16

« 2).

103

(4.5.5). Cho ham sA y = 4x3 - mx2 - 3x + m. Chung minh ring voi moi m ham sA IUDn co cdc dai va cdc. ti~u, dang thai hai di~m cdc

d~i va cue ti~u IUDn c6 hoanh d9 tr~i dftu. HVCTQG 2000'

GIAI

Ta co y' = 12x2 - 2mx - 3. Va, vi P = ~ = - ~ < 0

Do d6 ham sA IUDn co c1f.c d~i va cl,ic ti~u dang thai cue d~ va cl,ic ti~u co hoanh d9 tnii diu.

(4.5.6). Cho ham sA y = 2x3 - 3(2n:l + t)i2+ 6m(~ + l)x + 1. V8i gia tri nao cua m thi da thl ham s6 ;0 hai di~m cl,ic tIi dAi xUng qua

dd<ing th~ng y = x + 2? DHDHN 2000

Ta co y' = 6x2 - 6(2m + l)x + 6m(m + 1)

Vi .3 = 9(2m + 1)2 - 36m(m + 1) = 9 > 0, vm ~ ham sa IUDn co clic

dai va cue ti~u: .

2 a 2 3 2

xl = m; Yl'= m + 3m + 1; x2 = m + 1; Y2 = 2m + 3m

Dii\(Xl' Yl);B(~; Y2) d6j xung qua dliang thing (d): Y = x - 2, trtioc h~t

* Trung di~m I( m + ~ ,2m3 + 3m2 +~) Clla AB thU9C(d)

~ 2m3 + 3m2 + ! = m +! <=> m = 0 hay ~ = 3 ± m

• 2 2 4

1

* AB 1. (d): Vi Y = 6' (2x - 2m - l).y' - x + 1 + mtm + 1)(2m + 1)

~ d~ dang th4y AB 1. (d) vOi IIl9i m,

VA ~~ ~ b" t ~ 0 h 3 ± m

~y, nap so ai oan: m = ay m = 4

104

01. Cho ham 56 y = ~ x3 - ~ (sina+ cosl)x2 + ~(sin2a)X

a. Tim act~ ham 56 co c~c tri.

h. G9i Xl; X2 la boanh ct(> cae di~m c~c tri, hay xac dinh a ct~ ta co

Xl+~=~+,q

lID:

5x 13x

a. 2" + kx < a < 12 + kx;

h. a = k2x, a = ~. + k2x.

02. Vdi. m < n < p. Chung minh r~ng ham 56 Y = (x - m)(x - n)(x - p) luon dat cue tri tai hai di~m xl; X2 thoa man di8u kien m < Xl < n < X2 < p.

lID: sd dung aflc).

03. Xac dinh a d~ cac di~m cue dai va cue ti~u Clla d& thi bam sa y = x:1 _ 3ax2 + 4a3 ctAi xung qua dtiong th~ng y = x,

lID: (xl' YI) dbi xung (X2' Y2)qua dtiOng thing y :: X khi Xl = Y2

va X2 :: YI:

1 DS: a = ± -rz

~ ?? ?",

04. Viet phudng trlnh ddOng thing di qua diem cue dai va c~c tieu clla do

thi ham 53 Y :: x3 _ 3(m - l)x2 + 2(m2 - 3m + 2)x - m(m - 1).

lID:

2 2 (2 2 4)

Y :: _ (-m + l)x + (m - 1) -m - 3m + -

333

05. Vdi nhfing gia tri nao cua m thi ham s6 Y :: 2x3 + 3(m - 1)x2 +6(m - 2)x _ 1 co c~c d~'i va c~c ti~u va duong th~ng di qua eac dib c~c d!!-i va c~c ti~u Clla d& thi song song vdi. dtiCing th~ng Y :: kx (k cho trtidc)?

Bi~n l~n theo k 56 gia tri clla m.

lID: k ~ 0: VN; k < 0: m = 3 ± {.:i ; m * 3.

105

).

§ 6. PHUONG PHAP TiM ctx: TIq HAM s6 UW IT

•

ax2 + hi + c , , 2a

y = --- co phtidng tnnh y =: - x +

px +q p p

u'(x) • Ham s6 y = u(x) co ctic tri tai Xo thi y'(xo) ='( 0)

vex) , " v\xo.

• Duong thang qua di~m cue dai va cue ti~u dB thi ham s5

vi DV

2

(4.6.1). ChUng to rhg n~u ham s5 y = 2x + ~:~ m - 2 d~t ct!c dai

tai x) va cue tl~U tai x2 thl ta co 1 y(x,) - y(x2) 1 = 41 xl - x21,

GIA.I

y' __ (4x+3)(x+2)-I. (2r+3x+m-2)

- (X + 2)2

Ta co

N~u ham s5 dat cue hi tai xo' thi

" (4x., + 3)(xo + 2) - 1 , (2~ + 3xo + m - 2)

y'(xo) = 0 <=> ,2 = 0

(xo + 2)

::::) 2X; + 3xo + m - 2 = (4xo + 3 )(xo + 2) Suy ra, cue hi ttidng dng

~ + 3xo + m - 2 (4x., + 3)(xo + 2) 4xo + 3

y(xo) = = = -- = 4x + 3

xo+2 xo+2 1 0

Nhti v~y, khi ham s5 dat cue tri tai xl' X2 thi ct!c tri ttidng dng:

Yl = 4xl + 3; yz = 4x2 + 3

V~y Iy) - Y21 = 14x) + 3 - (4x2 + 3)1 = 41x) - x21

100