Latin is ligare, and lygein initially was first made), in Greek, means to knot). soon substituted The Greek word, lygos papyrus and eventually (wickerwork) stems from ousted it completely. The the Sanskrit ling-ami, surface of parchment which means "to fold or to was smoother and embrace"; so, the presented advantages etymological connections such as greater are evident. In our case, toughness, flexibility, and bookbinding stands for the possibility of reusing securing one sheet or it. In fact, it could even folio, a term used for be written on again writing paper, with a when scraped. thread. Continuing our The parchment bands, at journey into the meaning first tied in volumes, were and connection of words, soon bound in codex we come to the Latin form. However, we are word folium, which means still far from being able "a leaf, like the leaf of a tree. The Latin word for book, to say that binding had become established since it liber, means "the bark or rind of a tree." had not developed according to specific criteria. Book (liber), therefore, is the innermost part of the We must await the Middle Ages before binding can three strata making up the bark of a tree: rind, be considered as "clothing" or written sheets. sapwood, and bark—the surface on which our With the fall of the Roman Empire, a whole ancestors mainly wrote. From this use came the word civilization was dissolving. The need to preserve its "book," understood as any material containing writing. memory through the written word stimulated research on the part of those who held works judged The first materials used to carve writing on were clay, worthy to be handed down and preserved. stone, wood, bronze, and papyrus, which is the inner This is the case of the monad ligatores, the "monk part of the tree (from 3,000 to 200 BCE). The first binders of books" who, during the Middle Ages, tablets, called "codex", were fastened together with developed this craft in their monasteries and hinges, rings, or ox gut, and folded over to form a created real masterpieces by covering the sheets by diptych, triptych, or polyptych (from the Greek word fastening them together with wooden boards diptychos meaning "folded twice"). covered in inlaid ivory and then embroidering silk This type of "book" was in opposition to the "volume" and precious stones onto them. The sacred writings that the Egyptians made with papyrus bands. The of this period give vivid testimony of this. sheets were rolled up and the bands of papyrus In the monasteries, the art of bookbinding grew more were glued together around a stiff roller, forming the and more refined. With the invention of printing press scroll. The papyrus bands were written on in narrow in the 15th century by Gutenberg, the document and parallel columns called paginae (from the Latin bookmaking scenario changed completely. The pango, "to write") that indicated the written sheets. bookbinding craftsmen were ready to develop new When papyrus exportation fell heavily, new methods techniques that were better suited for volumes made were invented for treating animal skins. This new in a new manner. Hemp cords substituted ox gut material obtained, parchment (which gets its name while heavy wooden boards gave way to pasteboards, to which the first page (the frontispiece people—guided by their love of books—went on to or title page) was glued on as a flyleaf. enrich the art of bookbinding and to adapt it to the This was a considerable step forward. The ease of style of the times. handling books together with protection (insects are For a long time innovations were mainly concerned less fond of paper than of wood) now seemed with the techniques and the decorative motifs, assured, or almost. By the 16th century the form of the and it could be said that the history of bookbinding is book and the binding techniques had become essentially a history of ornamental styles. definitive. During the course of the following centuries Alongside the ancient intaglio decoration on leather, only people's taste and their sensibility towards the blind printing technique (without the use of gold) books were to change. became popular (this would eventually oust the intaglio style completely). This type of decoration was very common in the 15th century and up to the middle of the 16th century. Gilding with heated tools and gold leaf, an imitation of the ancient process that the Arabs used, began to dominate bookbinding. This technique has been handed down and is still The history of bookbinding developed along with the used today by master bookbinders in leather. evolution of furnishing styles. Important bookbinding The 17th and 18th century decorations begin to take centers sprang up all over Europe. Gradually, on different characteristics according to the tastes of religiously inspired decorations were abandoned in the various periods and countries. Craftsmen-artists favor of lay emblems and regal symbols. This is the were able to express their individual styles as they era of the great master printers: in Venice, Aldo pleased. Manuzio invented a new type of punch for From this moment on production began to diversify: reproducing book decorations and—encouraged by on one hand the precious materials intended for the famous French bibliophile, Grolier, and the aristocrats and wealthy bibliophiles were enriched Milanese Masoli—went on to create new motifs for with artistic bindings while on the other the his bindings. Manuzio, Grolier, and Masoli were the production of commercial bindings began and trio who gave new impetus to the book making craft already contained a hint of future mass production. in Europe. The Court bookbinders worked under the For economic reasons even the material itself began protection of their art patrons, and often the covers of to be used sparingly, or worked so as to be usable a book became true masterpieces. An example is even if shoddy or defective. This is the reason why the cover in gold and precious stones by Benvenuto leather started to be marbled in the 17th century, as Cellini commissioned by Cardinal Dei Medici, who an expedient to cover up defects. In the 18th century presented it to the Emperor Charles V. Other famous the use of leather for the spine was only tested, names of the craft in France are the Clovis brothers, which led to the half-cloth binding that was to Nicolas Eve, and "le Gascon", whose real name is dominate the 19th century. unknown. In England the great names were Reynes Influenced by radical social changes and the and Berthelet. Louis XIV, a monarch whose reign was increase in the demand for books, techniques were extremely long and who was a patron of all the arts, adopted to meet this demand. upon ascending the throne made his mark also on It was during this period that the technique of sewn the art of bookbinding. The style became even more sunken cords, instead of cords protruding along the precious, often too ornate, complicated, and laden spine, was invented: it was a Greek style imitation of with gold. the medieval bindings in the Byzantine East. In 1775, Madame de Pompadour gathered around her the Alexis-Pierre Bradel created the separate cover in artistic flower of her time and left her imprint on cloth and paper, similar to a file, into which the book everything, from beautiful bookbinding (though very block could be cased and glued to the first page. ornate and laden with gold) to a whole series of On the threshold of the 20th century a new decorative small objects in leather: cases, caskets, telescope technique called "symbolic" or "speaking" made its handles, and sword sheaths. appearance on the scene, breaking with tradition. The Pompadour style has curves covered in twisted From then on decoration and the type of binding leaves, clusters of flowers, cherubim, and birds. could never again be separated from the contents After Louis XVI other sovereigns, princes, and ordinary and the spirit of the book. BACK: the side of the BOARDS: the cover boards publisher's postcript, it is, in which covers the cover signatures along which the when they are made of a printed book the final structure; also the operation leaves are folded; a wood annotation which gives the of applying it synonym for spine printer's name, location, and BOOK BLOCK all of the CREASING: the groove, date of publication BACKING: a light-weight sheets making up the book; which in bookbinding is strip of cardboard that is understood as an entity CORNERS: the covering for made with a particular placed between the spine independent of the cover the coiners of the cover machine or manually with a and the covering to stiffen boards in half-cloth binding; bone folder, that folds paper BOOKMARK: a ribbon or the latter it is made of the same and cardboard without cord inserted between the damaging them material that is used for BACLINING: a stiff strip pages and attached to the covering the spine and the that acts as the base for upper-inside part of the spine EDGE: the three-side shoulders making the spine; it is surfaces along which the BRIEF DRYING: bookbinding made of the same material COVER BOARDS: the two book opens; corresponds jargon which means a very as the cover side parts of the cover that to the outer borders of the short drying time once the cover the surfaces of the sheets BANDS: the sewing glue is spread on book; also the cardboard supports (cords) when they FLAPS: the cover board CASING: the operation in pieces before they are are not sunk, but are turn-ins of typographic which the book block is covered outside the spine covers inserted and joined to the COVER: the structure or BINDING: all the operations cover by pasting the FLYLEAVES: situated at the material that covers the used in making a book by flyleaves beginning and the end of a book block sewing the signatures to book; the leaves are folded the spine COLOPHON: also called COVERING: the material in two parts, one of which is pasted to the inside of the ROUNDING: the operation result of folding the printed edges of the sheets and cover while the other forms involved in making the or blank sheets the backs of the signatures the first and last pages of spine rounded aligned SPINE the side of the book the book SCRUBBING BRUSH: a in which the signatures are TITLE PAGE: the page that FORE-EDGE: in books with horsehair or plastic brush, sewed together proceeds the text and rounded spines, this is the normally used for washing, bears the title and author's SPLIT NUTS: the wooden rounded recess along the that is good for making name nuts placed under the head whole edge of the book materials (paper and mull) beam of the sewing frame; TRIMMING: carried out on stick GAP: a small space left they are used to pull the individual signatures to between the shoulder and SEWING: the operation that cords and tapes taut even them out and make the tip of the cover boards enables the signatures to them the same size SQUARE (PROJECTING so that they can open more be kept together; it can EDGE): slight protrusion TURN-INS: strips of the easily be done in link-stitch, of the cover boards covering material that are half-stitch, or full-stitch GROOVE: the groove beyond the page edges folded in and pasted onto between the spine and the SHOULDER: obtained by for protection purposes the borders of the reverse board covers rounding; it is the same side of the cover boards and SURFACES: the front and thickness as the cover the two ends of the backing back surfaces of the book HEAD: the upper part of the boards WASTE PAPER: a technical book TAIL lower part of the book SIGNATURE or term to define all the paper HEADBAND: the silk band SECTION: two or more TAPPING (ALIGNING): a (newspaper and wrapping that encircles the spine and sheets folded in half and recurring operation that is paper) that are used as a protrudes at the head and tail inserted into each other; the necessary for keeping the support while working
A Manual of the Art of Bookbinding: Containing full instructions in the different branches of forwarding, gilding, and finishing. Also, the art of marbling book-edges and paper