Surveying

I. *Special Terms
1. Surveying: measuring, and recording by means of
maps, the earth’s surface with the greatest degree
of accuracy possible. Or: the practice of taking me
asurements of features on, and occasionally above
or below, the earth’s surface to determine their rel
ative positions.
2. Horizontal Plane: Perpendicular to the force of gr
avity.
3. Vertical Plane: In line with the direction of gravity
.
4. Plumb Bob: Lead weights attached to a line to sho
w the direction of gravity.
5. Tripod: a stand with three legs.
 Surveying
I. Special Terms
6. Chain: A device 66 feet long (surveyor's chain) o
r 100 feet long (engineer's chain) for measuring
distance. Breaking Chain: Measuring distance w
ith less than the full length of the tape.
7. Transit: A telescopic device that can be used for
measuring distances and horizontal and vertical
angles.
8. Theodolite: A special kind of transit that gives m
ore accurate readings of angles than a standard t
ransit.
9. Stadia Hairs: Lines in a transit that are used in d
etermining distance. “Stadia” is the plural of sta
dium, a Greek word for a measure of distance, a
bout 607 feet.
 Surveying
I. Special Terms
11. Plane-table Alidade: a kind of telescope to measu
re both distances and vertical angles. It is set on
a plane table (a flat table), which a surveyor can
use as a drawing board to make maps in the field
.
12. Contour Lines: The lines on a map that indicate
points of equal elevations (heights).
13. Surveyor's Level: a kind of telescope with a bub
ble level, a tube of fluid with an air bubble in it.
The surveyor can sight a level rod though the tel
escope in order to measure elevation.
14. Bench Mark: A point whose elevation has been p
reviously determined and marked. It is used as a
basis for additional measurements.
 Surveying
I. Special Terms
15. Altimeter: A device that measures elevation by
means of atmospheric pressure.
16. Mosaic: In aerial surveying, an overlapping arra
ngement of photographs that eliminates distortio
n at the edges of the pictures.
17. Triangulation: In geodetic surveying, measuring
a network of triangles based on points on the ear
th's surface.
18. Geological Survey: Determining underground co
nditions, such as types of soil and rock beneath t
he surface.
19. Boring: The process of bringing up samples of s
ubsurface soil and rock by means of a hollow dri
ll. Each sample is also called a boring.
 Surveying
I. Special Terms
20. Gravimeter: A device that measures the earth's gr
avitational pull.
21. Magnetometer: A device that measures the streng
th of the earth's magnetism.
22. Seismograph: A device that measurer the strength
of vibrations (seismic waves) within the earth.
II. *Types of Surveying: plane and geodetic
1.  Plane surveying is the measurement of the earth’s s
urface without considering its curvature. Within a
reas of about 20 km2, the earth’s curvature does n
ot produce any significance errors in a plane surv
ey.
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 Surveying
2. Geodetic surveying is the kind of surveying whic
h accounts for the earth’s curvature, usu. made
over large areas.
III. Purposes of surveying: determine the best and
most economical location or route.
IV. *Contents of surveying: distances, elevations (h
eight differences), angles, boundaries, and other
physical characteristics of the site. (cf. physical
conditions vs physical properties)
V. Device for measuring distance in plane surveyin
g: steel tape and chain
VI. *Temperature factor in readings: The indicated
length of a steel tape is in fact exactly accurate o
nly at a temperature of 20 degrees centigrade.
VII. Exercises (due Wednesday, Week 3)
 Surveying
VII. Prefixes indicating numerals:
1. Demi- half e.g., demigod, demilune
2. Hemi- half e.g., hemicycle, hemisphere
3. Semi- half e.g., semiconductor, semifinal
4. Mono- one, e.g., monotonous, monograph
5. Uni- one , e.g., uniform, unite, unique
6. Bi- & di- two, e.g., dioxide, dialogue
7. Ambi-, amphi- two, e.g., ambiguous, amphibian
8. Du- double, two, e.g., dual, duetto
9. tri- trigonometry, trilogy
10. Quadri- & tetra- four e.g., quadrilateral, tetralo
gy
11. Penta- pentagon, pentachloride
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 Surveying
III. Prefixes indicating numerals:
12. Quin- five e.g., quintet, quintuplet
13. Hexa- & sex- e.g., hexahedron, sexennial, sextup
le, sexagesimal
14. Hepta- & sept- e.g., heptagon, septavalent(septi
valent), September
15. Oct- e.g., October, octopus
16. Ennea- & nona- e.g., enneagon, nonagon
17. Deca- & deci- e.g., decade, decagon, decimal, D
ecember

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