GDT Lear Y14 1 (1) .5

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems
INTRODUCTION
This seminar and all materials used are based on and conform to ASME Y14.5M-
1994 standard. This covers Dimensioning, Tolerancing and practices for use on
engineering drawings and in related documents. They were written as standards
and are not instructional tests. This makes it difficult for the average person to
understand the technical tolerancing terms used. Even though the standards and
most of the examples shown are for rigid parts, the principles are adequately
presented and are adapted to non-rigid parts in this seminar.
This seminar is intended to address many design problems that exist, including the
rigid and non-rigid parts and specialized assemblies that are being engineered in
industry. They require a special understanding of how to functionally apply correct
Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing methods that will result in the most
effective and lowest cost attainment of design intent quality goals.
About Dimensional Control Systems’ Lecturers

Dimensional Control System (DCS) lecturers have for many years delivered
seminars to many of the largest companies in the United State and Canada. They
have conducted seminars for numerous organizations and societies such as
American Society for Quality Control and also the National Association of Pattern
Manufacturers. Until recently, due to its commitments to its clients it has restricted
the lecture activities to the Midwest DCS associates have authored many studies
and manuals on this subject. DCS supports and participates in the development of
ASME/ANSI Y14.5 and ISO/TC 213 committees on GD & T.
Documentation and Reference Material

Credit is given and acknowledgement is made for certain references and definitions
derived from the following:
1) American national Standard (ASME 14.5M-1994) Engineering Drawing and
Related Domumentation Practices Dimensioning and Tolerancing. The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, New York.
2) Global Dimensioning and Tolerancing Addendum-1997/General Motors
Engineering Standards.
3) GEO-METRICS III: The application of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing,
Lowell W. Foster, Minneapolis, Minnesota published by the Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts.
Should additional training or consulting on this subject or in the field of Dimensional
Management be desired, call Dimensional Control System’ seminar coordinator at
(248) 269-9777.

Table of Contents
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Page Description
1 Glossary of Terms
4 GD&T Symbols
11 Rule # 1
14 Rule # 2
16 Application of Modifiers
17 Screw Threads, Gears, and Splines
18 Virtual Condition
22 Relationship between Individual Features
23 Effect of RFS – Description
23 Effect of MMC – Description
24 Effect of LMC – Description
24 Effect of Zero Tolerance at MMC – Description
25 Datum – Definition
26 Six Degrees of Freedom
28 Datum Reference Frame
29 Datum Feature Definition
32 External Datum Feature - RFS
33 Internal Datum Feature - RFS
34 Cylindrical Datum Feature
35 Datums, Angular Orientation
38 Datum Sequence and Material Condition
39 Primary Datums - RFS
40 Secondary Datums - RFS
41 Secondary / Tertiary Datums - MMC
42 Stepped Datum Features
43 Datums - Functional Analysis
44 Datum Virtual Condition
45 Datum Target
46 Datum Target Points & Datum Target Lines
48 Datum Target Points - Application
49 Datum Target Lines - Application
50 Datum Target Areas - Application
51 Form Tolerances - Definition
52 Straightness - Definition
53 Straightness Line Elements of a Cylinder
54 Straightness of a Cylinder - RFS
55 Straightness of a Cylinder - MMC
56 Straightness of a Cylinder on a Unit Basis - RFS
57 Straightness of a Surface

58 Flatness - Definition
59 Flatness - Application
60 Circularity - Definition
61 Circularity of a Cylinder
62 Circularity of a Cone
63 Circularity of a Sphere
64 Circularity of an Average Diameter
65 Cylindricity - Definition
66 Cylindricity Application
67 Orientation - Definition
68 Parallelism - Definition
69 Parallelism - Applied to a Surface
70 Parallelism - Applied to an Axis Feature and Datum - RFS
71 Parallelism - Applied to an Axis Feature - MMC and Datum - RFS
73 Perpendicularity - Definition
76 Perpendicularity - Applied to a Surface
77 Perpendicularity - Applied to a Median Plane
78 Perpendicularity - Applied to an Axis - RFS
79 Perpendicularity - Applied to a Shoulder - Line Elements
80 Perpendicularity - Applied to a Feature of Size RFS
81 Perpendicularity - Applied to a Feature of Size MMC
82 Perpendicularity - Applied to a Feature of Size MMC
83 Angularity - Definition
86 Angularity applied to a Plane Surface
87 Angularity applied to an Axis Feature - RFS
88 Angularity Cylindrical Tolerance Zone - RFS
89 Profile of a Line - Definition
90 Profile of a Line - Application
92 Profile of a Surface - Definition
93 Profile of a Surface - Bilateral Tolerance Zone
94 Profile of a Surface - Unilateral Inboard Tolerance Zone
95 Profile of a Surface - Unilateral Outboard Tolerance Zone
96 Profile of a Surface - Bilateral Tolerance Unequal Distribution
97 Profile of a Surface - Coplanar Surfaces
98 Profile of a Surface - Stepped Surfaces
99 Profile of a Surface - Plane Surfaces
100 Profile of a Surface - Typical Application
101 Composite Profile - Definition
102 Composite Profile - Application
107 Positional Tolerance - Definition
108 Position Coordinate Method
110 Position Tolerance Zones
111 Position Tolerance Zones at MMC
112 Position Bonus Tolerance - MMC
113 Position - Datum Features at MMC
114 Position - Datum Features and Feature at RFS
115 Position - Hole Patterns at MMC
116 Position - Application
118 Position - Hole Patterns Zero Tolerance at MMC
119 Position Bonus Tolerance - LMC

120 Position - Applied at LMC
121 Position - to control Coaxiality
122 Position - to control Symmetry
123 Position - Counterbores
124 Position - Fixed fasteners
125 Position - Floating fasteners
126 Position - Composite Method
129 Position - Coaxial Holes
130 Position - Composite Method
132 Position - Two Single Segments
134 Position - Virtual Condition
135 Position - Virtual Condition Gage
136 Position - Secondary and Tertiary Datums
137 Position - Secondary and Tertiary Datums Gage
138 Position - Without Projected Tolerance Zone
139 Position - With Projected Tolerance Zone
141 Concentricity - Definition
142 Concentricity - Tolerancing for Coaxiality
143 Runout - Definition
144 Circular Runout
146 Circular Runout - Multiple datum Features
147 Circular Runout applied to a Shoulder
148 Runout applied to a restrained Nonrigid Part

Glossary
Boundary, Inner. A worst case boundary (that is, locus) generated by the
smallest feature (MMC for an internal feature and LMC for an external feature)
minus the stated geometric tolerance and any additional geometric tolerance (if
applicable) from the feature’s departure from its specified material condition.
Boundary, Outer. A worst case boundary (that is, locus) generated by the largest
feature (LMC for an internal feature and MMC for an external feature) plus the
stated geometric tolerance and any additional geometric tolerance (if applicable)
from the feature’s departure from its specified material condition.
Datum. A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric
counterpart of a specified datum feature. A datum is the origin from which the
location or geometric characteristics of a feature of a part are established.
Datum Feature. An actual feature of a part that is used to establish a datum.
Datum Feature Simulator. A surface of adequately precise form (such as a
surface plate, gage surface, or a mandrel) contacting the datum feature(s) and used
to establish the simulated datum(s).
Datum, Simulated. A point, axis, or plane established by the processing or
inspection equipment, such as the following simulators: a surface plate, a gage
surface, or a mandrel.
Datum Target. A specified point, line, or area on a part used to establish a datum.
Dimension. A numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measure and
used to define the size, location, geometric characteristic, or surface texture of a
part or part feature.
Dimension, Basic. A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact
size. Profile, orientation, or location of a feature or datum target. It is the basis from
which permissible variations are established by tolerances on other dimensions, in
notes, or in feature control frames.
Dimension, Reference. A dimension usually without tolerance, used for
informational purposes only. A reference dimension is a repeat of a dimension or is
derived from other values shown on the drawing or on related drawings. It is
considered auxiliary information and does not govern production or inspection
operations.
Envelope, Actual Mating. This term is defined according to the type of feature,
as follows: (a) For an External Feature. A similar perfect feature counterpart of the
smallest size that can be circumscribed about the feature so that it just contacts the
surface at the highest points. For example, a smallest cylinder of perfect form or two
parallel planes of perfect form at minimum separation that just contact(s) the highest
points of the surface(s).

1
For features controlled by orientation or positional tolerances, the actual mating
envelope is oriented relative to the appropriate datum(s), for example, perpendicular
to a primary datum plane.
(b) For an Internal Feature. A similar perfect feature counterpart of the largest
size that can be inscribed within the feature so that it just contacts the surface at the
highest points. For example, a largest cylinder of perfect form of two parallel planes
of perfect form at maximum separation that just contact(s) the highest points of the
surface(s).
For features controlled by orientation or position tolerances, the actual mating
envelope is oriented relative to the appropriate datum(s).
Feature. The general term applied to a physical portion of a part, such as a
surface, pin, tab, hole, or slot.
Feature, Axis of. A straight line that coincides with the axis of the true geometric
counterpart of the specified feature.
Feature, Center Plane of. A straight line that coincides with the axis of the true
geometric counterpart of the specified feature.
Feature, Derived Median Plane of. An imperfect plane (abstract) that passes
though the center points of all segments bounded by the feature. These line
segments are normal to the actual mating envelope.
Feature, Derived Median Line of. An imperfect line (abstract) that passes
through the center points of all cross sections of the feature. These cross sections
are normal to the axis of the actual mating envelope. The cross section center points
are determined as per ANSI B89.3.1.
Feature of Size. One cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of opposed
elements or opposed parallel surfaces, each of which is associated with a size
dimension.
Full Indicator Movement (FIM). The total movement of an indicator when
appropriately applied to a surface to measure its variations.
Least Material Condition (LMC). The condition in which a feature contains the
least amount of material within the stated limits of size-for example, maximum hole
diameter, minimum shaft diameter.
Maximum Material condition (MMC). The condition in which a feature of size
contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size-for
example, the minimum hole diameter, maximum shaft diameter.
Plane, Tangent. A theoretically exact plane derived from the true geometric
counterpart of the specified feature surface.
Regardless of Feature Size (RFS). The term used to indicate that a geometric
tolerance or datum reference applies at any increment of size of the feature with in
its size tolerance.
2
Resultant condition. The variable boundary generated by the collective effects
of a size feature’s specified MMC or LMC material condition, the geometric
tolerance for the material condition, the size tolerance, and the additional geometric
tolerance derived from the feature’s departure form its specified material condition.
Size, Actual. The general term for the size of a produced part. This term
includes the actual mating size and the actual local sizes.
Size, Actual Local. The value of any individual distance at any cross section of
a feature.
Size, Actual Mating. The dimensional value of the actual; mating envelope.
Size, Limits Of. The specified maximum and minimum sizes.
Size, Nominal. The designation used for the purposes of general identification.
Size, Resultant Condition. The actual value of the resultant condition boundary.
Size, Virtual Condition. The actual value of the virtual condition envelope.
Tolerance. The total amount a specified dimension is permitted to vary. The
tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits.
Tolerance, Bilateral. A tolerance in which variation is permitted in both
directions from the specified dimension.
Tolerance, Geometric. The general term applied to a category of tolerances
used to control form, orientation, location, and runout.
Tolerance, Unilateral. A tolerance in which variation is permitted in one direction
from the specified dimension.
True Geometric Counterpart. The theoretically perfect boundary (virtual
condition or actual mating envelope) or best-fit (tangent) plane of a specified datum
feature.
True Position. The theoretically exact location of a feature established by basic
dimensions.
Virtual Condition. A constant boundary generated by the collective effects of a
size feature’s specified MMC or LMC material condition and the geometric tolerance
for that material condition.

3
Introduction
Symbols
Type of Geometric Characteristic
Tolerance and Symbol
Straightness
For Flatness
Individual Form
Features Circularity (Roundness)
Cylindricity
For Profile of a Line
Individual Profile
or Related
Features Profile of a Surface
Angularity
Orientation Perpendicularity
Parallelism
For
Related Position
Features Location Concentricity
Symmetry
Circular Runout *
Runout
Total Runout *
Modifiers
Maximum Material Least Material
Condition (MMC) Condition (LMC)
Projected Tolerance
Free State
Zone
Tangent Plane
©1997 Dimensional Control Systems * Runout symbols may be filled or not filled.
4
Introduction
Symbols
GD & T Symbols
$
' Target Point
Datum Feature
100 Basic Dimension
& A B C
Datum Target
'(
Feature Control Frame
Other Dimensioning Symbols
Diameter Radius
Spherical Diameter Controlled Radius
Reference Spherical Radius
Counterbore/
All Around ! Spotface
Conical Taper " Countersink
Slope % Depth
$ Square
Dimension Origin # Between
( Places or By 100
ARC Length
©1997 Dimensional Control Systems * Between symbol may be filled or not filled.
5
Introduction
Symbols
Target area size, where

Datum identifying letter
applicable
)
A '*
Datum
identifying Target
letter number
Datum Feature Symbol Datum Target Symbol
Tolerance
Geometric
characteristic
symbol
Basic Dimension Symbol Feature Control Frame
Geometric Datum
characteristic reference
Diameter symbol letter
symbol
+ '
+
Diameter
Material
symbol
condition
Material
symbol
condition Tolerance
symbol
Feature Control Frame
Feature Control Frame with Datum Reference

6
Introduction
Symbols
Primary multiple datum
+ ',-
One datum reference
Primary datum
Secondary datum
* ' -
Two datum references
Primary datum
Secondary datum
Tertiary datum
+ ' -
Three datum references
DATUM ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

7
Introduction
Symbols
Circular runout
Within a tolerance of 0.03 FIM *
When mounted on primary
datum feature A-B
+ ',-
* FIM = Full Indicator Movement
Position
Within a diameter of 0.24
At MMC
When located on primary datum feature A
And secondary datum feature B
At MMC
. ' -
Profile of a surface
Within a tolerance of 0.32
When located on primary datum feature A
Secondary datum feature B
And tertiary datum feature C
+ ' -

8
Introduction
Symbols
Pattern locating tolerance zone

(P.L.T. Z)
' -
'
Feature relating tolerance zone (F.R.T.Z.)
Composite Feature Control Frame
All around symbol
'
Symbol for all around
( '
Feature control frame and

Datum Feature Symbol
' -
Minimum height of projected

tolerance zone
Projected tolerance zone symbol
Feature Control Frame with Projected Tolerance Zone

9
Introduction
Symbols
2 (*
. '-
(+
)
( 00 &./ ±
/ '- +0
+ . &0
' -
*)1
.&±
.& ± + ' -
/±
' ±
( /±
± * °±(
°±(° 0/±
*& &0
'
10
Rule #1
INDIVIDUAL FEATURES
OF SIZE
Where only a tolerance of size is
specified, the limits of size of an
individual feature prescribe the extent to
which variations in its geometric form, as
well as size, are allowed.

11
Introduction
Boundary of Perfect Form at MMC
External Feature of Size
34 5 / 6 7 / 34 8/ 9 ': 57 ;
0/± +
2 8'7 / 34 5
/ . ./ <2
0 +
22
/ . ./ <2
0 +
22
/ . ./ <2
0 +
22
Configurations possible within the boundary of perfect form at MMC.

Must pass through an MMC gage bore.

12
Introduction
Boundary of Perfect Form at MMC
Internal Feature of Size
34 5 / 6 7 / 34 8/ 9 ': 57 ;
0± +
2 8'7 / 34 5
. .2 2
/ 0 +
<2
/ . ./ 2 2
0 +
<2
/ . ./ 2 2
0 +
<2
Configurations possible within the boundary of perfect form at MMC.

Must accept an MMC gage pin.
13
Rule #2
All Applicable
Geometric
Tolerances
RFS applies, with respect to the
individual tolerance, datum reference, or
both, where no modifying symbol is
specified. MMC or LMC must be
specified on the drawing where it is
required.
14
Introduction
Rule #2
Tolerances of Position
RFS is Implied
/6 / If applicable.
/ ( /± (
/ ' - 9
/ /± (
' -
9 /6 /
If applicable.
'

15
Introduction
Applicability of Modifiers
//// ////
/=
/=
* When used as a tolerance of location for a surface related to a sized

datum feature.
All Applicable Geometric Tolerances (Rule #2). RFS applies, with respect
to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no modifying
symbol is specified. MMC or LMC must be specified on the drawing where
it is required.
16
Screw Threads
Each tolerance of orientation or position and
datum reference specified for a screw thread
applies to the axis of the thread derived from
the pitch cylinder. Where an exception to this
practice is necessary, the specific feature of
the thread (such as MAJOR DIA or MINOR
DIA) shall be stated beneath the feature
control frame, or beneath or adjacent to the
datum feature symbol, as applicable.
Gears and Splines

Each tolerance of orientation or position and
datum reference specified for features other
than screw threads, such as gears and splines,
must designate the specific feature of the gear
or spline to which each applies (such as
MAJOR DIA, PITCH DIA, or MINOR DIA).
This information is stated beneath the feature
control frame or beneath the datum feature
symbol, as applicable.
17
Virtual Condition
The boundary generated by the
collective effects of the specified MMC
limit of size of a feature and any
applicable geometric tolerance. For
example, the MMC size of a shaft plus its
axial Straightness tolerance, or the MMC
size of a hole minus its Position
tolerance.
18
Straightness Tolerance
Virtual Condition
>
,
/ (/
(/ ? 5 3@ '</ 6 7 95356 7
19
Introduction
Virtual Condition
+ 0 &*
+
-
>
/ +
, +
/ ' -
'
29.7 = MMC
- 0.5 =Positional tolerance
29.2 = Virtual Condition
20
Introduction
Position Virtual Condition
3 @8
A 6 5356 7
A6 5-<8
<6 '356 7
6 B / 4 6 <8
& / ? 5 3@ '</ 6 7 95356 7
+ / 7 6 2 57 '</ 95'2 838 / 4 6 <8

, + / 36 <8 '7 8/ 6 B / 5C 8
& ./ 2 ' 52 @ 2 / 2 '38 5'</ 6 7 95356 7
, / A 6 5356 7 / 36 <8 '7 8
& / ? 5 3@ '</ 6 7 95356 7
21
Relationship between individual features
The limits of size do not control the orientation or location

relationship between individual features. Features shown
perpendicular, coaxial, or symmetrical to each other must be
controlled for location or orientation to avoid incomplete drawing
requirements.If it is necessary to establish a boundary of perfect
form at MMC to control the relationship between features, the
following methods are used.
(a) Specify a zero tolerance of orientation at MMC, including a
datum reference (at MMC if applicable), to control the angularity,
perpendicularity, or parallelism of the feature.
(b) Specify a zero tolerance at MMC, including a datum
reference (at MMC if applicable), to control the coaxiality or
symmetrical features.
(c) Indicate this control for the features involved by a note such
as PERFECT ORIENTATION (or COAXIALITY, or LOCATION OF
SYMMETRICAL FEATURES) AT MMC REQUIRED FOR
RELATED FEATURES.
(d) Relate dimensions to a datum reference frame by a local or
general note indicating datum precedence. The noted dimensions
define only the maximum material condition envelope related to the
datum reference frame defined by the datums.
22
Effect of RFS
Where a geometric tolerance is applied on an RFS basis, the
specified tolerance is independent of the actual size of the
considered feature. The tolerance is limited to the specified value
regardless of the actual size of the feature. Likewise, referencing a
datum feature on an RFS basis means that a centering about its
axis or center plane is necessary, regardless of the actual size of
the feature.
Effect of MMC
Where a geometric tolerance is applied on an MMC basis, the
allowed tolerance is dependent on the actual mating size of the
considered feature. The tolerance is limited to the specified value if
the feature is produced at its MMC limit of size. Where the actual
mating size of the feature has departed from MMC, an increase in
the tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of such departure. The
total permissible variation in the specific geometric characteristic is
maximum when the feature is at LMC. Likewise, referencing a
datum feature on an MMC basis means the datum is the axis or
center plane of the feature at the MMC limit. Where the actual
mating size envelope has departed from MMC, a deviation is
allowed between its axis or center plane and the axis or center
plane of the datum.
23
Effect of LMC
Where a positional tolerance is applied on an LMC basis, the
allowed tolerance is dependent on the actual mating size of the
considered feature. The tolerance is limited to the specified value if
the feature is produced at its LMC limit of size. Where the actual
mating size of the feature has departed from LMC, an increase in
the tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of such departure. The
total permissible variation in position is maximum when the feature
is at MMC. Likewise, referencing a datum feature on an LMC basis
means the datum is the axis or center plane of the feature at the
LMC limit. Where the actual mating size of the datum feature has
departed from LMC, a deviation is allowed between its axis or
center plane and the axis or center plane of the datum.
Effect of Zero Tolerance at MMC

Where a tolerance of position or orientation is applied on a zero
tolerance at MMC basis, the tolerance is totally dependant on the
actual mating size of the considered feature. No tolerance of
position or orientation is allowed if the feature is produced at its
MMC limit of size; and in this case, it must be located at true
position or be perfect in orientation, as applicable. Where the actual
mating size of the considered feature has departed from MMC, a
tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of such departure. The
total permissible variation in position or orientation is maximum
when its feature is at LMC, unless a maximum is specified.
24
Datum
A theoretical exact point, axis or plane
derived from the true geometric
counterpart of a specified datum feature. A
datum is the origin from which the location
or geometric characteristics of a feature of
a part are established.
25
Datums
Six Degrees of Freedom
D':
6 3'356 7
B 6 8/ E
'B 3
598/ 36
598
A 53 4
6 3'356 7
6 <<
6 3'356 7
@ A / E / 96 : 7
An unrestrained object has six degrees of freedom. The six degrees of freedom
are: up and down; roll rotation; pitch rotation; side to side; yaw rotation; and
fore and aft. Before an operation can be performed or the workpiece can be
inspected, it must be restrained in all six degrees of freedom.
26
Datums
Six Degrees of Freedom
Minimum three
points of
contact.
Primary datum stops up and down movement and roll and pitch
rotations of the work piece.
Minimum two
points of
contact.
Secondary datum stops side to side movement and yaw rotation

of the work piece.
Minimum one
point of
contact.
Tertiary datum stops fore and aft movement of the work piece.
27
Datums
Datum Reference Frame
Datum Planes
Theoritical datum reference frame consists of three mutually perpendicular

planes. Measurements are taken normal to the datum planes.
28
Datum Feature
An actual feature of a part that is used to
establish a datum.
A datum feature is selected on the basis
of its relationship to the toleranced feature
and the requirements of the design. To
ensure proper assembly, corresponding
interfacing features of mating parts are
selected as datum features. Datum
features should be accessible on the part
and be of sufficient size to permit its use.
Datum features must be readily
discernable on the part.
29
Datums
Datum Features
'
Single Surface
Multiple Surfaces
'
2 Surfaces
Feature of Size
'
30
Datums
Magnified Datum,
Datum Feature & Fixture
Theoretically exact datum plane
Part Datum feature
Simulated
datum
Fixture
Minimum of three point contact establishes primary datum
31
Datums
External Primary Datum Feature
RFS
'
Simulated datum - smallest

circumscribed circle
Part
Datum axis
32
Datums
Internal Primary Datum Feature
RFS
'
Simulated datum - largest

inscribed cylinder
Datum axis Part
33
Datums
Cylindrical Datum Feature
. .
'
(& * (& *
(& *
(& *
.
-
0
.& 0
0 / 0 ,0
/ + ' -
Datum axis
Y
X
First datum plane
Note: This drawing is intentionally incomplete. A complete drawing would

include a form tolerance on the primary datum, an orientation tolerance on the
secondary datum and a position tolerance on the tertiary datum, as applicable.
34
Datums
Angular Orientation
+/ /)
; 8' : 6 6 9 @ BB
F 8D
'7 F ,
4 'B 3
The angular rotation of the four hole pattern is

important in relation to the keyway. In order to
assure the proper angular relationship of the
hole pattern, the keyway is specified as the
tertiary datum feature.
35
Datums
Angular Orientation
)
*( *(
+
+
*(
*(
(( (
* ( 00 '
-
/ ( ' -
Based on the analysis of figure on page 35, the surface at the right side of the
gear is selected as the primary datum feature, the bore is designated as the
secondary datum feature, and the keyway is the tertiary datum feature.
Note: This drawing is intentionally incomplete. A complete drawing would include a form
tolerance on the primary datum, an orientation tolerance on the secondary datum and a
position tolerance on the tertiary datum, as applicable.
36
Datums
Datum Reference Frame
Datum
feature B
Datum
feature C
Datum
feature A
Datum features
Simulated
Simulated datum A
datum B
Simulated
datum C
Simulated datums
Datum axis B
Datum
plane A
Datum
reference
frame
Datum center
plane C
Datum planes and axis

and datum reference frame
37
Datums
Datum Sequence and Material Condition
(& 0
* /* /, * +
/ + = = '
/ + -' / + ' -
Simulated Simulated
datum datum
plane A plane A
Secondary
Datum Primary
datum
axis B Datum datum
feature A
axis B feature A
Simulated
Simulated
primary
secondary
datum B
datum B
Simulated
datum
/ + ' - plane A
Primary
Datum datum
axis B feature A
Simulated
secondary
datum B
Note: This drawing is intentionally incomplete. A complete drawing would include a form tolerance
on the primary datum, an orientation tolerance on the secondary datum and a position tolerance
on the tertiary datum, as applicable.
38
Datums
Primary Datums - RFS
Simulated datum '

parallel planes at
minimum separation Part
EXTERNAL DATUMS
'
Simulated datum
parallel planes at
Part maximum separation
INTERNAL DATUMS
39
Datums
Secondary/Tertiary - RFS
( ' -
'
) °
0/ '
& -
+ /
0 &
Part / + /' -
Datum axis B
Simulated datum C is parallel
planes at maximum separation
perpendicular to Datum plane A.
Center plane aligned with datum
axis B.
Simulated datum feature B is the largest

inscribed cylinder perpendicular to datum
plane A.
Part
Datum plane A
40
Datums
Secondary/Tertiary - MMC
( ' -
'
1 (
) °
)1
0 '
& -
+
0 &
+ ' -
Part
Datum axis B
Simulated datum C is the virtual
condition width perpendicular
to datum plane A. Center plane is
aligned with datum axis B.
Simulated datum feature B is the virtual

condition cylinder perpendicular to datum
plane A.
Part
Datum plane A
41
Datums
Stepped Datum Feature
0 )
'
Part
0 )
Gage
42
Datums
Functional Analysis
Tertiary mounting
feature
CRANKSHAFT
M8 BOLTS (5)
PULLEY
ADAPTOR
Primary mounting
feature
Secondary mounting
feature
43
DATUM VIRTUAL
CONDITION
Depending on whether it is used as a primary,

secondary, or tertiary datum, a virtual condition
exists for a datum feature of size where it’s axis
or center plane is controlled by a geometric
tolerance. In such a case, the datum feature
applies at its virtual condition even though it is
referenced in a feature control frame at MMC.
44
DATUM TARGET
A specified point, line, or area on a part used to

establish a datum.
45
Datums
Datum Targets for Primary Datum Axis
' '+
')
++ * ( *
'
' ' '+ ')
' ( ° ( °
'* '(
'( '*
Circular datum target line
Cylindrical datum
-( '( target area
'
-
). )
46
Datums
Primary Established from Three Targets
Secondary Equalized from Two
Target Points and Two Target Lines
+* ) &) )
-*
'(
-(
'+
* ° (+
* ° (+
-
' -+
-+ -*
-( - (
' (0
&
'+
'( '
Note: Datum plane B is established by

datum targets B1, B2, B3, and B4
47
Datums
Datum Target Point
&( 9(
(0 )
OR
&( (0 )
9(
9(
Point of contact
basic location
48
Datums
Datum Target Line
&( 9(
9(
Part
Locating Pin
49
Datums
Datum Target Area
)+ ( (
9+
(
9(
( +
(
9
Area contacts D1, D2, & D3
Datum surface
Datum plane D
50
Form Tolerances
Form tolerances are applicable to single

(individual) features or elements of single
features; therefore, form tolerances are not
related to datums.
51
Straightness
A straightness tolerance specifies a

tolerance zone within which the considered
element or derived median line must lie.
52
Form
Straightness
Applied to Line Elements of a Cylinder
This on the drawing

*
*
, +
Means this
* 22
Allows the axis of the cylinder to bow within the

boundary of perfect form at MMC
* 22
*/ wide tolerance zone
* 22
Allows either “barrel” or “hourglass” shape within

the limits of size.
53
Form
Straightness
Applied to a Cylindrical
Feature of Size RFS
This on the Drawing

/ *
, +
/
Straightness tolerance applies RFS unless modified
Means this
/ * / actual size
* . Outer boundary
and feature boundary
0.2 diameter tolerance zone
The axis of the feature must fall within a 0.2 diameter cylinder
regardless of feature size.
As the feature departs from MMC, the tolerance remains 0.2, but
the allowable feature boundary is equal to the actual size plus the
0.2 tolerance.
54
Form
Straightness
Feature of Size at MMC
This on the Drawing *

, +
Means This
* ./ Virtual condition
and attribute gage diameter
Feature Diameter tolerance

diameter zone allowed
24.50 0.20
24.45 0.25
24.40 0.30
24.35 0.35
24.30 0.40
24.25 0.45
24.20 0.50
55
Form
Straightness
Feature of Size on a Unit Basis RFS
This on the Drawing *

, +
/
/ (G
0+
Means This
/ * . / outer boundary
/ (/ tolerance zone
in each 25 mm length
Straightness on a unit basis prevents abrupt change in form. Limit on

tolerance should be specified on features of greater length to prevent
relatively large theoretical variations that may result. Straightness on a
unit basis is also applicable when the tolerance has been modified to
apply at MMC.
56
Form
Straightness
Applied to A Surface
Interpretation
* wide
tolerance zone
Straightness tolerance applies in the view where the element to be

controlled is represented by a straight line.
Straightness tolerance does not control orientation of the controlled

surface. Surface must also be within the limits of size.
57
Flatness
A flatness tolerance specifies a
tolerance defined by two parallel
planes within which the surface
must lie.
58
Form
Flatness
This on the Drawing
+ ) + )/ ±
Means This
wide
tolerance zone
Surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.2 apart and must be
within the limits of size. Therefore, the limits of size must be greater
than the flatness tolerance.
Flatness may be specified on a unit basis the same as straightness.
59
Circularity
A circularity (roundness) tolerance
specifies a tolerance zone bounded
by two concentric circles within
which each circular element of the
surface must lie, and applies
independently at any plane.
60
Form
Circularity
Applied to a Cylinder
This on the drawing
0
0
Means This
wide
tolerance
zone
A
Section A-A A
Each circular element of the surface in any plane perpendicular to a

common axis must be within the tolerance of size. Circular elements
must also lie between two concentric circles, one having a radius
0.05 larger than the other.
61
Form
Circularity
Applied to a Cone
This on the drawing
Means this
/ wide
tolerance
zone
A
Section A-A A

common axis must be within the tolerance of size. Each element must
also lie between two concentric circles, one having a radius 0.05 larger
than the other.
62
Form
Circularity
Applied to a Sphere
//
This on the drawing
Means This
/ wide
tolerance
zone A
A
SECTION A-A

common center must be within the tolerance of size. Each element
must also lie between two concentric circles, one having a radius
63
Form
Circularity
Applied with an average diameter
( / '? ;
This on the drawing (* /
/(
Means this
/ () /(
/ (* / (+
Average diameter = Average diameter =
() / >/ (* ( / >/ (+ H / (*
H /(
Both extremes are shown, but cannot occur in the same cross section.
64
Cylindricity
A cylindricity tolerance specifies a
tolerance zone bounded by two
concentric cylinders within which
the surface must lie.
65
Form
Cylindricity
This on the drawing
/ 0
0
Means this
wide
tolerance A
zone
A
SECTION A-A
The cylindrical surface must be within the specified tolerance of size

and must lie between two concentric cylinders, one having a radius
66
Orientation
Tolerances
Angularity, parallelism,
perpendicularity and in some
instances, profile are orientation
tolerances applicable to related
features.
67
Parallelism
A parallelism tolerance zone may
be:
(a) the distance between two
parallel planes;
(b) the distance between two
parallel lines;
(c) a cylindrical tolerance zone
parallel to one or more datum
planes or a datum axis, within
which the considered feature, line
element of the surface or axis of the
feature must lie.
68
Orientation
Parallelism
Applied to a Plane Surface
This on the drawing
// /'
+) +
+* +
'
Means this
wide tolerance zone
Parallel
Datum plane A simulated by

the gaging equipment.
The toleranced surface must lie between parallel planes 0.5 apart, and
must be within the 34.3-36.3 size limits.
69
Orientation
Parallelism
Applied to an axis
Feature and Datum Feature RFS
This on the drawing
&) )1
'
.
.
( '
Means this
( wide tolerance
Datum axis A zone
Parallel
Allowable
orientation
of feature
axis
When no modifier is present, the toleranced feature and datum

feature apply RFS
70
Orientation
Parallelism
Applied to an axis
Feature MMC and Datum Feature RFS
This on the drawing
&) )1
.
.
'
( '
Means this ( wide tolerance

Datum zone at MMC
axis A Allowable
Parallel
orientation
of feature
axis at
MMC
When no modifier is present, the datum feature apply RFS
71
Orientation
Parallelism
Applied to an axis
Feature MMC and Datum Feature RFS
tolerance Interpretation
Datum axis A
Allowable
orientation
of feature
axis at MMC
Feature Diameter
size tolerance zone
permitted
20.700 (MMC) 0.15

20.701 0.151
20.702 0.152
20.703 0.153
20.721 0.171
20.722 (LMC) 0.172
As the feature size departs from MMC, an increase in the parallelism tolerance
is permitted equal to the departure. This departure is called “bonus” tolerance.
72
Perpendicularity
A perpendicularity tolerance zone may be:
(a) the distance between two parallel planes;

(b) the distance between two parallel lines;
(c) a cylindrical tolerance zone perpendicular
to one or more datum planes or a datum axis,
within which the considered feature, line
element of the surface or axis of the feature
must lie.
73
Orientation
These surfaces must be

square within 0.12
Coordinate System
74
Orientation
/ ( '
'
GD&T system
75
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Applied to a Surface
This on the drawing
/ /'
'
Means this
Permissible orientation of the surface.
wide tolerance zone.
90°
Datum plane A
The surface must lie between parallel planes 0.25 apart which are
perpendicular to datum plane A.
76
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Applied to a Median Plane
This on the drawing
/ '
'
Means this
0.25 wide tolerance zone.
Permissible
orientation
of feature
Datum plane A.
center plane.
The feature center plane must fall between parallel planes 0.25 apart
which are perpendicular to datum plane A regardless of feature size.
77
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Applied to an Axis RFS.
This on the drawing
' -
/ / ',
',-/
Means this 0.25 wide tolerance zone.
The feature axis must fall between two parallel planes 0.25 apart, which are
perpendicular to the axis of datum feature A. Both the tolerance of 0.25 and
the datum feature apply RFS.
78
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Applied to a Shoulder- Line Elements.
This on the drawing
/'
Each radial element.
'
Means this
Each radial element on the surface must fall between parallel lines 0.25
apart, which are perpendicular to datum axis A.Datum feature A applies RFS.
79
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Applied to a Feature of Size RFS.
This on the drawing

/ + '
36.4 0
-0.3
'
Means this Permissible orientation

of feature axis.
Datum plane A
Feature height
0.3 diameter
tolerance zone.
The feature axis must lie within a cylinder 0.3 in diameter which is perpendicular
to datum plane A.The tolerance applies regardless of the size of the feature.
80
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Applied to a Feature of a Size at MMC.
(
This on the drawing
(( .
/ + '
'
Means this
Datum
plane A
Feature
height
Feature Diameter
Size tolerance zone
permitted
12 0.3
11.95 0.35
Permissible 11.9 0.4
orientation 11.85 0.45
of feature 11.8 0.5
axis. 11.75 0.55
11.7 0.6
81
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Applied to a Feature of Size
Tolerance of Zero at MMC.
This on the drawing
'
+
+ * &0
/ /'
Means this
Permissible orientation
of feature axis.
Datum plane A
Diameter
Feature tolerance zone
size. permitted
34.98 0
34.99 0.01
35.00 0.02
82
Angularity
A angularity tolerance zone may be:
(a) the distance between two parallel planes;

(b) the distance between two parallel lines;
(c) a cylindrical tolerance zone parallel to
one or more datum planes or a datum axis,
within which the considered feature, line
element of the surface or axis of the feature
must lie.
83
Orientation
+ I/ 1 / (I
Coordinate system
84
Orientation
(+
'
+ I
/ (+ / ' -
GD&T system
85
Orientation
Angularity
Applied to a Plane Surface.
This on the drawing
'
- / + /' - I
Means this
+ I
Datum plane A
Datum plane B
of actual surface.
The toleranced surface must fall between parallel planes 0.35 apart when
located on datum planes A and B. Vertex must be within the limits of
location.
86
Orientation
Angularity
Applied to an axis - Feature RFS .
This on the drawing
. I
'
/ + /'
Means this
. I
+
Datum plane A
of feature axis.
The feature axis must fall between parallel planes 0.35 apart when located
on datum plane A. Axis must be within the tolerance of location.
87
Orientation
Angularity
Cylindrical Tolerance Zone - RFS .
This on the drawing
. I
'
/ + '/ -
-/
Means this
. I
Datum plane B Datum plane A
of feature axis.
The axis of the feature must lie within a 0.35 diameter cylindrical tolerance
zone. Axis must be within the tolerance of location.
88
Profile of a Line
The tolerance zone established by the

profile of a line tolerance is two
dimensional, extending along the length
of the considered feature.
89
Profile of a Line.
Interpretation:
0.25 wide tolerance zone
is equally disposed about
the basic profile.
Interpretation:
is entirely inside the part
as defined by the basic profile.
Interpretation:
is entirely outside the part
as defined by the basic profile.
Profile must be defined by basic dimensions.
90
Profile of a Line.
This on the drawing

/ ' -
-
/ #/ D
(*
D
+. &
1
(& 0
1
' . )( 1
+& &
Means this
Datum plane B
Datum plane B
0.25 wide tolerance
zone.
(* (*
(*
>
+0 *
+. * > + >
(& +
. .
+& & +& &
Each line element of the surface between points X and Y, at any cross section,
must lie between two profile boundaries 0.25 apart in relation to datum
planes A and B, and must be within the specified limits of size.
91
Profile of a Surface
The tolerance zone established by the profile

of a surface tolerance is three dimensional,
extending along the length and (or)
circumference of the considered feature
or features.
92
Applied to Basic Contour
Bilateral Tolerance Zone.
This on the drawing
/ (/ '/ -
9
9
'
1 wide tolerance zone

Means this equally disposed about
the basic profile.
Actual profile.
Datum plane A Basic profile relative

to datum planes A
Datum plane B and B.
Basic profile would be located relative to datum planes A and B with

either toleranced or basic dimensions. Basic profile must be defined by
basic (untoleranced) dimensions.
93
Unilateral Inboard Tolerance Zone.
This on the drawing
/ (/ ' -
#9
9
'
Means this
unilaterally inside from
the basic profile.
Actual profile.

to datum planes A

either toleranced or basic dimensions. Basic profile must be defined
by basic (untoleranced) dimensions.
94
Unilateral Outboard Tolerance Zone.
This on the drawing
/ (/ '/ -
9
9
'

Means this unilaterally outside of
the basic profile.
Actual profile.

to datum planes A

either toleranced or basic dimensions. Basic profile must be defined
by basic (untoleranced) dimensions.
95
Bilateral Tolerance Unequal Distribution.
This on the drawing
/+/' -
#9 9
'
Means this
(
1 wide tolerance zone unequally

disposed as indicated.
Actual
profile.

to datum planes A
Basic profile would be located relative to datum planes A and B with either
toleranced or basic dimensions. Basic profile must be defined by
basic (untoleranced) dimensions.
96
Applied to Coplanar Surfaces.
This on the drawing
/ (
3 surfaces.
Means this
0.12 tolerance zone.
Each surface must fall between two common parallel planes 0.12 apart.
All points on each individual surface must fall within the tolerance zone.
97
Applied to Stepped Surfaces.
This on the drawing
/ (
2 surfaces.
( *
Means this
( *
0.12 tolerance zone.
Each surface must fall between two parallel planes 0.12 apart at each
elevation of the checking fixture or CMM. The basic dimension applies
to a step in the gaging equipment to simulate a common plane, and
not an allowable dimension between the ends of the part as produced.
98
Applied to a Plane Surface.
/ + / '/ -
This on the drawing
2 surfaces.
/* I
/ - *
'
Means this
0.3 wide
0.3 wide tolerance
tolerance zone.
zone.
* I
Datum
axis A
Datum
plane B
The surface must fall between parallel planes which are basically located,
orientated and equally disposed about a true plane relative to datum axis A
and datum Plane B.
99
Typical Applications.
' / )/ '
/48
/ (/ '
( / J@' 8 / )/ '/ -
/(
-
'
/ */ '/ - * ' -
9
9#8 -
' '
100
Composite Profile
Composite profile refines the form,

orientation (attitude) and in some cases the
size of the feature within the limits of the
larger profile locating zone.
101
Composite Method.
/' - Location & Orientation

( Form
Feature relating tolerance zone controls the basic profile to datum features
A, B and C. The lower callout controls the form of the surface. It is the
comparison of the toleranced surface to a perfect counterpart of itself.
2.0 tolerance zone 1.0 tolerance zone

Actual surface
Basic profile.
Surface must fall within both tolerance zones, and may use entire
upper zone. Lower frame controls the form only.
102
Composite Method.
/ '- Location,Orientation,Form
G Rate of Change
Feature relating tolerance zone controls the basic profile to datum features
A, B and C. The lower callout controls the rate of change.
Actual
surface
D 2.0 tolerance
Basic profile. zone
The actual surface must fall within the 2.0 tolerance zone. The difference
between X and Y cannot exceed 0.2. Measurements are taken at random 50
increments.
103
Composite Method.
/ '/ - Location
( / '/ - Orientation & Form
Profile locating tolerance zone controls the basic profile to datum features
A, B and C. The lower callout controls the form,orientation (attitude) and in
some cases the size of the feature. Measurements, in the lower callout, are
taken basically oriented to, but not dimensionally from the datums.
2.0 tolerance zone

1.0 tolerance zone
Actual surface.
Basic profile.
The lower tolerance zone is free to move within the upper tolerance zone, but
must always move parallel to the upper zone.
104
Profile of a Surface.
'( '
/ ( */ ' - Location, Orientation, Form
( */ ' - Location, Orientation, Form

G Rate of Change
( */ ' - Location, Orientation

-
Form
( ' - Location, Orientation, Form

G Rate of Change
Unilaterally inboard
( ' - Location, Orientation, Form
G Rate of Change
Unilaterally outboard
/' - Location
( ' - Orientation, Form
'+
, . > .
(*
G
(+
((
105
Using the information below, determine which of the measured parts
satisfy the profile callouts 1-7
Part “A” Part “B” Part “C”

+0.7 +0.3 +0.7 (*
+0.3 +0.2 +0.5 (+

-
-0.1 0.0 +0.4 (+
-0.5 -0.2 +0.2 (
0.0 0.0 +0.3 (
+0.1 +0.1 +0.4 ((
-0.4 +0.2 +0.7 ((
+0.4 +0.3 +0.7 (
-0.5 +0.1 +0.5 (
-0.7 -0.1 +0.7 &
IN OUT
1) (* ' - Positon Form & Attitude 5) . ' - Positon Form & Attitude
G Rate of Change
2)
(* ' - Positon Form & Attitude
Unilaterally out
G Rate of Change
3) (* ' - Position Only . ' - Position Only

6)
' - Form & Attitude Only ' - Form & Attitude Only
4) Unilaterally out
( ' - Positon Form & Attitude
Unequal Bilateral
Position Only
(* ' -
+ 7) ' - Form & Attitude Only
( G Rate of Change
106
Positional Tolerance
A positional tolerance defines a zone within

which the center, axis or center plane
of a feature of size is permitted to vary from
true (theoretically exact) position. Basic
dimensions establish the true position from
the specified datum features and between
interrelated features.
107
Location
Position
Coordinate Method.
/( > +
,
Tolerance zone
( 1
( 1
108
Location
Position
> +
/(
,
(* ' -
Tolerance zone
(
-
'
109
Location
Position
Tolerance Zones
1 (
1 ( 0
Coordinate Position
Tolerance Tolerance
Zone Zone
57% Greater
Tolerance Zone
Coordinate & Position

Zones Compared
110
Location
Position
Tolerance Zones at MMC
Axis of hole at true position.
Cylindrical tolerance zone.

& I/ (MMC positional zone)
Axis of hole
coincidental with
true position axis.
Primary datum.
MMC hole..
True positional axis.
Axis of hole.
& I/ Extreme positional variation.
Axis of hole located

at extreme position
of tolerance zone.
Primary datum.
True positional axis.
Extreme attitude
variation.
Axis of hole.
& I/
Axis of hole inclined
to extreme attitude
within tolerance zone.
Primary datum.
111
Location
Position
Bonus Positional Tolerance as
Feature Departs from MMC
MMC tolerance zone.
Bonus tolerance zone

MMC zone increased by
amount feature departs
from MMC.
True position.
MMC hole.
Actual hole
(larger than MMC).
112
Location
Position
Datum Feature at MMC
.)
/. I
/ (+ >
/ +/ ' -
'
- +
+ * &0

include a form tolerance on the primary datum, an orientation tolerance
on the secondary datum and a position tolerance on the tertiary datum,
as applicable.
113
Location
Position
Feature & Datum Feature RFS.
.)
/. I
/ (+ >
// + ' -
'
- +
+ * &0

include a form tolerance on the primary datum, an orientation tolerance on
the secondary datum and a position tolerance on the tertiary datum,
as applicable.
114
Location
Position
Hole Patterns at MMC.
* / (* > )
. / '/ -/
+ (
(* -
)( (
'
Clearance hole Positional tolerance

diameter diameter permitted
14 (MMC) 0.7
14.1 0.8
14.15 0.85
14.2 0.9
14.6 (LMC) 1.3
115
Location
Position
- + .
' -
* / 01
' - '
/ (/ /
MMC
LMC
Is the Part Acceptable Yes No

Hole Actual Positional Tolerance Hole Location Position Tol
Size Extra Total (y) From B (x) From C (see chart)
A 8.4 24.4 30.3
B 8.2 25.3 100.4
C 7.8 74.5 29.4
D 7.5 75.5 100.4
116
CONVERSION CHART
66 957 '38/ 36 <8 '7 8/ 36 / A 6 5356 7 '</ 36 <8 '7 8
C ' 3@ '</ <6 '356 7

3 @ 8/ A 6 5356 7
9'3@ 2
FORMULA
C/H / >D
0.50 1.001 1.003 1.007 1.013 1.020 1.028 1.038 1.050 1.063 1.077 1.093 1.109 1.127 1.146 1.166 1.187 1.209 1.232 1.256 1.281 1.306
0.48 0.961 0.963 0.967 0.973 0.981 0.990 1.000 1.012 1.025 1.040 1.056 1.073 1.092 1.111 1.132 1.154 1.176 1.200 1.224 1.250 1.276
0.46 0.921 0.923 0.928 0.934 0.941 0.951 0.962 0.974 0.988 1.003 1.020 1.038 1.057 1.077 1.098 1.121 1.144 1.168 1.193 1.219 1.246
0.44 0.881 0.884 0.888 0.894 0.902 0.912 0.923 0.936 0.951 0.967 0.984 1.002 1.022 1.043 1.065 1.088 1.112 1.137 1.163 1.189 1.217
0.42 0.841 0.844 0.849 0.855 0.863 0.874 0.885 0.899 0.914 0.930 0.948 0.967 0.988 1.010 1.032 1.056 1.081 1.106 1.133 1.160 1.188
0.40 0.801 0.804 0.809 0.816 0.825 0.835 0.848 0.862 0.877 0.894 0.913 0.933 0.954 0.977 1.000 1.024 1.050 1.076 1.103 1.131 1.160
0.38 0.761 0.764 0.769 0.777 0.786 0.797 0.810 0.825 0.841 0.859 0.878 0.899 0.921 0.944 0.968 0.994 1.020 1.047 1.075 1.103 1.133
0.36 0.721 0.724 0.730 0.738 0.747 0.759 0.773 0.788 0.805 0.824 0.844 0.865 0.888 0.912 0.937 0.963 0.990 1.018 1.047 1.076 1.106
'356 7
0.34 0.681 0.685 0.691 0.699 0.709 0.721 0.735 0.752 0.769 0.789 0.810 0.832 0.856 0.881 0.907 0.934 0.962 0.990 1.020 1.050 1.081
0.32 0.641 0.645 0.651 0.660 0.671 0.684 0.699 0.716 0.734 0.755 0.777 0.800 0.825 0.850 0.877 0.905 0.934 0.963 0.994 1.024 1.056
0.30 0.601 0.605 0.612 0.621 0.632 0.646 0.662 0.680 0.700 0.721 0.744 0.768 0.794 0.821 0.849 0.877 0.907 0.937 0.968 1.000 1.032
0.28 0.561 0.566 0.573 0.582 0.595 0.609 0.626 0.645 0.666 0.688 0.712 0.738 0.764 0.792 0.821 0.850 0.881 0.912 0.944 0.977 1.010
,D, <6
0.26 0.522 0.526 0. 534 0.544 0.557 0.573 0.591 0.611 0.632 0.656 0.681 0.708 0.737 0.764 0.794 0.825 0.856 0.888 0.921 0.954 0.988
0.24 0.482 0.487 0.495 0.506 0.520 0.537 0.556 0.577 0.600 0.625 0.651 0.679 0.708 0.738 0.768 0.800 0.832 0.865 0.899 0.933 0.967
0.22 0.442 0.447 0.456 0.468 0.483 0.501 0.522 0.544 0.569 0.595 0.622 0.651 0.681 0.712 0.744 0.777 0.810 0.844 0.878 0.913 0.948
0.20 0.402 0.408 0.418 0.431 0.447 0.466 0.488 0.512 0.538 0.566 0.595 0.625 0.656 0.688 0.721 0.755 0.789 0.824 0.859 0.894 0.930
0.18 0.362 0.369 0.379 0.394 0.412 0.433 0.456 0.482 0.509 0.538 0.569 0.600 0.632 0.666 0.700 0.734 0.769 0.805 0.841 0.877 0.914
0.16 0.322 0.330 0.342 0.358 0.377 0.400 0.425 0.453 0.482 0.512 0.544 0.577 0.611 0.645 0.680 0.716 0.752 0.788 0.825 0.862 0.899
0.14 0.283 0.291 0.305 0.322 0.344 0.369 0.396 0.425 0.456 0.488 0.522 0.556 0.591 0.626 0.662 0.699 0.735 0.773 0.810 0.848 0.885
0.12 0.243 0.253 0.268 0.288 0.312 0.339 0.369 0.400 0.433 0.466 0.501 0.537 0.573 0.609 0.646 0.684 0.721 0.759 0.797 0.835 0.874
0.10 0.204 0.215 0.233 0.256 0.283 0.312 0.344 0.377 0.412 0.447 0.483 0.520 0.557 0.595 0.632 0.671 0.709 0.747 0.786 0.825 0.863
0.08 0.165 0.179 0.200 0.226 0.256 0.288 0.322 0.358 0.394 0.431 0.468 0.506 0.544 0.582 0.621 0.660 0.699 0.738 0.777 0.816 0.855
0.06 0.126 0.144 0.170 0.200 0.233 0.268 0.305 0.342 0.379 0.418 0.456 0.495 0.534 0.573 0.612 0.651 0.691 0.730 0.769 0.809 0.849
0.04 0.089 0.113 0.144 0.179 0.215 0.253 0.291 0.330 0.369 0.408 0.447 0.487 0.526 0.566 0.605 0.645 0.685 0.724 0.764 0.804 0.844
0.02 0.057 0.089 0.126 0.165 0.204 0.243 0.283 0.322 0.362 0.402 0.442 0.482 0.522 0.561 0.601 0.641 0.681 0.721 0.761 0.801 0.841
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42
©1997 Dimensional Control Systems , , <6 '356 7

117
Location
Position
Hole Patterns Zero Tolerance at MMC
* / / (* >( +
/ ' -
+ (
-
(*
)( (
'
Clearance Hole Positional tolerance

diameter diameter permitted
14 (MMC) 0
14.1 0.1
14.15 0.15
14.2 0.2
15.3 (LMC) 1.3

the secondary datum and a position tolerance on the tertiary datum, as
applicable.
118
Location
Position
Bonus Positional Tolerance as
Feature Departs from LMC
LMC tolerance zone.
Bonus tolerance zone

LMC zone increased by
amount feature departs
from LMC.
Actual hole
True position. (smaller than
LMC).
LMC hole.
119
Location
Position
Applied at LMC
/+( >
/ ' -
+ 0
/ (. 0 +
, .
'
-
(/ ' -
Both features at LMC Both features at MMC

Boss diameter LMC 31.5 Boss diameter MMC 33.5
LMC tolerance - 2 Bonus tolerance - 2
Virtual condition 29.5 LMC tolerance - 2
Virtual condition 29.5
Hole diameter LMC 17.5
LMC tolerance + 1 Hole diameter MMC 16.75
Virtual condition 18.5 Bonus tolerance + 0.75
LMC tolerance + 1
Boss virtual cond 29.5 Virtual condition 18.5
Hole virtual cond - 18.5
2X min wall 11/2 Boss virtual cond 29.5
Min wall = 5.5 Hole virtual cond - 18.5
2X min wall 11/2
Min wall = 5.5

120
Location
Position
to Control Coaxiality
>
/ (
'
/+
,
'
Interpretation
Max allowable positional tolerance.
Toleranced Datum feature sizes

feature
sizes 21.2 21.15 21.1 21.05 21
35 0. 5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
34.9 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
34.8 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
34.7 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
34.6 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1
34.5 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
121
Location
Position
to Control Symmetry
This on the drawing

(+ . / , (*
- / )/ '/ - '
Means this.
0.6 wide
The center plane of datum tolerance
feature B is perpendicular zone.
to datum plane A.
Datum plane A.
The center plane of the slot must lie between parallel planes 0.6 apart,
regardless of feature size. The toleranced zone is equally disposed about the
center plane of datum B.

as applicable.
122
Location
Position
Counterbores
This on the drawing

) / /0 . /, &
' .)
/ + / '/ -
!/ /( 0 ,(+ / %/ . ),
),0
/ /
6X individually
6X individually
Permissible location
Means this.
of counterbore axis.
Hole at Datum axis C

MMC.
0.2 dia positional
tolerance zone at MMC.

123
Location
Position
Fixed Fasteners
+ (
-
(*
)( (
> )
* (*
Holes in this part
// ( / '/ - are clearance holes..
'
Holes in this
2( part are threaded.
// ( /' -
Position tolerance calculation MMC hole 14
MMC fastener -12
MMC clearance 2/2
Position tolerance 1

as applicable.
124
Location
Position
Floating Fasteners
+ (
-
(*
)( (
> )
* / / (*
// / '/ - Both Plates.
'
Holes in both parts

are clearance holes..
Position tolerance calculation MMC hole 14

MMC fastener -12
Position tolerance 2

applicable.
125
Location
Position
Composite Method
>
) / /
. / ' -
/ '
) /) I
&)
-
' ( + +
>
+ / /
. / /' -
/ /'

applicable.
126
Location
Position
Composite Method
. /' - Interpretation of pattern-locating

callout.
Actual axis.
True position
Pattern locating
relative to datum 15 from
tolerance zone.
reference frame. datum B
15 from
datum C + +
Axis holes must lie within 0.75 dia pattern-locating tolerance zones,
which are basically located relative to the datum reference frame.
Interpretation of feature relating

callout.
/'
Actual axis.
+
+
Feature relating
tolerance zone.
Axis holes must also lie within 0.25 dia feature-relating tolerance zones, which are
basically related to each other and basically orientated to datum plane A.
127
Location
Position
Composite Method
0.75 pattern locating

tolerance zone.
Datum plane A.
& I
Axis of hole. True position axis.
Pattern- locating tolerance zone with hole near its

maximum positional shift.
0.25 feature- relating

Datum plane A. tolerance zone.
& I
Axis of hole.
True position axis.
Feature-relating tolerance zone with hole at its maximum allowable angle

relative to datum plane A.
Verifications must be made independently.

128
Position Tolerancing
Composite Method
Coaxial Holes
(&
-
>
+ / /
'
/ 0 /' -
/
0.8 dia pattern-locating tolerance

Interpretation. zone at MMC.
0.2 dia at MMC, tolerance zone for three

coaxial holes, feature- relating zone.

as applicable.
129
Location
Position
Composite Method
) / / >
. '-
' -
) /) I
&)
-
' ( + +
+ / / >
. '-
'-

as applicable.
130
Location
Position
Composite Method
/ . ' - Interpretation of pattern-locating

callout.
Actual axis.
True position
Pattern locating relative to datum 15 from
tolerance zone. reference frame. datum B
15 from
datum C + +
/' - Interpretation of feature relating

callout.
Actual axis.
Oriented to B,
i.e. parallel
+ +
Feature relating
tolerance zone.
Axis holes must also lie within 0.25 dia feature-relating tolerance zones, which
are basically related to each other and basically orientated to datum planes
A and B.
131
Location
Position
Two Single Segments
) / / >
. / /'-
/ /' -
) /) I
&)
-
' ( + +
+ / / >
. / /' -
/ /' -

as applicable.
132
Location
Position
Two Single Segments
/ . ' - Interpretation of pattern-locating

callout.
Actual axis.
True position
Pattern locating relative to datum
15 from tolerance zone. reference frame. 15 from
datum C
+ + datum B
/ ' - Interpretation of feature relating

callout.
Actual axis.
+ + 15 from
datum B
Feature relating
tolerance zone.
Axis of holes must also lie within 0.25 dia feature-relating tolerance zones,
which
are basically related to each other and basically orientated to datum plane A
and basically located to datum B.
133
Location
Position
Virtual Condition Datum Features
+
+
'- K
) / 0
/ /' &
* '
0 .
- / + ' -
134
Location
Position
Virtual Condition Gage.
&
/ 0 + / A 57 / *
/ / A 57
Hard (attribute) gage for gage features are virtual condition size.
135
Location
Position
Secondary Datum Feature MMC
Tertiary Datum Feature Virtual Condition
+
+
' -
) / 0
/ /' &
* '
0 .
- / + /' -
136
Location
Position
Secondary Datum Feature MMC
Tertiary Datum Feature Virtual Condition
&
0 + / A 57 / *
Hard (attribute) gage. Gage features are virtual condition size.
137
Location
Position
Without Projected Tolerance Zones.
Drawing callout.
2 ( / / (,
(,)4
+ ' -
Possible assembly.
Positional
tolerance zone.
True position axis
Clearance hole
axis
Threaded hole axis.
138
Location
Position
with Projected Tolerance.
Drawing callout.
2 ( / / (,
(,)4
+ ( ' -
Possible assembly. Positional

tolerance zone.
Clearance hole
True position axis axis
Threaded hole
axis.
139
Location
Position
with Projected Tolerance.
Drawing callout.
2 ( / / (,
(,)4
+ '-
( / 2 57
Possible assembly. Positional

tolerance zone.
True position axis Clearance hole

axis
Threaded hole
axis.
140
Location
Concentricity
Tolerancing for Coaixaity .
/ / '
'
Absence of modifier indicates RFS.
Feature axis. 0.2 diameter

tolerance zone.
Datum axis A.
0.2 diameter
Datum axis A.
tolerance zone.
Feature axis..
The feature axis must lie within a cylindrical zone 0.2 diameter, regardless
of feature size, whose axis coincides with the datum axis.
141
Runout
Runout tolerances control surfaces

contructed around a datum axis and those
constructed at right angles to a datum axis.
142
Circular Runout.
This on the drawing
/ /'
'
Means this.
Datum axis A. 0.05 FIM
Singular circular elements.
At any circular element measured, the surface must be within the specified
runout tolerance of 0.05 indicator movement when the part is rotated 360
degrees about the datum axis.
143
Circular Runout.
This on the drawing
/ /'
'
Means this.
Datum axis A
0.05 FIM
degrees about the datum axis. Measurements are made normal to the
surface.
144
Circular Runout.
Multiple Datum Features
/ * ',-
This on the drawing
' -
Means this.
Datum axis A-B

Singular circular
elements.
0.04 tolerance zone

(Full indicator movement)
145
Circular Runout.
Applied to a Shoulder
This on the drawing
/ )/ '
'
Means this.
Singular circular
elements.
& I Datum
axis A.
0.06 tolerance
zone(FIM)
146
Total Runout.
/ * ',-
/ ',-
/ ',-
- '

Rotate part continuously
0.02 wide and move indicator along
tolerance surface without resetting.
zone.
Singular circular Singular circular

elements. elements.
Datum axis A-B
Both ends gaged for the 0.02 runout relative to datum axis A-B simultaneously.
147
Runout
Applied to a Restrained Non Rigid Part
/+ / / '/ -
See note 1
( ( ()
( ( *
'
Note 1 This tolerance applies when datum feature A is mounted against a

flat surface using 10-M6 x 1 bolts torqued to 12-18Nm while
restraining datum feature B to the specified size limit.
148
Runout
> (0
) / /& ,
/ +. /' -
).
( *
+ 0
/ *+
/ (+ / '/ -
'
)
/ + -
/ .)
GD&T system
149

GDT Lear Y14 1 (1) .5

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©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

About Dimensional Control Systems’ Lecturers

Documentation and Reference Material

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

Other Dimensioning Symbols

Spherical Diameter Controlled Radius

Reference Spherical Radius

Conical Taper " Countersink

Dimension Origin # Between

Target area size, where

Basic Dimension Symbol Feature Control Frame

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

Primary multiple datum

One datum reference

Two datum references

Three datum references

DATUM ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

* FIM = Full Indicator Movement

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

Pattern locating tolerance zone

All around symbol

Symbol for all around

Feature control frame and

Minimum height of projected

Projected tolerance zone symbol

Feature Control Frame with Projected Tolerance Zone

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

Configurations possible within the boundary of perfect form at MMC.

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

Configurations possible within the boundary of perfect form at MMC.

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

* When used as a tolerance of location for a surface related to a sized

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

Gears and Splines

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

& / ? 5 3@ '</ 6 7 95356 7

+ / 7 6 2 57 '</ 95'2 838 / 4 6 <8

& / ? 5 3@ '</ 6 7 95356 7

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

The limits of size do not control the orientation or location

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

Effect of Zero Tolerance at MMC

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems

Secondary datum stops side to side movement and yaw rotation

©1997 Dimensional Control Systems