Sport Presentation

George Loxdale 12PL

 Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and
trunk of the human body. It is composed of five parts; the human
skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat,
the rib cage, and the vertebral column. The axial skeleton and
the appendicular skeleton together form the complete skeleton
and the sternum.
Reference:
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_skeleton)
Skeleton
 Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the
human body. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun
appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something
larger. Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of the
axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper
limbs).
Reference:
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton)
3 Major Joint Presentation
Fibrous (Fixed)
Cartilagenous (slight)
Synovial (Free)
Vertebral Column
 Fibrous (fixed)!
• Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly
of collagen
• The fibrous joints are further divided into three types:
• Sutures are found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are
wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid
(synarthrodial).
• Syndesmosis are found between long bones of the body, such as the radius
and ulna in forearm and the fibula and tibia in leg. Unlike other fibrous joints,
syndesmoses are moveable (amphiarthrodial), albeit not to such degree as
synovial joints.
• Gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the
maxilla or mandible.

• Reference:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_joint)
 Cartilaginous (slight)!
• Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage
(fibrocartilage or hyaline). Cartilaginous joints allow more movement
between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile
synovial joint. An example would be the joint between the
manubrium and the sternum. Cartilaginous joints also forms the
growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs
of the spinal column.

• Reference:
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilaginous_j
oint)
 Synovial Joint!
• A Synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and
most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other
joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the
articulating bones.
• Structural and functional differences distinguish synovial joints from
cartilaginous joints (synchondroses and symphyses) and fibrous joints
(sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses). The main structural differences
between synovial and fibrous joints is the existence of capsules surrounding
the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint and the presence of lubricating
synovial fluid within that capsule (synovial cavity).

• Reference: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_joint)
 Ball and Socket!
• Ball and Socket is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion
around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. It
enables the bone to move in a 360° angle.
• In a ball and socket (spheroid) joint, the ball-shaped surface of one rounded
bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone.

Reference: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_and_socket)
 Hinge Joint!
A hinge joint is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are
moulded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only
in one plane—backward and forward—the extent of motion at the
same time being considerable.
The direction which the distal bone takes in this motion is seldom
in the same plane as that of the axis of the proximal bone; there
is usually a certain amount of deviation from the straight line
during flexion.
Kicking a football is an example of how the hinge joint works and
functions.

Reference: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinge_joint)
 Pivot Joint!
A Pivot joint (trochoid joint, rotary joint) is a
joint that moves by rotating. For example, the
joint that allows humans to rotate their heads on
their necks is a pivot joint. They allow rotational
movement of the atlas and axis of the neck, for
example heading a football.
 6 types of synovial joints!
• Ball + Socket  Shoulder
• Hinge  Knee
• Gliding  Wrist
• Saddle  Thumb
• Pivot  Atlas, Axis (neck)
• Condyloid
 Types of bone!
• Long bones are some of the longest bones in the body, such as the
Femur, Humerus and Tibia but are also some of the smallest
including the Metacarpals, Metatarsals and Phalanges. The
classification of a long bone includes having a body which is longer
than it is wide, with growth plates (epiphysis) at either end, having a
hard outer surface of compact bone and a spongy inner known an
cancellous bone containing bone marrow. Both ends of the bone are
covered in hyaline cartilage to help protect the bone and aid shock
absorbtion. (Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humorous, Radius, Ulna,
Metatarsal, Phalanges)
• Reference:
(http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/types_of_bones.php)
 Types of Bone (cont)!
• Short Bones (Short bones are defined as being
approximately as wide as they are long and have a
primary function of providing support and stability with
little movement. Examples of short bones are the
Carpals and Tarsals in the wrist and foot. They consist of
only a thin layer of compact, hard bone with cancellous
bone on the inside along with relatively large amounts of
bone marrow.
• Reference:
(http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/types_of_bones.php)
 Sesamoid Bones!
• In anatomy, a sesamoid bone is a bone embedded
within a tendon.
• Sesamoid bones are found in locations where a tendon
passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot.
Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to
increase its mechanical effect. The presence of the
sesamoid bone holds the tendon slightly farther away
from the centre of the joint and thus increases its moment
arm. Sesamoid bones also prevent the tendon from
flattening into the joint as tension increases and therefore
also maintain a more consistent moment arm through a
variety of possible tendon loads. This differs from
menisci, which are made of cartilage and rather act to
disperse the weight of the body on joints and reduce
friction during movement
 Flat Bones
• Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principal
requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad
surfaces for muscular attachment, the bones are expanded into
broad, flat plates, as in the cranium (skull), the ilium (pelvis),
sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula.
• These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact bone
enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous bone,
which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red
blood cells are formed in flat bones.
 Irregular Bones
• The irregular bones are bones which, from their
peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short
bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve
various purposes in the body, such as protection of
nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinal
cord), affording multiple anchor points for skeletal
muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and
maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue
attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of
cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact
bone.
• The irregular bones are: the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx,
temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla,
mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.
 Blood Cell Production

Red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow

White blood cells are produced in the yellow blood cells

 Condyloid
• In a condyloid joint (condyloid articulation, ellipsoidal joint) an ovoid
articular surface, or condyle, is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits
movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction,
and circumduction.

• Movement can be forwards, backwards and from side to side

• The wrist is a Condyloid joint

 Gliding
• Gliding joints allow movement over a flat
surface in every direction, but is restricted
by ligaments or a bony prominence
• For example in the carpals and tarsals of
wrists and ankles.
 Saddle
• These are similar to ellipsoid/condyloid
joints but the surfaces are concave and
convex. Movement occurs backwards and
forwards and from side to side, like that at
the base of the thumb.
• BTEC level 3 sport by
Adams,Barker,Gleghill,Lydon,Mulligan,Phillippo and Sutton
 Muscle types
• Skeletal muscle- also known as strained or striped muscle because of it’s
striped appearance. This muscle is voluntary, which means its under
conscious control.
• Smooth muscle- an involuntary muscle that works without conscious
thought, functional under the control of your nervous system. Located in
walls of digestive system and blood vessels and helps regulate digestion
and blood pressure.
• Cardiac muscle- found only on the wall of your heart. It works continuously.
It is involuntary which means it is not under conscious control. It in
composed of specialised type of strained tissue that has its own blood
supply. Its contractions help to force blood through blood vessels to all parts
of your body.
 Deltoids
Latissimus Dorsi
Erector Spinae

Biceps Brachi Trapezius

Oblique
Teres Major
Rectus Abdominis Gluteus
Rectus Femoris Maximu
Vastus Intermedius s
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis

Hamstring
Soleus
Tibialis Semimembranosus
Anterior Semitendinosus
Biceps Femoris

Gastrocnemius
• Agonist: the muscle that shortens to move a joint is called the agonist or
prime mover. This is the muscle principally responsible for the movement
taking place- the contrasting muscle.
• Antagonist: the muscle that relaxes in opposition to the agonist is called the
antagonist. This is the muscle responsible for the opposite movement, and
the one that relaxes as the agonist works. If it did not relax, movement could
not take place. Antagonists exert a ‘braking’ control over the movement
• Synergist: synergists are muscles that work together to enable the agonists
to operate more effectively. They work with the agonists to control and direct
movement by modifying or altering the direction of pull on the agonists to
the most advantageous position.
• Fixator: these muscles stop any unwanted movement throughout the whole
body by fixing or stabilising the joint or joints involved. Fixator muscles
stabilise the origin so that the agonist can achieve maximum and effective
contraction.
• Muscle: exercise/activity

• Biceps: arm curls, chin-ups

• Deltoids: press ups, dips, overhead pressing

• Pectorals: forward, lateral and back-arm raises, overhead lifting
• Rectus abdominals: all pressing movements
• Quadriceps: sit-ups
• Hamstrings: knee bends, squats
• Gastrocnemius: extending leg and flexing knee (running)
• Soleus: running, jumping and standing on tip-toe
• Tibialis anterior: running and jumping
• Erector spine: all running and jumping exercises
• Teres major: all rowing and pulling movements
• Trapezius: shrugging and overhead lifting
• Latissimus dorsi: rowing movements
• Obliques: oblique curls
• Gluteus maximus: knee-bending movements, cycling.