Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Trabalho Ingles Concluido
Trabalho Ingles Concluido
English
Caribbean
Rogério Cerqueira
Rui Martins
Inês Carito
Afonso Correia
Ricardo Pessoa
1
Index
Introduction 3
Language 4
The Climate on the Caribbean Islands 5
The Caribbean 6
Antigua and Barbuda 7
Netherlands Antilles 7
Bahamas 8
Barbados 8
Bermuda 9
Cuba 10
Dominica 11
Dominican Republic 12
Haiti 12
Jamaica 13
Martinique 13
Puerto Rico 14
St. Lucia 15
S. Vicent and Grenadines 16
Trindad and Tobago 16
Favorite or national dishes 17
Caribbean people smashed on the Olympic Games 18
Fifty years of history 18
Youth athletic development in Jamaica 27
Jamaicans in America 27
Coaching in Jamaica 27
Jamaican-born athletes who have competed for other countries 28
Athletes who have Jamaican parentage 28
How do they do it? 29
Caribbean Olympic Games 29
Bobsleigh 30
Conclusion 33
References 34
2
Introduction
Just ahead of the Gulf of Mexico there are a few Islands on the Caribbean Sea.
Some of those Islands were British colonies where they implant a new way of life, and the strength
they use to get the things done.
This study was made to evaluate if the way they are involved into sports was the result of the British
influence or not.
The Caribbean great opponent of all times is The United States and the method they applied was
basically left by the British and improved by locals.
The bet was well played because at this moment the Caribbean’s athletes are among the best of the
world.
To talk about sports that we will be able to practice in the Caribbean , takes us, to talk about the
wonders of the climate of this zone and region, about the tepid waters and, finally, about the
possibility of practicing open air sports, and especially the aquatic ones.
To spend his holidays in the Sea of the Caribbean ones is a synonym of being able to enjoy numerous
activities in the open air, numerous means, so much in the sea, where most of the sports unfold, as in
land, where also we can find a spacious and varied athletic offer.
To talk about sports in the Sea of the Caribbean ones leads to us to speak them about sports like the
kitesurf, or the windsurf, the bodyboard or the surf, at places like Cabarete or the Island Margarita
what there are authentic destinies of world-wide renown for these sports; we talk equally about
immersion, with authentic treasures into Riviera Maia where it can do I plunge skin-diving or to
practice snorkel, at places like Belize, Cozumel, Jamaica, Costa Rica and a hill of other means of
sieges. The Coast Caribbean is the principal world-wide spotlight for the practice of snorkel, since in
his crystal clear and hot waters, as well as his reefs, they favor it enough. Other aquatic sports are
the swimming, the candle, the athletic fishing in high sea, renting the services of a charter boat, the
aquatic ski, etc....
In land, the athletic offer of the Caribbean ones is not less interesting, it will be able to enjoy
activities like the golf in some islands and zones like Riviera Maya, the walks, especially in the Central
America, in countries like Honduras, Panama, Nicaragua, Mexico, in Costa Rica, or in islands with
impressive interiors full of life, like the Island of the Women, Cozumel, Trinidad and Tobago or Haiti.
Besides the walks or golf, horse racing, the walks on horseback between the coconut palms, healthy
other sports that will be able to be practiced in this region, during his holidays in the Caribbean ones.
To practice sport in the open air in the Caribbean ones is a very interesting options, do not waste it
during his holidays in the Caribbean ones!!!
3
Language
The languages of the Caribbean reflect the region's diverse history and culture.
Although English may not be the official language of each of the islands, it is the most commonly
spoken language on all of the islands due to British colonial background or the high rate of American
tourism. Other official languages on the islands include Dutch, French and Spanish.
There are many regional dialects spoken solely by island natives in the Caribbean. The most
common is Patois, a melding of English, African words, and the language existing when the island
was first colonized (typically French). Another location-specific language is Papiamento, a
combination of African, Dutch, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. Other natives may speak
English with a heavy West Indian or French Creole accent. If you have trouble understanding a native
language, don't be shy about asking for clarification.
4
The Climate on the Caribbean Islands
The Caribbean climate is tropical, moderated to a certain extent by the prevailing northeast trade
winds. Individual climatic conditions are strongly dependent on elevation. At sea level there is little
variation in temperature, regardless of the time of the day or the season of the year. Temperatures
range between 24°C and 32°C. In Kingston, Jamaica, the mean temperature is 26°C, whereas
Mandeville, at a little over 600 meters high in the Carpenters Mountains of Manchester Parish, has
recorded temperatures as low as 10°C. Daylight hours tend to be shorter during summer and slightly
longer during winter than in the higher latitudes. The conventional division, rather than the four
seasons, is between the long rainy season from May through October and the dry season,
corresponding to winter in the northern hemisphere.
Even during the rainy period, however, the precipitation range fluctuates greatly. Windward sides of
islands with mountains receive much rain, whereas leeward sides can have very dry conditions. Flat
islands receive slightly less rainfall, but its pattern is more consistent. For example, the Blue
Mountains of eastern Jamaica record around 558 centimeters of rainfall per year, whereas Kingston,
on the southeastern coast, receives only 399 centimeters. Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados, has
an average annual rainfall of 127 centimeters, while Bathsheba on the central east coast receives 254
centimeters--despite the fact that Bathsheba is only about 27 kilometers away by road. Recording
stations in the Northern Range in Trinidad measure some 302 centimeters of rainfall per year, while
at Piarco Airport on the Caroni Plains the measurement is only 140 centimeters. Most of the rainfall
occurs during short heavy outbursts during daylight hours. In Jamaica, about 80 percent of the
rainfall occurs during the day. The period of heaviest rainfall usually occurs after the sun has passed
directly overhead, which in the Caribbean islands would be sometime around the middle of May and
again in early August. The rainy season also coincides with the disastrous summer hurricane season,
although Barbados, too Far East, and Trinidad and Tobago, too far south, seldom experience
hurricanes.
Hurricanes are a constant feature of most of the Caribbean, with a "season" of their own lasting from
June to November. Hurricanes develop over the ocean (usually in the eastern Caribbean) during the
summer months when the sea surface temperature is high (over 27°C) and the air pressure falls
below 950 thousand libbers. These conditions create an "eye" about 20 kilometers wide, around
which a steep pressure gradient forms that generates wind speeds of 110 to 280 kilometers per hour.
The diameter of hurricanes can extend as far as 500 to 800 kilometers and produce extremely heavy
rainfalls as well as considerable destruction of property. The recent history of the Caribbean echoes
with the names of destructive hurricanes: Janet (1955), Donna (1960), Hattie (1961), Flora (1963),
Beulah (1967), Celia and Dorothy (1970), Eloise (1975), David (1979), and Allen (1980).
5
Caribbean
The Caribbean consists on the Caribbean Sea and its islands and archipelagos, such as the West Indies and the
Caribbean Islands. The Caribbean is a popular destination for holidays, not only for holidaymakers and
tourists to the pursuit of health benefits, but some of the Islands, became also a favourite destination for
adventurers and Backpack campers. For example, the dream vacation on Tobago.
The numerous islands in the Caribbean can be divided into two groups. The Greater Antilles includes Cuba,
Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and Haiti. And the Minor Antilles, which are almost all of them,
have volcanic origin. Among the Smaller Antilles found the Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, British Virgin
Islands, St. Vincent & the Grenadines and Trinidad & Tobago. The largest of the Antilles islands, Curacao, is a
very popular holiday destination.
The Caribbean name comes from "Caribi" people who lived in the West Indies Minors when they were
discovered. The history of the Islands has a much earlier date. In the 1st century BC the Arawak Indians settled
on the Islands, and have not been expelled from there until around 1500. At this time, Christopher Columbus
began his trip to India, and the Spanish explorers landed on the enchanting beaches of the Caribbean Islands.
In the course of the following century the Islands were colonized by Spanish, French, Dutch, English and
Portuguese and for a while there were many struggles for mastery of the Islands. Only in the twentieth
century is that most of the Islands won their independence. The pirates, whose adventures and crimes are
reminded today, were at their best and most cruel, around the 16th century. Their hiding places and
fortresses were mostly small islands such as Port Royal in Jamaica.
In the Caribbean live approximately 35 thousand million people from various origins. Most are original from
Europe and Africa, but the Indians, Chinese and Creoles are common. The number of indigenous inhabitants
is, however, very low. Due to the mix of people, Spanish and English are the languages most spoken in the
Caribbean. However the French and Dutch are also spoken, as well as other Creole dialects.
Out of season of hurricanes, which affects the weather since the end of the summer until early autumn, the
Caribbean Islands enjoy the sunshine and a warm climate and wonderful. In villages and towns where are
many restaurants, shops, attractions and historic sites, sunny days are especially good for a relaxed vacation.
Willemstad, the capital of Curaçao, belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage site and is recognized for its
excellent liquor.
The larger cities in the Caribbean includes Caracas, in Venezuela, Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic
and Havana in Cuba. Here, there are many opportunities to discover the culture and history of the Caribbean.
A visit to a typical café in Havana Streets, where you can enjoy a cocktail and smoking with pleasure, one of
the famous Cuban cigars, amidst the hectic city, will give you a vacation truly enjoyable.
Caribbean culture includes introspection and an ear for music, which has a very important place in the local
lifestyle. “Merengue” is from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and “Salsa” is very popular in Colombia
and Cuba. The "Cumbia" in Venezuela, and “Reggae” in Jamaica, are all equally wonderful songs accompanied
by dances. Jamaica is also known for its cuisine, particularly spicy, and tasty drinks. Enjoy and delight your
palate with a refined beer or an aromatic coffee.
The Dominican Republic, Aruba and Margarita are havens for water sports such as windsurfing and
kitesurfing. Divers will enjoy the underwater world on Bonaire and Belize and the unforgettable experience of
diving to view shipwrecks from Grenada or even swim with sharks in the Bahamas. River Rafting, hiking and
mountain biking are all exciting experiences we can have in Dominican Republic or on the islands of
Martinique and Guadeloupe.
6
Antigua and Barbuda
OFFICIAL NAME: Antigua and Barbuda
DATE OF FORMATION: 1981
SURFACE: 442 km2
CAPITAL: St. John’s
POPULATION: 82,800
LANGUAGES: English*, English patois
RELIGIONS: Anglican 45%, other Protestant 42%,
Roman Catholic 10%,other 2%, Rastafarian 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Black African 95%, other 5%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: E. Caribbean $ = 100 cents
This state consists of three islands: Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda, this last uninhabited. The name
Antigua was given by Columbus in 1493. The first Europeans who settled on the Islands were
Spaniards, in 1520. In the year 1629 arrive the French and the English in 1632.
The British began the African slave trade, which replaced as manpower, the few Arawak Indians and
Caribi survivors. Most of the country's current population descends from Slaves, one of the poorest
in the world.
In November 1981 the territory proclaimed independence.
GEOGRAPHY
Mainly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas. Antigua’s coast is
indented with bays and harbors.
CLIMATE
Tropical, moderated by trade winds and sea breezes. Humidity and rainfall are low for the region.
Netherlands Antilles
7
Bahamas
OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth of the Bahamas
DATE OF FORMATION: 1973
SURFACE: 13.940 km2
CAPITAL: Nassau
POPULATION: 341,700
LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole,
French Creole
RELIGIONS: Baptist 32%, other 29%,
Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%
ETHNIC MIX: Black African 85%, other 15%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: E. Caribbean $ = 100 cents
The territory is formed by more than 700 islands, only 30 of these are inhabited, and by 2300 islets.
The island Andros is most attractive because of the huge underground galleries and the reef barrier.
The reduced number of rivers makes it difficult to farm. Most foods are imported. The source of
resources is tourism.
It was on the island of Guanahani that Christopher Columbus stepped first American territory in
1492. From the first Spaniard contact with Arawak Indians followed 20 years of slavery and
deportation, to Santo Domingo and other islands, to work in the mines. However, the real colonists
of the Bahamas were the British, who dominated the territory for 300 years until its independence in
1973.
GEOGRAPHY
Long, mainly flat coral formations with a few low hills. Some islands have pine forests, lagoons, and
mangrove swamps.
CLIMATE
Subtropical. Hot summers and mild winters. Heavy rainfall, especially in summer. Hurricanes can
strike in July–December.
Barbados
OFFICIAL NAME: Barbados
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966
SURFACE: 430 km2
CAPITAL: Bridgetown
POPULATION: 255,900
LANGUAGES: Bajan (Barbadian English),
English*
RELIGIONS: Anglican 40%, other 24%,
nonreligious 17%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist
7%, Roman Catholic 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Black African 92%, other 8%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Barbados dollar = 100 cents
8
The island was fortuitously sighted by Portuguese navigators; the Spaniards took possession of it,
but abandoned it shortly after. With the particularity of the Spaniards took to Spain few Arawak
Indians, in order to satisfy the curiosity of its countrymen. It was occupied by the English only in the
16th century, who entered in the cultivation of sugar cane, a major cause of why on the island there
are no Woods or forests. In the 18th century, Barbados had 745 large plantations and around 80
thousand black slaves. Thanks to the extension of political rights to the entire population, in 1966,
Barbados achieved independence. This island enjoyed centuries of prosperity
GEOGRAPHY
Volcanic Island encircled by coral reefs. Fertile and predominantly flat, with a few gentle hills to the
north.
CLIMATE
Moderate tropical climate. Sunnier and drier than its more mountainous neighbors.
Bermuda
The Bermuda archipelago consists of 300 small islands, of which only 20 are inhabited. Its name is
due to the Spanish navigator Juan Bermudez and became famous thanks to colorful shorts, that
came up to the knee, and the mystery of the famed Bermuda triangle, the zone of the Atlantic
Ocean where many boats and planes have disappeared.
It was the first colony of the British Empire in the Caribbean. Currently, is the most densely
populated territories in the world, one thousand inhabitants per square kilometer. Its economy
sustains with tourism.
This archipelago can be proud of being the seat of the first American Parliament and the oldest
school in the Western world, the Warwick Academy, founded in 1626.
9
Cuba
OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cuba
DATE OF FORMATION: 1902
CAPITAL: Havana
POPULATION: 11.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 110,860 km2
LANGUAGES: Spanish
RELIGIONS: Nonreligious 49%, Roman
Catholic 40%, atheist 6%, other 4%,
Protestant 1%
ETHNIC MIX: White 66%,
European–African 22%, Black 12%
GOVERNMENT: One-party state
CURRENCY: Cuban peso = 100 centavos
ECONOMY: Its main products are sugar cane, tobacco and coffee. It has a reserve of the world's
largest nickel and between minerals include also the cronite and cobalt.
GDP «per capita»: 958 dollars.
SOCIAL DATA: Life expectancy at birth, 68 years. 6% illiteracy.
The major agricultural resources, sugar, tobacco and coffee, and the mining of nickel, cobalt and
cronite, were the support to deploy an economy based on socialism. The revolution led by Fidel
Castro abolishes privately owned and made an equal distribution of goods: work, home, education
and health. The subsequent entry in the economic community of Countries of Eastern Europe
(Comecon) allowed a degree of economic stability, which, however, would weaken after the political
changes that occurred in the former Soviet Union. The first half of the 1980s was characterized by
the citizen discontent. The monthly wages were not exceeding 200 pesos (about 20 Euros).
Currently, the economic situation is unprecedented severity, which also helps the embargo imposed
by the United States of America. The Government of Fidel Castro had to impose a series of austerity
measures to control inflation. Nearly forty years after the revolution, the country experiences a war
economy: food rationing, lines to buy food or household, lack of housing and many other
shortcomings.
Dominica
OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth of the Dominica
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978
SURFACE: 754 km2
CAPITAL: Roseau
POPULATION: 341,700
LANGUAGES: English*, French Creole
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 77%,
Protestant 15%, other 8%
ETHNIC MIX: Black 87%, Mixed race 9%,
Carib 3%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: E. Caribbean $ = 100 cents
Is the wildest, the least contaminated, but also the poorest in the region. Its attraction is the highest
peak in the Caribbean, the Morne Diablotin, 1447 meters tall. From this mountains run over 365
rivers and torrents, forming waterfalls and lakes surrounded by jungle.
Sighted by Colombo, years later the Spaniards came back to the Island heavily armed and decimated
the Caribi Indians.
In the 17th century the French replaced the Spanish colonization on the island and introduced the
cultivation of coffee and cotton. Then, two centuries later, the British take this territory. In 1805,
Dominica becomes a British colony and the black population becomes thirty times higher than the
white population. Achieved independence in 1978.
GEOGRAPHY
Mountainous and densely forested. Volcanic activity has given the land very fertile soils, hot springs,
geysers, and black sand beaches.
CLIMATE
Tropical, cooled by constant trade winds. Heavy annual rainfall. Tropical depressions and hurricanes
are likely June–November.
11
Dominican Republic
OFFICIAL NAME: Dominican Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1865
CAPITAL: Santo Domingo
POPULATION: 10.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 48,380 km2
LANGUAGES: Spanish*, French Creole
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 92%, other
and nonreligious 8%
ETHNIC MIX: Mixed race 75%, White 15%,
Black 10%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Dominican Republic peso = 100 centavos
The Dominican Republic occupies the eastern twothirds of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean.
Spanishspeaking, it seeks closer ties to the anglophone West Indies.
GEOGRAPHY
Highlands and rainforested mountains – including the highest peak in the Caribbean, Pico Duarte –
interspersed with fertile valleys. Extensive coastal plain in the east.
CLIMATE
Hot and humid close to sea level, cooler at altitude. Heavy rainfall, especially in the northeast.
Haiti
OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Haiti
DATE OF FORMATION: 1804
CAPITAL: Port-au-Prince
POPULATION: 10 million
TOTAL AREA: 27,750 km2
LANGUAGES: French Creole*, French
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 80%,
Protestant 16%, other 3%, nonreligious 1%;
Voodoo is widely practiced
ETHNIC MIX: Black African 95%, Mixed race
and European 5%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Gourde = 100 centimes
Formerly a French colony, Haiti shares the Caribbean island of Hispaniola with the Dominican
Republic. At independence in 1804, it became the world’s first black republic.
GEOGRAPHY
Predominantly mountainous, with forests and fertile plains.
CLIMATE
Tropical, with rain throughout the year. Humid in coastal areas, much cooler in the mountains.
12
Jamaica
OFFICIAL NAME: Jamaica
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962
CAPITAL: Kingston
POPULATION: 2.72 million
TOTAL AREA: 10,990 km2
LANGUAGES: English Creole, English*
RELIGIONS: Protestant 55%,
other and nonreligious 45%
ETHNIC MIX: Black African 92%,
Mulatto 6%, European and Chinese 1%,
East Indian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Jamaican dollar = 100 cents
In Jamaica, agriculture is the main economic activity, focusing on cultivation of sugar. In addition to
agriculture, fisheries, mining and tourism are other important activities. Mining and tourism are
financed by foreign capital. Among the mineral resources, the most exploited is bauxite. In industry,
there’s the production of rum, sugar, fertilizers and fabrics. The country is a major importer of wood,
oil, chemicals, food and machinery. Besides sugar and bauxite, exports aluminum, textiles and
refined petroleum products inside country. By owning important flora and fauna, as well as their
cultural lines, Jamaica attracts millions of tourists who stay in good hotels and coastal resorts. The
main economic partners in Jamaica are USA, United Kingdom, Venezuela and Canada. The country
offers investors the possibility of repatriation of capital, the creation of taxes with tax extense
deadlines and no tribution. Founded in 1960, the Bank of Jamaica administers the Jamaican dollar
circulation, the country's official currency. The Bank of Jamaica also grants credits and stimulates
economic development. The entire country's banking network is private and depends on the
investment of financial institutions from Canada, England and USA.
GEOGRAPHY
Mainly mountainous, with lush tropical vegetation. Inaccessible limestone area in the northwest.
Low, irregular coastal plains are broken by hills and plateaus.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot and humid at sea level, with temperate mountain areas.
Hurricanes are likely June–November.
Martinique
13
The island was occupied by the French in 1674, and marked the first breach in the Spanish Empire. It
was a mandatory port for “negreiros” slave ships that crossed the Atlantic and refuge of pirates. In
this Island was born Joséphine, wife of Napoleon Bonaparte.
In 1800, the capital, Saint-Pierre, was a center of culture and art. A century later, in the Montagne
Pelée eruption reduced the city to ashes and killed 30 thousand people. Then was built the new
capital: Fort-de-France. Currently, the majority of the population of the island is “mulatto”, result of
marriages between Blacks, Whites and Asians.
Puerto Rico
POPULATION: 4 million
According to the census carried out in the year 2000 with the population of Puerto Rico, the State
had 3,808,610 inhabitants, being 51.9% of women (1,975 .033) and 48,1% men (1,833,577).The
Census classified according to ethnicity and religion. The percentage for religions looked like this:
• Catholic 66% (2.612.272)
• Protestant 28.5% (1.108.236)
• No religion 2% (791,597)
• Spiritist 0.7% (277,059)
• No membership/other 2% (791,597)
Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic and diversified economies of Latin America. In the mid-
20th century, the Puerto Rican economy was dominated by agriculture, especially the cultivation of
sugar cane. However, large investments in infrastructure and extensive incentive programs have
14
succeeded in transforming it considerably. Since the 1960s, have settled on the island numerous
multinationals pharmaceutical industries, electronics, textile, petrochemical, and, more recently,
biotechnology. The island's leaders tried to develop it through the consumer goods industry, which
had good availability of manpower, but reduced consumer market. This attempt failed, with the
European industrial recovery after World War II. The Government in the 1960’s, seeing how Puerto
Rico approached from an economic and political bankruptcy, attempted to rescue the economy
through investment in petrochemical industry. However, with rising oil prices held by OPEC in 1973
(1st Oil Shock), there was a worsening crisis, leading to the revision of economic model developed
until then. The rulers have launched a third alternative that was the extent of contributions from
private corporations through section 936 internal code rents. In 2005, the deadline given to the
Companies by the Internal Revenue Code of the United States, section 936, expires. However, some
groups argue that the existing crisis in Puerto Rico can only be solved through an integral
development of the economy, involving agricultural self-sufficiency, along with the development of
high tech industries, but they contribute through taxes. Currently the manufacturing and services
sector (including tourism), has replaced agriculture as the main source of foreign exchange. Also, the
bovine livestock and dairy thousand productions took the place of the sugar industry as the main
sector of agriculture. The economy slowed between 2001 and 2003, due to the recession of the
American economy. In 2004, began to recover. The Government of Acevedo Vilá introduced changes
to tax systems to normalize the load and distributes it more equal among all sectors of the economy.
Example is the recent establishment of a sales tax and use (IVU or "Sales Tax"), which has fluctuated
between 5 and 7% on purchases and services during the first months of their establishment, but
finally in 2007, was unified in 7% throughout the territory. The IVU was established in order to try to
alleviate the serious tax problems affecting the island while avoiding deterioration in the scale of
valuation of securities of Puerto Rico, which makes only more expensive the financing of public
projects. This tax is balanced with the elimination rate of 6.6% which is levied at the point of
importation. This is because such a tax system was not at all confident and was public knowledge
that not perceived quantities should be entered purse, mostly due to lack of staff to carry out cargo
inspections and the time required for these inspections. Another reason why settled the new tax on
sale is the aim of reducing dramatically the much referenced "underground economy", whose
amount was estimated by the Government and Development Bank, in numbers, equivalent to the
legal economy.
St. Lucia
OFFICIAL NAME: Saint Lucia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1979
CAPITAL: Castries
POPULATION: 172,200
TOTAL AREA: 620 km
DENSITY: 730 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: English*, French Creole
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 90%, other 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Black 83%, Mixed race 13%, Asian 3%, White 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =100 cents
15
In Saint Lucia, Mount Gimie, at 950 metres high, has two extinct volcanoes: Gros and Petit Piton that
are the symbol of the country.
The first conquerors were caribi, which won the island from the arawak natives. The Spaniards
arrived in 1502. The British made a foray into territory in 1639, but were decimated by the Caribi.
1660 to 1803, French and English fight for the territory. The flag moved 14 times, eventually getting
to English. As in other islands, the French left as trademarks the Catholic religion and the dialect
“patois”, spoken between the “mulattos”. The British have increased plantings of sugar and
populated the island with African slaves. In 1834 is abolished slavery on the island and in 1979 St
Lucia gets independence. Currently, almost half the population has less than twenty years.
GEOGRAPHY
Volcanic and mountainous, with some broad fertile valleys. The Pitons, ancient lava cones, rise from
the sea on the forested west coast.
CLIMATE
Tropical, moderated by trade winds. May–October wet season brings daily warm showers. Rainfall is
highest in the mountains.
The island of S. Vicente has a mountainous and is covered by a thick forest. The Grenadines are a
chain of Islands with splendid white sand beaches and crystal clear waters.
In 1498, when Christopher Columbus arrived to the island, the territory was inhabited by Indians
Caribi, which had dominated the Aruachi. Years later, the Union between the Caribi and black slaves
appeared the Black Caribi who resisted the European occupation until 1797. In this year, the British
win the resistance, by the massacre of Indians and their deportation to the coast of Honduras. Since
1979, St. Vincent and the Grenadines is an independent State within the Commonwealth. Its
population is very young. The country's economy depends on agriculture.
GEOGRAPHY
St. Vincent is mountainous and forested, with one of two active volcanoes in the Caribbean, La
Soufrière. The Grenadines are 32 islands and cays, fringed by beaches
CLIMATE
Tropical, with constant trade winds. Hurricanes are likely during July– November wet season.
16
Trindad and Tobago
OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962
CAPITAL: Port-of-Spain
POPULATION: 1.34 million
TOTAL AREA: 5128 km2
LANGUAGES: English Creole, English*, Hindi,
French, Spanish
RELIGIONS: Catholic 32%, Hindu 24%,
Protestant 28%, other 9%, Muslim 7%
ETHNIC MIX: East Indian 40%, Black 40%,
Mixed race 18%, White, Chinese 1%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Trin. & Tob. dollar = 100 cents
The island of Trinidad was exploited by Columbus in 1498 and belonged to the Spanish Crown until
1802, then became an English colony.
Tobago, which passed unnoticed to the Genoese Navigator, was inhabited by Indians caribi. In 1632
the Dutch occupy the territory. In subsequent years, this tiny island will be coveted by English,
Spanish, French, pirates and by the Dutch, who dominate in rotation. Change his flag over thirty
times. In 1814, the island was ceded by the French to English and then join the Trinity in 1889 in the
formation of a single administrative unit. The territory became independent in 1962.
The country's economy is based mainly on the exploitation of oil. The territory has two natural
reserves: the importance of natural gas and natural asphalt, considered the largest in the world.
GEOGRAPHY
Both islands are hilly and wooded. Trinidad has a rugged mountain range in the north, and swamps
on its east and west coasts.
CLIMATE
Tropical, with July–December wet season. Escapes the region’s hurricanes, which pass to the north.
17
Dominican Republic - arroz con pollo topped with stewed red kidney beans, pan fried or
braised beef, and side dish of green salad or ensalada de coditos, shrimp, empanadas and/or
tostones, or the ever popular Dominican dish known as Mangú which is mashed plantains.
The ensemble is usually called bandera nacional, which means "national flag", a term
equivalent to the Venezuelan pabellón criollo.
Grenada - Oil-Down
Guyana - pepperpot, coookup rice, Roti and curry, methem
Haiti - Griot (Fried pork) served with Du riz a pois or Diri ak Pwa (Rice and beans)
Jamaica - ackee and saltfish, callaloo
Montserrat - Goat Water
Puerto Rico - Arroz con gandules with roasted pork shoulder, arroz con pollo, Mofongo, and
Many Fried Food, Commonly made In the Beaches and Coast like, Alcapurrias, bacalaito,
piononos.
Saint Kitts and Nevis - Coconut dumplings, Spicy plantain, saltfish, breadfruit
Saint Lucia - Green Bananas & Dried and salted cod
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Roasted Breadfruit & Fried Jackfish
Trinidad and Tobago - Doubles, Roti and Curry, Crab and dumpling, Pelau
United States Virgin Islands - Stewed goat, oxtail or beef, seafood, callaloo, fungee
Caribbean people smashed on the Olympic Games:
Caribbean athletes smashed the last Olympic Games in Beijing. Usain Bolt’s triumph announces a
new era in velocity runners and leave Americans in a poor position after this global defeat.
The American runners were the most defeated at this Olympic Games. In the feminine hundred
meters, Jamaica over welled the competition wining all the three medals. On the two hundred
meters Veronica Campbell renovated the Olympic title beating Allyson Felix. Even on the four
hundred meters another girl born in Jamaica, Melanie Walker beat the other competitors winning
the gold medal.
This was the last event, were Caribbean athletes have shown how the last fifty years of history has
made the difference on building top athletes.
22
2002 was a record breaking year for Jamaica as they won a record haul of medals at the
Commonwealth Games . In total they won 4 gold medals 6 silvers and 7 bronzes. Claston
Bernard won the Decathlon gold. Elva Goldbourne leaped to long jump gold. Michael
Blackwood sped to 400 m gold and Lacena Golding-Clarke glided to 100 m hurdles gold.
2003 was disappointing for Jamaican athletics; they won no gold’s at the world
championships but James Beckford in the long jump, Lorraine Fenton in the 400 m, Brigitte
Foster-Hylton in the 100 m hurdles and the men’s 4x400 m team (Brandon Simpson, Danny
McFarlane, Davian Clarke and Michael Blackwood) all won silver. Michael Blackwood's
bronze in the men's 400 m and the 4x400 m women's team (Allison Beckford, Lorraine
Fenton, Ronetta Smith, and Sandie Richards) also won bronze to round out the medal haul
of 4 silver and 2 bronze.
The 2004 Olympics in Athens was lit up by Jamaican golden girl Veronica Campbell, first
she won bronze in the 100 m, next she won gold in the 200 m to become the first Caribbean
woman to win an individual sprint event at the Olympics, then she anchored the 4x100 m
team that included Tanya Lawrence, Aleen Bailey and Sherone Simpson to a famous
victory. Danny McFarlane then won a surprise silver medal in the 400 m hurdles, and the
4x400 m women's team (Novlene Williams, Michelle Burgher, Nadia Davy, Sandie Richards,
and Ronetta Smith) got bronze, for a total of 5 medals - 2 gold, 1 silver, and 2 bronze to
Jamaica.
24
gold medals at a single Olympic Games. The same day, Melanie Walker won the women's
400 m hurdles event in a new Olympic Record time of 52.64 seconds, breaking the old mark
set in 1996 by Deon Hemmings.
On the 21 August, Jamaica completed a clean-sweep of all the individual sprints (100 and
200 m), and confirmed the nation's dominance when Veronica Campbell-Brown
successfully defended her Olympic 200 m title winning the event ahead of Allyson Felix of
the United States, and Kerron Stewart who took bronze.
On the 22 August, the Jamaican women's and men's 4 x 100 m relay teams took to the
track. Their chances for victory were boosted when both American 4 x 100 m teams were
knocked-out in the heats. The women's team of Shelly-Ann Fraser, Sherone Simpson,
Kerron Stewart and Veronica Campbell-Brown were the first on the track, going reasonably
well until the third changeover between Simpson and Stewart, which was poorly timed and
resulted in the disqualification of the entire team. However, the men's team consisting of
Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Usain Bolt and Asafa Powell were next. Their own runs went
without any problems, Powell received the baton from Bolt well ahead of the other teams,
crossing the line in both the fastest electronically timed anchor run ever (8.70 seconds), and
an overall World Record time of 37.10 seconds. This was a full 0.30 seconds quicker than the
previous world record of 37.40 set by the Americans. Usain Bolt now had three gold medals
and three World Records to his credit, and Jamaica had won 5 of the 6 available gold
medals in the sprints, the only country to achieve this feat other than the American teams
of 1984 and 1988. This made Jamaicans characterize this Olympic Games as the
"JAlympics".
Jamaica's last medal of the games came in the women's 4 x 400 m relay. The team of
Shericka Williams, Shereefa Lloyd, Rosemarie Whyte and Novlene Williams claimed
bronze. This finally gave Jamaica a medal tally of 6 gold’s, 3 silvers and 2 bronzes, smashing
the previous national record that was set in 1952, and finishing 13th in the medal table.
Late 2000’s
Before the 2009 World Championships in Berlin the Jamaican team was hit by two
scandals, a drug scandal with five athletes failing drug tests and the Jamaican athletic
association threatening to throw out members of Stephen Francis's MVP track club which
includes Asafa Powell, Brigitte Foster-Hylton, Shericka Williams and Shelly-Ann Fraser
after they refused to attend the pre-competition Jamaican training camp. However, this
didn't hinder superstar Jamaican triple Olympic champion Usain Bolt in the 100 m on the 16
August winning gold by smashing his previous world record of 9.69 by 0.11 seconds and
running an astonishing 9.58 seconds beating American Tyson Gay by two metres despite
Gay running a national record of 9.71. Fellow Jamaican former world record holder Asafa
Powell won bronze in a season's best of 9.84. Bolt broke the 100 m world record by the
biggest margin ever in the modern era and became the first human to go under 9.6
seconds.
The very next day on the 17 August was the final of the women's 100 m. Four Jamaicans had
made the final (Aleen Bailey, Shelly-Ann Fraser, Kerron Stewart and Veronica Campbell-
Brown) and although the possible 1-2-3-4 failed to materialise Shelly-Ann Fraser sprinted to
25
World gold in 10.73 seconds breaking the great Merlene Ottey 13 year-old national record.
Kerron Stewart closed quickly in final stages to get her first World Championship silver in
10.75 seconds equalling her personal best. This meant that after day 3 of the
Championships Jamaica were top of the medal table.
On the 18 August in the final of the women's 400 m Shericka Williams followed her Olympic
silver with World silver in a personal best time of 49.32 behind Jamaican-born Sanya
Richards.
On day 5 of the championships Jamaicans Brigitte Foster-Hylton and Delloreen Ennis-
London made the 100 m hurdles final and Brigitte Foster-Hylton finally delivered on her
potential and winning her first world title in 12.51 at the age of 34 with Ennis-London
getting bronze with 12.55 also at the age of 35. This brought the Jamaican medal tally to 3
gold’s 2 silvers and 2 bronzes.
The next day was the night of the women's 400 m hurdles final and the men's 200 m final.
First up were the women's 400 m hurdles with Olympic champion Melaine Walker despite
not being favorite Walker flew to a new championship record of 52.42 to win the gold in the
second fastest time in history. This took Jamaica above USA at the top of the medal table
for the second time of the championships.
On the same night Usain Bolt lined up for the 200 m final despite looking fatigued for the
preliminary rounds in the final he ran a world record time of 19.19 seconds meaning that for
everyone of his gold’s he had broken the world record and also that in Berlin he had
knocked more than a tenth of a second of both his previous world records. The final was the
first to have five men going under 20 seconds but despite this Bolt was two meters ahead of
the field coming of the bend and just kept on running.
On the 21 August double Olympic champion Veronica Campbell-Brown couldn't replicate
Bolt's 200 m success as she won silver in the 200 m final behind American Allyson Felix in a
time of 22.35.
On day 8 of the Championships was the day of the sprint relays and the women's 4x100 m
was without USA meaning that Jamaica were clear favorites as long as they got the baton
round which is what they did as the team of Simone Facey 200 m finalist, Shelly-Ann Fraser
100 m gold medalist, Aleen Bailey 100 m finalist and Kerron Stewart 100 m silver medalist
on the final leg ran 42.06 to win Jamaica's 6th gold medal. The male quartet were
seemingly inspired by their female counterparts as the team of Steve Mullings 200 m
finalist, Michael Frater 100 m semi-finalist, Usain Bolt Double World Champion, Triple
Olympic champion and Triple world record holder and on the last leg Asafa Powell world
bronze medalist as he anchored the team to a new championship record of 37.31.
This also meant Jamaica had 7 championship gold’s doubling the tally of all previous
championships altogether with one more event to go.
Jamaica's final medal came in women's 4x400 m relay as the quartet of Rosemarie Whyte,
Novlene Williams-Thousandls, Shereefa Lloyd and Shericka Williams comfortably beat the
Russia team to win a silver medal meaning Jamaica finished the Championships 2nd on the
medal table with 7 gold’s, 4 silvers and 2 bronzes.
26
2010’s
Many of Jamaica's superstars didn't attend the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi mainly
because of it being held outside of the traditional athletics season. The weakened Jamaica
team came back from Delhi with the 2 gold’s, 4 silver and 1 bronze. The gold’s came from
Lerone Clarke in the men's 100m winning despite being only the 8th ranked Jamaican in the
world that year and Trecia Smith retained her women's triple jump title from Melbourne
with a jump of 14.19m. The four silvers came from Dorian Scott in the men's shot put,
Sheeree Francis in the women's high jump, Lansford Spence in the men's 200m and the
Men's 4x100m relay team. Nickiesha Wilson won bronze in the women's 400m hurdles.
Jamaicans in America
Many Jamaican athletes chose to train in the United States to use the better facilities. There are
currently 21 Jamaican coaches in American universities. The American university system gives
athletes the chance to continue their academic studies and train to become an international athlete
at the same time. Over 200 Jamaican athletes train in America. Most of Jamaica’s successful athletes
have come through the American collegial system, including Jamaican pioneers Herb Mckenley, who
attended the University of Illinois, Leslie Laing, who attended University of California and George
Rhoden, who attended Morgan State University. Although in Jamaicans are starting to stay in
Jamaica with successful results.
Coaching in Jamaica
In recent years, Jamaican athletes have decided to stay in Jamaica to train. Stephen Francis a
Jamaican coach created the MVP (Maximizing Velocity and Power) club in 2001 based in University
27
of Technology (UTech), Kingston. He created this club because he felt Jamaican athletes were
becoming "Americans" not interested in coming back to Jamaica. In 2001 Brigitte Foster-Hylton
came from America and joined this club. Foster was an unknown in the first year so no one was
interested in sponsoring her. Francis sold his car to keep funding the club. In late 2001 Asafa Powell
an athlete with a personal best of 10.70 joined the club. In the years to come Asafa Powell smashed
the 100 m world record twice. Bridgette set a new national record in the 100 m hurdles and is now
Commonwealth champion. Sherone Simpson hadn’t won a race and since joining the club she is now
one of the world’s top sprinters and Olympic silver medalist. Francis also coaches 100 m Olympic
Champion Shelly-Ann Fraser, Olympic 400 m silver medalist Shericka Williams and 400 m hurdles
Olympic Gold medalist Melaine Walker. Francis has also influenced the careers of Ainsley Waugh
and Germaine Mason. Jamaica's recent successes are thanks to home based coaches like Stephen
Francis and if Jamaica can continue producing coaches like Stephen Francis they will remain
successful. A few years ago the Jamaican Amateur Athletic Association (JAAA) built the High
Performance Training Centre in UTech to try to get athletes to stay in Jamaica since it was built
there are now several high profile athletes from all over the Caribbean training there including triple
Olympic champion Usain Bolt, under the tutelage of Jamaican Sprint Guru Glen Thousandls. Glen
Thousandls has recently set up a new club in Jamaica called the Racers Track Club which has athletes
such as Usain Bolt and Daniel Bailey from Antigua.
29
30
Bobsleigh
Bobsleigh or bobsled is a winter sport in which teams of two or four make timed runs down narrow,
twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sled that are combined to calculate the final score.
The various types of sleds came several years before the first tracks were built in St. Moritz,
Switzerland, where the original bobsleds were adapted upsized luge/skeleton sleds designed by the
adventurously wealthy to carry passengers. All three types were adapted from boys delivery sleds
and toboggans.
Competition naturally followed, and to protect the working class and rich visitors in the streets and
byways of St Moritz, hotel owner Caspar Badrutt, owner of the historic Krup Hotel and the later
Palace Hotel, built the first familiarly configured 'half-pipe' track circa 1870. It has hosted the sports
during two Olympics and is still in use today.
31
post-crash rescue was changed to show the bobsledders carrying the sled over the line on their
shoulders for dramatic effect.
The Jamaican Bobsled Team failed to qualify for both the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy and
the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada.
Two American businessmen, George Fitch, the first President of the Jamaica Bobsleigh Federation
and businessman William Maloney, who at the time both lived in Jamaica, formed the JBF. These
opportunistic and enterprising young men latched on to a novel idea one night in Kingston. Having
seen the local pushcart derby and noting its similarity with bobsledding, and recognizing the
abundance of athletic talent in Jamaica, both gentlemen concluded what was not so obvious, that
Jamaica and bobsledding was a natural fit. Supported by Mr. Michael Fennel, President of the
Jamaica Olympic Association, the two gentlemen proceeded to built in place the elements of a
dream that was destined to become a legend.
The first challenge was to recruit athletes for the program. Despite the appeal of the opportunity to
compete in the Olympic Games, this challenge proved formidable.
At the first recruitment meeting, the story goes that George Fitch
gave an introductory talk on the sport to a hall full of curious and
hopeful young athletes. He then proceeded to turn off the lights to
show a video clip on the sport, which had a few crashes, some of
them quite frightening. When the lights came back on, George
found himself standing in an almost empty hall. Desire turned to
dread and men fled. The organizer’s determination to go on despite
this early setback was to come to characterize Jamaica Bobsleigh.
Running out of options, the founders approached the Jamaica
Defense Force to ask for volunteers, or to have prospects
‘volunteered’ as only the army could do. Out of this came the first
stalwarts of the Jamaica Bobsleigh team, Dudley Stokes, Devon Harris, and Michael White. Through
various other selection activities other athletes were added, Freddie Powell and Clayton Solomon.
This initial athlete selection was completed by October 1987. Caswell Allen was to join the team
later.
32
Funded by George Fitch and the Jamaica Tourist Board, the athletes
embarked on a ‘crash’ course in bobsledding. The comfort of running and
weight training in Jamaica was soon replaced with the harsh realities of
bobsled training in Lake Placid, New York, and Igls, Austria. Dudley
Stokes by this time had been selected as the Driver for the team based on
his exceptional concentration and helicopter piloting experience.
Learning was difficult and painful. The team only had access to poor
equipment and crashed repeatedly. Coaches were retained from the USA
and gave an immediate boost to the team.
The team only had access to poor equipment and crashed repeatedly.
Coaches were retained from the USA and gave an immediate boost to
the team.
Things improved even more with the capable assistance of Sepp
Haidacher of Austria who became and remains the team’s godfather. By
this time the team began to receive attention from the North American media. The angle was
predictable – Jamaica Bobsleigh - what a laugh. This attitude of the media did little to help the team
in its struggle to be recognized by the Fédération International de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing
(FIBT). Where, in true Jamaican style, the team expected a warm greeting and welcome from the
FIBT, instead it found cold shoulders and stony faces. Determined, the JBF succeeded in entering
both a 2-man and 4-man team in the XV Olympic Winter Games that was held in Calgary, Canada in
1988.
By the start of the 1988 Winter Olympic Games the popularity of the team was widespread based on
grassroots support from those who favored the unusual and the underdog. Supporters around the
world formed the team into their own conceptions, a popular one being that the team was made up
of dread-locked, fearless, semi-athletes out to conquer Babylon. The team in the mean time was
caught off guard by its popularity. A fund raising party held during the first week of the Olympics was
hugely popular and T-shirts and sweatshirts were now being sold by the box-load, and the team’s
song ‘Hobbin and a Bobbin’ was to be heard everywhere. The task of public relations and sales fell to
Freddie Powell who adopted this role naturally. He was soft-spoken, kind, bearded and was a reggae
singer, ideal for public consumption. While the public hysteria over the team mushroomed, the
matter of the Olympic competition remained fixed in the minds of the athletes. First on the schedule
was the 2-man competition.
At the first recruitment meeting, the story goes that George Fitch gave an introductory talk on the
sport to a hall full of curious and hopeful young athletes. He then proceeded to turn off the lights to
show a video clip on the sport, which had a few crashes, some of them quite frightening. When the
lights came back on, George found himself standing in an almost empty hall. Desire turned to dread
and men fled. The organizer’s determination to go on despite this early setback was to come to
characterize Jamaica Bobsleigh. Running out of options, the founders approached the Jamaica
Defense Force to ask for volunteers, or to have prospects ‘volunteered’ as only the army could do.
Out of this came the first stalwarts of the Jamaica Bobsleigh team, Dudley Stokes, Devon Harris, and
Michael White. Through various other selection activities other athletes were added, Freddie Powell
and Clayton Solomon. This initial athlete selection was completed by October 1987. Caswell Allen
was to join the team later.
33
Conclusion
About 40 years ago, a few Islands from the Caribbean, begun a movement to improve the sports
representation. Doing that allowed them to get younger athletes trained them and get them where
they are now.
A great number of Caribbean athletes are considered the best of the world, but that is not the end
because they have already the next generation ready to play for the highest place of the podium.
Let’s see what the future holds for the Caribbean athletes.
34
References
Bibliography
Webgraphy
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://www.google.com
http://www.dk.com
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html
http://wwwmayagez2010.com
http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes
http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/member_states.jsp?menu=community
http://dloc.com
35