2.

1 Linear Motion

Distance
Distance is defined as the total path traveled by an object from one point to the other.

Displacement
Displacement is defined as the shortest distance between two point in a specific direction.

Speed
Speed is defined as the rate of change of distance.

Velocity
Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement.

Acceleration
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

Deceleration
Deceleration is the rate of decrease of velocity or how fast a velocity of a moving object
decreases.

2.3 Inertia

Inertia
Inertia is the tendency of an object resist to change its motion state. An object at rest will
tend to remain at rest, or if moving will tend to continue its motion in a straight line.
2.4 Momentum

Momentum
The momentum of an object is the product of the mass and the velocity of the object.

Law of Conservation Of Momentum

In a reaction between objects (collision or explosion), the total momentum before the
reaction is equal to the total momentum after the reaction, provided that no external force
acts on the system.

Elastic Collision
Elastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is conserved after the collision.

Inelastic Collision
Inelastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is not conserved after the
collision.

2.5 Effects of Force

Newton’s First Law

In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion
continues in motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight
line).

Newton’s Second Law

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force
acting on the body and is in the same direction.

Newton’s Third Law

Newton's third law of motion states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the
same magnitude but in the opposite direction.

Friction
Friction is a force opposing motion.
How the crumble zone of a car can reduce injuries to passenger?

Friction Compensated Runway

A friction compensated run way is a runway which the friction of an object placed on it is
balanced by the weight of the object itself.

2.6 Impulse and Impulsive Force

Impulse
Impulse is defined as the product of a force F acting on an object for a time, t.

Impulsive Force
Impulsive force is a force which acts on an object for a very short interval during a
collision or explosion. It is equals to the change in momentum per unit time.

2.7 Safety Features in Vehicles

How the crumble zone of a car can reduce injuries to passenger?

The crumple zone increases the time of collision.
This causes the impulsive force to be small.
The smaller the impulsive force, the smaller the injuries

Seat Belt
Prevent the driver and passengers from being flung forward or thrown out of the car
during an emergency break.

Airbag
The inflated airbag during an accident acts as a cushion to lessen the impact when the
driver flings forward hitting the steering wheel or dashboard.

Head Rest
Reduce neck injury when driver and passengers are thrown backwards when the car is
banged from backward.

2.8 Gravity

Mass
Mass is defined as quantity of matter. The S.I. unit of mass is kg.

Weight
Weight of an object is the gravitational force acting on the object.

Gravitational Field Strength

Gravitational Acceleration

2.9 Force in Equilibrium

Equilirium of Force
Forces acting on an object are in equilibrium if the net force acting on the object is zero.

2.10 Work, Energy, Power and Efficientcy

Work
Work done by a constant force is given by the product of the force and the distance
moved in the direction of the force.

Energy
Energy is capacity to do work.

Power
Power is the rate of work done or the rate of energy conversion.

2.11 Eleasticity

Spring Constant
Spring/force constant is the force required to extend the spring by one unit of extension.

Hooke’s Law
Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied
force provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.