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2.5 Analysing Momentum

Momentum is defined as the product of its mass and

velocity.

Momentum, p = Mass x Velocity = m v (kg ms-1/ NS)

SPM TIPS! 💡
If you can’t remember the SI unit for momentum,
just remember National Service (NS)

What is the principle of conservation of momentum?

- In a collision, the total momentum before the
collision is equal to the total momentum after the
collision, if no external force acts on the system of
collision.
Elastic Collision
Total momentum and kinetic energy are conserved

Picture source: Wikipedia

After the collision, two objects separated.

Total Kinetic Energy before the collision =
Total Kinetic Energy after the collision

Inelastic Collision
Total momentum is conserved whereas kinetic
energy is not conserved

Picture source: Wikipedia

After the collision, two objects stick together.

Total Kinetic Energy before the collision > Total
Kinetic Energy after the collision

Thus, besides collisions, the explosion also obeys

the principle of conservation of momentum..

Picture source: Wikipedia

In an explosion, an object is separated into two

parts. One part moves forward at a certain velocity
and momentum. The other part moves in the
opposite direction with the same momentum as the
momentum of the first part so that total momentum
before explosions is the same as the total
momentum after explosions according to the
principle of conservation of momentum.

Change of momentum = 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢

(𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢)
Rate of change in momentum = 𝑡
2.6 Analysing impulse and impulsive force

During a collision between two objects, a strong

force acts on the object in a short period of time.
This force is called impulsive force.

SPM TIPS! 💡
A harder object collides with a wall causes a
shorter time of collision whereas a softer object
collides with the same wall causes a longer time of
the collision.

𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢
Impulsive Force, F = 𝑡
u=velocity before collision
v=velocity after collision
m=mass of the object
t=time of the collision

Impulsive force is inversely proportional to the time

1
of the collision. (F ∝ 𝑡
)
Examples that show the relationship between
Impulsive Force and Time of Impact:

1) When one jumps from high ground and lands

on the ground, to prevent any injury and to
minimize pain, one will bend his/her legs when
landing. This is to increase the time of impact
hence reducing impulsive force.

2) The front and the back of a car is designed to

be crumpled easily so when a collision occurs,
the time of impact increases (as the front of the
car is crumpling) hence reducing the impulsive
force, minimising any injuries/deaths.

2.7 Safety Features in Vehicles

What are the safety features in a vehicle?

- Safety belt (prevent passengers from being
thrown forward due to inertia)
- Airbag (acts as a cushion to increase the time
of impact between the object in front)
- Headrest (prevent neck injury, when a car
suddenly travels forward at a rapid speed)
 - Front and rear crumple zones (designed to be
crumple easily when a collision occurs, to
increase the time of impact)
- Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) (prevent wheel
lock when the brake is suddenly applied, to
prevent the car from skidding)

2.8 Weight

Weight is a vector quantity which has the same

direction with gravitational force, that is towards the
centre of Earth.

Mass Differences Weight

kg SI Unit N
 Scalar Physics Vector
Quantity
Quantity of Definition The gravitational
material attraction of the
contained in an earth on the
object object

END OF CHAPTER 2 (PART2)